Con inuous-Ope a ion Modula Ro a ing Fusion Engine
I án Mo eno Gil
Sep embe 18, 2025
Abs ac
This in en ion desc ibes a Con inuous-Ope a ion Ro a ing Modula Fusion Engine–Reac o
based on a o a ing and modula a chi ec u e, composed o a plu ali y o independen poly-
hed al usion cells (p e e ably hexagonal py amids) a anged adially a ound a cen al o o .
Each cell in eg a es deu e ium– i ium uel pelle injec ion sys ems, igni ion modules (lase s o
equi alen d i e s), and diagnos ic/con ol po s loca ed a he s uc u al e ices. The la base o
each cell unc ions as a ho pla e, coupled o a sha ed neu on ene gy ha es ing and con e -
sion blanke (Neu on Ene gy Ha es e , NEH) manu ac u ed wi h ad anced ma e ials (W–SiC,
RAFM), and u he suppo ed by an in eg a ed IGBI adia o pla e ha enhances la e al hea
sp eading, imp o es B ay on e iciency, and educes he momechanical s ess.
The o a ion o he o o imposes a cyclic sequence: injec ion →igni ion →ene gy elease →cooling,
dis ibu ed in pa allel ac oss he dozens o cells pe o o and, a plan scale, ac oss housands
o cells coo dina ed in mul i- o o campuses. This con igu a ion ensu es con inuous elec-
ici y p oduc ion, in con as o he disc e e discha ges o ine ial con inemen , and o e s a
modula and scalable pa hway compa ed o he monoli hic chambe s o okamaks. The design
inco po a es s aged he mal managemen , eplaceable ho -pla e ca idges, he in eg a ed IGBI a-
dia o , and op ional magne ohyd odynamic (MHD) con e sion, ensu ing high e iciency, simpli ied
main enance, and aul ole ance.
Technical Field The in en ion belongs o he ield o nuclea usion eac o s, wi h speci ic ap-
plica ion o modula o a ing a chi ec u es o con inuous ope a ion. I s p ima y objec i e is
he s eady gene a ion o elec ical powe wi h high powe densi y and apid indus ial scalabili y,
al hough he same echnology can also be ex ended o long- ange space p opulsion sys ems.
1
Con en s
1 Backg ound o he In en ion 4
1.1 Mo i a ion and Sa e y Jus i ica ion .............................. 5
2 Summa y o he In en ion 6
3 Claims 7
4 De ailed Desc ip ion o he In en ion 10
4.1 Hexagonal Py amid Fusion Cell (Indi idual Module) .................... 10
4.1.1 Ene gy Balance pe Cell and Calib a ion ....................... 14
4.1.2 Cell Du abili y and Main enance ........................... 16
4.2 Ro o Ene gy Balance ..................................... 17
4.3 Ro o “ ick” a chi ec u e (12 s a ions, 2 igni ion poin s) ................... 20
4.4 Ope a ing Cycle and Pe o mance (a chi ec u e wi h NEH dome) ............. 21
4.5 NEH Blanke and In eg a ion ................................. 23
4.6 De ailed A chi ec u e o he NEH Dome: T unca ed Hexagonal P ism (Speci ica ions) . . 24
4.6.1 Mac oscopic geome y ................................. 24
4.6.2 Po s and “snipe -holes” ................................ 24
4.6.3 Laye s ack ....................................... 26
4.6.4 IGBI sys em (Gas–B ush Impingemen In e ace) .................. 26
4.6.5 The mal budge and limi s ............................... 26
4.6.6 In eg a ed module (MIDH / BEM) .......................... 26
4.6.7 Func ional summa y .................................. 27
4.7 Risks and mi iga ions: he mo–mechanical a igue, coupling alignmen , and ib a ion
con ol .............................................. 27
4.8 Design o he S aged Cooling Sys em ............................. 30
4.8.1 IGBI in e ace (p essu ized He je s + TZM pin– ins) ................ 30
4.8.2 Sec o ized gaseous p e–cooling ............................. 30
4.8.3 Se ice and main enance window ........................... 30
4.8.4 Clea ance con ol and in eg a ion ........................... 30
4.8.5 Ene gy balance pe sho ................................ 31
4.8.6 P ope ies o candida e ma e ials ........................... 31
4.8.7 Ma gin wi h espec o s uc u al ma e ials ...................... 31
4.8.8 Scalabili y ........................................ 31
4.8.9 No e on o a y join s .................................. 31
4.9 A chi ec u e o he Neu on Ene gy Ha es e (NEH) and ma e ial speci ica ions ..... 32
4.9.1 Func ional s ack (plasma ace →in e io ) ...................... 32
4.9.2 The mo–mechanical p ope ies (guideline anges) .................. 33
4.9.3 Neu onic pa ame e s and TBR ............................ 33
4.9.4 Hyd aulic and he mal sizing (baseline FLiBe) .................... 33
4.9.5 Chemical managemen and i ium ex ac ion .................... 34
4.9.6 Fab ica ion, QA/QC and main enance ........................ 34
4.9.7 Limi s and li e ime ................................... 35
4.9.8 Pe o mance closu e (baseline wi hou MHD in chain) ................ 35
4.10 Main enance and Ca idge Replacemen ........................... 35
4.11 Lase and Senso Assembly (Apex + Edge Pods) ...................... 37
4.12 Uni Cos and Mass pe Cell (bo om–up model, RAFM s uc u e + W–SiC PFC + FLiBe) 39
2
4.13 Cos pe o o and pe campus ................................ 40
5 Economic Feasibili y S udy 42
5.1 Me hodology and assump ions ................................. 42
5.2 CapEx pe o o and LCOE (example: 24-cell o o ) .................... 42
5.3 Ma gins a π= 75 €/MWh .................................. 43
5.4 Modula deploymen and amp–up .............................. 43
5.5 Execu i e summa y ....................................... 43
5.6 Impac o ma e ial and p ocess imp o emen s ........................ 44
5.7 Consolida ed economic compa ison (MRFEP s. ission) .................. 44
6 Real compa ison: Fission nuclea plan s. MRFEP plan 46
6.1 Re e ence case: Alma az Nuclea Powe Plan (Spain) .................... 46
6.2 Scena io A: Ene gy equi alence wi h a 1.2 GW nuclea plan ................ 46
6.3 Scena io B: Equi alence in land use (100 ha oo p in ) ................... 47
6.4 Di ec compa ison ........................................ 47
6.5 Sensi i i y no es ......................................... 47
A Complemen a y and op ional echnologies 48
A.1 Magne ohyd odynamic (MHD) con e sion .......................... 48
A.2 Di ec con e sion o adia ion and pa icles .......................... 48
A.3 Ad anced ma e ials and hyb id b eede s ........................... 49
A.4 O he u u e op imiza ion ou es ............................... 49
B Example o a Full-Scale MRFEP Plan Implemen a ion 50
B.1 Si e layou and land equi emen s ............................... 50
B.2 Reac o Building (RB): geome y and shielding ....................... 50
B.3 Unde g ound eac o hall and shielded basemen s ...................... 51
B.4 Powe con e sion and auxilia ies ................................ 51
B.5 Pe sonnel and Ope a ions ................................... 51
B.6 Su ace a ea and s a ing compa ison ............................. 51
B.7 Ene gy scena ios and household equi alen s ......................... 52
3
1 Backg ound o he In en ion
Con en ional usion sys ems include:
•Tokamaks and s ella a o s: la ge o oidal chambe s based on con inuous magne ic con inemen ,
equi ing in ense ields (B∼5–10 T), complex c yogenic sys ems, and s uc u es on he o de
o ens o me e s. Al hough hey ha e demons a ed sus ained plasma con inemen o se e al
seconds, hey su e om MHD ins abili ies, dis up ions, and high main enance cos s. See “ITER
Physics Basis” [1], Pede sen e al. [2], and Fede ici e al. [3].
•Ine ial con inemen usion (ICF): sphe ical a ge s comp essed by high-ene gy lase s in
nanosecond pulses, as in he NIF o OMEGA acili ies. They ha e achie ed scien i ic gain
(Q us >1) in single-sho demons a ions, bu epe i ion a high cadence (>1Hz) emains un-
sol ed in p ac ice due o op ical damage, pelle logis ics, and d i e ene gy cos s. See Le Pape
e al. [4], Hu icane e al. [5], and Meye ho e e al. [6].
•Mul i-chambe o sequen ial igni ion p oposals: such as Dub o sky (2023) and Wood u
(2010), which p oposed dis ibu ing igni ion ac oss mul iple a ge s o seconda y chambe s. While
concep ually mi iga ing localized loads, hey ha e no p oposed indus ializable a chi ec u es no
solu ions o con inuous hea and neu on managemen , see Dub o sky [7] and Wood u [8].
These app oaches ace ecu ing limi a ions:
1. Concen a ed neu on loading: highly localized luxes apidly deg ade i s walls (∼MW/m2),
equi ing equen eplacemen s, see Fede ici e al. [3] and Zinkle and Ghoniem [9].
2. Res ic ed du y cycles: bo h supe conduc ing magne s and lase sys ems su e om he mal
and adia ion a igue, educing a ailabili y o scales o days o weeks. See De ed e al. [10] and
Zinkle and Ghoniem [9].
3. Lack o con inuous ope a ion: none o he cu en sys ems achie e a s able baseload egime
compa able o ission o combined cycles. See S acey [11] and Agency [12].
The e is he e o e a need o an a chi ec u e ha :
•Dis ibu es neu on and he mal loads spa ially and empo ally.
•Simpli ies d i e equi emen s by dis ibu ing igni ion ac oss mul iple smalle chambe s.
