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con inued on nex page
Published by he A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es • 3535 College Road • Sui e 101 • Fai banks, AK 99709
Ch onicles o he NSF A c ic Sciences P og am Sp ing 2003, Volume 10 Numbe 1
ARCTIC
Funded h ough he NSF A c ic Sys em
Science (ARCSS) P og am and he
O ice o Na al Resea ch, he Wes e n A c-
ic Shel -Basin In e ac ions (SBI) p ojec
began in 1999 (see Wi ness Au umn 2001).
The goal o he SBI p ojec is o in es iga e
he p oduc ion, ans o ma ion, and a e
o ca bon a he shel -slope in e ace in he
A c ic, bo h seasonally and in e annually,
as a p elude o unde s anding he impac s
o a po en ial wa ming o he A c ic.
A conside able body o e idence indi-
ca es ha clima e change will signi ican ly
impac he physical and biological linkages
be ween he a c ic shel es and adjacen
ocean basins. Nu ien - ich Paci ic wa e
en e s he egion h ough Be ing S ai
and is modi ied as i ansi s o e he
Chukchi and Beau o shel es and slopes
o he A c ic Basin. Seasonal ice o ma-
ion p oduces b ine ha is en ained in
his no hwa d low and helps main ain
he cu en ice co e in he A c ic. Any
en i onmen al change ha educes he
ex en and hickness o he sea ice in he
Chukchi and Beau o Seas will coinci-
den ly in luence hyd og aphic and ecosys-
em s uc u e, bo h on egional and global
scales. Resea ch suppo ed by SBI he e o e
ocuses on he ou e shel , shel b eak, and
slope, whe e key p ocesses con ol wa e
mass exchange and biogeochemical cycles,
SBI P ojec Comple es Fou C uises in Fi s Field Season
by Jacqueline M. G ebmeie
and whe e he g ea es esponses o clima e
changes a e expec ed o occu .
Phase I o SBI used e ospec i e
esea ch and analyses, oppo unis ic sam-
pling s udies, and modeling o p epa e
o Phase II ieldwo k in he Chukchi and
Beau o Seas. SBI Phase II in ol es 40
p incipal and co-p incipal in es iga o s on
14 in eg a ed p ojec s wo king in he Be -
ing S ai egion and o e he ou e shel
and slope o he Chukchi and Beau o
Seas in o he A c ic Basin om 2002 o
2006. SBI in es iga o s ecen ly comple ed
ou success ul missions in hei i s yea o
ieldwo k using h ee essels (see map):
• USCGC Healy o wo in ensi e p ocess
c uises—one in sp ing (5 May–15 June)
and one in summe (17 July–26 Augus ),
• RV Alpha Helix o a moo ing c uise
20–29 June in Be ing S ai , and
• USCGC Pola S a o a moo ing c uise
15 July–13 Augus in he Chukchi and
Beau o Seas.
Each o he ou c uises enlis ed up o
39 scien is s om 19 ins i u ions in he
U.S., Be muda, Canada, and Eu ope in
his in e disciplina y scien i ic endea o ,
applying a b oad a ay o physical, biogeo-
chemical, and biological measu emen s.
P ocess C uises
The SBI sp ing and summe p ocess c uises
in ol ed a a ie y o s udies, anging om
hyd og aphic measu emen s o biological
s udies o di e en ophic le els. Sampling
echniques a he s a ions o he wo p o-
cess c uises (see map) included:
• a CTD (conduc i i y- empe a u e-
dep h)/ ose e bo le sys em o physical
Each o he wo p ocess c uises in 2002 sampled a 30–50 s a ions on he Chukchi and Beau o shel es and along ou
main shel -basin ansec lines, including wo lines om he Chukchi ou e shel o he A c ic Basin, one line om he
head o he mou h o Ba ow Canyon, and one line om he shel o basin in he Beau o Sea. Figu e by Join O ice o
Science Suppo .
2
3
Fea u e A icle
and hyd obiochemical measu emen s in
he wa e column;
• subsamples om mul iple CTD/ ose e
bo le cas s o p ima y p oduc ion,
bac e ial espi a ion and p oduc ion,
chlo ophyll con en , nu ien s, pa icu-
la e ca bon, ino ganic ca bon, ca bon
bioma ke s, mic ozooplank on, and
s able- and adioiso opes;
• a ious ne s ( e ical, bongo) o size
ac ions o mic o-, mac o-, and meso-
zooplank on o bo h popula ion and
expe imen al pu poses;
• ben hic g abs and co es o collec auna
and sedimen o popula ion, commu-
ni y s uc u e, ood web, ace chemis-
y, and me abolism s udies; and
• in-si u pumps o measu e he ac i i ies o
pa icle- eac i e adionuclides.
