In e na ional Con e ence
Sha ing Socie y
The Impac o Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ions
in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies
Con e ence
P oceedings
Benjamín Teje ina, C is ina Mi anda de Almeida and Ignacia Pe ugo ía
Edi o s
May 23-24, 2019 • Uni e sidad del País Vasco/Euskal He iko Unibe si a ea • Bilbao, Spain
© Se icio Edi o ial de la Uni e sidad del País Vasco
Euskal He iko Unibe si a eko A gi alpen Ze bi zua
ISBN: 978-84-9082-678-2
Depósi o Legal / Lege go dailua: BI-804-2019
Benjamín Teje ina, C is ina Mi anda de Almeida and Ignacia Pe ugo ía
Edi o s
Edi ion and book co e design: Mikel Azpi i Landa · mikelazpi i.com
CIP. Biblio eca Uni e si a ia
In e na ional Con e ence Sha ing Socie y (2019. Bilbao)
Sha ing Socie y : he impac o collabo a i e collec i e ac ions in he ans o ma ion o con empo a y socie ies, [Con e ence
P oceedings, May 23-24, 2019, Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, Bilbao] /Benjamín Teje ina … [e al.](edi o s). – Bilbao :
Uni e sidad del País Vasco / Euskal He iko Unibe si a ea, A gi alpen Ze bi zua = Se icio Edi o ial, D.L. 2019. – 423 p. : il.
Tex os en inglés y español.
D. L. BI-804-2019. – ISBN: 978-84-9082-678-2.
1. Acción social. 2. Mo imien os sociales. 3. Economía colabo a i a. 4. Redes sociales. 5. Cambio (Sociología). I. Teje ina,
Benjamín, ed.
316.42(063)
Recomended ci a ion: Teje ina, Benjamín, C is ina Mi anda de Almeida, Ignacia Pe ugo ía (edi o s). 2019.
Sha ing Socie y. The Impac o Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ions in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies.
P oceeding o he In e na ional Con e ence Sha ing Socie y (Bilbao, May 23-24, 2019).
Leioa: Uni e sidad del País Vasco/ Euskal He iko Unibe si a ea
All au ho s ha e assigned he o ganize s o he In e na ional Con e ence Sha ing Socie y he igh s o use, dis ibu e, publish,
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p esen a ion. To he ex en he wo k and he p esen a ion inco po a e ex passages, igu es, da a o o he ma e ial om o he
au ho s, all au ho s ha e ob ained all necessa y pe missions o g an he license abo e. The au ho s a e esponsible o he
ep oduc ion o copy igh ma e ial om o he sou ces (by ob aining he necessa y pe mission o by quo ing hem acco ding o
academic e hical ules).
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Edi o s do no assume any esponsibili y o he accu acy, comple eness, opicali y o quali y o he in o ma ion p o ided. Au ho s
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332
Collabo a i e Collec i e A Ac ions and
Sensible Poli ics1
C is ina Mi anda de Almeida2
Uni e sidad del País Vasco/Euskal He iko Unibe si a ea
Abs ac : In he his o y o humani y he e a e se e al collabo a i e p ac ices and ac ions
based on sha ing ha , among o he s, gene a e deep social bonds: po la ch, ecip ocal
al uism, coope a i es, and mu ualism. These p ac ices a e based on gene osi y and
collabo a ion, a he han in compe i ion. These his o ical links we e b oken by mode ni y
and he expansion o capi alism and globaliza ion. As a esul , a also su e ed om his
up u e o bonds wi h socie y, ans o ming i sel in o an a whose end, in gene al, is
si ua ed in i sel and in he ma ke . Howe e , he e a e coun less examples o collabo a i e
a is ic ac ion. We will explo e 2 kinds o collec i e a s a egies, hose ha (1) make isible
he p oblems o he public sphe e in pos mode n and hype mode n socie y and hose ha
(2) aim a c ea ing new o ms o common h ough a .
The me hodology used is mixed, based on a e iew o a ious heo ies o collec i e ac ion
applying hem o a (LeBon; Blume ; Ko nhause ; Smelse ; Da ies; Gu ; Mo ison; Olson;
Lichbach; Chong; Opp; MacCa hy; Zald; Ben o d; Snow; Diani; Jaspe ; Emi baye ; Ce aï;
Meg McLagan and Ya es McKee) and a se ies o in e iews.
O si p oposed he concep s such as ‘economy o sha ing’, ‘poli ics o sha ing’ and ‘p ac ices
o sha ing’ and o uly collabo a i e economy. The hypo hesis is ha he concep o
Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ion (CCA) ampli ies O si’s concep s by posing ha collabo a ing
is mo e han sha ing and, he e o e, collabo a ion in a is mo e han sha ing a .
CCA in a in ol es ac i ely en olling socie y in all phases o a p ocess so ha he ul ima e
goal is he de elopmen o a sense o belonging, a eco e y o social bonds be ween equals,
h ough a conscious commi men o he commons and socie y. A , hus unde s ood, would
con ibu e o es o e he bonds be ween subjec and communi y los wi h mode ni y om
i s speci ic c ea i e p ocesses, and eme ge h ough collec i e p ac ices gene a ed by
indi idual a is s and collec i es ha ocus on he ela ionship and he c ea ion o bonds,
no on he c ea ion o objec s o he ma ke . Common s a egies a e, among o he s, he
c ea ion o pla o ms and e en s, ac ions o empowe men and educa ion o eco e he
commons in he public sphe e. When a is unde s ood as collabo a i e collec i e ac ion
he e a e impac s in ela ion o a ious dimensions o he a sys em.
One o he bes -known e ec s is he challenge i poses o he concep o au ho ship, wha
a ec s he ela ionship o a is s wi h he a sys em. Ano he e ec is he ans o ma ion o
he p ocesses and me hodologies o c ea ion, p oduc ion, dis ibu ion, knowledge ans e
and ep oduc ion o a . Co-c ea ion, co-p oduc ion, emix, euse, hacking and copy-le
p ocesses eme ge. In syn hesis, a collabo a i e collec i e ac ions make isible obscu e
a eas o public sphe e and add ess a possible econ igu a ion o con empo a y commons,
pe sonal and collec i e da a so e eign y, and o he kinds o open p ocesses.
