1
TITLE: Re o i s a egies owa ds Ne Ze o Ene gy Educa ional
Buildings: a case s udy a he Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y.
1. In oduc ion
Educa ional buildings in Eu ope accoun o a ound 20% o he en i e non- esiden ial loo
space [1]. Good indoo com o and ai quali y a e essen ial o co ec educa ional de elopmen
conside ing he long hou s ha s uden s spend in buildings o his ype.
Mo eo e , he achie emen o adequa e com o le els is essen ial in o de o educe ene gy
consump ion. A s udy conduc ed a he Poly echnic Uni e si y o Timisoa a (Rumania),
e ealed ha he class oom empe a u e a ec s he abili y o s uden s o g asp ins uc ion [2].
Fu he mo e, a a ou able lea ning en i onmen co ela es signi ican ly o s uden in ol emen ,
eache suppo , and class oom o de and o ganiza ion [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].
Ac ing on exis ing educa ional buildings is essen ial, no only o achie e he EU 2020 a ge s
bu also in o de o imp o e he educa ional pe o mance and academic ou comes o u u e
gene a ions. Howe e , i is no easy o modi y he exis ing he i age; gi en he ac ha many
ene gy solu ions in he ield o eno a ion a e no compa ible wi h his o ical buildings, which
need o p ese e au hen ici y and in eg i y [8].
The school sec o consumes high amoun s o ene gy o hea ing and elec ici y, and he e o e
ene gy-sa ing measu es a e necessa y. An a e age o 13% o o al ene gy in USA, 4% in Spain
and 10% in he UK is consumed by schools [9]. Mo eo e , ene gy consump ion pa e ns in
educa ional buildings, especially in elec ici y demand, ha e changed conside ably in he las
decades. An in ensi e use o compu e s o suppo lessons has changed use beha io , wi h a
71% inc ease in he numbe o compu e s pe squa e me e be ween 1999 and 2012 [10]. The
in e nal gain inc ease due o elec ic appliances in poo ly en ila ed buildings migh emphasize
o e hea ing p oblems no only du ing he summe pe iod bu in he shoulde seasons.
Unde s anding he in e ac ion o use s and buildings is he e o e ele an o p omo ing be e
design s a egies o enhance he sus ainabili y o buildings [11]. Howe e , beha io al issues a e
s ill among he a eas leas co e ed in scien i ic li e a u e [12].
This is he accep ed manusc ip o he a icle ha appea ed in inal o m in Ene gy and Buildings 144 : 387-400 (2017), which has been
published in inal o m a h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.030. © 2017 Else ie unde CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
2
Some epo s ocus on he building “en elope and sys em” ea u es in o de o p opose adequa e
s a egies o ene gy e iciency and indoo ai quali y in schools [13] [14] [15] [16]. Se e al
s udies also examined he ypical yea ly use o hea ing in school buildings [17][18][19]. [15]
also men ioned ha in o ma ion on he ene gy consump ion o school buildings is s ill e y
limi ed. Mos epo s in his ield ocus on p ima y and seconda y school buildings, wi h
nume ous p ojec s conduc ed in he Medi e anean Zone [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]. Among
hem MED - TEENERGY (high-ene gy e iciency o Medi e anean school buildings) and
ZEMeds (Ze o Ene gy MEDi e anean Schools) play a signi ican oll. MED - TEENERGY
poin ed ou he lack o ene gy sa ing benchma ks a ge ed o sou h Eu ope clima ic condi ions
and he low ene gy e iciency o exis ing school buildings aking in o accoun no only hea ing
bu also cooling needs. In addi ion, he main goal o ZEMedS is o inc ease he knowledge and
know-how on he nZEB eno a ion o schools in Medi e anean clima es and gi e suppo o
se e al new ini ia i es on he nZEB e u bishmen o schools.
Howe e , li le has been done in he con ex o uni e si y buildings, whe e he ypological
ea u es and use pa e ns seem o be close o o ice buildings. Thus, his pape wan s o
highligh he need o ac on he pa icula ypology, which me i s an indi idual analysis and
ailo ed app oach.
Some s udies conduc ed in Uni e si ies in I aly and Rumania [26] [27] [18] [29] [2] ocus on he
hyg o he mal com o analysis ia expe imen al and subjec i e measu emen s hanks o he use
o ques ionnai es and moni o ing campaigns. In [8] moni o ing campaigns made i possible o
analyze com o and o de ine e o i ac ions: use o he mos a ic al es on adia o s,
eplacemen o he cu en old boile s wi h condensa ion gas hea e s, eplacemen o single
glazed windows.
In his con ex , his pape discusses he c i ical issue o dealing wi h ene gy and com o in a
pa icula building, he Facul y o A chi ec u e in San Sebas ian, in o de o p esen he bes
e o i s a egies whe e use p e e ences ha en been conside ed as an ene gy sa ing
oppo uni y.
3
2. The Ne Ze o Uni e si y p ojec o he Basque Coun y
The esea ch P ojec “Towa ds a Ne Ze o Ene gy Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y” is
inanced by he Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y and s a ed in Sep embe 2014. The main aim
is o s udy he exis ing building s ock and p opose e o i s a egies in o de o become he i s
Uni e si y in Spain o achie e he NZEB a ge .
The Uni e si y o The Basque Coun y is a public uni e si y, wi h 32 Facul ies sp ead ac oss
ou Campuses (Bilbao, San Sebas ian, Vi o ia and Eiba ), wi h mo e han 40,000 s uden s and
a ound 7,500 wo ke s. Mos o he buildings we e cons uc ed in he eigh ies and nine ies whils
only a ew ha e been e u bished up ill now. Gi en he NZEB a ge and he need o ac on
hese buildings in he sho e m, his esea ch is necessa y and u gen in o de o e alua e
ene gy sa ing s a egies and o p o ide gene al e o i guidelines.
The ene gy consump ion o he academic building s ock a ies signi ican ly. Looking a he
hea ing consump ion (p o ided by adia o s and uel gas in mos cases) his alue anges om
36.8 o 76 kWh/m2 yea . In he case o elec ici y consump ion he alue anges om 18 o 107
kWh/ m2yea ( he highes alues a e eco ded in he Compu ing Facul y and a e di ec ly linked
o he in ensi e use o compu e s by s uden s). Mos o he buildings a e no p o ided wi h an
ai condi ioning sys em due o a mild clima e ( he a e age daily maximum is below 22ºC) and
li le academic ac i i y du ing he summe pe iod ( om June o Augus ). Howe e , some
o e hea ing p oblems ha e been epo ed in he shoulde seasons, mainly due o poo ly
insula ed en elopes, ine icien en ila ion and ai enewal, and he inc ease in in e nal gains
(mainly due o he use o compu e s in class ooms). O e hea ed class ooms di ec ly a ec
s uden pe o mance, he e o e, imp o ing com o is a cen al a ge o any Uni e si y. The
achie emen o his aim, whils a oiding he ins alla ion o an ai -condi ioning sys em wi h all
he incon eniences ha ha e been widely epo ed [30] [31] [32] [33] [8], is one o he main
goals and he i s s ep in e o i ing owa ds a NZEB. This a icle analyses in de ail he case o
he Facul y o A chi ec u e.
4
2.1. The acul y o A chi ec u e in San Sebas ian
The Facul y o A chi ec u e is loca ed in San Sebas ian (Spain), cha ac e ized by a mild clima e
(mean annual empe a u e o 15ºC) and high ela i e humidi y, 70-80%. Mos o he lec u ing
pe iod de elops in mon hs wi h empe a e clima e. Due o his ac , his pape p io i izes
a en ion owa ds shoulde seasons.
