Jou nal o Social Sciences Vol. VIII, no. 1 (2025), pp. 6 - 24
Fascicle Social Science ISSN 2587-3490
Topic Economics Policy and Economic Policies eISSN 2587-3504
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
h ps://doi.o g/10.52326/jss.u m.2025.8(1).01
UDC 339.97:664(6)
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF FOOD SYSTEMS: AFRICA AND
THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR
Emmanuel Ndhlo u*, ORCID: 0000-0002-2339-3068
Uni e si y o Johannesbu g, Johannesbu g, Sou h A ica
* Co esponding au ho : Emmanuel Ndhlo u, [email protected]
Recei ed: 12. 28. 2024
Accep ed: 02. 14. 2025
Abs ac . This a icle examines he connec ion be ween poli ical de elopmen s, economic
s uc u es, and ood sys ems in A ica, ocusing on he Russia-Uk aine wa . The a icle
explo es how he p e ailing poli ical economy in luences ood p oduc ion, dis ibu ion, and
consump ion, iden i ies he condui s h ough which he wa impac ed he ood sys em alue
chain, and p oposes how na ional and local go e nmen s can build esilien ood sys ems
capable o mee ing he popula ion’s ood needs amids c ises. The indings show ha he wa
a ec ed A ica's ood sys em mainly by dis up ing he supply chain o commodi ies ha A ica
used o de elop and sus ain i s ood sys em. The wa dis up ed inpu s, ene gy, and ood
p oduc s om Russia and Uk aine o A ican coun ies ha depend on hese coun ies o
hese commodi ies. The a icle also p oposes esponse mechanisms o he impac s o he wa
and how A ican coun ies can na iga e u u e dis up ions and build esilien ood sys ems
capable o mee ing he popula ion’s ood needs. The a icle could be exci ing o poli icians
and policymake s wo king on ood secu i y, ood so e eign y, and diploma ic issues.
Keywo ds: A ica, ag icul u e, ood sys ems, Russia and Uk aine wa .
Rezuma . A icolul examinează legă u a din e e oluțiile poli ice, s uc u ile economice și
sis emele alimen a e din A ica, concen ându-se pe ăzboiul Rusia-Uc aina. A icolul
explo ează modul în ca e economia poli ică dominan ă in luențează p oducția, dis ibuția și
consumul de alimen e, iden i ică canalele p in ca e ăzboiul a a ec a lanțul alo ic al
sis emului alimen a și p opune modul în ca e gu e nele naționale și locale po cons ui
sis eme alimen a e ezis en e, capabile să sa is acă ne oile alimen a e ale populației în
impul c izelo . Descope i ile a a ă că ăzboiul a a ec a sis emul alimen a al A icii în
p incipal p in pe u ba ea lanțului de ap o iziona e cu mă u i pe ca e A ica le-a olosi
pen u a-și dez ol a și susține sis emul alimen a . Războiul a pe u ba inpu u ile, ene gia și
p odusele alimen a e din Rusia și Uc aina că e ță ile a icane ca e depind de aces e ță i
pen u aces e mă u i. A icolul p opune, de asemenea, mecanisme de ăspuns la impac ul
ăzboiului și modul în ca e ță ile a icane po na iga în ii oa ele pe u bă i și po cons ui
sis eme alimen a e ezis en e, capabile să sa is acă ne oile alimen a e ale populației.
A icolul a pu ea i cap i an pen u poli icienii și ac o ii de decizie ca e luc ează la
secu i a ea alimen a ă, su e ani a ea alimen a ă și p oblemele diploma ice.
Cu in e cheie: A ica, ag icul u ă, sis eme alimen a e, ăzboi din e Rusia și Uc aina.
E. Ndhlo u 7
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
1. In oduc ion
In Augus 2022, he Razoni ca go ship, which ca ied abou 26,000 onnes o g ain,
slowly sailed ou om he po o Odesa unde he Uni ed Na ions-b oke ed Black Sea G ain
Ini ia i e. The ship became he i s o lea e Uk aine since he Russia-Uk aine con lic
ou b eak in Feb ua y 2022. The wa had blocked ood anspo a ion om a egion ha
cons i u es 30% o he wo ld’s g ains and he sou ce o 12% o globally aded calo ies [1].