Keywo ds: collabo a i e a , commons, sha ing socie y
A s
TRACK
4
Sha ing Socie y
The Impac o Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ions
in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies 333
1. In oduc ion
In 1990 Elino Os om p oposed hese eigh design p inciples o he go e nance o commons
o a oid wha , as ea ly as 1833, Lloyd had called he agedy o he commons (Ha din, 1968): (1)
de ine limi s on access o he common-pool esou ces (CPR); (2) c ea e ules o app op ia ion
and p o ision adap ed o local condi ions; (3) es ablish ag eemen s ha allow pa icipa ion in
decision-making; (4) moni o ; (5) es ablish sanc ions o hose who app op ia e he esou ces
and iola e he ules; (6) ha e mechanisms o con lic esolu ion; (7) allow o icial ecogni ion
o he communi y; and (8) agglu ina e CPRs in mul iple laye s o nes s, main aining small local
ese es a he g ass oo s le el.
Simila ly, Janelle O si (2015) p oposed six essen ial p inciples o a uly collabo a i e economy,
i s policies and p ac ices. Th ough he six p inciples she p oposes sha ing: (1) weal h and
p ospe i y; (2) powe and decision-making; (3) capi aliza ion and isk; (4) esou ces and e o s;
(5) knowledge; and (6) esponsibili y o he common good.
In his ex , he se o p inciples p oposed by Os om and O si is b oadened by he ‘collabo a ion’
dimension p oposed by he concep o collabo a i e collec i e ac ion (CCA). Acco ding o
Teje ina, “Collabo a i e collec i e ac ion (CCA) is he se o o mal and in o mal p ac ices and
in e ac ions ca ied ou be ween a plu ali y o indi iduals, g oups o associa ions ha sha e
among hemsel es a sense o belonging o common in e es s, on he basis o collabo a ion
and con lic wi h o he s, wi h he aim o p oducing o slowing social change h ough he
mobiliza ion o ce ain social sec o s” (Teje ina, 2010: 19-20).
The esea ch, he esul s o which a e pa ially p esen ed in his a icle, s a s om his de ini ion
o he CCA and asks he ollowing esea ch ques ions: wha is he e ec p oduced by a is ic
collabo a i e collec i e ac ions (ACCA) on he e i aliza ion, p oduc ion and ep oduc ion o
he commons and social bonds? Wha e ec do hey ha e on a ?
The e a e his o ical p ac ices o c ea ion and p oduc ion o commons based on sha ing ha
gene a e deep social bonds and ha o some ex en pa ially o o ally comply wi h he eigh
p inciples p oposed by Os om. These include po la ch, ecip ocal al uism, coope a i es and
mu ualism. These p ac ices, based on gene osi y and collabo a ion a he han compe i ion,
also o m he basis o a is ic c ea ion in a ious cul u es (e.g. Aus alian Abo iginal a ). F om
his pe spec i e, we conside a as a speci ic o m o common pool o symbolic and echnical
esou ces; an a ha c ea es a collec i e imagina y, is capable o making isible p oblems o
he public sphe e in o de o inc ease social awa eness abou hem and allows he e i aliza ion
o social bonds.
Wi h he expansion o capi alism and globaliza ion, his ole o a , unde s ood as a common
pool esou ces (CPR) o a common ese e o speci ic esou ces, clashes wi h he p i a iza ion
o au ho ship (in ensi ied in mode ni y) and he capi aliza ion o he wo k by he a sys em.
Links wi h socie y a e b oken and, as a esul , a becomes mo e and mo e indi idual, wi h an
end in i sel and subjec o he ules o he ma ke .
Despi e he ac ha a has dis anced i sel om socie y, di e en o ms o a is ic collabo a i e
collec i e ac ions exis , and ha e been inc easing bo h in quan i y and quali y in ecen yea s,
334
especially since he in luence o he In e ne on a . As Lopéz Cuenca s a es, “a is ic wo k
has occupied an ambiguous place in capi alism, o say he leas ” (2016:7). I is a o m o “(im)
p oduc i e” ela ionship.
Howe e , collabo a i e collec i e ac ions a e no welcomed by all a agen s. Bishop ques ions
collabo a i e a is ic p ac ices unde s ood as ela ional, socially engaged and collabo a i e a
(Roche 2006) because she conside s ha aes he ics is sac i iced on he al a o social change.
Relying on Bishop, we ask ou sel es unde wha condi ions a is ic collabo a i e collec i e
ac ions emain a .
Ou hypo hesis is ha he e ec o a is ic collabo a i e collec i e ac ions on he p oduc ion o
he commons and on a is a iable in ela ion o di e en phases o he a is ic p ocess.
We a i m ha collabo a i e collec i e ac ions in a can be e alua ed h ough a se o indica o s
combining he p inciples o Os om and O si wi h he phases o he a is ic p ocess (including
p e-p oduc ion, p oduc ion, pos -p oduc ion and capi aliza ion o esul s; see Figu e 2). The
iden i ica ion o he esul s o collabo a ion as a depends o a la ge ex en on he s age o he
collabo a ion.
2. Objec i es
The objec i e o he esea ch is h ee old:
1) C ea e he A is ic Collabo a i e Ac ion Ma ix analy ical ool (Figu e 1) o analyze a is ic
ACC;
2) Iden i y he e ec s o a is ic CCAs on he p oduc ion o he commons and he es o a ion o
links be ween a and communi y; and
3) Iden i y some o he condi ions o CCAs o con inue o be conside ed a o hei p ac i ione s
and o he agen s o he a sys em.