The building was cons uc ed in 1992 by Miguel Ga ai and San os Ba ea and he design s yle is
based on “Tendenza”, a pos mode n a chi ec u al mo emen . The 6-s o ey building is
ec angula in shape and has a o al hea ed su ace a ea o 13,722m2 whe e he main açade is
o ien ed owa ds he sou heas . Conside ing he layou o he class ooms on he main loo s, he
building has a la ge open wo kshop a ea acing he sou heas açade and 3 small semina ooms
acing he no hwes açade. The building en elope is made o double b ick walls wi h a 40cm
o al hickness, a 5cm ai gap and a 5cm polys y ene insula ion laye in be ween. The U- alue
is: 0,630W/m2K. Windows accoun o a ound 25% o he o al e ical su ace a ea. Windows
(2,5x2m) we e eplaced in 2006 and comp ise double glazing wi h an aluminum ame. The U-
alue o he glass is 2.80 W/m2K and 4.0 W/m2K o he aluminum ame. The sola ac o is 0.7.
The hea ing plan sys em comp ises 3 gas boile s o hea ing loca ed in he basemen , o a o al
o 1358 ins alled kW, and adia o s a e loca ed h oughou he building. The ene gy
consump ion in 2014 was 639,803 kWh, 46.62 kWh/ m2yea .
The clima e con ol sys em con ols he supply o ho wa e as a unc ion o he ou doo ai
empe a u e. In gene al, he hea ing ope a es om Oc obe o he end o Ap il du ing he week
and s a s up a 06:00 a.m. and shu s down a 20:00 p.m.. The con ol sys em allows o 24 h
adjus men a wo di e en se -poin empe a u es (day-nigh and weekdays/holidays). The mal
con ol uni s o single spaces o he mal zones a e no ye p esen .
The elec ici y consump ion was 313,808 kWh in 2014, 22.86 kWh/ m2yea . 50% o which
co esponds o class ooms and 30% o common zones. Gene al ligh ing is composed o
luo escen lamps wi h a o al o 1151 uni s.
5
The building is p o ided wi h a oo -moun ed PV sys em wi h an es ima ed annual p oduc ion
o 46,000 kWh.
The e is no en ila ion sys em, he ai enewal is h ough he windows and he building is no
p o ided wi h an ai -condi ioning sys em.
2.2. Me hod
The p oposed me hod consis s o a s udy and de ini ion o bes ene gy e o i s a egies based
on s uden com o p e e ence analysis unde eal condi ions. Thus, use p e e ences ha e been
conside ed as an ene gy sa ing oppo uni y.
Wi h his pu pose, he s uc u e o he pape is he ollowing:
Com o analysis:
o Moni o ing campaign.
o Subjec i e com o analysis: ques ionnai e campaign.
o Objec i e com o analysis: ISO 7730 [34], ASHRAE 55:2010[35] and Fange
Me hod [36].
o Compa ison be ween subjec i e and objec i e com o analysis.
o De ini ion o com o anges adap ed o eal use s p e e ences.
Ene gy e iciency analysis based on he op imum com o anges:
o Simula ions o he summe pe iod wi h di e en en ila ion scena ios.
o Simula ions o he win e pe iod: sepa a e analysis o di e en e o i
scena ios ( he mal b idge imp o emen , hea eco e y simula ion, glazing
imp o emen , insula ion imp o emen ).
Re o i ed building scena io: a combined analysis o s a egies wi h he highes impac :
imp o emen o he mal b idges, na u al en ila ion in summe and hea eco e y
en ila ion in win e .
3. Com o Analysis
3.1. Moni o ing campaign
Since Sep embe 2015 a signi ican a ea o he second loo has been moni o ed by a wi eless
(SMD SHT 11) and in e ne -connec ed echnology whe e he mo-hyg ome ic pa ame e s
6
( empe a u e and ela i e humidi y) a e eco ded e e y 15 min. The empe a u e senso s and
humidi y a e s a ed espec i ely wi h an accu acy o ±1.5◦C and 3% o he measu ed alue. The
senso posi ion and heigh is shown in he ollowing igu e (Fig.1). The moni o ing campaign is
o las 3 yea s and o secu i y easons, i was decided o loca e Senso s 2-6 a a highe posi ion
han ha ecommended by he a ious s anda ds ISO 7726:1998 [37] and ASHRAE 55:2004
[35]. Senso 1 is he only one posi ioned on he ceiling. The posi ion o he senso s is
s a egically decided in o de o analyze he empe a u e and humidi y a ia ion along he c oss
sec ion o he building, making i possible o s udy he impac o he o ien a ion and class oom
ype.
In o de o analyze o e hea ing p oblems, widely epo ed by s uden s and p o esso s du ing he
shoulde seasons, a de ailed s udy was conduc ed in a ypical sp ing week: om 25 h Ap il o 1s
May 2016. The esul s o he com o analysis o Semina oom 2.2 a e desc ibed in he
ollowing sec ion. The hea ing sys em was o du ing he week s udied. The ollowing g aphs
(Fig. 2) show ha , despi e he low ex e io empe a u e, unde 14ºC a ound midday and a ound
11ºC a nigh , he indoo empe a u e was qui e high. This is o e 23ºC mos o he ime and
close o 25ºC as epo ed by Senso 4. Du ing he weekend, when he e is no academic ac i i y,
he indoo empe a u e d ops slowly and s ays be ween 21-23ºC.
In he case o ex e io ela i e humidi y, his alue anges om 55 o 95 % bu he in e io
ela i e humidi y mo es om 30-45% and is some imes close o 55% (Fig.3). The highes
alues coincide wi h b eaks when he windows a e open o ai enewal and ex e io ai comes
in.
3.2. Subjec i e and objec i e com o analysis
A de ailed e alua ion o he he mal com o in Semina Room 2.2 was conduc ed h ough an
objec i e app oach and a subjec i e analysis, di ec ed a compa ing he esul s. The objec i e
assessmen , which consis ed o ield measu emen s o a iables, was made by elabo a ing da a
eco ded in o de o e alua e he Fange ’s he mal com o indices [36], while he adap i e
me hod was applied mainly as p oposed by ASHRAE 55:2010 [35]. The subjec i e da a we e
collec ed by in e iews wi h occupan s in a ypical shoulde season week. Objec i e and
7
subjec i e da a we e hen compa ed by compa ing he P edic ed Pe cen age o Dissa is ied -
PPD and Neu al Tempe a u e - Tn.
The esul s e eal ha he e is a low co ela ion be ween he subjec i e and objec i e analysis,
in gene al, s uden s need a coole indoo en i onmen han s a ed by heo e ical me hods. The
use ´s com o pe cep ion s udy sugges ed ha he empe a u e ange wi h g ea es com o
co esponds o empe a u es be ween 20°C and 22.5°C in acco dance o [29]. Howe e , he
p oposed empe a u e ange con a ies he one s a ed by [2] whe e in he absence o a cooling
sys em and na u al en ila ed uni e si y class oom, he maximum com o limi is 27ºC. This
di e si y o esul s e idences ha use p e e ences a e dependen on cul u al, clima ic
cha ac e is ic o e e y loca ion and as sugges ed by [27], as a unc ion o he season. All his
app oaches indica e ha a de ailed s udy is equi ed in e e y s udy case and u he esea ch is
necessa y in his di ec ion.
-Subjec i e com o analysis: ques ionnai e campaign
A ques ionnai e campaign was implemen ed om 25 h Ap il o 1s May 2016 in Semina oom
2.2 on he second loo in o de o conduc a subjec i e com o analysis. One o he main pa s
o e alua ing com o in exis ing buildings is he collec ion o da a p o ided by use s unde eal
condi ions.