Be o e he wa , Uk aine supplied 42% o sun lowe oil, 18% maize, 14% whea , and 10%
ba ley o he global ood ma ke . Russia also con ibu ed 21% sun lowe oil, 16% maize, 9%
whea , and 10% ba ley [2]. The wo wa ing coun ies we e majo expo e s o e ilise s,
mine als, ag icul u al p oduc s, and ene gy o o he global egions, including A ica [3]. The
wa demons a ed how ood sys ems a e by-p oduc s o nume ous ac o s, including
ag icul u e policy, poli ics, and he b oade economy. I highligh ed he sup emacy o poli ical
economy ( he in e play be ween poli ics and economics) o ood sys ems (in ica e ne wo ks
ela ed o ag icul u al and ood p oduc ion and consump ion) a he in e na ional le el. This
demons a es he cen ali y o he poli ical economy in ood access and u ilisa ion, ye
comp ehensi e explo a o y in es iga ions on he poli ical economy o ood sys ems amids
c ises emain scan .
While many s udies on ood p ices and subsidies and how hese ac o s ela e o
hunge , unde nou ishmen , and ood p oduc ion and consump ion exis [4-7], s udies ha
explo e he poli ical economy wi hin he con ex o a c isis a e limi ed. Mos p e ious s udies
iden i y household aspec s as majo de e mining ac o s o ood secu i y, while communi y
and egional aspec s ha e no ecei ed sa is ac o y a en ion. This is despi e he ac ha
ood access and u ilisa ion a e some imes used as a wa weapon, an ins umen o punish
poli ical opponen s and a ool o acc ue poli ical capi al poli icians [8]. This a icle, he e o e,
seeks o close his knowledge gap in li e a u e. The concep o poli ical economy is used in
his a icle o gene ally deno e he combined and ne wo king e ec s o economic and
poli ical s uc u es o p ocesses. Ka l Ma x, one o he leading philosophe s on poli ical
economy, desc ibed i as a combina ion o poli ical and inancial ci cums ances o a pa icula
loca ion (communi y, coun y, egion, con inen , o e en he wo ld), aking in o accoun he
loca ion, popula ion, a ious classes, p oduc ion pa e ns, expo and impo , consump ion,
and commodi y p ices, and so o h [9]. In he con ex o ood sys ems, iewed his way,
poli ical economy gi es insigh in o how a pa icula ood sys em is impac ed by he a ious
p ocesses un olding elsewhe e. Fo Ma x [9 p. 41], he app oach p o ides an unde s anding
o he “ ich o ali y o many de e mina ions and ela ions” and he ‘conc e e’ unde s anding,
which eme ges h ough “i e a ions be ween concep ual abs ac ions and de ailed empi ical
obse a ion…” In a globalised wo ld, ood sys ems a e now highly dependen , eeding in o
and d awing om each o he [10]. Smoo h unc ioning depends on he o e all ha mony o all
he sys ems in e ac ing wi h each o he . Many ac o s can change a ood sys em. These ac o s
can be h ough ex e nal o in e nal o ces o bo h and he eedback mechanisms be ween
hese in e ac ions.
The a icle (i) explo es he e ec o he Russia-Uk aine wa on A ican ood sys ems,
(ii) iden i ies he condui s h ough which he wa impac ed he ood sys em alue chain, om
p e-p oduc ion and p oduc ion o s o age, p ocessing, and dis ibu ion o ood consump ion
wi hin households and o he ood ou le s, and (iii) p oposes how na ional and local
go e nmen s can build esilien ood sys ems capable o mee ing he popula ion’s ood needs
amids c ises. The a icle p o ides c i ical insigh s o policymake s on unde s anding ood
8 Poli ical Economy o Food Sys ems: A ica and he Russia-Uk aine Wa
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
sys em oppo uni ies and challenges du ing a c isis. I d aws a en ion o how a c isis can
u he slay human li es and complica e possibili ies o quick eco e y ollowing a c isis. The
a icle also exposes how poli icians o en manipula e ood sys ems o inc ease poli ical
capi al, hus us a ing he ealisa ion o Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs). I also lags
he necessa y in es men s ha na ional go e nmen s can make o make hei ood sys ems
independen and mo e esilien .
