 Co esponding au ho : Abimbola Moji EZEKIEL
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Fac o s in luencing choice o eed adop ed by pig a ming households amid high cos
o eed in sou hwes e n Nige ia
Olaniyi Oluwa osin OJO, Jane Chinwe OLOWOYEYE and Abimbola Moji EZEKIEL *
Depa men o Ag icul u al Science and Technology, Bamidele Olumilua Uni e si y o Educa ion, Science and Technology,
Ike e-Eki i, Eki i S a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2822-2831
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 07 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 14 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 16 Ap il 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.1.1038
Abs ac
This s udy in es iga es he ac o s in luencing esponse s a egies adop ed by pig a ming households in sou hwes e n
Nige ia o mi iga e he high cos o eed. Employing a mul is age sampling p ocedu e, da a we e collec ed h ough
s uc u ed ques ionnai es and in e iews. Desc ip i e analysis e ealed a p edominance o male pa icipan s,
indi iduals in hei ac i e age, and ma ied households wi h conside able a ming expe ience. Key indings indica e ha
gende signi ican ly a ec s he likelihood o op ing o compounded eed, wi h male-headed households mo e inclined
o adop his cos -e ec i e al e na i e (p < 0.1). Membe ship in a me s' g oups also posi i ely in luences his choice (p
< 0.01), as i acili a es bulk pu chasing o eed ing edien s and he exchange o p oduc ion in o ma ion. Expe ienced
a me s and hose who equen ly a end aining sessions a e mo e likely o choose compounded eed, highligh ing he
impo ance o knowledge and p ac ical aining in his decision-making p ocess (p < 0.01). Con e sely, households
lacking a me s' g oup membe ship o wi h minimal expe ience a e mo e likely o eso o a ioning as a cos -sa ing
measu e, possibly due o a lack o awa eness o he associa ed long- e m cos s. O e all, he esea ch unde sco es he
signi icance o gende , g oup membe ship, expe ience, educa ion, and aining in shaping e ec i e esponses o ising
eed cos s in pig a ming, sugges ing ha a ge ed capaci y-building ini ia i es could enhance decision-making
capabili ies among a me s.
Keywo ds: Feed; Pig; High Cos ; Sou hwes e n; Household
1. In oduc ion
Pig a ming plays a c i ical ole in he global li es ock indus y, con ibu ing signi ican ly o ood secu i y, employmen ,
and income gene a ion [1]. Feed is a p ima y de e minan o pig p oduc i i y, accoun ing o up o 70% o o al
p oduc ion cos s [2]. The choice o animal eed di ec ly a ec s g ow h a es, eed con e sion e iciency, ep oduc ion,
and o e all a m p o i abili y [3]. Howe e , pig a me s’ eed choices a e in luenced by mul iple ac o s, anging om
economic cons ain s o en i onmen al and policy conside a ions.
Economic ac o s, such as eed cos and a ailabili y, play a signi ican ole in de e mining eed choice. Fa me s o en
balance be ween comme cial eeds, homemade a ions, and al e na i e eed sou ces based on hei inancial capaci y
and access o aw ma e ials [4]. Addi ionally, nu i ional composi ion and pe cei ed e ec i eness in luence decision-
making, as a me s seek o op imize g ow h pe o mance while minimizing eed was age [5].
Apa om economic ac o s, a m-speci ic cha ac e is ics such as a m size, a me expe ience, and p oduc ion sys em
impac eed choices [6]. La ge a ms may ha e be e access o high-quali y comme cial eeds, while smallholde
a me s o en ely on locally a ailable o sel - o mula ed eeds [7]. Mo eo e , go e nmen policies, ex ension se ices,
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2822-2831
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and eed indus y egula ions shape a me s' decisions by de e mining eed a o dabili y, sa e y s anda ds, and
subsidies [8].
En i onmen al conce ns ha e also gained p ominence in eed selec ion, wi h a me s inc easingly conside ing
sus ainable eeding p ac ices, such as inco po a ing ag o-indus ial by-p oduc s and al e na i e p o ein sou ces [9].
These choices help educe eed cos s and mi iga e en i onmen al impac , aligning wi h global sus ainabili y e o s.