The Semina oom has a ully windowed açade acing no hwes composed o 9 windows, only
he smalle ones a e openable (Fig. 4, 5). The windows a e p o ided wi h blinds and cu ains o
con ol na u al ligh ing.
The ligh ing is p o ided by 5 ows o 6 luo escen s lamps and a p ojec o connec ed o a PC is
ins alled in he ceiling. The a e age occupancy is 20 s uden s, usually sea ed in he las ows. As
shown in he ollowing pic u e s uden s usually wo k wi h hei lap ops (Fig.6).
As wi h he es o he building, he oom is hea ed by adia o s, posi ioned unde he windows,
wi h no he mos a ic al es,. Ven ila ion and ai enewal is h ough he windows and usually
akes place a b eak ime (a ound 14:30) and a he end o daily classes (a ound 20:00). On
F iday mo ning, classes inish a 15h and he e is no academic ac i i y in he a e noon. Ai
enewal and he in e nal gains pa e ns a e shown in he ollowing igu es (Fig. 7, 8) and we e
8
ob ained om moni o ed da a. I is also no ewo hy ha he highes occupancy occu s in he
i s class (o e 100 W/m2) and hen emains cons an (a ound 55 W/m2).
S uden s and p o esso s o he Semina 2.2 we e asked o comple e a com o ques ionnai e a
he beginning and end o each lesson. This ook place 12 imes and a o al o 202 ques ionnai es
we e collec ed.
The EN ISO 10551 [38] de ines he equi emen s o he ques ionnai e o assess he esul s using
he PMV and PPD indices. Fu he mo e, he ASHRAE 55:2010 [35] s anda d de ines he
necessa y com o issues o be e alua ed using he adap i e model. Taking hese opics in o
accoun , he ques ionnai es co e ed he ollowing ques ions:
Pe sonal da a: age, sex, weigh and heigh .
Class oom layou .
In o ma ion abou clo hing.
The mal sensa ion o e (TSV), de ined in a 7-poin scale: cold, cool, sligh ly cool,
neu al, sligh ly wa m, wa m, and ho , om -3 (Cold) o +3: (Ho ).
The mal p e e ence o e (TPV), de ined in a 7-poin scale: -3: much coole ; -2: coole ;
-1: a li le coole ; 0: no change; +1: a li le wa me ; +2: wa me ; +3: much wa me .
The mal en i onmen accep abili y.
Possibili y o con ol o e mic oclima e condi ions.
Sa is ac ion wi h he possibili ies o ac ion.
Reac ions o he lack o com o (opening windows and doo s, changing clo hes, e c.)
The a e age TSV calcula ed in each class was used o ob ain he neu al empe a u e Tn and he
ange o com o by linea eg ession. The neu ali y was de i ed by sol ing he eg ession
equa ions o a mean sensa ion o e o ze o, choosing he la ge co ela ions be ween all da a.
The com o zone is de ined by adding ±2.5 ºC o he Tn calcula ed, co e ing he he mal
condi ions in which a la ge numbe o people a e com o able, hus PPD < 10% co esponding
o 0.5 < PMV < 0.5, in acco dance wi h he ISO 7730, ca ego y B. [34]. In o de o imp o e he
linea eg essions, he analysis was made by conside ing 4 s uden g oups, he mo ning classes -
9
G oup 1 males and G oup 1 emales, and he a e noon classes – G oup 2 males and G oup 2
emales, wi h da a o he h ee senso s.
Bes eg essions we e calcula ed o senso 6 wi h G oup 1 – males, wi h a R² = 0.9642, and o
senso 6 wi h G oup 2 – males wi h R² = 0.7756. Resul s a e epo ed in Table 1.
In addi ion, om he a e age TSV, he co esponden PPD was calcula ed. Table 2.
As shown in he able, he TSV anges om -0.38 (be ween neu al and sligh ly cool) o +1.66
(be ween sligh ly wa m and wa m). This la e alue indica es a high pe cen age o
dissa is ac ion: 59.6%.
The a e age TSV is o e +0.5 in 8 ou o 12 ques ionnai es which implies a PPD alue o o e
10%. This esul means ha he 2.2. Semina oom is no com o able 65% o he ime and is
he e o e ou o he B ca ego y acco ding o ISO 7730.
Despi e he a e age TSV (sligh ly wa m) and PPD epo ed in mos o he ques ionnai es, i
mus be highligh ed ha 60% o he esponden s conside ed he oom empe a u e o be
accep able.
A 100% accep abili y was epo ed on he 26 h a 16:30, wi h an a e age TSV o -0.37 (be ween
sligh ly cool and neu al). Thus, he highes accep abili y occu s when TSV is below neu al.
Acco ding o a gende pe spec i e, in mos cases he TSV epo ed by women is 0.7 poin s
highe han ha epo ed by men. Women eel com o able a a highe empe a u e bu show a
highe accep abili y.
Acco ding o he posi ion in class oom (Table 3), people sea ed in he back ows epo ed in
30% o he ques ionnai es an a e age TSV o +2 (wa m) and neu al in he emaining cases.
In a cen al posi ion, people epo ed TSV close o +1 (sligh ly wa m) and +2(wa m) when he
ques ionnai es we e conduc ed in he a e noon. In addi ion, s uden s loca ed close o he
ex e io açade epo ed a highe a iabili y ha anges om nega i e alues in he mo ning and
alues close o +2 in he a e noon.
83.56% o he s uden s said ha he mic oclima e elemen ha hey mos con ol when eeling
discom o a e windows. The second elemen is clo hing wi h 54.79%. 41.09% o he people
usually con ol hese elemen s and 38.35% some imes.
16
Howe e , in all hese simula ions, wi h he excep ion o 1.4, he e a e empe a u es below
17.5ºC. On he o he hand, conside ing ha in he g oup o simula ions “2.x”, day ime
en ila ion is con olled by he manual opening o windows, i is easonable o assume ha in
hose days when he indoo empe a u e is low, he windows will emain closed.
Among he possible op ions, 2.1 is p obably he bes . This op ion has 4ach o nigh ime
en ila ion whils , du ing he day ime, he en ila ion is con olled by he manual opening o
windows. S a egy 2.1 educes he pe cen age o hou s in which he empe a u e exceeds 25 ° C
om 13% o only 1%, and he empe a u es be ween 22.5 ° C and 25 ° C d op om 51% o 23%
.The empe a u e ange wi h a g ea e deg ee o sa is ac ion (20 o 22.5 ° C) inc eases
signi ican ly, om 35% o 42%. Howe e , acco ding o he simula ion, he e a e conside able
pe iods in which he empe a u e would be below 20 ° C.
Ne e heless, as use s would be esponsible o day ime en ila ion, i is expec ed ha in he
days wi h low empe a u es, he en ila ion would no be used, hus a oiding low empe a u es
inside he class oom.
6.2 Resul s o he win e pe iod
As men ioned abo e, se e al simula ions we e pe o med in o de o es ablish he cu en s a e
o he building and o de ine possible imp o emen s.
6.2.1. Cu en s a e o he building
The i s simula ion o he win e pe iod was o he building in i s cu en s a e. The esul o
he hea ing demand was 38.4 kWh/m2 o he whole building, and 26.6 kWh/m2 o he
class oom s udied.
Acco ding o he eco ded da a, he building ene gy consump ion o hea ing in 2014 was 46.6
kWh/m2. The di e ence wi h he simula ion esul is due o h ee ac o s: a) he E iciency o
he hea ing sys em, b) he di e ences be ween he ac ual use beha io and he assumed
beha io o simula ion pu pose and c) he di e ences be ween ac ual clima e condi ions and
clima e da a o simula ions, since he la e a e based on an a e age yea .