3. Me hodology
The p ojec is in p ocess and is de eloped h ough a mixed me hodology, di ec and indi ec
and he applica ion o he ma ix. F om he e ision o heo ies o collec i e ac ion, in pa icula
he concep o collabo a i e collec i e ac ion (Teje ina, 2010), heo ies o he common good,
heo ies o collabo a ion (Himmelman, 1994), he main concep s a e ex ac ed o apply hem o
he analysis o a is ic CCAs. They a e con as ed wi h speci ic concep s o a , such as ela ional
a (Bou iaud, 2006), collec i e and pa icipa o y a (Bishop, 2012).
A he same ime, seconda y da a collec ed on di e en a is ic pla o ms a e analysed: ex s,
s a emen s, in e iews on social ne wo ks, blogs and ideos.
On he o he hand, we ha e 3 in-dep h in e iews, pa icipan obse a ion (LaAgencia3) and
au o-e hnog aphy (pe sonal pa icipa ion in p e ious CCAs such as in In o isión4 and On he
G ape ine).
Sha ing Socie y
The Impac o Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ions
in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies 335
The collec ion o di ec da a was s uc u ed om a selec ion o indica o s and axes o analysis
common o he esea ch g oup, bu adap ed o a . Subsequen ly, wo in-dep h pa adigma ic
case s udies (Fai Sa u day and Idea omics) will be analysed.
4. Resul s and Discussion
We p esen 2 ypes o pa ial esul s.
The i s ype is he c ea ion o he ma ix and he second is a b ie syn hesis o he i s e lec ions
on i s applica ion o he cases o a is ic ACC s udied.
To unde s and he ma ix, le ’s s a by conside ing a sys em o 2 axes ha c oss in he cen e ,
o ming a ield wi h 4 a eas (Figu e 1).
The i s e ical axis is ha o au onomy e sus collabo a ion. In he uppe pole is loca ed he
au onomy o a and in he lowe pole is loca ed he collabo a ion in i s mos adical o m, wi h
a socie y is a is and gene a es a , acco ding o he idea p oposed by Beuys (Bodenmann-
Ri e , 1995).
The second axis, ho izon al, is ha o he in e nal o ex e nal o igin o he objec i es o he
ac ions. In he igh pole is he objec i e o he ac ions p oposed in e nally by each a is and,
in he second, he socially nego ia ed objec i es (ex e nal o each a is o g oup o a is s). In
some cases his pole co esponds o examples o commissioned o cu a ed a .
In an ideal si ua ion o collabo a ion be ween socie y and a he e would be a coincidence
be ween he 4 poles a a cen al poin o equilib ium a which hey would line up: (1) he
au onomy o a and he collabo a ion wi h an a is -socie y, and (2) he objec i es o he a is
and he social objec i es.
Le us also conside ha hese dimensions mus be di e en ia ed acco ding o he phases
o a is ic c ea ion (see Figu e 2) and acco ding o 5 phases o collabo a ion, unde s ood as
con ac , coope a ion, coo dina ion, collabo a ion and con e gence (Himmelman, 1994).
In o de o apply he g aphic o he analysis o a is ic CCA cases, i is necessa y o know how
each case beha es, in each phase, du ing he a is ic c ea ion p ocess, du ing he collabo a i e
p ocess and in ela ion o each a ea o he ma ix. In his sense, speci ic ma ices mus be
gene a ed o each ACC, in each phase o c ea ion and collabo a ion o analyse he e ec s on:
1) he c ea ion o links;
2) awa eness o social p oblems in he public sphe e;
3) he c ea ion o common goods; and a i sel as a common good;
4) au ho ship;
5) he p ocess o a is ic c ea ion and,
6) in e disciplina y knowledge.
336
Nex , in Figu e 1, we will see he g aph o he ma ix, i s 4 a eas and i s 4 poles:
Ve ical axis: a au onomous e sus collabo a i e a
Ho izon al axis: ex e nal objec i e nego ia ed wi h socie y e sus in e nal objec i e o he a is .
Figu e 1. A is ic Collabo a i e Ac ion Ma ix
No e: Elabo a ed by he au ho , 2019
In Figu e 2 we p esen he phases o he analysis o collabo a i e a is ic collec i e ac ions:
Figu e 2. Phases o Analysis o A is ic Collabo a i e Ac ions
No e: *P ep oduc ion; P oduc ion; Pos p oduc ion; and Capi aliza ion. Elabo a ed by he au ho , 2019
Analyzing he selec ed case s udies and aking in o conside a ion he di e en phases o
c ea ion and collabo a ion, we obse e ha collec i e and collabo a i e ac ion has e ec s on:
1) The c ea ion o links: he ambiguous ela ionship be ween a and capi alism de e mines
he modes o p oduc ion, ep oduc ion, ansmission, dissemina ion and ecep ion o a , e-
con igu ing bo h he ela ions be ween a and socie y and he in e nal ela ions o he a
wo ld.
2) Awa eness o social p oblems in he public sphe e: in many cases he speci ic objec i e
is o c i ically ques ion he public sphe e and i s p oblems (clima e change, gende , digi al
con ol, iden i y, lack o p i acy and au ho ship among o he s) and o gene a e g ea e le els
o consciousness in socie y h ough a , om he sensi i e.
3) The c ea ion o common goods and a is ic c ea ion i sel as a common good: a is ic CCAs
Sha ing Socie y
The Impac o Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ions
in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies 337
seek o eac i a e he commons, wo king di ec ly wi h socie y. This a is ic eac i a ion o he
commons akes shape bo h in ela ion o he con en p oduced (images, sounds, ex s) and
wi h he ools and me hodologies o p oduc ion and ci cula ion o know-how (p ocesses,
me hods, echniques) and ideas. This las phase o he collabo a ion con inuum is usually
he mos de eloped in digi al collabo a i e a p ocesses, in he c ea ion o open a is ic
knowledge, o h ough he use o c ea i e commons licenses o app op ia ion, emixing, and
o he collec i e c ea i e s a egies.
4) The p ocess o a is ic c ea ion: his ci cula ion o open knowledge e eals he impac o
collabo a i e a on au ho ship and on he p ocess o a is ic c ea ion, bu his impac
depends on he phase.