Gi en he complexi y o ac o s in luencing eed choices, unde s anding he de e minan s guiding pig a me s' decisions
is essen ial. This s udy seeks o explo e hese ac o s o p o ide insigh s o policymake s, ex ension agen s, and eed
manu ac u e s in designing s a egies ha enhance eed accessibili y, a o dabili y, and e iciency. Iden i ying key
de e minan s will con ibu e o imp o ing pig p oduc i i y and ensu ing he sus ainabili y o he pig a ming indus y.
2. Me hodology
2.1. S udy A ea
The s udy was conduc ed in Nige ia's sou hwes geopoli ical zone, which includes he s a es o Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun,
Ondo, and Eki i. I ea u es a opical clima e wi h ainy and d y seasons, as well as a combina ion o coas al, woodland,
and sa ana landscapes. La i ude 60𝑁 o 90𝑁 and longi ude 2.50𝐸 o 6.50𝐸 a e abou whe e i is loca ed. I sha es
bo de s wi h he Republic o Benin o he wes , he A lan ic Ocean o he sou h, he No h Cen al Zone o he no h, and
he Sou h-Sou h Zone o he eas . The es ima ed popula ion in 2016 was 46,706,662, up om 27,722,432 in 2006 [10].
I is a signi ican ag icul u al cen e in Nige ia, p oducing li es ock such as ca le, goa s, and sheep in addi ion o cash
and ood c ops.
2.2. Da a and sampling p ocedu e
Fo his s udy, a sys ema ic ques ionnai e and in e iew schedule we e used o ga he p ima y da a om pig a ming
households in he s udy a ea. The esponden s we e chosen using a mul is age sampling echnique. Th ee s a es (Ogun,
Osun, and Ondo) we e chosen a andom om he six s a es ha comp ised sou hwes Nige ia in he i s s age. Ele en,
se en, and six local go e nmen a eas (LGAs) om Osun, Ogun, and Ondo s a es, espec i ely, we e chosen a andom
in he second s age. Fi e owns o locali ies we e chosen a andom om he chosen LGAs o he hi d s age. In he
las phase, ou pig a me s we e chosen om each o he chosen owns o communi ies using snowball sampling. A
o al o 480 pig p oduce s we e included in he s udy a ea's sample.
2.3. Da a analysis p ocedu es
The s udy used desc ip i e s a is ics including ables, equencies, pe cen ages and mean, and Mul inomial Logi
Reg ession model.
2.3.1. Desc ip i e s a is ics
The da a collec ed om he esponden s we e analysed using desc ip i e s a is ics such as equency coun s,
pe cen ages and mean. This ool was used o desc ibe he socio economic cha ac e is ics o he esponden s in he s udy
a ea.
2.4. Mul inomial Logi Model
The Mul inomial Logi (MNL) Model is a commonly used model in disc e e choice analysis. One o i s key assump ions
is Independence o I ele an Al e na i es (IIA), ha is, he ela i e odds o choosing be ween wo al e na i es a e
una ec ed by he p esence o absence o o he al e na i es [11]. This means ha i a new op ion is in oduced, i should
no change he odds be ween he exis ing choices. MNL was employed in his s udy because he dependen a iable is
ca ego ical and poly omous as pig a ming households a e aced wi h choosing om a numbe o eeding s a egies
based on some ac o s in luencing hei choices. Following [12], he MNL model is w i en as equa ion 1.