Fo hese eason he alues ob ained in he simula ion can be conside ed consis en and use ul
o he analysis, in o de o p opose imp o emen s in he building.
17
In he class oom s udied, Semina oom 2.2, he hea losses b oken down in o he main
componen s a e shown in Figu e 9. The h ee main componen s a e: he mal b idges, en ila ion
and windows. Ne e heless, he loss dis ibu ion in he whole building and in he class oom
s udied is qui e di e en , mainly due o he lack o an ex e io oo .
Fo he whole building, he mos impo an losses a e due o he mal b idges, ollowed by
en ila ion losses. Hea losses h ough opaque elemen s (walls, oo and loo ) a e he lowes o
all, sugges ing an adequa e insula ion le el o his building.
6.2.2. The mal b idge imp o emen
The mal b idges a e he main cause o hea losses. The imp o emen sugges ed is o apply he
ecommenda ions se ou in he o icial documen p oposed by he building ene gy egula ions
in Spain: documen “DA DB-HE / 3 Puen es é micos” (DA DB-HE / 3 The mal b idges) ”[60].
This documen can be applied as a bes p ac ice guide.
Appling ecommenda ions o he mal b idges, he hea ing demand o he building is educed by
37%, ob aining a alue o 24.3 kWh/m2. Fo he s udied class oom, he hea ing demand
educ ion is 39% wi h a alue o 16.2 kWh/m2..
6.2.3. Hea eco e y en ila ion
Hea losses due o en ila ion and in il a ion a e he second highes componen in he hea ing
demand o he building. To educe hese losses, a hea eco e y sys em could be implemen ed
by using an ai - o-ai hea exchange . The o e all e iciency o his kind o sys em can be close
o 65% acco ding o [61].
By using his s a egy, he hea ing demand o he en i e building is educed o 31.4kWh/m2
(18% educ ion) and in he class oom s udied o 19.4 kWh/m2 (27% educ ion).
6.2.4. Glazing imp o emen
To e alua e he e ec o changing he glazing sys em, wo al e na i es a ailable in he Spanish
ma ke we e conside ed. Table 13 shows he main he mal cha ac e is ic o he glazing sys em.
The calcula ion akes in o accoun he balance be ween gains (sola adia ion en e ing he
building) and losses.
18
Replacing all he windows o he building by he glazing sys em “Windows 1”, p oduces an
inc ease in he hea ing demand o 4% (39.9 kWh/m2) ) in compa ison wi h he cu en s a e o
he building. Inc easing he ene gy demand is a esul o he lowe sola ac o “g” o he new
glazing sys em. Howe e , he hea ing demand o he class oom s udied shows a educ ion o
11% (23.5 kWh/m2). The di e ence in he pe o mance o he en i e building and he class oom
s udied is mainly due o he ac ha he class oom is no h- acing, being his he main cause o
a lowe di ec sola adia ion gain, while o he sou h- acing a eas o he whole building, he
sola gains a e signi ican . Wi h “Windows 2”, he hea ing demand o he whole building is
almos equal o he cu en s a e. Bu , as o “Windows 1” and o he same eason, in he
class oom s udied he hea ing demand d ops 22% (20.7 kWh/m2). Fo hese easons, he
imp o emen sugges ed should be o eplace he glazing sys em o he no h- acing windows.
6.2.5. Insula ion imp o emen o ex e io walls and oo
By adding ex e io insula ion (10cm polys y ene) o walls and oo s, he hea ing demand o he
en i e building d ops 4% (37.0 kWh / m2), and in he class oom 2% (25.9 kWh / m2).
A g ea e insula ion hickness would no be ealis ic and nei he would i inc ease sa ings
conside ably. I can be assumed ha he cu en insula ion is sui able o he clima e and
ope a ing condi ions o his building.
7. Re o i ed building scena io
The esul s show ha hose in e en ions wi h he highes impac s ela e o he imp o emen o
he mal b idges, na u al en ila ion in summe and hea eco e y en ila ion in win e . Whils
he imp o ed he mal insula ion o walls and oo s does no signi ican ly educe he hea ing
demand. In summe , com o is imp o ed hanks o na u al en ila ion. The glazing sys em
should be modi ied in no h- acing acades o “Windows 2” bu no changes should be made o
he sou h- acing acade.
Wi h he p e ious conside a ions, he p oposed e o i ed building should conside he
ollowing imp o emen s. In his scena io, he hea ing demand o he whole building is 16.1
kWh / m2 ins ead o he ini ial 38.4 kWh / m2. In he case o he semina oom, he hea ing
demand is 6.2 kWh / m2 ins ead o he ini ial 16.2 kWh / m2.
19
The esul s show a po en ial ene gy sa ing o up o 58% in he whole building and up o 62% in
he class oom s udied.
Imp o ed he mal b idges ollowing ecommenda ions o documen DA DB-HE / 3
Puen es é micos (The mal b idges)” [60].
Day ime na u al en ila ion (4 ach) whe e use s open and close he windows in o de o
con ol en ila ion. A nigh ime, en ila ion is pe o med om 23:00 o 08:00 du ing
he summe season.
Hea eco e y en ila ion by means o ai - o-ai hea exchange s
Replace glazing sys em in no h- acing açades wi h op ion “Windows 2”
The esul o he hea ing demand o each indi idual imp o emen and o he p oposed
e o i ed building is showed in (Fig. 10). The hea losses by componen o he e o i ed
building a e shown in (Fig. 11). The hea losses a e mo e balanced han in he cu en building
due o a educ ion o he hea losses o hose componen s wi h he g ea es impac .
Ne e heless, o he class oom s udied, he p opo ion o he con ibu ion o he windows has
been inc eased as he educ ion o he mal b idges and en ila ion is p opo ionally g ea e .
7.1. Reduc ion o he hea ing pe iod in he e o i ed scena io
The analysis o he mon hly hea ing demand makes i possible o de e mine he ope a ing pe iod
o he hea ing equipmen and a po en ial ope a ing ime educ ion.
Figu e 12 shows he compa ison o he mon hly hea ing demand o he building o bo h cu en
s a e and e o i ed. The hea ing demand o he e o i ed building is lowe han cu en
building, and abo e all, he hea ing pe iod equi ed is sho e : om No embe o Ap il, wo
mon hs less.
7.2. Analysis o he ee- loa ing mode in he win e pe iod
The las analysis was pe o med unde he assump ion ha he building ope a es wi hou hea ing
equipmen du ing he win e season. The esul s o his simula ion we e limi ed o he class oom
s udied, since he esul s show ha in gene al, hea ing would be only necessa y in se e al a eas
o he building. Table 14 shows he pe cen age o hou s a di e en empe a u e anges in he
occupancy pe iod du ing he win e season.
20
Compa ing he cu en s a e wi h he e o i ed scena io, he hou s wi h a empe a u e below
15°C a e educed om 61% o jus 5%. Mo eo e , he pe cen age o hou s wi h a empe a u e
wi hin he 20°C - 25°C ange, inc eases om 29% o 42%. This indica es a clea inc ease in
com o condi ions inside he building as a esul o he e u bishmen .
Howe e , in he e o i ed condi ion, he pe cen age o hou s be ween 17.5ºC and 20ºC is 53%,
his means ha he e is a conside able amoun o ime in which condi ions may be ou side he
com o limi s. I is he e o e necessa y o use a hea ing sys em in o de o inc ease he
empe a u e o a leas 20C.
8. Conclusions
Good indoo com o and ai quali y a e essen ial o co ec educa ional de elopmen
conside ing he long hou s ha s uden s spend in buildings o his ype.