5) In he ma gins o his ich ambiguous e i o y a ise di e se collec i es and collabo a i e
a is ic pla o ms dedica ed o a i is p ac ices ha wo k in local, na ional o in e na ional
ne wo ks.
6) Cu en ly he olume o a is ic CCA is inc easing: (a) exclusi ely loca ed in physical spaces
and wi h speci ic communi ies; (b) h ough delocalised ne wo ks o ganised in online
pla o ms o (c) in a hyb id way (p ac ices ha ake place in a physical way in speci ic places
and a he same ime suppo ed in ne wo ked pla o ms. An inc ease in in e disciplina y
collabo a ion is also iden i ied.
5. Pa ial Conclusions
F om he analysis o a is s’ decla a ions o in en and mani es os we obse e di e ences in how
hese collec i e ac ions align wi h Os om’s and O si’s p inciples depending on he phase in
which hey occu . P oposals a e p oduced ha a e unde s ood mo e as a con ac be ween a is s
and social g oups ou side o a -wha O si unde s ands as sha ing knowledge and in o ma ion.
A is ic collabo a i e collec i e ac ions ques ion he iden i y o a is s, based on he concep s o
he au onomy o he subjec and o p oduc ion, des abilizing he ela ionship o he wo k wi h
he a is ic sys em, he ype o wo ks c ea ed and hei dis ibu ion, he ole o he communi y
and he public, bu he deg ee o which his ques ioning o iden i y is p oduced depends on he
phase in which he collabo a ion akes place.
O he p oposals co espond o p ocesses o coope a ion o coo dina ion, as hey unc ion as
agglu ina ing pla o ms o a collabo a i e collec i e ac ions ocusing on p oblems in he
public sphe e. They end o be p oposals wi h a s ong one-way endency, in which pa icipan s
a e in i ed o con ibu e, bu no always o gene a e ideas o capi alize on esul s.
In his ype o collabo a ion, i is e y common o ind coali ions ha usually pe o m unc ions
such as con ening, ca alyzing, channeling, p omo ing, p o iding echnical assis ance, aining,
allying (being a pa ne ) and acili a ing p ojec s.
The analysis o a is ic collabo a i e collec i e ac ions in a ew cases shows ha simila goals a e
assumed by collec i es o a is s and cu a o s who wo k as ans o ming agen s in neighbo hoods
o communi ies. These collec i es o en assume he ole o ca alyzing, con ening, o o ganizing
discussion o public sphe e p oblems in speci ic communi ies and places.
338
I a is ic collabo a i e collec i e ac ions capi alize on con en and esul s, limi ing he ole
o pa icipan s o me e con en gene a o s, he amewo k o us is b oken and he a is ic
collabo a i e collec i e ac ion begins o ope a e h ough a sys em o he han collabo a i e.
A is ic collabo a i e collec i e ac ions a e p oduced bo h a he le el o local communi ies and
in global ne wo ks. The cases analyzed a e loca ed a di e en poin s in he ma ix in ela ion o
co-c ea ion, co-p oduc ion and he ques ioning o he ole o he au ho . The e ha e been no
examples o cen ali y be ween he axes a all.
In summa y, he concep o a is ic collabo a i e collec i e ac ion p oposes ha collabo a ion
is mo e han sha ing, i expands he p inciples o Os om and O si and p oposes ha he
phases o he c ea i e p ocess and he collabo a i e p ocess should be included in he analysis
o a is ic collabo a i e collec i e ac ions. The p oduc ion o a ‘ ue’ a is ic collabo a i e
collec i e ac ions would imply ac i ely insc ibing socie y in all phases o he a is ic p ocess,
so ha he inal objec i e o be achie ed would be he eco e y o social bonds, h ough a
conscious commi men o he common good and socie y h ough a kind o a ha , wi hou
ceasing o be conside ed as a , ge s as close as possible o he cen al poin o he ma ix.
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Roche, Jenni e . 2006. Socially Engaged A , C i ics and discon en s. h p://www.communi ya s.ne /
eading oom/a chi es iles/ Accessed Ma ch 14, 2019.
O si, Janelle. 2015. C ea ing he Nex Economy. You ube. h ps://www.you ube.com/
wa ch? =C3oIF yzZZE. Accessed Ma ch 3, 2019
O si, Janelle and Emily Doskow. 2009. The Sha ing Solu ion: How o Sa e Money, Simpli y you Li e and
Build Communi y. Be keley: Nolo.
Teje ina, Benjamín. 2010. La sociedad imaginada: mo imien os sociales y cambio cul u al en España,
Mad id, Edi o ial T o a.
7. Abb e ia ions
• ACCA A is ic Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ion
• CCA Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ion
• CPR Common Pool Resou ce
Sha ing Socie y
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in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies 345
he hea e . Re e ing o simila i y, he a wo k i sel demands di e si y among pa icipan s, bu
a he same ime, i uses a mechanism ha uni o ms all: he ph ase and cho eog aphy ha all
epea . The hi d poin , he common des iny, is in he own amewo k p oposed by he play: such
a la ge and di e se g oup being able o accomplish a pe o mance oge he , showing ha when
a di e se people come oge he , hey a e able o ha e and show a powe ul p esence. Tha ’s a ’s
a i ice and pe o ma i i y: we do no know whe he his g oup will come oge he again, o i
hei a i ude will be pe o med somewhe e ou side he play, as he sen ence “I you 99 people
dis u b, 100 people dis u b much mo e” powe ully sugges s. A he same ime, wa ching i om
he s alls and ac ing unde he p o ec ion o he hea e , can lea e us sa is ied enough, and wi h
no desi e o ake ha a i ude any u he . In any case, he A las pe o mance o e s a challenging
ic ionalized ep esen a ion o he powe o a la ge g oup, and we can conside wa ching and
li ing i as ans o ma i e, e en i i emains in he ield o he ic ion.