ln(𝜌
1−𝜌)= 𝐹1= 𝑎0+𝑏1𝑋1+𝑏2𝑋2+⋯𝑏𝑛𝑋𝑛…𝜇𝑖+⋯ 1
Whe e
Ln = na u al loga i hm
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2822-2831
2824
𝜌 = likelihood o pig a ming household op ing o a ce ain eed s a egy
𝑎0 = eg ession cons an
𝑋𝑖 = 𝑋𝑛 deno es independen a iables
𝑆0 = 𝑃01 = 𝑎0+𝑏01𝑋01 +𝑏02𝑋02 +⋯𝑏𝑛𝑋𝑛…𝜇𝑖+⋯........................... 2
𝑆1= 𝑃1𝑖 = 𝑎1+𝑏11𝑋11 +𝑏12𝑋12 +⋯𝑏𝑛𝑋𝑛…𝜇𝑖+⋯........................... 3
𝑆2= 𝑃2𝑖 = 𝑎2+𝑏21𝑋21 +𝑏22𝑋22 +⋯𝑏𝑛𝑋𝑛…𝜇𝑖+⋯........................... 4
𝑆3= 𝑃3𝑖 = 𝑎3+𝑏31𝑋31 +𝑏32𝑋32 +⋯𝑏𝑛𝑋𝑛…𝜇𝑖+⋯........................... 5
The dependen a iables (𝑆𝑖)= pig a ming households heads eeding s a egy 0 o hose who op ed o comme cial
eed, 1 o a ioned eed, 2 o al e na i e eed and 3 o compounded eed. 𝜌1,𝜌1,𝜌1 a e he likelihood o op ing o
comme cial eed, a ioned eed, al e na i e eed and compounded eed espec i ely, 𝑎0,𝑎1,𝑎2,𝑎3 deno es he cons an
e ms. 𝑆0 was he base ca ego y due o i s assump ion ha i is he bes o he eeding s a egies. Base on his
assump ion, comme cial eed was used as he e e ence ca ego y, hus gi ing ise o he ollowing equa ions (6-8)
ln𝜌1
𝜌0= 𝑎01 +𝑏01𝑋01 +⋯𝑏𝑛𝑋𝑛+𝜇𝑖…................................................... 1
ln𝜌2
𝜌0= 𝑎02 +𝑏02𝑋02 +⋯𝑏𝑛𝑋𝑛+𝜇𝑖…................................................... 2
ln𝜌3
𝜌0= 𝑎03 +𝑏03𝑋03 +⋯𝑏𝑛𝑋𝑛+𝜇𝑖…................................................... 3
The independen a iables a e: 𝑋1 = Gende , 𝑋2 = Ma i al s a us, 𝑋3= Owne ship o phone, 𝑋4 = Membe ship o
a me ’s g oup, 𝑋5 = F equency o aining a endance, 𝑋6= 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔,𝑋7= 𝐴𝑔𝑒,𝑋8=
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒,𝑋9= 𝑂𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑋10 = 𝑝𝑖𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒. 𝑏1 – 𝑏6 a e he
coe icien s co esponding o independen a iables
3. Resul s and Discussion
3.1. Socioeconomics cha ac e is ics o pig a ming households
Table 1 p esen s he esul s o he socioeconomic cha ac e is ics o he esponden s. The age o majo i y o he
esponden s was below 60yea s and hei a e age age was abou 50yea s. This implies ha hey a e in economically
ac i e age.
Also, majo i y (87.9%) o he esponden s we e male. The esul sugges ha pig a ming is a male-domina ed
en e p ise p obably due i s esou ce-in ensi e equi emen s (land, labou , capi al and ime) which a ea a e mo e likely
o a o d.
Fu he mo e, a e age yea s o schooling o he esponden s was abou 10yea s. These sugges ha he esponden s a e
educa ed and a e mo e likely o ake in o med cos -e ec i e p oduc ion and ma ke ing decisions. Again, 45% o he
households ha e o he sou ce o income in addi ion o income om hei pig a ming, his will help hem in inancing
he pig a ming en e p ise. Simila ly, 34% o he households a e owne s o landed p ope y. Owne ship o landed
p ope y is an indica ion o weal h which could be sold o ea n money o suppo in inancing he pig a ming en e p ise.