•Enables indus ial modula i y: p og essi e scaling om ens o MW o GW wi hou undamen al
edesign.
•P o ides in insic aul ole ance, elimina ing he isk o ca as ophic in e up ion om a single-cell
ailu e.
•Ope a es in con inuous mode, making i s comme cial use iable as a clean ene gy p oduce .
4
1.1 Mo i a ion and Sa e y Jus i ica ion
The main mo i a ion o his in en ion lies in he b oad sa e y ma gin o e ed by modula usion a chi ec-
u es compa ed o ission eac o s and monoli hic con inemen sys ems. See Dean [13] and Maisonnie
e al. [14]. Key di e ences include:
•Absence o sus ained chain eac ion. Each cell equi es an ex e nal d i e pulse and a uel
pelle ; wi hou hem, usion ceases ins an ly. No unaway condi ions exis .
•Minimal uel in en o y. Ac i e uel is limi ed o millig ams o D–T pe igni ion. E en a
ull-plan scale, he ci cula ing quan i y co esponds only o g ams, compa ed o ons o issile
u anium o plu onium in con en ional eac o s. See In e na ional A omic Ene gy Agency [15].
•No esidual decay hea . In a shu down (d i e SCRAM o seismic igge ), all he mal gene a-
ion hal s wi hin mic oseconds. Unlike ission, he e is no esidual powe ha h ea ens o e hea -
ing, see Zohu i [16].
•Seismic and impac esilience. In he e en o ea hquakes o ex e nal impac s, he maxi-
mum consequence is shielding damage and possible elease o small aces o i ium o ac i a ed
s uc u al ma e ial. The e is no possibili y o a Che nobyl- o Fukushima- ype acciden . Fo mo e
in o ma ion, see Cadwallade [17] and Fede ici e al. [18].
•Enginee ed con inemen . The eac o is housed in ein o ced conc e e aul s wi h 1.5–2 m bio-
logical shields. Robo ic handling and modula ca idges minimize exposu e du ing main enance.
This sa e y p o ile enables si ing plan s close o consump ion cen e s, educes eme gency planning zones,
and di e en ia es he Modula Ro a ing Fusion Engine (MRFE) subs an ially om ission plan s and
monoli hic usion acili ies.
5

2 Summa y o he In en ion
The in en ion p oposes a Modula Ro a ing Fusion Engine (MRFE) whose no el y esides in he
geome y and mechanics o he sys em a he han in specula i e o unde eloped echnologies. The
concep is s uc u ed a ound:
1. A o o in eg a ing mul iple polyhed al usion cells (we use as example hexagonal py amids)
a anged adially, each ac ing as a epe i i e mic o- usion chambe .
2. Each cell unde goes an au onomous cycle: pelle injec ion →lase igni ion →ene gy abso p ion in
he NEH blanke →s aged cooling, wi h cha ac e is ic cooling imes τcool ∼5s, enabling con inuous
euse.
3. A sha ed Neu on Ene gy Ha es e (NEH) blanke wi hin each cell, composed o unc-
ional laye s (plasma- acing, mode a o , b eede /coolan , s uc u al shielding) o abso b neu on
lux, b eed i ium, and ex ac usable hea .
4. Dual ene gy con e sion: (i) ia B ay on/sCO2 he modynamic cycles o eco e ed hea , and
(ii) op ionally ia MHD channels a cell edges, di ec ly con e ing a ac ion o cha ged-pa icle
ene gy in o elec ici y.
5. A o a ing con igu a ion in which ho aces sequen ially couple o ixed adia o /hea -exchange
s a ions, he eby a oiding he mal shocks and dis ibu ing loads e enly. The mal coupling is eal-
ized h ough an in eg a ed IGBI adia o pla e (Impinging Gas Bea ing In e ace), combining
helium mic oje s wi h high-conduc i i y pin– in su aces o e icien la e al hea sp eading.
6. Modula scalabili y: om 24 up o 120 cells pe o o o mo e; o o s can be s acked axially o
ope a ed in pa allel o assemble mul i-GW plan s. P og essi e commissioning allows elec ici y
gene a ion o begin wi h he e y i s o o .
7. Faul ole ance: a de ec i e o ailed cell educes o al ou pu by less han 2% in a 60-cell o o ,
main aining con inuous ope a ion wi hou sys emic isk.
In summa y, he MRFE p o ides an al e na i e o adi ional usion app oaches by le e aging exis ing
indus ially ma u e echnologies: high-ene gy Nd:glass lase s, see Campbell and Glenze [19] and
al. [20]; i s -wall ma e ials such as RAFM s eels and W–SiC composi es, see Zinkle and Busby [21] and
al. [22]; B ay on/sCO2 he modynamic cycles, see al. [23]; ad anced me allic addi i e manu ac u ing
(WAAM, SPF/DB), see Ma ina e al. [24] and al. [25]; and obo ized emo e-handling sys ems, see
Taylo and Da is [26]. The ue inno a ion lies in he o a ing modula a chi ec u e and he
in eg a ed IGBI adia o pla e, no in he de elopmen o he base echnologies.
6
3 Claims
1. (Ro a ing a chi ec u e and con inuous egime) A o a ing usion eac o comp ising a o o
wi h mul iple independen polyhed al usion cells, con igu ed o ecei e uel and igni ion pulses,
whe ein he cells sequen ially o a e h ough injec ion, igni ion, ene gy ex ac ion, and cooling,
main aining a con inuous ene gy p oduc ion egime.
2. (P e e ed cell geome y) The eac o o claim 1, whe ein he cells a e hexagonal py amids
wi h hei bases ac ing as ho aces aligned wi h ixed adia o /hea exchange s a ions.
3. (Al e na i e geome ies) The eac o o claim 1, whe ein he cells a e al e na i ely pen agonal
py amids, iangula py amids, o o he con ex polyhed a p o iding la ho aces compa ible wi h
s a iona y he mal coupling.
4. (Mul ilaye NEH blanke ) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, comp ising a Neu on
Ene gy Ha es e (NEH) mul ilaye blanke including: (i) a plasma- acing componen in W o W–
SiC, (ii) an in e media e mode a o , (iii) b eede /coolan channels wi h LiPb o FLiBe, and (i ) a
s uc u al shield in educed-ac i a ion e i ic–ma ensi ic (RAFM) s eels o unc ional equi alen s.
5. (NEH dome coupled o ho ace) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, comp ising
an NEH dome coupled o he ho ace o each cell, con igu ed as a p ism o unca ed py amid
cong uen wi h he cell geome y, in eg a ing unc ional laye s, snipe -holes, coolan mani olds,
and mechanical/elec ical couplings in a eplaceable ca idge, see Fig. 5.
6. (Igni ion d i e s) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, whe ein igni ion d i e s (lase s, ion
beams, o equi alen s) a e moun ed a he apex and/o edges o he cells, deli e ing synch onized
pulses wi h a delay o less han 10 ps.
7. (Cell-pe - o o scale) The eac o o claim 1, whe ein he o o couples o a cen al bus and
accommoda es be ween 24 and 120 cells o mo e pe o o , wi h possible concen ic ings
and/o axial s acking, enabled by he in insic modula i y o he a chi ec u e.
8. (In e changeable modula ca idge) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, comp ising
amodula in e changeable ca idge on he ho ace o each cell, emo able and inse able by
obo ic means du ing con inuous ope a ion.
9. (F ic ionless he mal in e ace) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, comp ising a
he mal in e ace sys em be ween he ho ace and he s a iona y adia o , based on capilla y
liquid ilms, iso he mal coupling, o p essu ized helium je sys ems (IGBI adia o in e ace),
o o he ic ionless in e aces designed o ans e hea wi h minimal wea .
10. (Di ec con e sion) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, whe ein op ionally me allic
liquid coolan channels (LiPb, doped FLiBe, o conduc i e equi alen s) a e ins alled o ac as
magne ohyd odynamic (MHD) duc s o di ec elec ical ene gy con e sion (see Appendix A).
11. (Ro o he mal-g adien mi iga ion) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, u he com-
p ising a o o he mal-g adien mi iga ion sys em con igu ed o main ain he empe a u e
o he bea ing ing wi hin a p ede e mined ma gin and educe di e en ial expansion ela i e o he
cells; whe ein he p e e ed embodimen is an iso he mal IGBI adia o ing wi h in e nal cooling
channels, and al e na i ely lexible cooled in e aces o equi alen a ian s may be used o achie e
he same unc ion.
7
12. (Cell-le el aul ole ance) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, whe ein he unc ional
independence o each cell p o ides aul ole ance, such ha isola ed igni ion ailu es o o -nominal
e en s cause only p opo ional powe educ ions wi hou comp omising o e all o o ope a ion.
13. (Op ics and senso p o ec ion) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, whe ein op ics and
senso s a e p o ec ed by eplaceable shields and ba ie s, including sac i icial windows and ce amic
shu e s, obo ically in e changeable.
14. (Low-ac i a ion s uc u al ma e ials) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, whe ein back
pla es and suppo s uc u es a e ab ica ed in RAFM s eel o o he low-ac i a ion equi alen s,
imp o ing he mal conduc i i y, adia ion esis ance, and cos .
15. (Addi i e manu ac u ing and ligh weigh ing) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims,
whe ein cells and modula ca idges a e manu ac u ed by me al addi i e manu ac u ing
echnologies (WAAM, L-PBF, SPF/DB), inco po a ing opological ligh weigh ing and la ices
o equi alen s i ness o educe mass and uni cos .
16. (S aged cooling) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, u he comp ising a s aged cooling
sys em, whe ein ho aces a e sequen ially coupled wi h ixed adia o s a he ex e nal s a ion,
dis ibu ing he he mal load o he cycle e enly.