2.2. Ways o Thinking Abou he G oup
The e is some hing agg essi e and in usi e abou wan ing o know abou people, abou
esea ching people, abou looking o o he pe sons’ eac ions... Ha ing an obse ing gaze
on ou sel es, can p o oke ou ea o being mo e con ollable, mo e easily manageable,
mo e ulne able. Tha can happen bo h in he a s and in he sciences. On he o he hand,
he esea ching gaze can adop a play ul ole, as he hidden came as o audio eco dings in
and adio p og ams, and i can also ha e an onanis ic na u e, as in he psychological es s o
magazines.
To s udy he cha ac e is ics, beha io , and pe o mance o he g oups, he e a e di e en ypes
o s udies in social psychology: ield s udies, labo a o y expe imen s, ield expe imen s, na u al
expe imen s and simula ions. Likewise, in o de o uni y g oup da a, some echniques a e
used: g oup obse a ion, sel - epo s, and documen a y echniques. The e a e also di e en
ypes o g oup obse a ions: pa icipan obse a ion and sys ema ic obse a ion. In sel -
epo s, ques ionnai es, scales, epo s, and sociome ic es s a e used. And, as documen a y
echniques a e used: he obse ing me hod, he co ela i e me hod, and he expe imen al
me hod.
Some a is s in e es ed in he way people socialize use hose esea ches and echniques.
Howe e , he objec i es a e di e en , as well as he ways in which hose echniques a e applied,
he consequences ha a e de i ed om hem, and he e ec s on speci ic con ex s.
Fo example, he a is Hans Haacke used su eys and polls o make ins i u ional c i ique in
he se en ies. Poli ically con o e sial ques ionnai es, polls, and g aphs we e made unde he
o m o a ins alla ions wi hin enowned a ins i u ions, as o example, a MoMA- Museum
o Mode n A o New Yo k, wi hin he exhibi ion In o ma ion in 1970. In ha case, se ing ou
a ques ion o he isi o s o he exhibi ion h ough a o ing, “Would he ac ha Go e no
Rocke elle has no denounced P esiden Nixon’s Indochina Policy be a eason o you no
o ing o him in No embe ?” ied o se unde e idence he collusion o in e es among
poli ics, economics and cul u e, in ha e y exhibi ion space, as he own Nelson Rocke elle a
majo dono and boa d membe a MoMA.
346
Figu e 4. Hans Haacke, The Wo ld Pool and O he Wo ks,
All he Wo ld’s Fu u es, 56. Venice Biennial, 2005
Sou ce: h p://www.con empo a ya daily.com/2015/05/ enice-hans-haacke-a - he- cen al-pa ilion /
I we look a documen a y echniques, we could also men ion he audio isual wo k ca ied ou
by he Chilean a is Juan Downey wi h Yanomami ibes in he 70s. While li ing wi h hem, he
acili a ed he Yanomami people o wa ch hemsel es and o he Yanomami o close illages wi h
an in e up ion o wo o h ee days, an icipa ing cu en communica ion sys ems, and go o
ob ain e y iconic images o he ela ion be ween “obse e and subjec o he obse a ion.”
Figu e 5. Juan Downey, Yanomami Playing a wi h CCTV, 1976-77
Sou ce: h p://ensayos ie adel uego.ne / ield-no es/ ans-ame ica/
Re e ing o o he echniques such as he sys ema ic obse a ion bu modi ying who is he
analys , and adding he da a isualiza ion, Pablo de So o’s Si ua ion oom a wo k (2010) a
LABo al A Cen e is an in e es ing case. I p oposes a simila kind o con ol ooms used in The
2nd Wo ld Wa , bu i is he ci il socie y who can ha e a pano amic iew o he da a. This oom,
simila o he sc eens ha moni o ed he con ex , was used by a is s, geog aphe s, biologis s,
Sha ing Socie y
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in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies 347
economis s, compu e scien is s, and spec a o s o c ea e common knowledge, and i was like
an expe imen o simula ion.
Apa om speci ic echniques, we can also pay a en ion o he ypes o g oup lea ning.
Labo a o y expe imen s a e also common in he ield o a , as well as a wo ks ha exp essly
e e o labo a o y expe imen s o social psychology. Fo example, I zia Ba io’s The Pe ils o
Obedience is an expe imen al p ojec o ideo- hea e , inspi ed by S anley Milg am’s enowned
expe imen . In 1963 he psychologis showed ha people used o ollow mo e equen ly he
ins uc ions o an ex e nal au ho i y han he own e hics. I zia Ba io in i ed some ac o s o
pe o m scenes o a mo ie unde he o de s o a hea e di ec o , and om ime o ime ac o s
we e eques ed o go ou o he space o he ic ion and answe ques ions ha e e ed o
si ua ions o he ep esen ed play and o hei pe sonal li e.
Figu e 6. I zia Ba io, Obedience Risks (Bilbao)
Sou ce: h p://www.i zia ba io.com/new-page
On he o he hand, A u Zmijewski’s Repe i ion a wo k (2005) epea s he expe imen o The
S an o d P ison by Philip Zimba do. In 1971, Zimba do collec ed 24 young people h ough
some ad e isemen s o make an expe imen . In a closed space o he S an o d Uni e si y, he
emula ed he condi ions o a p ison, assigned he ole o gua ds o hal o he g oup and he
ole o p isone s o he o he s (dis ibu ing uni o ms and accesso ies, changing he names o
he p isone s by numbe s, gi ing ules...). Se en days la e , ea lie han wha was planned, he
expe imen had o be inished, due o he deg ee o iolence eached and because i s e hic was
pu unde ques ion. A u Zmijewski epea ed he expe imen , p o iding o he pa icipan s
simila condi ions o hose o he o iginal expe imen , bu 34 yea s la e (a di e en empo al
con ex ), and wi h mo e ideo came as placed behind hidden mi o s. In his case, he end was
di e en , and all he pa icipan s ag eed o abandon he expe imen wi hin a ew days, which
can ake us o di e en e lec ions in he blu ing ield among a and social psychology. Apa
om ha , i is also in e es ing no icing ha he expe imen akes ad an age o he exemp ion
space o he a as nowadays p oposing ha kind o expe imen om he social sciences, would
encoun e e hical di icul ies.