Also, no many (27%) o he households a e owne o means o anspo a ion. This may no encou age hem o choose
al e na i e eed as hei p e e ed eed. Also, 23% ha e access o emi ance which hey can spend on he pig a ming
en e p ise in addi ion o hei capi al.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2822-2831
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Table 1 Socioeconomic cha ac e is ics o pig a ming households
Va iables
F equency
Pe cen age
Mean
Age (yea s)
Less han 40
62
12.9
41-50
202
42.1
50.13
51-60
148
30.8
Abo e 60
68
14.2
Sex
Female
58
12.1
Male
422
87.9
Educa ion (yea s)
Less han 6
106
22.1
7-12
244
50.8
9.88
13 and abo e
130
27.1
Na u e o o he sou ce o income
Pension
40
8
Go e nmen sala ied employmen
22
5
C op a ming
88
18
Sel -employmen
20
4
P i a e sala ied employmen
48
10
No o he sou ce
262
55
Owne ship o land
Yes
164
34
No
316
66
Owne ship o means o anspo a ion
Yes
128
27
No
352
73
Access o emi ance
Yes
110
23
No
370
77
Sou ce: Compu ed om ield da a, 2021
3.2. Dis ibu ion o pig a ming households by choice o eed s a egies
The igu e 1 below p esen s he dis ibu ion o pig a ming households by choice o eed s a egies hey adop ed. The
igu e e eals ha pig a ming households who adop ed eed a ioning (skipping meals ime o hei pigs o educing
meals) cons i u e he la ges pe cen age (38%), while pig a ming households who adop ed al e na i e eed s a egies
cons i u e he smalles pe cen age (8%). This sugges s ha almos hal o he sampled pig a ming households g appled
wi h inabili y o a o d he ideal eed o hei pigs as a esul o he high cos o eed.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2822-2831
2826
Figu e 1 Dis ibu ion o pig a ming households by choice o eeding s a egies
Sou ce: Compu ed om ield da a, 2021
3.3. Dis ibu ion o households’ he d size, equency o aining a endance and o he sou ce o income by
eed s a egies
Table 2 p esen s he dis ibu ion o pig a ming households’ he d size, equency o aining a endance and o he
sou ce o income by eed s a egies. The esul shows ha an a e age household ha adop ed compounded eed and
comme cial eed in eeding hei pigs has abou 105 and 103 pig heads espec i ely while an a e age household ha
adop ed a ioned eed and al e na i e eeds s a egies has abou 69 and 58 pig heads espec i ely. The esul s sugges s
ha households ha adop ed comme cial and compounded eeds in eeding hei pigs ha e mo e pigs han households
ha adop ed al e na i e and a ioned eed s a egy. This indings may be linked o be e pe o mance o he pigs wi h
espec o ep oduc ion due o consump ion o quali y and balanced eed ha has all he ing edien s in he igh
p opo ion. Fu he mo e, an a e age pig a ming households who adop ed compounded and comme cial eeding
s a egies a ended aining mo e (abou 11 and 10 imes espec i ely) han an a e age household ha adop ed ei he
al e na i e o a ioning eeding s a egy. This sugges s ha households ha a ended aining mo e equen ly we e
mo e likely o ake in o med decisions esul ing om access o aluable in o ma ion ela ed o a m inpu s especially
eed ha would impac hei ques o cos -e iciency posi i ely. In e ms o ob aining income om sou ces o he han
pig a ming, 62%, 60%, 48% and 27% o households who adop ed compounded, comme cial, al e na i e eeding
s a egies and a ioning espec i ely epo ed ha hey ob ained income om o he souces. Fa ming households can
le e age he addi ional income o choose a cos -e ec i e eeding s a egy associa ed wi h a p emium p o i o he pig
a ming en e p ise.

Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2822-2831
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Table 2 Dis ibu ion o households’ he d size, equency o aining a endance and o he sou ce o income by eed
s a egies
Va iables
F equency
(F eq.)
Pe cen ages
(Pe c.)
(F eq.)
(Pe c.)
(F eq.)
(Pe c.)
(F eq.)
(Pe c.)