17. (Plan scalabili y) The eac o o any o he p eceding claims, whe ein he modula i y o cells and
o o s allows con igu a ions anging om a single o o ( ens o MW) o mul i- o o campuses
(hund eds o MW up o se e al GW), wi h p og essi e commissioning om he i s ins alled o o .
8
Co espondence wi h de ailed desc ip ion. Each o he abo e claims is suppo ed by he echnical
sec ions o he documen :
•Claim 1 →Sec ions 4.1 and 4.3
•Claim 2 →Sec ion 4.1
•Claim 3 →Sec ion 4.1
•Claim 4 →Sec ions 4.4 and 4.8 (mul ilaye NEH blanke )
•Claim 5 →Sec ion 4.5 (de ailed NEH dome a chi ec u e)
•Claim 6 →Sec ion 5.4 (igni ion d i e s and synch oniza ion)
•Claim 7 →Sec ion 4.2 (scaling o 120 cells pe o o )
•Claim 8 →Sec ion 5.5 (in e changeable modula ca idges)
•Claim 9 →Sec ions 5.1 and 4.6 (capilla y/ ic ionless he mal in e ace, IGBI)
•Claim 10 →Sec ion 5.3 (MHD liquid-me al coolan channels)
•Claim 11 →Sec ion 4.2 (iso he mal IGBI ing and he mal managemen )
•Claim 12 →Sec ion 4.4 ( aul ole ance o independen cells)
•Claim 13 →Sec ion 5.4 (op ics and senso s p o ec ed by ba ie s)
9
4.1.2 Cell Du abili y and Main enance
Objec i e. To ensu e ha each cell can ope a e in epe i i e egime wi h minimal in e up ion, de in-
ing quan i a i e c i e ia o p e en i e eplacemen and obo ic subs i u ion p ocedu es.
Typical eplacemen sequence ( obo ized).
1. Hyd aulic isola ion and He pu ge o he NEH ca idge.
2. Remo al o auxilia y powe and mechanical lock o he ancho .
3. Disconnec ion o hyd aulic d y-b eaks (au o-sealing) and docking elec ical connec o .
4. Au oma ed unsc ewing o ancho s by o que-con olled obo s.
5. Ex ac ion using elescopic dolly and ans e o main enance/s o age cell.
6. Inse ion o new ca idge and e i ica ion o la ness, leak- igh ness (He leak- es <10−9mba ·L/s)
and ealignmen .
Ta ge imes.
•Robo ized ca idge swap ime: <15 min (design wi h 2 edundan obo s).
•Inline apid inspec ion ( he mog aphy + UT): <5min pe ca idge.
•Op ical window/shu e ho -swap:≤2min.
Replacemen equency c i e ia. Ca idge li e ime is de ined as he minimum among he ollowing
limi s, applying a sa e y ac o SF ≃0.7:
•The mo–mechanical a igue (backpla e, RAFM). Co in–Manson–Basquin model wi h ∆T∼
150–200 K pe sho , α≈12 ×10−6/K, E∼200 GPa. Typical li e ime: N ∼105–3×105cycles.
⇒ eplacemen e e y 1–3 yea s a = 0.25 Hz (1 sho /4 s).
•I adia ion (DPA). Th esholds: W (5–10 dpa), RAFM (10–20 dpa). Fo lux ϕn∼1018 n/m2s
on he i s wall:
DPA/yea ∼5−10, DPA ∼1−3 yea s.
•E osion/co osion. Spu e ing in W: ∆x∼0.01 mm/yea . Co osion in FLiBe: 0.05–0.1
mm/yea (uncoa ed); <0.01 mm/yea wi h SiC/Al2O3coa ings. Es ima ed li e ime >20 yea s
⇒no go e ning.
•Op ics and senso s (po s). T ansmi ance decays as
T(n)=T0e−βn, n0.9≈0.1053
β,
wi h β∼10−6–10−5/sho . Typical li e ime 104–105sho s. Wi h mul iplexing m= 3−4and
= 0.25 Hz ⇒T∼7–19 days. Ho -swap in 2 min ⇒down ime <0.03%.
16

Limi Key a iable Model Typical li e ime Go e ning?
The mo–mechanical a igue (RAFM) ∆T, Co in–Manson 1–3 yea s Yes
I adia ion (DPA) Fluence, dpa/yea Th eshold 10–20 dpa 1–3 yea s Yes
W e osion (PFC) Y, ΦRa e mm/yea 20–40 yea s No
FLiBe co osion mm/yea Mi iga ed by SiC 20–50 yea s No
Op ics/windows (wi h m)β, , m T(n)and T=Nm
7–19 days
(ex.: =0.25 Hz, m=3−4)
down ime <0.03%
No
Table 2: Es ima ed li e ime c i e ia o he NEH+dome+ho -pla e ca idge and i s po s.
(Hz) m N (sho s) T(days) swap (min) down ime
0.25 2 5×1044.63 2 0.030%
0.25 3 5×1046.94 2 0.020%
0.25 4 5×1049.26 2 0.015%
0.25 4 1×10518.52 2 0.0075%
Table 3: Sensi i i y o eplacemen in e al T=Nm
and down ime ≈ swap/T.
Syn hesis.
•The dominan li e ime limi s a e he mo–mechanical a igue and i adia ion, imposing ca -
idge eplacemen e e y 1–3 yea s.
•Co osion/e osion is no go e ning o ho izons <10 yea s i p o ec i e coa ings a e applied.
•Op ics/windows equi e equen eplacemen , bu wi h mul iplexing and ho -swap he impac on
a ailabili y is negligible.
Recommended equency.
•NEH+ho -pla e ca idge: eplacemen e e y 1–3 yea s a = 0.25 Hz; annual NDE inspec-
ion.
•Comple e module (dome+NEH+ho -pla e): majo eplacemen e e y 5–7 yea s.
In eg a ion no e. The de ailed desc ip ion o dome NEH geome y, laye s, and a chi ec u e is de-
eloped in Sec. 4.6. Comple e ca idge swap and main enance p ocedu es a e u he expanded in
Sec. 4.10, co e ing he cell le el and he in eg a ed eplacemen sys em.
4.2 Ro o Ene gy Balance
Objec i e. To calib a e he ne powe and ene gy o a o o om he ne powe pe cell, and o se
he Minimum Viable P oduc (MVP) as he minimum numbe o cells ha yields a posi i e economic
su plus (a e amo iza ion and OpEx), oge he wi h a Func ional Re e ence Ro o (FRE) se ing as
a eplicable design poin .
17
Re e ence pa ame e s pe cell. Baseline scena io (Sec. 4.1): pe o mance pe cell
Pe,cell =2.03 MW, Y us = 20 MJ, cell = 0.25 Hz, εcap ≈0.90, ξ ≈0.90, ηel ≈0.50.
Ope a ional a ailabili y u= 95% and a e age selling p ice π=75.9/MWh.
Powe and ene gy pe o o wi h Ncells.
Pe, o o (N)=N Pe,cell,(12)
Eyea (N)=Pe, o o ×8760 h ×u. (13)
Annual e enues:
Re enue(N) = Eyea (N)×π.
MVP c i e ion (economic, conse a i e). We de ine MVP as he minimum Nsuch ha he
annual ne su plus pe o o is posi i e:
Su plus(N) = Re enue(N)−NCapExcell/Tamo
| {z }
annual amo iza ion
−NOpExcell
| {z }
ope a ion and main enance
−OpExcommon >0,
wi h conse a i e assump ions (no MHD, FLiBe, RAFM/W–SiC, WAAM/HIP):
CapExcell ∈[4.0,5.0] M, Tamo = 10 yea s,OpExcell ≈0.15 M/yea ,OpExcommon ≈0.5 M/yea .
Wi h Pe,cell = 2.03 MW and π= 75.9/MWh, he e enue pe cell is:
Re enuecell = 2.03 ×8760 ×0.95 ×75.9≈1.28 M/yea .
Amo iza ion + OpEx pe cell ≈(0.40−0.50)+0.15 = 0.55−0.65 M/yea , hence he ma gin pe cell is
∼0.63−0.73 M/yea . Thus, he condi ion o posi i e su plus is me com o ably s a ing om N=18
(see able).
Con ig. Cells N Pe, o o [MW] Eyea (95%) [GWh] Re enue (95%) [M€/yea ]
MVP (min. su plus >0) 18 36.54 304.1 23.08
FRE ( unc ional e e ence) 24 48.72 405.4 30.77
32 cells 32 64.96 540.6 41.01
48 cells 48 97.44 810.9 61.52
60 cells 60 121.8 1,014. 76.89
Table 4: Ro o powe , annual ene gy (wi h u= 95%) and e enue a π= 75.9/MWh o di e en N.
Technical–economic eading.
•Wi h he baseline Pe,cell = 2.03 MW, he economic MVP is eached a 18 cells, lea ing a ma gin
abo e amo iza ion+OpEx unde conse a i e assump ions.
•The e e ence o o (FRE) wi h N= 24 cells deli e s ∼48.7 MW ne and ∼405 GWh/yea ,
wi h e enues o ∼30.8 M/yea .
18
•Scaling Nis linea in bo h powe and e enues; he op imal decision will be made agains a ailable
CapEx, ope a ional isk, and plan amp-up s a egies (Sec. 5).
Figu e 2: Ex ended cen al o o wi h 12 coupled usion cells. The modula a chi ec u e —bo h o he
o o and he cells— allows he design o be ex ended o include addi ional laye s o cells, enabling a
wide a ie y o con igu a ions. Modula i y is only limi ed by he diame e and leng h o he cen al
o o , admi ing mo e o ewe cells and ing-laye s acco dingly.