Mos epo s in his ield ocus on p ima y and seconda y school buildings, wi h nume ous
p ojec s conduc ed in he Medi e anean Zone. Howe e , li le has been done in he con ex o
uni e si y buildings, whe e he ypological ea u es and use pa e ns seem o be close o o ice
buildings. Thus, his esea ch wan s o highligh he need o ac on he pa icula ypology,
which me i s an indi idual analysis and ailo ed app oach.
In his con ex , his pape discusses he c i ical issue o dealing wi h ene gy and com o in a
pa icula building, he Facul y o A chi ec u e in San Sebas ian.
This a icle p oposes a me hod o de ine and assess ene gy sa ing s a egies based on he
com o analysis made by eal use s. The p oposed me hod consis s o a s udy and de ini ion o
bes ene gy e o i s a egies based on s uden com o p e e ences unde eal condi ions. Use
p e e ences ha e been conside ed as an ene gy sa ing oppo uni y.
Resul s o he subjec i e and objec i e com o analysis: The compa ison o esul s
ob ained by an objec i e app oach applying Fange and Adap i e Models and esul s
ob ained by a subjec i e app oach conduc ed by a ques ionnai e campaign showed
unexpec ed esul s: The com o ange o uni e si y s uden s, du ing hei ac i i y in
he class oom, is qui e di e en om ha s a ed by a con en ional com o analysis.
21
Use s achie e com o condi ions a lowe empe a u es, wi h no ewo hy di e ences
be ween men and women, and he sea ing posi ion in he class oom.
Re o i ing s a egies o he summe pe iod: I has been demons a ed ha , using
na u al en ila ion, i is possible o achie e com o condi ions wi hou an ai
condi ioning sys em in he summe and shoulde seasons. The op imal en ila ion mode
o he case s udy is 4ACH en ila ion du ing he day ime and nigh ime, con olled by
he manual opening o windows. Thanks o his s a egy he pe cen age o hou s in
which he empe a u e exceeds 25 ° C is educed om 13% o jus 1%, whils he
empe a u es be ween 22.5 ° C and 25 ° C a e educed om 51% o 23% . The
empe a u e ange wi h he g ea es deg ee o sa is ac ion (20 o 22.5 °C) inc eases
signi ican ly, om 35% o 42%. Howe e , acco ding o he simula ion, he e a e
conside able pe iods in which he empe a u e would be below 20 ° C. Ne e heless, as
use s would be esponsible o day ime en ila ion, i is expec ed ha in he days wi h
low empe a u es, en ila ion would no be used, hus a oiding low empe a u es inside
he class oom. The need o lowe empe a u es (20-22.5ºC) combined wi h high
in e nal gains mainly due o compu e s and ligh ing, comp ise he i s s a egy o
educe he hea ing needs.
Re o i ing s a egies o he win e pe iod: he key measu es ha make i possible
o achie e com o condi ions, wo k oge he wi h ene gy sa ing s a egies, ha can be
achie ed h ough e ec i e in e en ions in he buildings:
elimina ing he mal b idges
using an ai - o-ai hea eco e y sys em
imp o ing he windows in he no h açade o he building.
In his scena io, he hea ing demand o he en i e building is 16.1 kWh / m2 ins ead o
he ini ial 38.4 kWh / m2. In he case o he semina oom, he hea ing demand is 6.2
kWh / m2 ins ead o he ini ial 16.2 kWh / m2. The esul s show a po en ial ene gy
sa ing o up o 58% in he whole building and up o 62% in he class oom s udied.
22
Fu he mo e, he new hea ing pe iod o he Facul y o A chi ec u e is om No embe
o Ap il, a educ ion o wo mon hs.
Any in e en ion in exis ing buildings is equen ly complica ed due o he limi a ion imposed
by i s his o ical and a chi ec u al impo ance; mo eo e he budge o he in e en ion is o en
limi ed. The e o e, in hese cases he achie emen o NZEB should be conside ed as a pa h
whe e in e en ions, changes and imp o emen s mus be p io i ized, as demons a ed in his
s udy, mus be based on ac ual clima e condi ions and use -dependen .
REFERENCES
[1] BPIE, 2011. Eu ope´s buildings unde he mic oscope. A coun y-by-coun y e iew o he
ene gy pe o mance o buildings.
[2] I. Sa bu and C. Pacu a , Expe imen al and nume ical esea ch o assess indoo en i onmen
quali y and schoolwo k pe o mance in uni e si y class ooms, Building and En i onmen 93,
Pa 2 (2015) 141-154.
[3] B. J. F ase , Resea ch on class oom and school clima e. In G. Gabel (Ed.), Handbook o
esea ch on science eaching and lea ning (pp. 493-541). Washing on, D.C. 1994.
[4] B. Wald ip, D. Fishe , Iden i ying exempla y science eache s h ough hei class oom
in e ac ions wi h s uden s. Lea ning En i onmen s Resea ch: An In e na ional Jou nal 6 (2003)
157 - 174.
[5] B.J F ase , K. Tobin, S uden pe cep ions o psychosocial en i onmen s in class ooms o
exempla y science eache s. In e na ional Jou nal o Science Educa ion 11 (1989) 19 - 34.
[6] M. Pu eh, M. Ib ahim, The usage o sel - egula ed lea ning s a egies among o m ou
s uden s in he ma hema ics p oblem-sol ing Con ex : A Case S udy. P ocedia Social and
Beha io al Sciences Jou nal 8 (2010) 446 - 452.
[7] C.N. Che Ahmad, K. Osman, L. Halim, Physical and psychosocial aspec s o science
labo a o y lea ning en i onmen . P ocedia Social and Beha io al Sciences Jounal 9 (2010) 87 -
91.
[8] G. Semp ini, C. Ma inoscia, A. Fe an e, G. P eda i, G. Mochi, M. Ga ai, R. Gulli, Ene gy
managemen in public ins i u ional and educa ional buildings:The case o he school o
enginee ing and a chi ec u e in Bologna, Ene gy and Buildings 126 (2016) 365-374.
[9]L. Pe ez-Lomba d, J. O iz, C. Pou , A e iew on buildings ene gy consump ion in o ma ion,
Ene gy and buildings 40:3(2008) 394-398
[10] EIA, Comme cial Buildings Ene gy Consump ion Su ey, 2016.
h p://www.eia.go / odayinene gy/de ail.c m?id=24812
[11] L. De San oli, F. F a icelli, F. Fo na i, Calice. F., Ene gy pe o o mance assessmen and a
e o i s a egies in public school buildings in Rome, Ene gy and Buidlings 68 (2014) 196-202.
[12] M.C. Ka a ygiou ou and D.K. Se ghides, School ends and pe spec i es in: S.N. Boemi,
O. I ulegi, M. San amou is (Eds.), Ene gy e iciency o buildings, Ene gy e iciency and buil
en i onmen in empe a e clima es, Sp inge , 2016.
[13] M.C. Ka a ygiou ou and D.K. Se ghides, Analysis o s uc u al elemen s and ene gy
consump ion o school buildings s ock in Cyp us: ene gy simula ions and upg ade scena ios o a
ypical school, Ene gy and Builidmgs 44 (2014) 1466-1477
[14]U. Deside i and S. P oie i, Analysis od ene gy consump ion in he high schools o a
p o ince in cen al I aly, Ene gy and Buildings 34 (2002) 1003-1016.
[15] R. Becke , I. Goldbe ge , M. Paciuk, Im po ing ene gy pe o mance o school buildings
while ensu ing indoo ai quali y en ila ion, Building and En i onmen 42 (2007) 3261-3276
23
[16] E.G. Dascalaki and V.G. Se mpe zoglou, Ene gy pe o mance and indoo en i onmen al
quali y in Hellenic schools, Ene gy and Buildings 43 (2011) 718-727.