This a icle is o ganised as ollows: a e he in oduc ion, he esea ch me hod o he
a icle is p esen ed. The a icle hen p esen s ood sys ems as a concep ual amewo k and
e iews he ela ed li e a u e. This is ollowed by he p esen a ion o indings and hei
discussion. Las ly, conclusions a e d awn om he indings and he discussion.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
This a icle deployed a concep ual esea ch design o explo e he e ec s o he Russo-
Uk ainian wa on A ican ood sys ems. This app oach was i al because i did no in ol e
conduc ing p ac ical expe imen s o ga he ing new empi ical da a [11]. The app oach is based
on obse ing and analysing exis ing in o ma ion on he opic. The key ad an ages o he
app oach a e ha i in ol es ew esou ces compa ed o o he ypes o esea ch whe e
p ac ical expe imen a ion is equi ed and sa es ime and asse s. I only u ilises he
assessmen o exis ing w i ing [12]. I s disad an ages, howe e , a e ha conclusions and
ecommenda ions a e d awn based on li e a u e ins ead o empi ical in es iga ion [11,13].
The a icle elied on g ey li e a u e (ins i u ional epo s, newspape a icles, and
blogs) and academic li e a u e (jou nals, chap e s, and books). The a icles o analysis we e
iden i ied in Google Schola and Scopus da abases. These da abases we e p e e ed because
hey did no equi e any ins i u ional login de ails. The sea ch wo ds used we e 'Russia and
Uk aine wa ', 'Russo-Uk ainian wa ', ' ood secu i y', and ‘ ood sys em’. In addi ion o ha ing
a leas wo o he keywo ds in he i le, abs ac , o keywo ds, he a icles needed o ha e
he e m ‘A ica’ in he i le. I also needed o ha e been published be ween Ma ch 01, 2022,
and Sep embe 30, 2024, w i en in English and downloadable, ocusing on ood secu i y o
ood sys ems and A ica. The ini ial sea ch yielded 654 a icles, o which 379 we e
immedia ely excluded because hey we e published be o e he con lic began in Feb ua y
2022. In addi ion, 72 a icles we e excluded because hey we e no in he wo da abases.
Ano he 27 a icles we e excluded because hey we e no in English, and hei ansla ion
was una ailable.
Fu he mo e, 37 a icles we e excluded because hey we e no downloadable, while
ano he 84 we e excluded because hey we e no in A ica. Las ly, 31 a icles we e excluded
because, al hough hey explo ed he Russo-Uk ainian wa , hey did no explo e i s impac on
ood secu i y o ood sys ems. E en ually, 24 a icles we e selec ed o analysis. These a icles
a e summa ised in Table 1.
Table 1
An o e iew o li e a u e on he Russia-Uk aine wa
A icles P e-
p oduc ion P oduc ion
P ocessing/
Packaging/
S o age/
Dis ibu ion
Consump ion
An wi-Boa eng & Al Nuaimi [14] √
Duho e al. [15]
√
√
√
√
Chihwai [16]
E. Ndhlo u 9
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
Con inua ion Table 1
Mhlanga & Ndhlo u [17]
√
√
Mhlanga & Ndhlo u [18]
√
Ndhlo u & Dube [19]
√
WFP [20]
√
Aidi [21]
√
√
Mhlanga & Ndhlo u [22]
√
√
√
√
Be ahab [23]
√
√
√
Tina wo e al. [24]
√
√
√
Ha ab [2]
√
√
Zindi [25]
√
√
Wudil e al. [26] √ √ √
One A ica [27]
√
√
Papada id [28]
√
√
√
Mlaba [29]
√
√
√
FEWSNET [30]
√
√
Raga e al. [31]
√
Lopes [32]
√
Ngepah [33]
√
Ndhlo u & Mhlanga [34]
√
Hackenesch & Lache [35]
√
√
Wang e al. [36]
√
√
To al – 24 a icles
No e: √ deno es ha a pa icula a icle (in he ow) co e s a pa icula ood sys em componen (in he column).