19
4.3 Ro o “ ick” a chi ec u e (12 s a ions, 2 igni ion poin s)
Each o o e olu ion is disc e ized in o 12 s a ions wi h ixed dwell ime pe s a ion
dwell =0.67 s (con ol wi h admissible a iance up o 1.0s unde con ingency),
and 2 diame ically opposed igni ion s a ions. The kinema ic magni udes a e de ined as:
T e =Nes dwell = 12 ×0.67=8.04 s, pm =60
T e
=7.46 pm.
The pe -cell cadence is
cell =Nign
Nes dwell
=2
12 ×0.67 =0.25 Hz (1 sho e e y 4 s pe cell).
No e: cell depends only on (Nes , Nign, dwell)and is independen o he o al numbe o o o cells; he
numbe o cells scales he o al powe , no he cadence o each cell.
S a ion map ( unc ional example).
# S a ion Main unc ion
1 Igni ion A Fi ing + ace ed shu e closu e
2 IGBI–1 Ho discha ge (impinging He + TZM pin- ins)
3 IGBI–2 Ho discha ge (second s age)
4 P e–He–1 P essu ized helium con ec ion (polishing 1)
5 QA–1 The mog aphy, luxme e s, pose e i ica ion
6 Se ice Se ice window: pu ges, mic o-adjus men s, op ical ho -swap i equi ed
7 Igni ion B Diame al i ing
8 IGBI–3 Ho discha ge ( hi d s age)
9 IGBI–4 Ho discha ge ( ou h s age)
10 P e–He–2 P essu ized helium con ec ion (polishing 2)
11 QA–2 Seconda y inspec ion and alida ion
12 Bu e /Bypass Ope a ional ma gin (la ency, synch oniza ion, b ie con ingencies)
In eg a ion wi h he he mal cycle. The ou IGBI s ages (S a ions 2,3,8,9) manage he pulse in
a s agge ed manne , limi ing ∆T/∆ a he ho -pla e and keeping use ul lux unde he design h eshold
qmax; he p e-cooling s ages (S a ions 4 and 10) s abilize he wall a ∼600–800 K p io o QA/Se ice.
Kinema ic summa y (baseline by icks)
Nes = 12, Nign = 2, dwell = 0.67 s,
T e = 8.04 s, pm = 7.46, cell = 0.25 Hz.
The s ep–and–dwell con ol accep s empo al a iance pe s a ion up o 1.0 s unde con ingency, wi h
au oma ic eplanning o p ese e he mean alue o cell.
20
4.4 Ope a ing Cycle and Pe o mance (a chi ec u e wi h NEH dome)
Each usion cell ollows a epe i i e cycle o uel loading →igni ion →ene gy collec ion →s aged cooling
→ eload. The o a ing assembly and empo al s agge ing be ween cells ensu e ha he o o deli e s
essen ially con inuous powe .
Re e ence assump ions pe cell
•Geome y: hexagonal py amid (s≈1.0m, Aho ≈2.60 m2) wi h NEH dome coupled o he base.
•C yogenic D–T a ge ; usion ene gy pe sho E us =20 MJ.
•Cap u e/con e sion: εcap ≈0.90, ans e e iciency o cycle ξ≈0.90, and he mal- o-elec ic
e iciency ηel ≈0.50 (B ay on sCO2wi h ecupe a o ). No MHD in he baseline (see Appendix A
o op ions).
•The mal in e ace a s a ion: IGBI (p essu ized He impinging je s + high-conduc i i y pin–
ins/“ o es ”) in a con olled gap (∼0.5–1.0 mm), wi h he ∼6,000–9,000 W m−2K−1.
•Cadence: cell =0.25 Hz (one igni ion/4 s); cell a ailabili y u= 95%.
•Ne powe pe cell (calib a ed): Pne
cell ≈2.03 MW.
Valida ed baseline (pe cell)
Y us = 20 MJ, cell = 0.25 Hz, εcap = 0.90, ξ = 0.90, ηel = 0.50 ⇒Pe,cell ≈Y us cell (εcapξηel) =
20 ·0.25 ·0.405 ≈2.03 MW.
(i) Fuel loading.
•D–T pelle s (sub-mg o mg) s o ed c yogenically.
•Axial injec ion wi h alignmen <50 µm and eloci y 100–200 m/s (see Sec. ??).
•P e-op ical e i ica ion and phase synch oniza ion (ji e <10 ps).
(ii) Igni ion.
•D i e s: clus e o Nd:glass lase s (351 nm) wi h edundancy and he mal load sha ing.
•Pulse: coupled ene gy EL o achie e nominal E us = 20 MJ.
•Species: ∼80% neu ons a 14.1 MeV, ∼20% αpa icles a 3.5 MeV.
(iii) Ene gy collec ion and pa hways.
•In e cep ion dome+pla e: he NEH dome and mul ilaye base abso b εcap ≈0.90 o E us.
•The mal con e sion: FLiBe in dome/backpla e → ecupe a i e hea exchange →B ay on sCO2
cycle wi h ηel ≈0.50 (baseline wi hou MHD).
•T i ium b eeding: 6Li(n,α)T in FLiBe ( egene a ion ac ion ∼20%, see Sec. ??).
•Shielding: he dome a enua es lux owa d he apex, ex ending op ics and senso li e ime.
21

(i ) S aged cooling and s ep-and-dwell.The cycle schedule de ines 6 empo al slo s pe sho
( o al 4.0 s), wi h exac dwell dwell =0.667 spe slo . Con ol admi s ex ension up o 1.0s unde
con ingency (e.g., he mal s abiliza ion). The physical s a o s a ions a e ≥9(injec ion/igni ion, 3–4
he mal IGBI, 2 deep cooling, inspec ion/QA, main enance 1 and 2); no all a e isi ed in e e y sho .
1. S0: injec ion+igni ion (aligned wi h apex po ).
2. S1–S3: he mal ex ac ion IGBI (He je s 6–9 ba + pin– ins,he ∼6–9 kW/m2K).
3. S4: deep cooling / ecupe a o (wall → ∼ 600–700 K).
4. S5: se ice window (quick inspec ion, QA); main enance s a ions scheduled on demand.
( ) Ne ene gy pe sho (consis ency check).
Esho ,el =Pne
cell
cell
=2.03
0.25 ≈8.1 MJ,20 MJ ×0.90 ×0.90 ×0.50 ≈8.1 MJ.
Table 5: Ne p oduc ion wi h NEH dome and IGBI in e ace (baseline Pne
cell ≈2.03 MW).
Con igu a ion N(cells) Pne
o o [MW] Eyea (95%) [GWh] No es
FRE (24 cells) 24 48.7 405 Func ional e e ence
Medium scale 40 81.2 676 Highe modula i y
High pla o m 60 121.8 1,014 Full plan
( i) Ro o ope a ion scena ios (baseline wi hou MHD).
( ii) Faul ole ance and li e ime.
•Igni ion ailu e: loss <4.2% (FRE, 24 cells); in 60 cells, ∼1.7%.
•NEH+ho -pla e ca idge: eplacemen e e y 1–3 yea s (∼105cycles); NEH dome longe li e ime
(5–7 yea s).
•Mul iplexing and op ical ho –swap minimize down ime (<0.05%).
22
4.5 NEH Blanke and In eg a ion
The py amidal walls (103) su ounding he usion ca i y o m a mul ilaye Neu on Ene gy Ha -
es ing (NEH) blanke . Each laye is designed o sequen ially abso b, mode a e, and con e he
14 MeV neu on lux, while b eeding i ium, ex ac ing high- empe a u e hea , and p o iding s uc u al
in eg i y.
Re e ence s ack (baseline).
1. Plasma- acing laye (20–25 mm): sin e ed W–SiC iles. Func ions:
•Resis ance o he mal shocks >107W/m2.
•Cap u e o αpa icles (3.5 MeV, ∼20% o E us).
•P ima y shielding agains X- ays and cha ged pa icles.
2. Mode a o /mul iplie (30–40 mm): Be/BeO blocks in e lea ed wi h SiC. Func ions:
•Mode a ion o neu on spec um om 14 MeV o 0.1–1 MeV (op imal o 6Li cap u e).
•Neu on lux mul iplica ion ia (n,2n) eac ions in 9Be.
•The mal di usion and g adien bu e ing.
3. B eede /coolan (60–80 mm): liquid FLiBe (6LiF–BeF2). Func ions:
•T i ium b eeding ia 6Li(n,α)T (σ∼940 ba ns).
•Hea ex ac ion a 700–800◦C o sCO2B ay on cycle.
•Compa ibili y wi h SiC coa ings o minimize co osion/e osion.
•Op ional B4C lamina es (2–3 mm) o cap u e esidual neu ons.
4. S uc u al/back pla e (20–30 mm): RAFM e i ic–ma ensi ic s eel (e.g., EUROFER97).
Func ions:
•Mechanical suppo o he modula ca idge.
•In eg a ion o cooling mic ochannels and mani olds o ex ac ion o exchange s.
The mal con e sion pa h (baseline). Cap u ed hea is conduc ed o a closed B ay on cycle
wi h supe c i ical CO2, wi h e iciency ηel ∼0.45–0.50 unde nominal ope a ion. This alue is adop ed
as he e e ence e iciency o o o sizing.
Ad anced op ion (Appendix A). In al e na i e con igu a ions wi h eu ec ic LiPb (17Li–83Pb),
b eede channels may also unc ion as MHD condui s unde a dedica ed B∼5T ield. This would
enable di ec elec ical con e sion wi h addi ional e iciency ηMHD ∼5–10%, albei a he cos o g ea e
echnological complexi y.