[17]M. San amou is, G. Mihalakakou, P. Pa a gias, N. Gai ani, K. S akianaki, M. Papaglas a,
V. Ge os, using in elligen clus e ing echniques o classi y he ene gy pe o mance o school
buildings, ene gy and buildings 39:1 (2007) 45-51
[18] P. Jones, R. Tu ne , D. B owne, P. Illongwo h, ene gy benchman ks o public sec o
buildings in no he n I aland. In PRoceddings o CIBSE na ional Con e ence, Dublin, 2000.
[19]S.P. Co gna i, V. Co ado, M. Filippi, a me hod o hea ing consump ion assessmen in
exis ing buildings: a ield su ey conce ning 120 I alian schools, Ene gy and buildings
40:5(2008) 801-809
[20] V. De Giuli, O. Da Pos, M. De Ca li, Indoo en i onmen al quali y and pupil pe cep ion in
I alian p ima y schools. Building and En i onmen 56 (2012) 335 – 345.
[21] M.C. Ka a ygio ou, D.K. Se ghides, Analysis o s uc u al elemen s and ene gy
consump ion o schoolbuilding s ock in Cyp us: Ene gy simula ions and upg ade scena ios o a
ypical school. Ene gy and Buildings 72 (2014) 8–16.
[22] ] M.C. Ka a ygio ou, D.K. Se ghides, The mal com o o a ypical seconda y school
building in Cyp us. Sus ainable Ci ies and Socie y 13 (2014) 303–312.
[23] L. Dias Pe ei a, D. Raimondo, S. P. Co gna i, M. Gamei o da Sil a, Assessmen o indoo
ai quali y and he mal com o in Po uguese seconda y class ooms: Me hodology and esul s.
Building and En i onmen 81 (2014) 69 – 80.
[24] M. San amou is, A. Synne a, M. Asssimakopoulos, I. Li ada, K. Pa lou, M. Papaglas a,
N. Gai ani, D. Koloko sa, V. Assimakopoulos, Expe imen al in es iga ion o he ai low and
indoo ca bon dioxide concen a ion in class ooms wi h in e mi en na u al en ila ion Ene gy
and Buildings 40 (2008) 1833–1843.
[25] N. Gai ani, C. Lehmann, M. San amou is, G. Mihalakakou, P. Pa a gias, Using p incipal
componen and clus e analysis in he hea ing e alua ion o he school building sec o . Applied
Ene gy 87: 6 (2010) 2079 – 2086.
[26]S.P. Co gna i, M. Filippi, S. Viazzo, Pe cep ion o he The mal En i onmen in High
School and Uni e si y Class ooms: Subjec i e P e e ences and The mal Com o , Building and
En i onmen 42:2 (2007)951-959.
[27]S.P Co gna i, R. Ansaldi, M. Filippi, The mal Com o in I alian Class ooms Unde F ee
Running Condi ions du ing Mid Seasons: Assessmen h ough Objec i e and Subjec i e
App oaches, Building and En i onmen 44:4 (2009) 785-792.
[28]C. Bu a i, P. Riccia di, Adap i e Analysis o The mal Com o in Uni e si y Class ooms:
Co ela ion be ween Expe imen al Da a and Ma hema ical Models. Building and En i onmen ,
4, 2009, ol. 44, no. 4. pp. 674-687.
[29]Ud ea, C. C oi o u, I. Năs ase, R. C u escu, V. Ădescu, Expe imen al and heo e ical
he mal com o analyses in highe educa ion buildings in bucha es , Uni e si a ea Poli ehnica
din Buca es i, Bule in S iin i ic, Se ies D, 77: 2 (2015)145-156
[30] R.J. Cole, G een buildings e econciling echnological change and occupan expec a ions.
In: R.J. Cole, R. Lo ch (Eds.). Buildings, cul u e and en i onmen . Ox o d, UK: Blackwell;
2003. p. 57 [Chap e 5].
[31] G. Bai d, L. Ch is ie, J. Fe is, C. Goguel, H. Oos e ho . Use pe cep ions and eedback
om he ‘bes ’ sus ainable buildings in he wo ld. In: P oceedings o SB08 wo ld sus ainable
building con e ence, Melbou ne, Sep embe 2008; 2008.
[32] A. Leaman, B. Bo dass. A e use s mo e ole an o ‘g een’ buildings. Building Resea ch
and In o ma ion 2007;35(6):662e73
[33] G. Bai d, C. Field. The mal com o condi ions in sus ainable buildings e Resul s o a
wo ldwide su ey o use s’ pe cep ions. Renewable Ene gy 49 (2013) 44-47
[34] ISO 7730. In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza ion. Mode a e he mal en i onmen s
- Mode a e he mal en i onmen s - De e mina ion o he PMV and PPD index and speci ica ion
o he condi ions o he mal com o ,. Gene a, 1994 - Table A.1 o Annex A).
[35]ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE S anda d 55-2010: The mal En i onmen al Condi ions o
Human Occupancy. Ame ican Socie y o Hea ing, Re ige a ing and Ai -Condi ioning
Enginee s, Inc., A lan a, 2010.
24
[36] P.O.Fange , The mal Com o : Analysis and Applica ions in En i onmen al Enginee ing.
McG aw-Hill Book Company, New Yo k, 1972
[37] ISO 7726:1998. E gonomics o he The mal En i onmen - Ins umen s o Measu ing
Physical Quan i ies. , 1998.
[38] ISO 10551. E gonomics o he he mal en i onmen -- Assessmen o he in luence o he
he mal en i onmen using subjec i e judgemen scales, 1995. This s anda d was las e iewed
and con i med in 2011.
[39] N. Walikewi z , B. Janicke, M. Langne , F. Meie ,W. Endliche .The di e ence be ween
he mean adian empe a u e and he ai empe a u e wi hin indoo en i onmen s: A case s udy
du ing summe condi ions.. Building and En i onmen , 84 (2015) 151-161]
[40] A. Ma za akis, B. Amelung . Physiological equi alen empe a u e as Indica o o impac s
o clima e change on he mal com o o humans. In: M. Thomson, R. Ga cia-He e a, M.
Benis on (Eds.). Seasonal Fo ecas s, clima ic change and human heal h. Ne he lands: Sp inge ;
p. 161 72, 2008.
[41] M. Langne , K. Sche be , W. Endliche . Indoo hea s ess: an assessmen o human
bioclima e using he UTCI in di e en buildings in Be lin. Die E de;144:260 73, 2013.
[42] N. Kan o , J. Unge . The mos p oblema ic a iable in he cou se o human-
biome eo ological com o assessmen .
[43]Wea he S a ion o he Basque Gob e men : h p://www.euskadi.eus/eusko-
jau la i za/ingu umen-lu alde-poli ika-saila/hasie a/
[44] M.A. Humph eys. Field s udies o he mal com o compa ed and applied. Building
Se ices Enginee , 197, Vol. 44, pp. 5-27.
[45] A. Auliciems. Global di e ences in indoo he mal equi emen s. P esen ed o he
ANZAAS Symposium M2, B isbane, 11 May 1981.
[46]I.D. G i i hs. The mal com o in buildings wi h passi e sola ea u es: Field s udies.
Repo o he Commission o he Eu opean Communi ies. EN3S-090 UK: Uni e si y o Su ey
Guild o d, 1990.
[47]F. Nicol, The mal Com o - A Handbook o Field S udies Towa d an Adap i e Model.
UK: Uni e si y o Eas London, 1993.