He d size
Comme cial Feed
Compounded Feed
Al e na i e Feed
Ra ioned Feed
(N=480)
(N=480)
(N=480)
(N=480)
≤ 50
36
29
21
15.4
26
65
92
51
51 – 100
21
16.9
41
30.2
12
30
56
31
101 – 150
42
33.9
62
45.6
2
5
32
18
151 – 200
17
13.7
9
6.6
-
-
> 200
8
6.5
3
2.2
-
-
To al
124
100
136
100
40
100
180
100
Mean
105
102.5
58
68.6
F equency o T aining
a endance
≤ 5
18
14.5
16
11.8
12
30
162
90
6 – 10
42
33.9
32
23.5
16
40
18
10
11 – 15
38
30.6
54
39.7
9
22.5
-
> 15
26
21
34
25
3
7.5
-
To al
124
100
136
100
40
100
180
100
Mean
10.3
11.1
8.4
4.4
O he sou ces o
income
Yes
74
60
84
62
12
30
48
27
No
50
40
52
38
28
70
132
73
To al
124
100
136
100
40
100
180
100
Sou ce: Compu ed om ield da a, 2021
3.4. Fac o s in luencing choice o eeding s a egy adop ed by pig a me s in he s udy a ea
Table 3 shows he esul s o mul inomial logi eg ession model which was used o examine ac o s in luencing ac o s
de e mining choice o eeding s a egy adop ed by pig a me s in he s udy a ea. The p obabili y g ea e han chi squa e
is equal o 0.000. This sugges s ha a leas one o he explana o y a iables signi ican ly in luences he choice o eeding
s a egy. Also log likelihood -133.73922 meaning ha he model i s he da a e y well and Pseudo 2 = 0.7954
indica ing a e y good i wi h espec o he model. In o de o comba he high cos o eed o hei pigs, households
a e mo e likely o use compounded eed when he coe icien o gende is posi i e and signi ican ly (p < 0.1) in luenced.
This sugges s ha households headed by men a e mo e likely o selec compounded eed han he base g oup. Men a e
mo e willing o expe imen wi h less expensi e al e na i e echnologies ha ing nu i ional balance han o gi e up,
which may be he eason o his decision. [13] disco e ed ha men used highe -quali y eed han women, which is in
line wi h his inding.
The household's likelihood o a ou ing he usage o compounded eed is posi i ely co ela ed wi h membe ship in he
a me s' g oup, wi h a signi ican (P<0.01) e ec . These esul s a e consis en wi h hose o [14], who disco e ed ha
a me s who belong o p oduc ion and ma ke ing g oups had easie access o aining and less expensi e inpu s.
The household's likelihood o selec ing compounded eed is signi ican ly (P < 0.01) in luenced by he posi i e coe icien
o pig a ming expe ience (expe ise). This implies ha households wi h mo e pig a ming expe ience a e mo e likely
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2822-2831
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o selec compounded eed compa ed o he base g oup. One possible explana ion o his decision is ha he mo e, he
seasoned pig a me s expe imen wi h eed o mula ions ha a e compa able o comme cial eed and e en ually
succeeded in doing so, he highe hei inclina ion owa ds choosing sel -compounded eed. These esul s a e consis en
wi h hose o [15], who disco e ed ha a me s would choose a eeding plan ha ma ched hei a ming goals.
The household's likelihood o selec ing compounded eed is posi i ely and signi ican ly (P < 0.01) in luenced by aining
equency. This sugges s ha households a e mo e likely o selec compounded eed o e he base ca ego y i hey
a end aining mo e egula ly. These ou comes may be explained by he ac ha capaci y-building aining
p og ammes o ganised o a me s usually accommoda e cos -e ec i e eed ainings. This esul is consis en wi h
[13] indings ha a me s who ecei e high-quali y ins uc ion eed hei animals high-quali y eed.
A household's likelihood o selec ing compounded eed is posi i ely and signi ican ly (P < 0.01) in luenced by educa ion
(yea s o schooling). This sugges s ha , in eac ion o inc eased eed cos s compa ed o he base ca ego y, educa ed
amilies a e mo e likely o selec compounded eed. This migh be easible as educa ion enables one o make a logical
choice a e ca e ully weighing all a ailable op ions. This inding is consis en wi h ha o [15], who ound ha educa ed
a me s used less expensi e eed o eed hei li es ock.
A household's likelihood o selec ing al e na i e eed o coun e ac he high cos o eed is posi i ely and signi ican ly
(P< 0.01) in luenced by owne ship o means o anspo a ion. This implies ha , in eac ion o he high cos o eed
ela i e o he base ca ego y, amilies ha possess means o anspo a ion a e mo e likely o selec al e na i e eed.
Possession o a ehicle o mo o cycle may encou age households o choose o collec ag icul u al was e om o he
si es a a compa a i ely lowe cos .