Modula shielding and eplacemen . The ho pla e coupled o he NEH adia o is implemen ed
as a emo able ca idge, o al hickness pla e ∼20–30 cm:
•Robo ized eplacemen e e y ∼105cycles (≈1.5yea s a nominal cadence).
•Independen dome s. pla e eplacemen , educing cos s and down ime.
•Modula a chi ec u e: local e osion o poin ac i a ion does no comp omise he en i e cell.
23
4.6 De ailed A chi ec u e o he NEH Dome: T unca ed Hexagonal P ism
(Speci ica ions)
This subsec ion de elops he cons uc ion aspec s o he NEH Dome and i s in eg a ion in o a emo -
able in eg a ed module (MIDH: Dome + Ho -pla e + NEH). While Sec. 4.1.2 es ablishes li e ime
and eplacemen c i e ia a he cell le el, he e he physical and enginee ing cha ac e is ics o he
ca idge a e de ailed: geome y, laye s ack, mechanical, hyd aulic and elec ical in e aces, as well as
he mal budge and mass es ima es.
Th oughou he documen he ollowing nomencla u e is used:
•NEH blanke : he global neu on ene gy ex ac ion and con e sion sys em o he plan .
•La e al NEH ca idge: emo able modula uni on ails, including b eede +mode a o +in e nal
s uc u es (1–2 yea eplacemen ).
•In eg a ed Dome–Ho Pla e–NEH Module (MIDH): also e med Modula Remo able Base (BEM),
g ouping he dome, ho -pla e and ull NEH (5–7 yea eplacemen ).
4.6.1 Mac oscopic geome y
•Type: unca ed hexagonal p ism (hexagonal base, six inclined aces, uppe unca ion).
•Base side: s= 1.00 m, base a ea Aho =3√3
2s2≈2.60 m2.
•In e nal heigh : Hdome = 0.22m( ange 0.18–0.25 m).
•Uppe unca ion: coaxial hexagon s op = 0.25mwi h cen al axial po .
•Back pla e (do sal): do sal = 20 mm RAFM/ODS (15–25 mm).
4.6.2 Po s and “snipe -holes”
Cen al axial po (injec ion/diagnos ics):
•In e nal diame e : ⊘100 mm (indus ial s anda d c i e ion).
•W line 6 mm; ace ed shu e wi h diaph agm- ype opening (<5ms).
•Coaxial axis ole ance <100 µm.
Pe iphe al po s (auxilia y op ics):
•Numbe : 6 (one pe ace), inclina ion 12◦–18◦.
•Diame e : ⊘40–50 mm, W line 3–5 mm.
•Laby in h slo + local He pu ge.
24
Figu e 3: Technical schema ic o he unca ed p ism NEH Dome, showing geome y and nominal
dimensions: base side s= 1.0m, heigh H= 0.25 m, cen al axial po ⊘100 mm wi h as -closing
ace ed shu e (<5ms), and six pe iphe al po s ⊘40–50 mm (inclina ion 12–18◦), equipped wi h
ungs en line s (3–5 mm). The design ensu es compa ibili y wi h coaxial and pe iphe al lase beams
while minimizing adia i e leakage du ing ope a ion.
25
4.9 A chi ec u e o he Neu on Ene gy Ha es e (NEH) and ma e ial spec-
i ica ions
The mul ilaye NEH blanke cons i u es he p ima y in e ace o cap u e and con e sion o usion ene gy
(14.1 MeV neu ons and 3.5 MeV αpa icles). I s design op imizes: (i) esis ance o epe i i e pulsed
loading, (ii) neu on mode a ion/abso p ion down o he 6Li cap u e window, (iii) i ium b eeding wi h
TBR ≥1.05, and (i ) hea ex ac ion a high lux densi y, in eg a ed in he cell ca idge (Dome +
ho -pla e + NEH) desc ibed in Sec. 4.1 and Sec. 4.6.
Scope and geome ic a ian s.
•Wall/blanke (py amidal aces): hin s ack, dis ibu ed load.
•Base (ho -pla e) wi h dome: ein o ced i s wall and la ge hyd aulic sec ion, inc easing
cap u e ac ion εcap by geome ic low bias.
4.9.1 Func ional s ack (plasma ace →in e io )
1. PFC (Plasma-Facing Componen ): W o W–SiC ce me .
Wall: =20–30 mm; Base: =40–50 mm. Func ions: s op α(∼20% E us), wi hs and he mal
shock, i s nspec al condi ioning.
2. Mode a o /mul iplie : Be/BeO and/o C/SiC, =40–60 mm. Func ions: slow down 14 MeV n
→0.1–1 MeV; mul iplica ion (n, 2n)in Be.
3. B eede + coolan : baseline FLiBe (Li2BeF4) en iched in 6Li, =60–80 mm, channels ∅20–
30 mm. Op ion: LiPb (17Li–83Pb) (see Appendix ??).
4. Abso be / ine shield: B4C / Gd2O3/ H , =20–30 mm.
5. Rea s uc u al pla e: RAFM o Ti–6Al–4V, ≃20 mm, wi h mic ochannels and ca idge
ancho s.
32

4.9.2 The mo–mechanical p ope ies (guideline anges)
Table 6: P ope ies by laye /ma e ial (indica i e in si u design alues).
Ma e ial T[K] k[W/mK] cp[kJ/kgK] ρ[g/cm3] CTE [10−6/K] Guideline limi
W (PFC) 800–1200 120–170 0.13–0.16 19.3 4.5–5.0 ∆Tpulse ≤
300 K; σeq <0.6σy
W–SiC (PFC) 800–1200 60–110 0.20–0.35 11–15 5–6 Toughness ↑, he -
mal shock ↑
Be / BeO (mod.) 600–900 180–220 1.6–1.9 1.85 / 3.0 11–12 Encapsula ed due
o oxici y
C/SiC (mod.) 700–1100 120–180 0.75–0.9 2.9–3.2 4–5 Low CTE; good di -
usi i y
LiPb (b eede ) 900–1100 12–16 0.20–0.30 9.4–10.5 25–30 Conduc o ; MHD
op ion (App. A.1)
FLiBe (b eede ) 900–1050 1–2 1.9–2.2 1.9–2.1 20–22 Elec ically insula -
ing; chemically s a-
ble
B4C (abso .) 600–900 15–30 0.75–0.85 2.5–2.6 4–5 10B: high he mal
σa
Gd2O3(abso .) 600–900 6–10 0.35–0.45 7.4 8–9 Gd-157: e y high
he mal σa
H (abso .) 600–900 20–23 0.15–0.20 13.3 5–6 Duc ile abso be in
pla es
RAFM (pla e) 600–800 15–25 0.45–0.60 7.7–7.9 11–12 Low ac i a ion;
weldabili y
Ti–6Al–4V (pla e) 500–800 6–7 0.55–0.70 4.43 8–9 σy(500◦C) ∼450–
600 MPa
4.9.3 Neu onic pa ame e s and TBR
•Ini ial condi ioning in PFC (W/W–SiC): γa enua ion and con olled spu e ing.
•Mode a ion/mul iplica ion: Be/BeO educes En o 0.1–1 MeV (6Li window) and mul iplies
lux ia (n,2n).
•B eede : baseline FLiBe wi h en iched 6Li sized o TBR ≥1.05 a eal angula co e age; LiPb
op ion (App. ??) when olume ic powe densi y is p io i ized.
•Abso be : B4C / Gd2O3cap u es esidual he mal ails and p o ec s he ea pla e.
4.9.4 Hyd aulic and he mal sizing (baseline FLiBe)
Ene gy closu e pe ca idge (consis en wi h Secs. 4.4 and 4.2).
Y us = 20 MJ, cell = 0.25 Hz, εcap = 0.90, ξ = 0.90, ηel = 0.50.
The mal powe pe cycle pe ca idge:
P h,in =Y us cell (εcap ξ) = 20 ×0.25 ×0.81 ≈4.05 MW h.
Ne elec ic powe (wi hou MHD in he main chain):
Pe,cell =P h,in ηel ≈4.05 ×0.50 ≈2.03 MW.
33
Requi ed FLiBe low. Taking ∆TFLiBe = 150 K (e.g. 950 →1100 K) and cp≃2.0 kJ/(kg K):
˙mFLiBe =P h,in
cp∆T≈4.05 ×106
2000 ×150 ≈13.5kg/s.
Design guideline:˙m= 12−18 kg/spe ca idge ( al e-adjus able) wi h ypical channel eloci ies
u= 1−3 m/s.
Channel geome y and eloci ies. Fo ci cula channels ∅20−30 mm, he o al hyd aulic a ea
equi ed o u∼2.0 m/sis:
Q=˙m
ρ≈13.5
2000 ≈6.8×10−3m3/s, A o =Q
u≈3.4×10−3m2.
Wi h 36 channels o ∅20 mm (uni a ea ≈3.14 ×10−4m2), A o ≈1.13 ×10−2m2⇒u≈0.6 m/s
( e y conse a i e egime). I is ecommended o modula e he numbe o channels (24–60) o keep
u∈[1,3] m/sand Re ∼104−105( u bulen ).
Dimensionless numbe s (FLiBe, 1000 K).
Re = ρuDh
µ,P = µcp
k(∼10−15),Pe = Re P .
Fo Dh=25 mm, u=2 m/s, µ≈6×10−3Pa s, ρ≈2000 kg/m3:Re ≈1.7×104( u bulen ). Wi h
k=1.5 W/mK,P ≈8−12. Use u bulen co ela ions wi h high P and sho -en y he mal e ec s
(dome blocks).