The selec ed a icles we e ead h ough o ensu e ha hey ocused on ood secu i y
o ood sys ems in A ica. La en con en analysis, a me hod whe eby meaning is deduced
om wha is con ained in a ex (s) – was used o es ablish how he wa has impac ed A ica’s
ood sys em. La en con en analysis p o ided in-dep h insigh s in o how he wa is pe cei ed
as ha ing impac ed A ica’s ood sys em. Thema ic da a analysis was used. The key
componen s o a ood sys em we e used: p oduc ion, p ocessing, anspo a ion, and
consump ion. The p e-p oduc ion componen was also added due o i s p e alence in he
a icle. Mos o he selec ed a icles co e ed mo e han one componen o he ood sys ems
and we e, he e o e, eco ded as such in Table 1.
The esea ch me hod u ilised o e ed key bene i s: i is easily eplicable, and
esea che s can u ilise he same ex s used in he s udy o e i y he conclusions eached.
The me hod was also a o dable and did no equi e any use o special so wa e. In his way,
ega dless o expe ience, esea che s can easily ollow up on he esul s epo ed he e by
going h ough he me hodology deployed.
The use o seconda y li e a u e, howe e , has pa icula limi a ions. The inclusion o
a icles only published in Scopus and Google Schola and g ey li e a u e mainly by
in e na ional policy o ganisa ions could ha e excluded o he ele an publica ions om o he
sou ces. In addi ion, he choice o sea ch wo ds could ha e in luenced he selec ion o
a icles. Fu he mo e, he Russia-Uk aine wa is s ill un olding, and new s udies cu en ly
unde way may unco e new ac s. The au ho acknowledges hese limi a ions.
3. Food Sys ems: A Concep ual F amewo k
The wa be ween Russia and Uk aine has had eno mous impac s on ood sys ems, hus
signi ican ly ouching he ne es o he ood secu i y condi ions o coun ies. By de ini ion,
ood sys ems include he en i e a ay o ac o s and hei in e wo en alue-adding ac ions
10 Poli ical Economy o Food Sys ems: A ica and he Russia-Uk aine Wa
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
engaging in he p oduc ion, p ocessing, dis ibu ion, and consump ion o ood p oduc s
p oduced om ag icul u e, o es y o ishe ies, and ood indus ies, and he b oade
economic, socie al, and na u al en i onmen s in which hey a e [37,38]. The i s poin o
p oduc ion in he alue chains is adi ionally iewed as a ming communi ies. Howe e ,
o he ac o s a e in he p e-p oduc ion ca ego y, such as inpu indus ies ha p oduce
e ilise s, p ay chemicals, and seeds (e en hough seeds come om a ming i sel ). The ange
o ac o s also in ol es science, echnology, and inno a ion ac o s ha may seem de ached
and ye in eg al o he ood sys em. Food and non- ood inpu s esul om in e wo en alue
chains wi hin ood p ocessing indus ies. O he pe inen ood sys em ac o s, such as public
and p i a e quali y and sa e y con ol bodies, a e connec ed o hese alue chains. E e y ood
sys em is a se o ac i i ies con ibu ing o ood a ailabili y, access, and u ilisa ion (see Figu e 1).
Figu e 1.
Food sys em alue chain.
Sou ce: Au ho .
In addi ion o he ood sys ems di ec ac o s lis ed in Figu e 1, o he ac o s, which
include na ional and local go e nmen s, ci il socie y, non-go e nmen al s akeholde s,
lawmake s, policymake s, land ac i is s, and/o lobbyis s, also in luence he ood
en i onmen h ough hei ac ions and decisions [39].