348
Figu e 7. A u Zmijewski, Repe i ion, 2005
Sou ce:h p://www.polishcul u e.o g.uk/ isual-a s/news/a icle/a u -zmijewski-a -co ne house-manches e -58.h ml
Apa om labo a o y expe imen s, ield-expe imen s a e also p ac iced wi hin he
con empo a y a sphe e. In his sense, i is in e es ing he p ojec In he Name o Place made
by he GALA Commi ee led by he a is Mel Chin, inside he TV p og am Mel ose Place o
he 90s. A is s, s uden s, colleges and ele ision p oduce s made hei way in o he TV se ies
p oducing a wo ks, a is ic deco a ions and some adap a ions o he sc ip . The ope a ion
was no in ended o comme cial pu poses, bu o acili a e he ans e o a . They used abou
200 a wo ks; some o hem we e shown a he MOCA museum, and hen, all o hem we e
pu on an auc ion, gi ing he p o i s o a cha i y en i y. The p ojec can be conside ed as a
case o subliminal in o ma ion and we can connec i wi h he expe imen s om o he ields o
knowledge. In 1947, James M. Vica y pu he e m o subliminal pe cep ion in o o ce, al hough
he expe imen s ha he made on subliminal pe cep ion ended up being a scam. In he Name o
Place, played wi h he s a egy o he p oduc placemen , no o sell a wo k, bu o expe imen
wi h he possibili y o g ea e dissemina ion o a in daily spaces.
Figu e 8. Gala Commi ee, In he Name o he Place, 1995-1997
Sou ce: h p://melchin.o g/oeu e/in- he-name-o - he-place
Sha ing Socie y
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in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies 349
As we ha e seen in he p e ious examples, a akes ad an age o me hodologies and
echniques used by he social sciences o expe imen wi h he dynamics o g oups and wi h
people’s beha io . Tha is some imes o hink abou a conc e e ma e , o p o oke eac ions in
ce ain con ex s, o a ec people’s expe iences, and qui e o en o a mix o all hose in di e en
p opo ions.
2.3. G oup, A and Agency
His o ically, i has always been claimed ha a a ec s socie y. Re e ing o i , Da id Sla e ,
a is ic di ec o o he a s company En elechy A s, ag ees wi h his a i ma ion, bu a he
same ime, he asse s i cau iously, because, al hough he conside s ha a has his capaci y,
he no es ha i o en does no do i (Olmo, 2018:pa 1,178). When can we say ha an a wo k
is a ec ing he social con ex ? Could we say ha a wo ks ha e agency?
F om he poin o iew o he philosophy and he social sciences, an agen is one ha
in en ionally has he po en ial o s a a causal e en in i s immedia e icini y. Thus, he agency
would be he capabili y o an agen (a pe son o ano he being) o ac ing in a ce ain con ex . In
o de o e lec on he agency o g oups o human beings and hei wo ks o a , and speci ically
o ealize on he agency o a made wi hin a g oup, we can ake unde conside a ion se e al
au ho s and examples.
F om he pe spec i e o social cogni i e heo y, Albe Bandu a (2001) explains ha some
cha ac e is ics a e assigned o he human agency: in en ionali y, planning, sel - egula ion
o mo i a ion and abili y o sel - e lec . Acco ding o his au ho , he agency can be ca ied
ou in h ee ways: pe sonally, by ep esen a ion and collec i ely. He also asse s ha he
unp edic able (p ecisely he managemen o he unexpec ed) is an elemen ha mus be
conside ed. These ea u es and abili ies, he ways and ci cums ances o pe o m he agency,
would se up human agency. Depending on hese a iables, he e ec i eness o he agen s can
be e alua ed. As he human agency is oo ed in social sys ems, he pe sonal agency is in ol ed
in a wide ne wo k o social impac s, and people and g oups ge he mos ou o hei agency
when hei psychological o ien a ion is con e gen wi h he social s uc u e o he sys em.
Al ed Gell (1998) allows us o ake a s ep u he in his discou se in he book A and Agency
because he ma e o agency is placed in he a wo k i sel , as he also conside s a wo ks as
social agen s. To do his, we need o o e come he “ba ie o he in en ionali y”. In his line,
he a gues ha we also gi e agency o o he beings, o example when we assign hinking and
in en ions o animals and ma e ial objec s (as a child does wi h he doll o an adul wi h he
ca ). This is easily unde s ood when we explain ha some agen s –p ima y agen s ( hose who
ha e in en ionali y)– dis ibu e hei agency wi h seconda y agen s ( hings and a i ac s). Fo
example, he agency o a pe son who uses a weapon would be dis ibu ed be ween he pe son
and he weapon, because ha ela ion happens in a gi en con ex ( o example, when a soldie
pu s an an i-pe sonnel mine in a ield). Acco ding o he au ho , a wo ks ha e agency in he
p oximi y o an agen and in a causal con ex ; he e o e, he agency could be ega ded as a
con ex ual ac o as a whole.
On he o he hand, in socie y, as a unc ions in a mic o le el, when hinking abou he
350
agency o a , i is in e es ing o know which kind o links a e be ween wha ’s happening in he
mic o and he mac o le els. In his ega d, sociologis Randall Collins (1998:242) a gues ha
“mic o-sociology is he mos solid pa o wha we know abou he social wo ld, and ha we
unde s and he la ge and mo e long- e m pa e ns when we see how hey a e composed o
such mic o-si ua ions”.
Some imes, he wo k done in a g oup (such as The Pe ils o Obedience o Repe i ion a wo ks),
sugges s links be ween wha happens in a daily si ua ion and mo e s uc u ally, oo. Wha
happens in he mic o can be a ep esen a ion o wha happens in he mac o, and ice e sa,
which is ep esen ed in a mic o le el (as in he case o The Name o Place) can be ound o ha e
social e ec s in a mac o le el. In e es ingly, Collins (1998:246) a gues ha his mic o-machine
ansla ion, apa om being a single di ec ion, exceeds speci ic cases and inds epe i i e
pa e ns ha a e s uc u al in he social o ganiza ion, and a he same ime, “wha e e mac o
p inciples may exis , a e cons ained o ake ha o m because o mic o explana o y p inciples”.