LiPb op ion (quick e e ence; de ails in App. ??). Wi h cp∼0.2 kJ/(kg K) and ∆T∼200 K,
he same P h,in equi es ˙mLiPb ∼100 kg/s. Recommended u= 3−5 m/s, edox con ol, and ce amic
coa ings in he channel.
4.9.5 Chemical managemen and i ium ex ac ion
•FLiBe (baseline): edox po en ial con ol (Be/BeF2pai s), T ex ac ion ia He bubbling and
cold aps; compa ibili y wi h ce amic insula o s and me allic C-seals.
•LiPb (op ion): Al/Z ge e s, degassing, memb ane pe mea o s o T2/HT; p o ec i e coa ings
(selec i e aluminiza ion, ni ides) a in e aces.
•TBR: 6Li en ichmen and ull angula dome co e age gua an ee TBR ≥1.05 a nominal ca idge
powe .
4.9.6 Fab ica ion, QA/QC and main enance
•Segmen ed PFC: W/W–SiC ace s (b azing o di usion), RT/UT on join s.
•Mic ochannel blocks: L-PBF o HIP+machining; in e nal coa ing SiC/Al2O3.
•Back pla e (RAFM/Ti): o ging+LAM, s ess elie ; INVAR inse s o CTE g ading.
•In-se ice NDT: phased-a ay UT, eddy cu en s; DTS ibe op ics in channels.
•Modules: BEM (Dome+NEH+ho -pla e) and SC-NEH (la e al sub-ca idge) as pe Sec. 4.6.
34
4.9.7 Limi s and li e ime
•PFC he mal shock: ∆Tpulse ≲300 K; g adien <5–8 K/mm.
•Equi alen s esses: σeq <0.6σy(T); Mine Pni/Ni<0.2pe ca idge.
•Neu on luence: eplacemen be o e 10–20 dpa in PFC/mode a o (1–3 yea window depending
on cadence).
•Co osion/e osion: u≤5 m/son walls; edox con ol + coa ings a high-shea co ne s.
4.9.8 Pe o mance closu e (baseline wi hou MHD in chain)
Y us = 20 MJ, cell = 0.25 Hz,
εcap = 0.90, ξ = 0.90 ⇒P h,in ≈4.05 MW h,
ηel = 0.50 ⇒Pe,cell ≈2.03 MW.
No e: he in eg a ion o MHD con e sion wi h LiPb, i s igu es o me i (Ha, N,Rm) and pa ial
elec ical gains a e documen ed sepa a ely in Appendix A.1 and a e no pa o he baseline ene gy
chain in his sec ion.
4.10 Main enance and Ca idge Replacemen
P elimina y no e. The physical a chi ec u e o he ca idges (dome+NEH+ho pla e) is de eloped
in Sec. 4.6, while hei ene gy ole pe cell is analyzed in Sec. 4.1.1. He e we add ess exclusi ely he
logic o main enance and eplacemen a he sys em scale.
Ho -pla e ca idge design. Each usion cell base in eg a es a modula NEH ca idge o 200–
300 mm, wi h ypical s a i ica ion:
•F on ile (20–30 mm): W–SiC, exposed o di ec lux, designed o wi hs and he mal shocks
∆T∼200–300 K and 105cycles.
•In e media e slab (150–200 mm): b eede /coolan (FLiBe en iched in 6Li), wi h channels ⊘20–
30 mm o ˙m= 50–100 kg/s.
•Back pla e (30–50 mm): RAFM s eel, wi h mic ochannels o seconda y e acua ion and shielding.
Moun ed on a h ee-poin kinema ic moun , wi h adial locking pins and p isma ic guides ensu ing
posi ional epea abili y o ±0.2mm e en a e dozens o eplacemen s.
35
Robo ic eplacemen sys em. The o o ope a es in a ick-disc e ized egime (Sec. 4.3), such ha
a cell pe iodically aligns wi h ixed se ice s a ions:
1. S a ion Nx(ex ac ion): a obo ic a m eleases he pins, disconnec s se ices ( luid, senso s),
emo es he deg aded ca idge, and places i in o a shielded con aine wi h hea y/bo a ed wa e
o cooling.
2. S a ion Nx+1 (inse ion): a second a m posi ions a new ca idge, aligns i wi h lase iducials,
and secu es i wi h au oma ic pins. Sealing is alida ed wi h o ce senso s and 3D ision.
Cycle ime: 45–60 s pe ca idge, compa ible wi h con inuous ope a ion.
Manipula o candida es. Indus ial p eceden s demons a e easibili y:
•Fanuc M-2000iA/2300: payload 2.3 , each 3.7 m, epea abili y ±0.2 mm.
•KUKA KR QUANTEC ul a: payload 300 kg, epea abili y ±0.06 mm (applicable o op ical
ca idges).
•AREVA/Wes inghouse elemanipula o s: designed o uel ods in ission eac o s.
•ITER Remo e Handling Sys em: eplacemen o FW modules o 4–6 in i adia ed en i onmen s.
Replacemen in e al. Fo loads ∼1MW/m2and li e Ncycles ∼105:
li e =Ncycles
cell
=105
0.25 ≈1.1×106s≈4.6days.
A eplacemen is scheduled e e y 3–5 days pe ca idge. A s agge ed plan ensu es ha ∼2–3 ca idges
a e eplaced pe day in s eady ope a ion, wi hou ne powe loss.
Con inuous ope a ion and passi e sa e y.
•The o o hal s in in e als o 0.67 s, ad ancing in ixed icks; each cell, du ing hose 0.67 seconds,
is in a di e en s a e o he cycle and pe o ms i s unc ion wi hin ha ime ame.
•Deg aded ca idges a e sealed in bo a ed s eel con aine s o anspo / ep ocessing.
•Redundan manipula o s ensu e con inui y in he e en o ailu e.
•Global powe impac : ins an aneous d op <2% and ull eco e y wi hin ∼1 min.
Managemen o op ical consumables and senso s. Windows, il e s, and op ical ca idges a e
in eg a ed as in e changeable consumables using he same manipula o s. Wi h a li e ime o ∼104sho s
pe window (∼11 h a 0.25 Hz), eplacemen is p ac ically daily. The cos will depend on uni p ice; he
de elopmen o coa ings (Si3N4, DLC) is being conside ed o ex end se ice li e o 3–5 days, educing
logis ics and ope a ing expense.
Ope a ional balance. The modula eplacemen sys em main ains:
ηa ail >0.98 (global plan a ailabili y),
ensu ing con inui y o elec ical ou pu and educing in en o y o c i ical pa s. The s a egy u ns
main enance in o a p og ammed and con inuous ope a ion, mo e akin o eplacing p in e ca idges
han o majo ou age cycles o a con en ional eac o .
36
4.11 Lase and Senso Assembly (Apex + Edge Pods)
Po placemen s a egy. To minimize neu on lux and di ec he mal load, no po s a e placed on
he base o a i s e ices. The inal a chi ec u e combines:
•Apex po (p ima y coaxial beam): a e ses he symme y axis o he unca ed hexagonal
py amid, deli e ing he main beam o he a ge h ough in e nal olding op ics.
•Edge pods (auxilia y oblique beams): h ee o ou pods embedded in he uppe edges o he
py amid, a ∼2/3heigh ela i e o he base, each wi h an obliqui y o 15–25◦ owa d he a ge .
Lase clus e and edundancy. Each po moun s a iple clus e o high-ene gy lase s, ope a ing
in ound– obin mode o dis ibu e luence, wi h ho –s andby edundancy in case o ailu e.
•T ipled Nd:glass (351 nm): NIF/LMJ e e ence; pulse ene gy 0.3–0.7 MJ.
•K F excime (248 nm): high epe i ion, applicable o auxilia y pods.
•OPCPA pe awa : ul asho s a up/condi ioning pulses.
The ene gy deli e ed pe po is 0.3–0.7 MJ; wi h 4–5 ac i e po s he o al ene gy on a ge is 1–2 MJ.
De o mable mi o s main ain phase e o <10 ps and o e lap <0.5mm on he pelle .
Op ical p o ec ion and consumables. Each po inco po a es:
•Sac i icial windows: baseline li e ime 104sho s.
•Segmen ed ace ed windows (8–16 sec o s): inc ease e ec i e li e ime by ×8–12, educing
OPEX om ∼70 M€/yea (unmi iga ed) o ∼1M€/yea o a 24-cell FRE o o .
•Face ed ce amic shu e s: closing ≤2ms du ing he ha es phase, dis ibu ing e osion.
•Local d y He pu ges: p e en condensa e deposi ion and ex end op ical li e ime.
Replacemen s a e pe o med ho using he same obo ic manipula o s as o he ca idges (Sec. 4.10),
homogenizing main enance logis ics.
In eg a ed senso ics.
•Coaxial in e e ome y: h ough he axial po , measu ing implosion and symme y.
•Fas pho odiodes and scin illa o s: in edge pods, behind Be/SiC shielding, o iming and
neu on spec um.
•Fibe -op ic eleme y: da a + clock dis ibu ed o he cen al bus; closed-loop poin ing co ec-
ion (<1m ad).
37

•Wi hou segmen a ion: cos >70 M€/yea in op ical consumables (windows, il e s) o a 24-cell
FRE.
•Wi h coa ings + segmen a ion (×105e ec i e sho s/window): cos ∼7–14 M€/yea .
•Wi h 12-sec o segmen ed window + He pu ge: cos ∼0.6–1.2 M€/yea , le el compa ible
wi h e e ence OPEX.
This a chi ec u e makes main enance economically iable, elimina ing op ics as a bo leneck.