Fo a ood sys em o be ega ded as sus ainable, i has o deli e ood secu i y and
nu i ion o all in a manne ha sa egua ds he socioeconomic, cul u al, and en i onmen al
bases o ood p oduc ion o use by u u e gene a ions [6]. The in e ace o he componen s
o a pa icula ood sys em is undamen al o ensu ing i s sus ainabili y. Exchanges and
dynamics be ween and among he ac o s in he sys em gene a e new p ope ies ha may no
be loca ed in o explained by a single componen o sub-componen bu a e cha ac e is ic o
he en i e sys em [40]. Jus like social, economic, and en i onmen al ac o s, he p e ailing
poli ical scena ios also wield much in luence on how ood sys em ac i i ies un old,
gene a ing mul iplie e ec s. Poli ical con lic is one o he signi ican causes o ood
insecu i y globally because i is de imen al o ood sys em componen s [18]. Using he
Russia–Uk aine con lic , his a icle o e s insigh s in o how con lic s a ec ood sys ems.
4. Li e a u e Re iew: Food and Nu i ion (in)Secu i y in A ica
The li e a u e on he impac o he Russia-Uk aine wa on humani y and i s ac i i ies
is inc easing [7,41]. Hunge and malnu i ion a e among he key challenges ha A ica aces.
These a e igge ed by nume ous ac o s anging om wa and con lic , leade de ici , clima e
change, and pandemics, such as COVID-19. The Russia-Uk aine wa only a i ed o complica e
he si ua ion.
The wa also has isked he possibili y o he global achie emen o he igh agains
po e y and hunge (SDGs 1 and 2). Be o e he Russia-Uk aine wa , hunge was al eady on
P e-p oduc ion
* Inpu s ac o ies
(Fe ilise s,
seeds,
ag ochimicals)
P oduc ion
•Fa ming
•Fo es y
•Fishe ies
P ocessing &
packaging
•Food p ocesso s
•Packaging
companies
S o age &
Dis ibu ion
•Wholesale s
•Dis ibu o s
•Rea ile s
•Ma ke e s
Consump ion

E. Ndhlo u 11
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
he ise ac oss coun ies, hus h ea ening he SDG agenda [7]. The UN [42] also epo ed ha
he igh agains hunge and ood insecu i y was al eady no on ack e en be o e COVID-19.
The wa exace ba ed he si ua ion. A ica was iden i ied as among he global egions which
expe ienced se e e challenges in e adica ing hunge [4,6]. This egion had con lic s and
insu gencies which se e ely a ec ed ood p oduc ion, anspo a ion, and u ilisa ion [43]. Fo
ins ance, in 2017, a wa in Sou h Sudan plunged 42% o he coun y’s popula ion in o se e e
ood insecu i y [44]. Somalia, Sou h Sudan, Chad, and he Democ a ic Republic o Congo ha e
also eco ded e y high child unde nou ishmen and unde - i e mo ali y a es due o hei
poli ical ins abili ies [44]. In Zimbabwe, high ood insecu i y and s un ed ood sys ems ha e
been linked o he his o ical s ando be ween he uling pa y and leading poli ical
g oupings, pa icula ly ollowing he sho -ci cui ed land edis ibu ions o he ea ly 2000s
[45]. In 2021, 18 A ican coun ies expe ienced a med con lic s [46]. In 12 o hese, signi ican
dea hs we e eco ded [46]. This was also el in ag icul u e and ac oss he en i e ood sys em
chain. Acco ding o Sha a ah [47] and Kang [48], he ins an e ec s o wa s and con lic s on
ood sys ems a e a d op in o e all ag icul u al p oduc ion and a des abilisa ion o he ma ke
sys ems, esul ing in gene al p ice hikes, ood sho ages, and subsequen ood insecu i y and
hunge .