[48]G.S. B age , R.J. de Dea . The mal adap a ion in he buil en i onmen : a li e a u e e iew.
Ene gy and buildings, 27: 1 (1998) 83–96. A ailable a :
h p://www.cbe.be keley.edu/ esea ch/pd _ iles/Zhang2006_The malBiologyPa 1.pd
[Accessed Augus 30, 2016].
[49] Humph eys and Nicol, The Validi y o ISO-PMV o P edic ing Com o Vo es in E e y-
day The mal En i onmen s. Ene gy and Buildings 34 (2002)667-684, Else ie Science,
www.else ie .com/loca e/enbuild
[50] P. Wang, G. Gong, Y. Wang, L. Li. he modynamic in es iga ion o building in eg a ed
ene gy e iciency o building e o i . Ene gy and Buildings 77 (2014) 139 - 148.
[51] G. Chiesa, M. G osso. Geo-clima ic applicabili y o na u al en ila i e cooling in he
Medi e anean a ea. Ene gy and buildings 1907 (2015) 376 – 391.
[52] A. Gela io o, G. Ciulla, R. Ricciu. An o e iew o ene gy e o i ac ions easibili y on
I alian his o ical buildings. Ene gy. h p://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ene gy.2016.12.103
[53] M. Koloko oni, P. Heiselbe g (Eds.) Ven ila i e Cooling, s a e-o - he-a . IEA-EBC
P og amme – Annex 62 Ven ila i e Cooling. Depa men o ci il Enginee ing. Aalbo g
Unie si y, Denma k, 2015.
[54] A. M. T. Ma ins, J. S. Ca los. The e o i ing o he Be na das´Con en in Lisbon. Ene gy
and Buildings 68 (2014) 396 – 402.
[55] L.G. Vallada es-Rendóna, G. Schmid, S.L. Lo. Re iew o ene gy sa ings by sola con ol
echniques and op imal buildings o ien a ion o he s a egic placemen o açade shading
sys ems. Ene gy and Buildings h p://doi.o g/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.12.073
[56] A. Boe i, E. An onini, J. Gaspa i, D. Longo. Ene gy design s a egies o e o i ing.
Me hodology, echnologies, eno a ion and applica ions. WITP ess, Ashu s Lodge, Ashu s,
Sou hamp on, UK, 2015.
[57] M. San amou is, D. Koloko sa. Passi e cooling dissipa ion echniques o buildings and
o he s uc u es: The s a e o he a . Ene gy and Buildings 57 (2013)74 – 94.
25
[58] O. I ulegi, A. Ruiz-Pa do, A. Se a, J.M. Salme ón. Po en ial o nigh en ila i e cooiling
s a egies in o ice buildings in Spain – Com o analysis. In e na ional Jou nal o Ven ila ion
13:3 (2014) 193-210.
[59] S.N. Boemi, O. I ulegi, M. San amou is (Eds.) Ene gy pe o mance o buildings. Ene gy
e iciency and buil en i onmen in empe a e clima es. Sp inge , 2016.
[60] M. Koloko oni, I. Gianni sa is, R. Wa kins. The e ec o he London u ban hea island on
building summe cooling demand and nigh en ila ion s a egies. Sola Ene gy 80:4 (2006)
383-392.
[61] V. Ge os, M. San amou is, A. Tsang assoulis, G. Gua acino. Expe imen al e alua ion o
nigh en ila ion phenomena. Ene gy and buildings 29 (1999) 141 - 154.
[62] M. Koloko oni, B.C. Webb, S.D. Hayes. Summe cooling wi h nigh en ila ion o o ice
buildings in mode a e clima es. Ene gy and buildings 27 (1998)231 - 237.
[48]Minis e io de Fomen o, Sec e a ía de Es ado de In aes uc u as, T. y V., & Di ección
Gene al de A qui ec u a, V. y S. (2014). Puen es é micos DA DB-HE/3, Código Técnico de la
Edi icación.
[63] Minis e io de Vi ienda de España, Ins i u o pa a la Di e si icación y Aho o de la Ene gía
(IDAE). LIDER. 2009.
[64] K.J. Lomas, H. Eppel, C.J. Ma in, D.P. Bloom ield. Empi ical alida ion o building
ene gy simula ion p og ams. Ene gy and Buildings .26:3 (1997) 253-275.
[65] C.A. Roule , F. Heid , F. Fo adini, M.C. Pibi i. Real hea eco e y wi h ai handling uni s.
Ene gy and Buildings 33: 5 (2001) 495–502.
Table 3. Resul s o he ques ioning campaign acco ding o s uden ´s posi ion in class oom
Cen al posi ion Close o
ex e io a
ç
ade
Back ows
Day Time TSV TSV TSV
Ap il 25 9:15 +0.83 +0.7 +2
Ap il 25 15:15 +0.75 +1.5 -
Ap il 26 10:00 +0.83 +0.91 0
Ap il 26 16:30 -1 0 0
Ap il 26 18:45 0 +1.44 +0.5
Ap il 27 10:00 +0.75 +0.25 +2
Ap il 27 12:30 +1 +0.75 +2
Ap il 28 9:15 -0.33 +0.65 0
Ap il 28 13:30 0 +0.07 +0.6
Ap il 28 15:15 +2 +1.75 0
Ap il 29 9:00 -0.16 +0.38 +2
Ap il 29 11:00 +1.66 +1.25 +1.4
Table 4. Resul s o he ield measu emen s, Tº and Rela i e Humidi y
DAY TIME
TEMPERATURE (ºC) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
Senso 1 Senso 2 Senso 6 Senso 1 Senso 2 Senso 6
Ap il 25 9:15 22.8 21.4 22.5 39 41 39
Ap il 25 15:15 23.7 22.2 23.5 39 40 38
Ap il 26 10:00 23.2 22 23.2 51 51 50
Ap il 26 16:30 23.8 22.3 23.6 41 43 40
Ap il 26 18:45 24 22.6 24.1 44 47 45
Ap il 27 10:00 23.1 21.7 22.8 44 46 44
Ap il 27 12:30 23.3 21.8 23.2 45 46 45
Ap il 28 9:15 22.6 21.3 22.2 35 38 36
Ap il 28 13:30 23.9 22.2 24.2 43 43 42
Ap il 28 15:15 23.4 17.7 23.3 34 41 33
Ap il 29 9:00 22.6 20.9 22.2 42 43 42
Ap il 29 11:00 23.4 21.6 23.4 49 52 50
Table 5. PMV and PPD calcula ed by objec i e app oach
Senso 1 Senso 2 Senso 6
DAY TIME PMV PPD (%) PMV PPD (%) PMV PPD (%)
Ap il 25 9:15 0.2 5.93 -0.2 5.43 0.08 5.13
Ap il 25 15:15 0.4 8.45 0.02 5.01 0.29 6.81
Ap il 26 10:00 0.4 7.92 0.04 5.03 0.3 6.92
Ap il 26 16:30 0.4 9.07 0.06 5.07 0.33 7.27
Ap il 26 18:45 0.5 10.33 0.15 5.47 0.48 9.72
Ap il 27 10:00 0.3 7.03 -0.1 5.07 0.18 5.65
Ap il 27 12:30 0.4 7.67 -0 5.03 0.27 6.54
Ap il 28 9:15 0.1 5.43 -0.2 5.76 -0 5
Ap il 28 13:30 0.5 9.74 0.04 5.03 0.48 9.77
Ap il 28 15:15 0.3 6.99 -1 24.49 0.22 5.99
Ap il 29 9:00 0.2 5.73 -0.3 6.32 0.03 5.02
Ap il 29 11:00 0.4 8.43 -0.1 5.04 0.35 7.54
Table 6. Neu al empe a u e acco ding o di e en adap a i e com o models
COMFORT MODELS Tn (ºC) Fo mula [Ta,ou = a e age mon hly ou doo
empe a u e]
Humph eys [44] (1976) 18.74 Tn=11.9+0.534ꞏTa,ou
Auliciems [45] (1981) 21.57 Tn=17.6+0.31ꞏTa,ou
G i i hs [46] (1990) 18.94 Tn=12.1+0.534ꞏTa,ou
Nicol e al [47] (1993) 21.86 Tn=17+0.38ꞏTa,ou
B age -De Dea [48] (1998) 21.77 Tn=17.8+0.31ꞏTa,ou
Humph eys-Nicol [49] (2002) 20.41 Tn=13.5+0.54ꞏTa,ou
Table 7. Subjec i e and objec i e com o ange compa isson
GROUP 1 GROUP 2 ISO 7730 ASHRAE 55:2010
PPD<10% PPD<10% PPD<20%
Com o ange [ºC] 18-23 18.5-23.5 20-24 19.3-24.3 18.3-25.3
Table 8. Resul s compa ison o he subjec i e and objec i e app oach in s uden ´s sea ed in a
cen al posi ion in class oom.