Pa ame e Nominal Range
No. o po s 1 apex + 3 pods 1 apex + 4 pods
Incidence (pods) 20◦15–25◦
Ene gy/po 0.5 MJ 0.3–0.7 MJ
To al a ge ene gy 1.5 MJ 1–2 MJ
Tempo al phase e o <10 ps <20 ps
Pelle o e lap <0.5mm <1.0mm
Window li e ime (unmi iga ed) 104sho s 5×103–2×104
E ec i e li e ime (segmen ed) 1.0–1.2×106depends on msec o s
FRE windows OPEX (24 cells) 0.6–1.2M€/yea (wi h mi iga ion)
Shu e ime ≤2ms ≤5ms
Table 7: Op ical and senso pa ame e s (apex po + edge pods).
Figu e 5: Schema ic c oss-sec ion o a usion cell ( unca ed hexagonal py amid wi h NEH dome). The
coaxial beam om he apex and he auxilia y oblique beams om edge pods a e ep esen ed. All
con e ge on he D–T pelle , dis ibu ing ene gy and educing localized damage on a single po .
38
4.12 Uni Cos and Mass pe Cell (bo om–up model, RAFM s uc u e +
W–SiC PFC + FLiBe)
Objec i e and scope. Bo om–up es ima ion o uni cos and mass o a hexagonal py amidal
cell in nominal con igu a ion: RAFM s eel s uc u e (low ac i a ion), W–SiC PFC on ho –pla e
wi h dome, FLiBe b eede en iched in 6Li, and RAFM back pla e. This con igu a ion ma e ializes
he minimum-cos MVP, while main aining adequa e he mal and mechanical pe o mance.
Key p ocesses (RAFM s uc u e).
•Lamina ion + CNC machining: RAFM panels 12–25 mm; d illing/mani olds; lange su acing.
•EBW/GTAW welding in ine chambe : panel join s, ibs, and suppo s; con olled p ehea -
ing.
•Modula assembly: ibs and s i ene s, docking langes, ca idge sea s, and posi ioning keys.
•QA/QC: phased-a ay UT, eddy cu en es ing, and leak es ing (He <10−9mba ·L/s) in
eed h oughs and langes.
Geome ic assump ions (NEH wi h dome). Consis en wi h Secs. 4.9 and 4.8: ho base a ea
Aho ≈2.6 m2; W–SiC PFC PFC = 45 mm; FLiBe b eede b = 120 mm (base wi h dome); RAFM
back pla e back =30 mm; ex e nal py amidal s uc u e in RAFM (12–20 mm panels + ibs).
Masses (nominal). Densi ies: ρWSiC ≈12,500 kg/m3,ρFLiBe ≈2,000 kg/m3,ρRAFM ≈7,800 kg/m3.
mPFC =Aho PFC ρWSiC = 2.6×0.045 ×12,500 ≈1,463 kg,
mb =Aho b ρFLiBe = 2.6×0.12 ×2,000 ≈624 kg,
mback =Aho back ρRAFM = 2.6×0.03 ×7,800 ≈608 kg,
ms uc ≈RAFM (walls+ ibs) ⇒3.0–3.6 .
No e: The highe Young’s modulus o RAFM (∼200 GPa) allows sligh ly hinne panels han Ti while
main aining lexu al s i ness; he lowe he mal conduc i i y o Ti compa ed o RAFM (6–7 s 15–25
W/mK) makes RAFM p e e able o la e al he mal sp eading o he base.
Raw ma e ial cos s (bulk p ocu emen ). Guide p ices: RAFM ∼7EUR/kg, e ec i e W–SiC
∼110 EUR/kg, FLiBe en iched (base wi h dome) equi alen cos ∼0.30–0.60 M EUR/cell (includes 6Li
su cha ge and nuclea -g ade uel sal ).
Cma (RAFM s uc )≈(3.3 )×7≈0.023 M EUR,
Cma (WSiC PFC)≈1.463 ×110 ≈0.161 M EUR,
Cma (FLiBe)≈nominal 0.45 M EUR (0.30–0.60),
Cma (RAFM back)≈0.608 ×7≈0.004 M EUR.
P ocess and QA cos s (o de o magni ude).
•RAFM s uc u e (lamina ion+machining+welding+QA): 0.20–0.26 M EUR (nominal
0.22).
•NEH ca idge (W–SiC PFC machining, assembly, FLiBe cleaning/loading, mic ochan-
nels, NDT): 0.35–0.50 M EUR (nominal 0.42).
39
Lase d i e s, senso s, and auxilia ies (se ies).
•Lase s + op ics/ ibe + windows/shu e s + senso s: 0.80–1.00 M EUR (nominal 0.90).
•Auxilia ies (piping/mani olds/ al es/suppo s/insula ion): 0.20–0.35 M EUR (nominal
0.28).
Block Nominal mass Nominal cos (M EUR/cell)
RAFM s uc u e (lamina ion+mach.+weld.) 3.0–3.6 Ma . ∼0.023; P oc. ∼0.22 ⇒0.24
W–SiC PFC (45 mm) 1.46 0.161
FLiBe b eede (120 mm) 0.62 0.45
RAFM back pla e (30 mm) 0.61 0.004
NEH: ma e ials (sub o al) ∼2.69 0.615
NEH: p ocesses & QA –0.42
Lase s + senso s ≪0.1 0.90
Auxilia ies ( luid/suppo s) 0.2–0.3 0.28
To als pe cell ∼6.4–7.0 2.50 M EUR
Table 8: Bo om–up b eakdown o mass and cos pe cell wi h RAFM s uc u e and backpla e, W–SiC
PFC, and FLiBe b eede (baseline MVP). Typical anges: 2.35–2.95 M EUR/cell depending on supplie
and olume.
Summa y (MVP) and ein o cemen op ions
Cell (MVP): mcell ≈6.7 ; Ccell ≈2.50 M EUR ( ange 2.35–2.95).
Op ional s uc u al ein o cemen : i e i ica ion o cen i ugal/shock loads indica es low ma gins,
add comp ession ings a he base edge, adial s ays, and longi udinal s inge s in RAFM. Typical im-
pac : +0.2–0.5 and +0.05–0.12 M EUR pe cell, main aining compa ibili y wi h docking and IGBI.
Ma e ial sensi i i y (pe cell):
•Solid W ins ead o W–SiC: +0.15–0.30 M EUR, +0.7–0.9 . •LiPb ins ead o FLiBe: mb →4.7
; Cma simila o lowe , bu +4 o o al mass (penalizes ine ia).
•Ti s uc u e (SPF/DB+WAAM) ins ead o RAFM: −1.5–2.0 , bu +0.25–0.45 M EUR/cell (p o-
cesses and aw ma e ial).
Technical no es. (1) RAFM baseline educes CAPEX compa ed o Ti and imp o es la e al he mal
sp ead ela i e o a Ti backpla e. (2) FLiBe baseline minimizes he mass o uel sal in he dome
base; he 6Li en ichmen su cha ge is included in he ange. (3) S uc u al ein o cemen s ( ings,
s ays, s inge s) a e modeled as add-on ki s pe cell based on o o dynamics and he mal shock esul s,
wi hou al e ing in e aces wi h se ice s a ions o IGBI.
4.13 Cos pe o o and pe campus
Assump ions.
•Baseline cos pe cell (RAFM + W–SiC + FLiBe): 2.50 M€.
•Op ional s uc u al ein o cemen ( ings, s ays, s inge s): +0.05–0.12 M€/cell (nominal +0.08).
•Ne powe pe cell (calib a ion Secs. 4.1–4.3): Pe,cell = 2.03 MW.
40
Cos pe o o (Ncells).
Cbase
o o (N)=2.50 N[M€],∆C e (N) = (0.05–0.12) N[M€].
Con igu a ion N Cbase
o o [M€]Cnom+ e
o o [M€]C ange+ e
o o [M€]
MVP 18 45.0 46.44 45.9 – 47.16
FRE ( e e ence) 24 60.0 61.92 61.2 – 62.88
High capaci y 60 150.0 154.80 153.0 – 157.2
Table 9: Ro o cos wi h baseline 2.50 M€/cell and op ional ein o cemen (nominal +0.08 M€/cell).
Speci ic capi al (cell ha dwa e only).
Cbase
o o
P o o
=2.50 N
2.03 N≈1.23 M EUR/MWel,Cnom+ e
o o
P o o ≈1.27 M EUR/MWel.
(P o o = 2.03 NMW; ein o cemen ba ely al e s he pe -MW a io.)
Campus cos (48 o o s).
•Campus wi h FRE o o s (24 cells):
Cbase
campus = 48 ×60.0=2,880 M€, Cnom+ e
campus = 48 ×61.92=2,972.16 M€.
Range wi h ein o cemen : 48 ×[61.2,62.88] = [2,937.6,3,018.24] M€.
•Campus wi h 60-cell o o s:
Cbase
campus = 48 ×150.0 = 7,200 M€, Cnom+ e
campus = 48 ×154.8=7,430.4M€.
Range wi h ein o cemen : 48 ×[153.0,157.2] = [7,344,7,545.6] M€.
Quick Summa y
Pe cell (baseline): 2.50 M€.Op ional ein o cemen : +0.05–0.12 M€/cell (nom. +0.08).
FRE o o (24 cells): 60.0 M€(base) →61.92 M€(nom. wi h ein o cemen ).
Campus (48 FRE o o s): 2.88 B€(base) →2.97 B€(nom. wi h ein o cemen ).
Speci ic CapEx (cells only): ∼1.23 M€/MWel (base) → ∼1.27 M€/MWel (wi h ein o cemen ).