The challenges being expe ienced in A ica’s ood sys em a e also linked o he
egion’s leade ship c isis. Acco ding o Duho e al. [15], leade ship de ici has e a ded e o s
agains hunge and ood secu i y p ospec s ac oss A ican coun ies. This c isis has esul ed
om weak, misplaced, and dis up i e p ojec s, including hose ha di ec ly a ec he
ag icul u e sec o . Fo ins ance, he adop ion o S uc u al Adjus men P og ammes in he
1980s le many A ican a me s wi hou he suppo o go e nmen s, hus esul ing in a
signi ican collapse o ag icul u e. In Came oon, he de alua ion o he cu ency in line wi h
SAPs educed land access by households who adi ionally con ibu ed signi ican ly o ood
p oduc ion o local consump ion [49]. Sahn and A ulpagasam [50] also ound ha ollowing
cu ency de alua ion, land occupied by es a es soa ed om 300000 hec a es o 843000
hec a es in 1980. In Malawi, land inequali y also wo sened he an i-poo dis ibu ion o u al
g ains. Be o e he libe alisa ion o he ma ke in he 1980s, o e 60% o peasan households
had sa is ac o y access o ag i-inpu s, enabling hem o make signi ican con ibu ions o
ood p oduc ion. A e libe alisa ion, howe e , 20% o ma ke s we e educed as companies
shu down as hey ailed o adjus o he new e o ms [51]. In Tanzania, a me s also began
o expe ience challenges ela ed o inpu access due o sudden high p ices ollowing he
elimina ion o he 80% subsidy [52]. The e ilise p ices also inc eased o le els ha many
a me s could no a o d, pa icula ly smallholde and peasan a me s in Ghana and Kenya.
This saw a sha p decline in he use o e ilise s by hese a me s.
Simila ly, hei p oduc ion le els also plunged. In Senegal, he ma ke libe alisa ion
and he discon inui y o inpu subsidies in 1980 a ec ed e ilise dis ibu ion, which
subsequen ly a ec ed g oundnu p oduc ion ac oss he coun y [53]. Be ween 1980 and
1986, an 88% decline in e ilise use was epo ed na ionally [49].
Clima e change and i s associa ed na u al haza ds, such as d ough , s o ms, loods,
and cyclones, ha e de as a ed ood and nu i ion [54]. Clima e change is implica ed as ha ing
se e ely comp omised ood secu i y and A ican li elihoods [55]. Ch onic declines in
ag icul u al p oduc i i y and wa e esou ces a e pe asi e in A ica. Nume ous ac o s
accoun o he egion’s suscep ibili y o na u al haza ds: he ag icul u e-dependen s uc u e
o he economy, high po e y a es, c edi cons ain s, inancial exclusion, adap i e
12 Poli ical Economy o Food Sys ems: A ica and he Russia-Uk aine Wa
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
echnology sho ages, and ain- ed a ming. I is p edic ed ha clima e change could se e ely
dis up ood sys ems and dec ease c op yields by 50%, hus causing abou 20% o Sub-
Saha an A ica (SSA) child en o be unde nou ished by 2050 [56].
One o he indica o s o a wounded ood sys em on he con inen is he equency o
unde nou ishmen - unde s ood as he pe cen age o he popula ion whose usual ood
consump ion is inadequa e o p o ide he die a y ene gy le els essen ial o main aining a
s anda d and ac i e li e [57]. I is impo an o men ion ha mos unde nou ished people in
A ica a e ound in SSA. Table 2 shows he numbe o people unde nou ished in di e en
A ican egions om 2005 o 2019. The da a show ha only No h A ica has expe ienced a
decline, while he es o he sub- egions ha e eco ded inc eases in unde nou ishmen .
Unde nou ishmen is p ojec ed o ise o 25.7% in 2030 om 19.1% in 2019 [54].
Table 2
Unde nou ishmen p e alence in A ica
Yea
2005
2010
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2030
Wo ld 12.6 9.6 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.9 8.9 9.8
A ica
20.0
18.9
18.3
18.5
18.6
18.6
19.1
25.7
SSA 23.9 21.3 21.2 21.4 21.4 21.4 22.0 29.4
Eas e n
32.2
28.9
26.2
27.1
26.8
26.7
26.2
33.6
Cen al 35.5 30.4 28.2 28.8 28.7 29.0 29.8 38.0
Sou he n
4.9
5.4
7.0
8.0
7.0
7.9
8.4
14.6
Wes e n 13.8 12.1 14.3 14.2 14.6 14.3 15.2 23.0
No he n
9.8
8.8
6.2
6.3
6.6
6.3
6.5
7.4
Sou ce: Au ho , De eloped om FAO [34]
* Values p ojec ed up o 2030
The e iewed li e a u e concu s ha economic exp ession is he mos e ec i e way o
add essing ood sys em challenges [4,46]. The economic g ow h o any coun y is closely ied
o he a ou able unc ioning o i s poli ical sys em [45]. The e o e, dealing wi h hunge and
ood insecu i y is also ied o he wel a e o he b oade economy, as suppo ed by a ou able
poli ics.