DAY TIME PMV PPD
Subjec i e Objec i e Di e ence Subjec i e Objec i e
25-Ap il 9:15 0.7 0.21 0.49 15.3 5.93
25-Ap il 15:15 1.5 0.41 1.09 50.9 8.45
26-Ap il 10:00 0.91 0.37 0.54 22.48 7.92
26-Ap il 16:30 0 0.44 -0.44 5 9.07
26-Ap il 18:45 1.44 0.51 0.93 47.65 10.33
27-Ap il 10:00 0.25 0.31 -0.06 6.29 7.03
27-Ap il 12:30 0.75 0.36 0.39 16.84 7.67
28-Ap il 9:15 0.65 0.14 0.51 13.87 5.43
28-Ap il 13:30 0.07 0.48 -0.41 5.1 9.74
28-Ap il 15:15 1.75 0.31 1.44 64.4 6.99
29-Ap il 9:00 0.38 0.19 0.19 8 5.73
29-Ap il 11:00 1.25 0.41 0.84 37.72 8.43
Table 9 Resul s compa ison o he subjec i e and objec i e app oach in s uden ´s sea ed close o
he ex e io açade in class oom.
DAY TIME PMV PPD
Subjec i e Objec i e Di e ence Subjec i e Objec i e
25-Ap il 9:15 0.83 -0.15 0.98 19.53 5.43
25-Ap il 15:15 0.75 0.02 0.73 16.84 5.01
26-Ap il 10:00 0.83 0.04 0.79 19.53 5.03
26-Ap il 16:30 -1 0.06 -1.06 26.11 5.07
26-Ap il 18:45 0 0.15 -0.15 5 5.47
27-Ap il 10:00 0.75 -0.06 0.81 16.84 5.07
27-Ap il 12:30 1 -0.04 1.04 26.11 5.03
28-Ap il 9:15 -0.33 -0.19 0.14 7.26 5.76
28-Ap il 13:30 0 0.04 -0.04 5 5.03
28-Ap il 15:15 2 -0.96 2.96 76.76 24.49
29-Ap il 9:00 -0.16 -0.25 0.09 5.53 6.32
29-Ap il 11:00 1.66 -0.05 1.71 59.6 5.04
Table 10 Resul s compa ison o he subjec i e and objec i e app oach in s uden ´s sea ed in he
back ows in class oom.
DAY TIME PMV PPD
Subjec i e Objec i e Di e ence Subjec i e Objec i e
25-Ap il 9:15 2 0.08 1.92 76.76 5.13
25-Ap il 15:15 - 0.29 - - 6.81
26-Ap il 10:00 0 0.3 -0.3 5 6.92
26-Ap il 16:30 0 0.33 -0.33 5 7.27
26-Ap il 18:45 0.5 0.48 0.02 10.22 9.72
27-Ap il 10:00 2 0.18 1.82 76.76 5.65
27-Ap il 12:30 2 0.27 1.73 76.76 6.54
28-Ap il 9:15 0 -0.01 0.01 5 5
28-Ap il 13:30 0.6 0.48 0.12 12.54 9.77
28-Ap il 15:15 0 0.22 -0.22 5 5.99
29-Ap il 9:00 2 0.03 1.97 76.76 5.02
29-Ap il 11:00 1.4 0.35 1.05 45.51 7.54
Table 11. Simula ion desc ip ion
Simula ion G oup 1 (*)
Simula ion 1.2 1 ach
Simula ion 1.3 2 ach
Simula ion 1.4 5 ach
Simula ion 1.5 10 ach
Simula ion G oup 2 (**)
Simula ion 2.1 4 ach
Simula ion 2.2 8 ach
Simula ion 2.3 12 ach
Simula ion 2.4 16 ach
Simula ion 2.5 24 ach
Simula ion G oup 3 (***) Simula ion 3.1 1 ach(day), 4 ach (nigh )
Simula ion 3.2 2 ach(day), 4 ach (nigh )
Simula ion 3.3 5 ach(day), 8 ach (nigh )
Simula ion 3.4 10 ach(day), 12 ach (nigh )
Simula ion 3.5 10 ach(day), 24 ach (nigh )
(*)Diu nal en ila ion coinciding wi h he class oom occupa ion and wi h he ollowing low
a es
(**)A day ime, he cu en en ila ion is main ained, namely, he use s opens and closes he
windows in o de o con ol en ila ion. A nigh , en ila ion is pe o med om 23:00 o 08:00
du ing summe season.
(***)A combina ion o day ime and nigh en ila ion.
Table 12. Pe cen age o hou s a each empe a u e ange
Tempe a u e
anges
Cu
en 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
27.5ºC<= T <
30ºC 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
25ºC<= T <
27.5ºC 13% 15% 9% 5% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%
22.5ºC<= T <
25ºC 51% 53% 48% 32% 22% 23% 14% 9% 7% 5% 23% 21% 11% 11% 9%
20ºC<= T <
22.5ºC 35% 32% 38% 41% 41% 42% 34% 28% 25% 22% 42% 41% 30% 25% 22%
17.5ºC<= T <
20ºC 1% 0% 5% 22% 28% 31% 36% 39% 37% 35% 31% 32% 37% 37% 35%
15ºC<= T <
17.5ºC 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 3% 15% 22% 25% 29% 3% 5% 19% 21% 25%
10ºC<= T <
15ºC 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 3% 6% 10% 0% 0% 2% 5% 9%
T < 10ºC 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Figu e 9. Hea losses dis ibu ion in he cu en building. (Fo he windows, he in o ma ion
showed is he di e ence be ween ne hea losses and ne sola gains).
Figu e 10. Summa y o he hea ing demand unde he di e en scena ios
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
[kWh/m2]
Hea ingene gy equi edwi hdi e en
imp o emen s
WholeBuilding S udiedclass oom
Figu e 11. Hea losses dis ibu ion in he building imp o ing he mal b idges, windows and
ene gy eco e y om expulsion ai . (Fo windows, he in o ma ion showed, is he di e ence
be ween ne hea losses and ne sola gains.).
Figu e 12. Compa ison be ween mon hly hea ing demand o he cu en building and he
imp o ed building.
‐10
‐9
‐8
‐7
‐6
‐5
‐4
‐3
‐2
‐1
0
jan eb ma ap may jun jul aug sep oc no dec
[kWh/m2]
Wholebuilding
Cu en Re o i ed