A household's likelihood o selec ing al e na i e eed is posi i ely and signi ican ly (P < 0.01) in luenced by pig a ming
expe ise. This implies ha , in compa ison o he base g oup, households wi h g ea e expe ise a e mo e likely o selec
al e na i e eed. The decision made by he seasoned a ming households may ha e been impac ed by he g adual
iden i ica ion o a eed esou ce combina ion ha can p o ide he pigs wi h nu ien s ha a e on pa wi h hose ound
in comme cial eed. These esul s a e consis en wi h hose o [15], who disco e ed ha a me s would choose a eeding
plan ha ma ched hei a ming goals.
The household’s likelihood o choosing o “ a ion” he pigs’ eed is posi i ely and signi ican ly (P < 0.1) a ec ed by age.
This implies ha young a me s a e mo e likely o a ion eed o hei pigs ela i e o old a me s. A possible explana ion
o his may be due o he ac ha young a me s a e no likely o ha e asse s (sa ings, child en who suppo hem
among o he s) ha hey can eso o o inancing hei a m adequa ely. This inding is consis en wi h [16] who ound
ha he elde ly ecei e ans e income om hei child en.
The household's likelihood o deciding o " a ion" he pigs' ood is nega i ely and signi ican ly (P < 0.1) impac ed by he
a me s' g oup membe ship. This implies ha households ou side o he a me s' g oup a e mo e likely o " a ion" hei
pigs' ood in compa ison o he base g oup. One eason o his decision could be ha households ha aise pigs bu a e
no pa o he a me s' g oup migh no be able o ake ad an age o economies o scale when selec ing comme cial
eed o he ad an ages o pu chasing eed ing edien s a compa a i ely lowe cos s i hey wan o o mula e eed. These
esul s un coun e o hose o [14], who disco e ed ha a me s ha a e pa o a p oduc ion and ma ke ing g oup
bene i om economies o scale and, as a esul , will no choose p oduc ion me hods ha esul in less- han-ideal ou pu .
The likelihood o selec ing " a ioning" as a eac ion o he high cos o eed is nega i ely and signi ican ly (P < 0.01)
in luenced by pig a ming expe ience. This implies ha a ioning is mo e likely o be used by households wi h li le o
no expe ience on pig a ms in esponse o he high p ice o pig eed in compa ison o he base g oup. One eason o
his decision could be ha inexpe ienced a me s a e unawa e ha i can be mo e expensi e o o ce hei pigs o skip
meals o ea ewe meals han hey would i hey we e ed egula ly. This esul uns coun e o ha o [15], who
disco e ed ha a me s would choose a eeding plan ha ma ched hei a ming goals. This could be he esul o a lack
o pu chasing powe o e ec i ely demand o supplies ha would enable a a me o accomplish his p o i -d i en goal,
o cing him o make do wi h wha e e op ion is a ailable.
The aining coe icien is nega i e and signi ican ly (P < 0.01) in luenced a household's likelihood o selec ing
" a ioning" eed o coun e ac expensi e eed. This implies ha , in compa ison o he base g oup, households ha a end
aining in equen ly o no a all a e mo e likely o employ " a ioning" o o se he high expense o eed. One
explana ion o his could be ha , as a esul o hei limi ed o non-exis en exposu e o aining, hey a e unawa e o
a be e op ion in e ms o pe o mance and cos -e iciency. This esul suppo s he indings o [13], who ound ha
a me s wi hou aining will eed hei animal’s subpa eed.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2822-2831
2829
Table 3 Resul o mul inomial logi eg ession
Va iable
Compounded eed
Al e na i e eed
Ra ioned eed
coe icien
Z-
alue
p>|z|
coe icien
Z-
alue
p>|z|
coe icien
Z-
alue
p>|z|
Cons an
-24.1149
(4.7371)
-5.09
0.000***
-15.1445
(7.5163)
-2.01
0.044**
-13.1116
(3.8119)
-3.44
0.001***
Age
-0.0752
(0.0534)
-1.41
0.159
0.0736
(0.0693)
1.06
0.288
0.0784
(0.0466)
1.68
0.093*
Gende
1.7635
(1.0153)
1.74
0.082*
-1.7521
(1.3903)
-1.26
0.208
0.4663