Finally, o e lec on g oup agencies, we will use o ce- ield analysis by Ku Lewin (1998) o
hink abou he Wes London Social Resou ce P ojec by S e en Willa s and he Pichón Ri ie e’s
(1975) Ope a ional Me hod in ColaBo aBo a’s Honda zan p ojec .
The me hod used by he B i ish a is S ephen Willa s is e y simila o he modes used by
he social sciences, and he Wes London Social Resou ce P ojec (1972-73) a wo k ha we
will e iew, has simila i ies wi h he phases ha Ku Lewin aises in his o ce- ield analysis.
Ku Lewin’s heo y can be use ul o explain he ans o ma ion o a g oup, as well as o wo k
as a guide o g oup ans o ma ions. Lewin conside s he ield as a speci ic momen o he
psychological con ex o an indi idual o o a g oup, and es ablishes ha in any ield he e a e
o ces o mo i a e and o block people, and he e o e o p o oke changes in he ield, so he
whole si ua ion should be conside ed. The o ce- ield heo y is he basis o Lewin’s o mula o
change. The model is o ganized in h ee phases: phase o de os ing, he phase o change i sel ,
and he phase o e eeze.
S ephen Willa s uses ools om he social sciences in his p ojec s, and he Wes London Social
Resou ce P ojec was o ganized in simila phases o he ones o he o mula o change o Ku
Lewin. Fo his p ojec , he a is wo ked wi h ou London esiden ial a eas; each a ea was a
ep esen a ion o a social g oup. He made an ad e isemen o look o he pa icipan s and
hose who wan ed o pa icipa e had o desc ibe he ela ionships wi h hei con ex and hei
objec s a home in a no ebook. He showed hese esponses in he neighbo hood’s public
lib a y. La e , he sen a emodeling book o indica e how hey would ans o m hei home
and he su ounding a ea. These we e shown in he public, o ecei e eedback and o e, and
hen, he pa icipan s made he la es models. Du ing ha ime, he esul s we e shown in
The Galle y House - Beha io A Cen e , o malized in he manne s o con empo a y a . We
can do a simila eading o he phases o he o ganiza ion o his a wo k: i s ly, some o he
ea u es o he pa icipan s’ li es we e analyzed oge he wi h he pa icipan s, as well as wi h
o he pa icipan s. This helped o mo e he es ablished si ua ion (phase o de os ing). Then, he
pa icipan s we e asked o hink abou some possible changes (phase o change). And inally, a
gene al ep esen a ion, a syn hesis ins alla ion was used, which was ca ied ou in he ield o a ,
a s uc u e ha joined he las p oposals: i would be he momen o ixing and ins alling ideas
(phase o e eezing).
Sha ing Socie y
The Impac o Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ions
in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies 351
Figu e 9. S ephen Willa s, Wes London Resea ch P ojec , London, 1972
Sou ce: h p://s ephenwilla s.com/wo k/wes -london-social- esou ce-p ojec /
Ano he example o a -p ac ice o collec i ely wo k and achie e ans o ma ions is he
communi y o p ac ice On he Beach (Honda zan) ha ColaBo aBo a di ec ed in Bilbao om
2010 o 2014. Fo his ini ia i e, people who wan ed o expe imen ally esea ch on a ec a ions
in collabo a i e p ac ices and lea nings o accomplishing collec i e p ocesses joined o ces.
They o ganized sessions oge he once a mon h he i s yea , and a bi mo e spa ialized in ime
du ing he ollowing yea s. Each session ocused on a opic: ools o eamwo k, knowing each
o he ’s p ojec s, cohousing, he ypes o capi als, he ea s... and some sessions called Ma eas
(Tides), we e also o ganized oge he wi h he pa icipan s who wan ed o p opose speci ic
hemes. Some people a ending he sessions we e equen membe s o he communi y, and
o he s we e mo e spo adic. People we e a ac ed o he se up issues, as well as o he ways
o wo king because hey we e designed o be c ea i e, play ul and h ough g oup dynamics.
Likewise, ools o ep esen a ion we e used o c ea e and make clea e u ns, as he open cul u e
and he DIWO (do i wi h o he s) we e basic p inciples o he philosophy o he ini ia i e. We can
conside On he Beach as a p ocess close o Pichón-Ri ie ’s wo ks wi h ope a ional g oups. The
ope a ional g oup is a eam heo y and me hodology o he g oup, which uses he eam as a
ool o change, ocusing on he eam’s p ojec . Pa icipan s expe ience signi ican ela ional
si ua ions while s udying and discussing he e olu ion o he g oup. On he Beach ini ia i e,
ocused on “wo king on he commons and he collabo a i e p ac ices” while p ac icing hem.
352
Figu e 10. S ephen Willa s, Wes London Resea ch P ojec , London, 1972
Sou ce: h p://s ephenwilla s.com/wo k/wes -london-social- esou ce-p ojec /
3. How
Along hese lines, we ha e pu many examples o ‘how’s in collec i ely a p ocesses and o
“shaking” ela ionships using a is ic s a egies. Examples a e use ul o ind ou how o join
di e en elemen s in a speci ic si ua ion and om ha conc e e assembly o elemen s, which
consequences happen. Pu ing hese examples o a p ojec s in ela ion o social heo ies and
echniques le us looking a g oup ma e s and e hink hem om new pe spec i es.
Fu he de elopmen s in he ‘how’ axis ha e been p oposed in he hesis “T ansa . Collabo a i e
a p ac ices, ela ional echnologies, and social pe o ma i i y” (Olmo 2018, pa 2, pp. 165-
203), wi h he in en ion o c ea ing ongoing compila ions o e e ences, echniques and
p ac ical cases, like ool boxes o sha e wi h o he s, which in ha publica ion ha e been called
so - echnologies. Nex s eps will be gi en wi h he in en ion o o ganizing his knowledge e en
mo e sys ema ically. Fi s , wi h a collec ion o a wo ks cen e ed on ela ionships; secondly,
wi h a collec ion o g oup dynamics possible o be used in a is ic p ocesses; and hi dly, wi h a
collec ion o a is ic mechanics o i s use in collec i e p ocesses”. In his sense, he E e ybody’s
To ols B ox websi e (2006), he Honda zan DIWO Ki o ColaBo aBo a (2014), C is ian Figue oa’s
Book Te jeRed es (2016), CTR- Composi ion in Real Time by Joao Fiadei o (2018), a e in e es ing
examples o his kind o collec ions o echniques and me hodologies.