No e: These igu es do no include powe island (B ay on/sCO2), balance o plan , ci il wo ks,
c yogenics, acuum, obo ic ne wo k/s a ions, o con ingencies; hese a e added in Sec. 5.
41
A Complemen a y and op ional echnologies
This appendix compiles ad anced echnologies which, while no pa o he e e ence design (baseline
RAFM + W–SiC + FLiBe + B ay on cycle), may be conside ed as u u e op imiza ion and ex ension
pa hways o he modula MRFEP sys em.
A.1 Magne ohyd odynamic (MHD) con e sion
The use o a conduc i e liquid b eede (e.g. LiPb) opens he possibili y o ex ac ing addi ional powe
ia di ec MHD con e sion in in eg a ed duc s. This scheme exploi s he Lo en z o ce on ee cha ges
in a low ans e se o a s ong magne ic ield (B= 5–10 T) gene a ed by supe conduc ing coils in he
o o hub.
Physical model.
j=σ(E+ ×B),Eind = B a,
whe e σis he conduc i i y o LiPb, he low eloci y, and a he elec ode spacing. The ex ac able
powe densi y is:
p=σB2 2K
(1+K)2, pmax =1
4σB2 2(K= 1).
Design example.
•Rec angula duc : a= 30 mm, h= 150 mm, L= 1.0m.
•Flow: = 3 m/s, σ= 106S/m, B= 5 T.
•Ne powe : ∼0.14 MW/duc (wi h e iciency ηelec ∼0.6).
Scaling. Wi h wo duc s pe ca idge and 60 ca idges pe o o :
PMHD, o o ≈15–18 MW,
p o iding 10–15% addi ional ou pu , wi h ohmic hea e u ned o he B ay on cycle. The echnology
p esen s ma e ial challenges (elec odes, co osion) and is conside ed op ional, no included in he
baseline economics.
A.2 Di ec con e sion o adia ion and pa icles
Ano he explo a o y pa hway is di ec cap u e o ene gy om cha ged pa icles and high-ene gy adia-
ion:
•Elec os a ics o alphas: high- ol age g ids o con e αkine ic ene gy in o elec ici y.
•The mionic/pho o ol aic cells: pa ial con e sion o he mal adia ion and b emss ahlung.
•Gamma adia ion cap u e: s ill a a e y p elimina y s age, wi h low yields.
These op ions a e o academic in e es bu a e no included in he baseline ene gy balance.
48

A.3 Ad anced ma e ials and hyb id b eede s
Al e na i e con igu a ions o he FLiBe baseline can be conside ed:
•Liquid LiPb: high pe o mance o i ium b eeding, bu penaliza ion in mass and highe co o-
si i y.
•Be/SiC: as a neu on mul iplie , compa ible wi h RAFM.
•MHD-compa ible coa ings: TiN, SiC, Al2O3 o educe pa asi ic cu en s in conduc i e lows.
These op ions a e classi ied as explo a o y and o selec i e applica ion.
A.4 O he u u e op imiza ion ou es
•HTS supe conduc o s: mo e compac ield coils wi h educed c yogenic demand.
•In eg a ed powe elec onics: MPPT and DC/AC con e sion in each ca idge, o g ea e
lexibili y o g id coupling.
•High- epe i ion op ics: de o mable mi o s and ul a as OPCPA o ope a ion in egimes >0.5
Hz.
Taken oge he , hese complemen a y echnologies ep esen possible e olu iona y ex ensions o he
MRFEP. The p esen s udy ocuses on he baseline a chi ec u e alida ed in cos and pe o mance,
lea ing hese pa hways as a ield o u u e esea ch and de elopmen .
49
B Example o a Full-Scale MRFEP Plan Implemen a ion
This sec ion desc ibes a e e ence ull-scale plan design o a Modula Ro a y Fusion Ene gy Plan
(MRFEP) based on a single o o s ack wi h N= 60 hexagonal py amidal cells a anged in h ee axial
ie s (20 cells pe ie ). The alues p esen ed a e o o de o magni ude, indica i e and subjec o
ci il/MEP e inemen , and se e as a amewo k o compa ison wi h ission plan s in Sec. 6.
B.1 Si e layou and land equi emen s
Gene al plo . A plan wi h Pel,ne ≃26–50 MW (B ay on+MHD) can be deployed on a enced plo
o ∼1–1.5 ha (12,000–15,000 m2), including main buildings, se ice ya ds, ai -coole s o d y coole s, and
a compac subs a ion (132–220 kV). The oo p in o he main powe block is ∼0.3–0.5 ha.
Zoning. The si e is di ided in o:
1. Reac o Building (RB): houses he o o s ack and biological shielding.
2. Powe Con e sion Building (PCB): B ay on sCO2 u bomachine y, hea exchange s and MHD
con e e s.
3. Auxilia ies: acuum, c yogenics, i ium handling, wa e ea men .
4. Adminis a ion and Con ol Building (A&C): con ol oom, o ices, QA/QC, HSE.
5. Elec ical subs a ion: g id connec ion, ans o me s and MCC.
B.2 Reac o Building (RB): geome y and shielding
S ack en elope. Each ie houses 20 cells wi h inne diame e D loo ≈19–20 m and clea heigh
H loo ≈6m (igni ion, coupling, cooling, inspec ion bay). The comple e h ee- ie s ack equi es Hs ack ≈
18 m.
Biological shielding. The RB in eg a es an inne lining o Ti-6Al-4V (50–80 mm), s uc u al s eel
ibs, and a hea y conc e e wall (ba i e/s eel) o Tbio ≈1.5–2.0 m. The adius de elops om he cen e :
Rcells ∼9.5m, se ice ing (1–1.5 m) and shielding (1.5–2.0 m), yielding DRB ∼24–26 m and in e nal
heigh ∼30 m. The ex e nal cylinde wi h lining and seismic clea ance eaches 28–30 m in diame e and
32–35 m in heigh .
Coupling a c and obo ics. Each ie in eg a es a coupling a c wi h wo obo ic s a ions (Nxex ac-
ion, Nx+1 inse ion). Co ido s o 2.5–3.0 m and ails o obo s a e p o ided. On he oo , a 20–30
o e head c ane is ins alled o ca idges and la ge componen s.
50
B.3 Unde g ound eac o hall and shielded basemen s
Concep . The s ack is ins alled in a ci cula hea y ein o ced-conc e e unde g ound pi , lined in e -
nally wi h me al, educing su ace olume and adiological “skyshine” isk.
Geome y. Clea inne diame e Dpi ≈24–26 m, dep h Hpi ≈18–20 m (3 le els o ∼6 m). Me al
line 50–80 mm, hea y conc e e wall 1.5–2.0 m, and a pe iphe al galle y 1.5–2.0 m o se ices and
obo ics.
Cons uc ion aspec s. Includes wa e p oo ing and d ainage (sumps N+1), an i-buoyancy ballas o
ancho ing, double ba ie s a pene a ions, nuclea -g ade seismic ein o cemen , and en ila ion wi h
chimneys and HEPA/ca aly ic il e s o i ium managemen .
Ope a ion. NEH ca idges a e exchanged om he op pla o m using obo ic manipula o s and he
o e head c ane. The unde g ound con igu a ion minimizes isible oo p in and imp o es adiological
con ainmen .
B.4 Powe con e sion and auxilia ies
B ay on sCO2 ain. Fo P h ≃30–72 MW, a B ay on cycle deli e s Pel ≃11–32 MW (35–45% ne ).
The PCB houses one o wo CTG ains o 30–40 MW, wi h ho -side exchange s and ecupe a o s. A
hall o ∼40–50 m ×18 m is su icien .
MHD ec i ica ion. Two LiPb duc s pe cell (Sec. ??) eed DC busba s and s a ic con e e s. ∼120–
180 m2is alloca ed o busba s and DC cabine s pe plan .
Hea ejec ion. Ai -coole s/d y coole s o 1,200–2,500 m2, wi h ze o o minimal wa e consump ion.
Auxilia y se ices. A hall o ∼20m×12 m o acuum, c yogenics, He/N2plan , and i ium
ex ac ion (double con ainmen , double-wall piping).
B.5 Pe sonnel and Ope a ions
Shi s. 24/7 ope a ion wi h h ee shi s:
•Con ol oom: 3–4 ope a o s.
•RB/PCB ield echnicians: 8–10.
•Radiological/ i ium p o ec ion: 2.
•U ili ies/secu i y: 2–3.
To al pe shi : 15–20. To al s a : 60–90.
B.6 Su ace a ea and s a ing compa ison
An MRFEP o 26–50 MW occupies 1–1.5 ha and equi es 60–90 pe sonnel. As a e e ence: a 600 MW
ission uni occupies dozens o hec a es and hund eds o s a ; a 300–600 MW CCGT plan occupies 1–5
ha and 30–60 s a bu uses ossil uel.
51
Scena io Pel,ne (MW) GWh/day Households (10,328 kWh/d)
Conse a i e 26 0.624 ∼60,400
Nominal 38 0.912 ∼88,300
Op imis ic 50 1.200 ∼116,200
Table 14: Daily ene gy and equi alen households supplied by an MRFEP (single o o s ack).
B.7 Ene gy scena ios and household equi alen s
Full-scale implemen a ion summa y. An MRFEP wi h a 60-cell s ack deli e s 26–50 MW ne
elec ic ou pu on a 1–1.5 ha si e, wi h educed s a ing equi emen s and s ong unde g ound in eg a ion
o he eac o . These alues should be conside ed p elimina y, and se e o con ex ualize he de ailed
compa ison wi h con en ional ission ins alla ions in Sec. 6.
52
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