Acco ding o Ha igan [58], he bes s a egy o igh hunge and po e y and ensu e
ood sys em esilience is o inc ease economic g ow h h ough a ou able democ a ic
poli ical sys ems. Po e y is well deal wi h h ough a ge ed policies a na ional and egional
le els. Thus, e o s o imp o e he unc ioning and esilience o a ood sys em should a ge
elimina ing po e y h ough e ec i e policies. A s udy o 14 coun ies in he 1990s
es ablished ha al hough po e y declined in 11 coun ies wi h high economic g ow h, i
inc eased in 3 coun ies wi h low o s agnan economic g ow h [26]. Chambo [59] ound ha
a 1% inc ease in pe capi a income igni ed a 1.7% educ ion in po e y a es. Howe e , SSA
has had he wo ld’s mos ola ile economic g ow h a e, wi h he a e age annual g ow h a e
o pe capi a eal GDP om he mid-1980s o 1994 mainly nega i e and eco e ed o a me e
1.2% be ween 1995 and 1997 [26].
This has been pa ly due o poli ical ins abili y and poli ical leade ship's adop ion o
poo and misplaced policies [60]. Figu e 2 summa ises he economic jou ney o SSA om
1961 o 2021. Adam e al. [61] a gue ha due o in e nal and ex e nal shocks, SSA could ake
longe o ecupe a e economically and socially. Po e y and ood challenges pe sis despi e
ecen imp o emen s in economic g ow h a es.
E. Ndhlo u 13
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
Figu e 2. SSA economic g ow h o e ime.
Sou ce: Au ho , De eloped om a ious sou ces.
Se e al empi ical s udies ound ha p ice shocks ha e been he p ima y sou ce o
A ica's ood sys em challenges. Fo ins ance, Wossen e al. [62] obse ed ha child
malnu i ion inc eased when Mozambique inc eased ood p ices. A 50% ise in ood p ices
igni ed a 5.8% inc ease in po e y. This consequen ly a ec ed o he componen s o he local
ood sys em. Using da a ga he ed om o e 50000 indi iduals in 18 SSA coun ies, Ve poo en
e al. [63] s udied how he wo ldwide ood p ice c isis o 2005–2008 and he associa ed
esponse mechanisms impac ed household ood secu i y. They ound ha u ban dwelle s
we e he mos a ec ed, while u al olks seemed o a e smoo hly. In pa icula , hey ound
ha he se e i y o ood insecu i y dec eased by 9.2% in u al a eas bu inc eased by 7.8% in
u ban a eas be ween 2005 and 2008. In E hiopia, Ma z e al. [64] ound ha he uns able
p ice o e esul ed in people's des i u ion, causing hem o educe hei daily meals. The
u ban poo eso ed o skipping o missing meals. La ely, ood p ices ha e inc eased by
double digi s on a e age h oughou SSA coun ies, wi h poli ically uns able such as Sudan
and Zimbabwe eco ding o e 180% inc eases [8] (see Figu e 3).
Figu e 3. A e age ood in la ion (Ma ch o Augus 2022).
Sou ce: Au ho , De eloped om a ious sou ces.