(0.8399)
0.56
0.579
Ma i al s a us
-19.9057
(1969.21)
-0.01
0.992
1.1371
(3.7950)
0.30
0.764
-15.9025
(1969.21)
-0.01
0.994
Educa ion
0.2793
(0.1600)
1.75
0.081*
0.3537
(0.2390)
1.48
0.139
-0.0657
(0.1391)
-0.47
0.637
Household size
-0.1735
(0.1762)
-0.98
0.325
0.2416
(0.2146)
1.13
0.260
0.0673
(0.1500)
0.45
0.654
Owne ship o
means o
T anspo a ion
0.5412
(1.0009)
0.54
0.589
2.5707
(1.5215)
1.69
0.091*
0.2833
(0.8803)
0.32
0.748
Membe ship o
a me s’ g oup
3.0199
(0.9164)
3.30
0.001***
1.1837
(1.2896)
0.92
0.359
-1.5691
(0.7876)
-1.99
0.046*
Pig a ming
expe ience
0.7487
(0.1039)
7.21
0.000***
-0.7319
(0.1730)
-4.23
0.000***
-0.3187
(0.0808)
-3.95
0.000***
F equency o
aining
a endance
2.5417
(0.2818)
9.02
0.000***
-0.3692
(0.3438)
-1.07
0.283
-1.7371
(0.2445)
-7.10
0.000***
Phone
17.4180
(1969.21)
0.01
0.993
-1.5764
(1.9355)
-0.81
0.415
15.7242
(1969.21)
0.01
0.994
Numbe o obse a ion = 480; P ob > chi2 = 0.0000; Log likelihood = -133.73922; Pseudo 2 = 0.7954
Base ca ego ical a iable
Comme cial eed
*, **, *** ep esen 10%, 5% and 1% le el o signi icance espec i ely; s anda d e o s a e in pa en hesis Sou ce: Compu ed om ield da a, 2021
4. Conclusion
This s udy highligh s signi ican ac o s in luencing pig a ming households' choice o eeding s a egy adop ed amid
high cos o pig eed in sou hwes e n Nige ia. The indings indica e ha he majo i y o esponden s we e male, ma ied,
and in hei middle age. The indings e ealed u he ha gende (being male), membe ship in a me s' g oups which
acili a es bulk pu chases and in o ma ion exchange, a ming expe ience, and he equency o aining a ended had a
posi i e and signi ican in luence on he likelihood o choosing compounded eed as a esponse op ion, which is a cos -
e ec i e esponse o he high p ice o comme cial eed. On he o he hand, educa ion had a signi ican bu nega i e
in luence on he p obabili y o selec ing compounded eed. Rega ding al e na i e eed p e e ences, owne ship o means
o anspo a ion and pig a m expe ience posi i ely and signi ican ly impac ed he likelihood o adop ing al e na i e
eed. Howe e , o a ioning eed (skipping meals o educing meal po ions), membe ship in a me s' g oups, pig
a ming expe ience, and he equency o aining a ended had a signi ican bu nega i e in luence on he likelihood o
p e e ing " a ioning" eed. In o he wo ds, households wi h limi ed expe ience o aining a e mo e inclined o a ion
eed, a s a egy ha may p o e o be cos lie in he long un due o i s po en ial nega i e impac on pig p oduc i i y.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2822-2831
2830
This s udy has p o ided aluable insigh s in o he ac o s ha in luence he eeding s a egies adop ed by pig a ming
households in he sou hwes e n Nige ia o cope wi h he high cos o eed. The indings indica e ha socio-demog aphic
ac o s, such as gende , educa ion, and a ming expe ience, along wi h membe ship in a me s' g oups, equency o
aining, and owne ship o anspo a ion, play a signi ican ole in de e mining whe he households op o
compounded eed, al e na i e eed sou ces, o eso o a ioning.
These esul s unde sco e he impo ance o p o iding a ge ed capaci y-building p og ammes, p omo ing a me s'
g oup membe ship, and enhancing access o in o ma ion and aining o pig a me s. Such e o s would no only help
a me s make mo e in o med and a ional decisions ega ding eed managemen bu also imp o e hei o e all
p oduc i i y and sus ainabili y in he ace o ising eed cos s. Add essing hese key ac o s can play a pi o al ole in
suppo ing he long- e m success o pig a ming in sou hwes e n Nige ia.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
S a emen o in o med consen
In o med consen was ob ained om all indi idual pa icipan s included in he s udy.
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