The a e many possible ‘how’s ha can empowe us in mic o- ields. The challenges o oday’s
socie y a e complex because o he scale, he implica ed agen s and he ways in which hese
agen s a e assembled. We know ha complex challenges equi e complex solu ions, bu we
also know ha he mic o can in luence he mac o, depending on he analysis, pe spec i e and
s a egy o e he si ua ion. Does con empo a y a ha e agency in cu en social challenges? I
can be help ul, and o ha , we can c ea e, expe imen , mix and sha e social ools and a is ic
esou ces and pu hem in o p ac ice.
Sha ing Socie y
The Impac o Collabo a i e Collec i e Ac ions
in he T ans o ma ion o Con empo a y Socie ies 353
4. Re e ences
Bandu a, Albe . 2001. “Social Cogni i e Theo y: An Agen ic Pe spec i e”. Annual Re iew o Psychology,
52: 1-26.
ColaBo aBo a. 2014. Honda zan. Ki DIWO. Re ie ed Ap il 15,
2019(h ps://es.slidesha e.ne /ColaBo aBo a/honda zan-ki -diwo)
Collins, Randall. 1988. “The Mic o Con ibu ion o Mac o Sociology”. Sociological Theo y, 5 (2): 242-253.
E e ybodys. 2006. Re ie ed (h p://e e ybodys oolbox.ne )
Fiadei o, Joao. 2018. Ana omia de uma decisão. Po ugal: Ghos Edi ions.
Figue oa, C is ian. 2016. Lib o TejeRedes – T abajo en Red y Sis emas de A iculación Colabo a i os. Mad id.
Gell, Al ed. 1998. A and Agency. New Yo k: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess.
Lewin, Ku . 1988. La eo ía de campo en la ciencia social. Ba celona: Paidós.
McG a h, Joseph. 1984. G oups: in e ac ion and pe o mance. Englewood Cli s: Uni e si y o Illinois,
U bana.
Olmo, Saioa. 2018. T an s a . Col l ab o a i e a p a c i ce s, e l a i on a l ec h no l og i es and soc i al p e o ma i i y .
Bilbao. Re ie ed Ap il 15, 2019
(h ps:// ansa e.wo dp ess.com/2018/11/08/phd- esis- esia)
Pichón-Ri iè e, En ique. 1975. El p oceso g upal. Del psicoanálisis a la psicología social (I). Buenos Ai es:
Nue a Visión.
Tu ne , John C. and Ka he ine J. Reynold. 2016. “Sel -Ca ego iza ion Theo y”. Handbook o Theo ies o
Social Psychology. London: Sage.
Vi ei os de Cas o, Edua do. 2013. “Pe spec i ismo y mul ina u alismo en la Amé ica indígena”.
Cosmopolí icas: pe spec i as an opológicas, Espainia: T o a.
5. Me hodological Appendix
The me hodology ollowed in his a icle has been se ing ou an a gumen and b inging
oge he examples ha illus a e ha easoning.
6. Biog aphical No e
I am a is , associa e p o esso in he Fine A s Facul y o he Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y,
and membe o Wiki oki-Labo a o y o Collabo a i e P ac ices. My a is ic p ac ice deals wi h
g oup beha iou . I p opose si ua ions whe e pa icipan s a e gi en ce ain guidelines and hen
he e en is open o hei wishes, eac ions and imp o isa ions. I ha e been wo king abou
“cul u al iden i y”, “gende & eminism” and “mechanisms o desi e” h ough collabo a i e and
pa icipa i e p ocesses wi h he public. I pay a en ion o ela ionships om he dis up i e
ield o a mos ly o un eil he a ay o powe ela ionships. I am also coming o del e in o
social beha io no only among humans bu also in connec ion wi h o he en i ies. A e a wide
a is ic c ea ion in he Basque Coun y on pa icipa o y a , I ha e ecen ly concluded my PhD
“T ansa . Collabo a i e a p ac ices, ela ional echnologies, and social pe o ma i i y”. Rela ed
o i I ha e w i en a icles such as: “T ansa . T ansac ions, T ans e ences, and T ansi ions in
Pa icipa o y A ”,B ac Magazine (2018); “Mecánicas T ansaccionales en las P ác icas A ís icas
Pa icipa i as”, Telonde ondo magazine (2017); and “Tecnologías Relacionales en las P ác icas
A ís icas Pa icipa i as”, Ausa magazine (2016).
354
Mo e in o:
saioaolmo.com; ansa e.wo dp ess.com; susu andoel u u o.wo dp ess.com;
ecnologiasblandas.cc; sob elo elacional.wo dp ess.com; wiki oki.o g
7. No es
1 The a is c ea ed an a i icial en i onmen on an ice ink. In a space wi h esemblances wi h an
ex a e es ial place, i combines se e al elemen s. The loo ing is emo ed, and wi h he g ound
unde he loo , a landscape is c ea ed. A he cen e , he e is an aqua ium wi h a poisonous sea snail
ha causes he aqua ium walls o be anspa en o opaque, and a he same ime, i is connec ed o
he openings in he ceiling, om whe e he bees om a beehi e come ou . Likewise, he e is an incu-
ba o wi h cance cells, connec ed o he in ake o he isi o s by means o senso s. Visi o s can see
some black shapes o augmen ed eali y h ough hei mobile phones, ha we e in in e dependency
wi h he incuba o . I is an a i icially connec ed ecosys em, ha once a anged, he a is didn’ in e -
e e wi h.