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
Pe cen age
Yea s
050 100 150 200 250
Sudan
E hiopia
Nige ia
Togo
Uganda
Mo occo
Bo swana
Mozambique
Zambia
Pe cen age
Coun ies
14 Poli ical Economy o Food Sys ems: A ica and he Russia-Uk aine Wa
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
Be ween June and Augus o 2022, soa ing ood p ices because o he wa we e he
signi ican causes o he ood insecu i y o o e 38 million people in SSA [8,15]. The below-
a e age ag icul u al ou pu in he 2021/22 season and dis up ed ade lows igge ed high
ood p ices in A ica, pa icula ly o s aple p oduc s [8]. O he mo e han 30 na ions wi h
ood cos s lis ed by FAO, a signi ican numbe was in A ica: Bu undi, he Cen al A ican
Republic, Chad, Cô e d’I oi e, he Democ a ic Republic o Congo, E i ea, E hiopia, Ghana,
Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Leso ho, and Libe ia [15].
Ag icul u al p oduc i i y, pa icula ly o c ops, has been unde pe o ming in SSA since
he mid-1970s compa ed o o he global egions [65]. S uc u al Adjus men P og ammes
om he ea ly 1980s o he ea ly 1990s only wo sened he si ua ion [10]. Since hen, mos
SSA ha e been elying on ood impo s. SSA coun ies spen a ound US$43 billion on ood
impo s in 2019, possibly due o decades o unde in es men and neglec ed public
in as uc u e [48,66], apid popula ion g ow h, clima e change, unde in es men , and o he
challenges, including COVID-19. One key challenge closely ela ed o his s udy and equi ing
expansion is he impac o con lic on A ica’s ood sys em.
Ma x e al. [67] ound ha wa s and insu gencies we e he dis up ion causes o A ica’s
ood sys em. on G ebme e al. [68] app oxima ed ha US$52 billion o 75% o public aid
mean ag icul u al de elopmen was los o con lic s be ween 1980 and 1997 in SSA. Boliko
[69] also ound ha abou 79% o s un ed child en we e ound in egions cu en ly in poli ical
ins abili y. The UN also epo ed ha o e 34 million people in SSA we e ei he unde going
o eco e ing om a med con lic and equi ed ood and o he humani a ian assis ance [70].
In Nige ia, Ghana, and Mali, con lic s be ween he de s and a me s ha e signi ican ly
hampe ed ood sys em ope a ions [71]. Gangs e s, e o is s, and c iminals ha e o ced
signi ican p opo ions o a me s o abandon ields and lee o sa e y. Fo ins ance, in
no heas Nige ia, Boko Ha am and he Islamic S a e ha e o ced app oxima ely 2.5 million
peasan a me s o lee hei homes. Agunyai and Ojako o u [72] es ima ed ha o e US$120
billion in ag icul u al ou pu was los due o con lic s and wa s be ween 2016 and 2017 in
A ica. In Nige ia and Came oon, bo de iolence has signi ican ly dis up ed ood
anspo a ion and e en p oduc ion wi hin bo de land communi ies. The Ambazonian
sepa a is g ouping has o ced many Came oonians o mig a e o Nige ia. In con as , he
Boko Ha am ebellion has displaced people, including a signi ican numbe o a me s,
owa ds Came oon, Chad, and Nige [73]. Wudil e al. [26] es ima e ha nea ly 4.3 million
people in Came oon need u gen ood assis ance due o con lic s in he sub- egion.
The li e a u e shows ha ood sys ems a e no ad e sely impac ed by wa s and con lic
wi hin hei immedia e loca ion bu also hose a o [46,48,70]. The e o e, he
in e connec edness o coun ies and egions ollowing he globalisa ion wa e has in oduced
new challenges ha we e no p e iously imagined. In showcasing how ood sys ems a e
a ec ed by de elopmen s ha un old elsewhe e, his a icle b ings he Russia-Uk aine wa
in o pe spec i e. The li e a u e on hese issues is cu en ly un olding. The a icle, he e o e,
con ibu es o ongoing deba es.
5. Resul s
This a icle's indings show ha he ongoing Russia-Uk aine wa has signi ican ly
a ec ed mos A ican coun ies' ood sys ems since Feb ua y 24, 2022. The impac o he wa
is el h ough spikes in he p ices o ene gy, ood, and ag icul u al inpu s caused by supply
chain dis up ions. A he ime o w i ing, he wa was s ill ongoing despi e in e na ional de-
E. Ndhlo u 21
Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8
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