The sp ing c uise on he new iceb eake
USCGC Healy (see page 14) was he i s
in e disciplina y esea ch c uise o his
egion a his ime o yea . Scien is s on
bo h he sp ing and summe c uises ound
unusually low ice co e and high sedimen
con en in he i s -yea ice. These sedi-
men s can accele a e mel ing o sea ice and
impac ligh le els and nu ien con en
ha in luence algal p ima y p oduc ion in
he ice laye s and unde lying wa e .
Du ing he sp ing c uise, he su ace
wa e s o e he shel nea Be ing S ai had
high concen a ions o nu ien s, indica ing
ha he main phy oplank on bloom had
no ye begun. Al hough he e was some
a iabili y, ni a e was ela i ely abundan
o e he shel , wi h a declining g adien as
he Healy mo ed o e he slope o he A c-
ic Basin. This lack o ni a e in o sho e
wa e s was somewha su p ising and may
indica e an unusually ea ly bloom in his
egion. Because obse a ions on p oduc i -
i y in his egion a e sca ce, i is di icul
o know i his ea ly bloom is “no mal” o
ela ed o he ecen wa ming o he A c ic.
By compa ison, su ace nu ien
concen a ions we e low h oughou he
summe c uise, coinciden wi h he high-
es wa e column chlo ophyll le el (an
indica o o plan g ow h) nea he bo om,
sugges ing pos -bloom condi ions. Mic o-
scopic analyses o plank on also indica ed
pos -bloom condi ions. Highe le els o
bac e ia and bac e ia-consuming lagella es
occu ed in he uppe wa e column in he
summe , whe eas la ge dia oms (phy o-
plank on) occu ed in a deepe chlo ophyll
maximum laye . This accumula ion and
decay o dia oms a dep h sugges s ha
plank on g aze s a e no able o consume
mos o he sp ing bloom; ins ead, he
bulk o he phy oplank on bloom is ei he
decomposed by mic obes o sinks o he
ben hos.
Obse a ions o sedimen p ocesses
indica e a ying pa e ns o sedimen
ocusing and ca bon ecycling in he SBI
s udy egion. High a es o sedimen ca -
bon me abolism and nu ien lux (indica-
o s o ca bon supply) occu on he shel es,
wi h a gene al end o high o low a es
obse ed om shel o deep basin. Ben hic
mac o aunal popula ions also indica e a
declining end in ca bon deposi ion as one
mo es o sho e in o he A c ic Basin. Bo h
adioiso ope and sedimen ace s udies
indica e ha phy ode i us labeled du ing
he sp ing c uise apidly mo ed o sho e
and was ound a dep hs as g ea as 1000 m
by he summe along he Eas Ba ow (EB)
and Ba ow Canyon (BC) egions o he
SBI s udy a ea. In con as , simila s udies
o he wes o BC on he Eas Hanna Shoal
shel - o-basin line indica e ela i ely low
p oduc i i y and consequen ly low ca bon
anspo o sho e and o he sedimen s.
Modi ica ion o wa e s o e he shel ,
bo h in he wa e column and ia sedi-
men s, and he subsequen anspo o
biogenic signals om he shel o he
basin, we e obse ed du ing all c oss-shel
sec ions o e e y SBI c uise on he main
ansec s. By he ime o he summe SBI
p ocess c uise, mos o he p oduc ion had
se led downwa ds in he wa e column
and unde gone ans o ma ion in he wa e
and sedimen s.
In suppo o he SBI ield p og am, he
Join O ice o Science Suppo (JOSS; see
page 7) main ained a shipboa d ield da a
ca alog du ing bo h p ocess c uises on he
Healy, p o iding eal- ime da a o scien is s
on he ship; selec da a we e also a ailable
Nu ien concen a ions measu ed along he Ba ow Canyon line o ni a e (NO3), silica e (SiO3), and ammonium
(NH4) in sp ing and summe 2002 du ing he SBI ield p ojec . I is no able ha when compa ing sp ing s. summe
da a om he same hyd og aphic sec ions we see an inc ease o 5 o 10 mic omola in maximum silica e concen a ions
in he plume o igina ing o e he shel in Ba ow Canyon, as well as pulses o ammonium mo ing o he shel o he deep
basin. These nu ien alues we e highe han hose seen coming in h ough Be ing S ai , sugges ing ai ly apid se ling
and emine aliza ion o dia oms p oduced by he sp ing bloom o e he shel . Figu e by SBI hyd og aphic eam.
2
3
o onsho e PIs. P oduc s included sa elli e
images, ship acking, wea he , CTD da a
om he hyd og aphic g oup and associ-
a ed bo le da a, and shipboa d e en logs.
Moo ing C uises
The Be ing S ai moo ing c uise on he
RV Alpha Helix (see Wi ness Au umn 2001)
deployed h ee moo ings in Be ing S ai
du ing June o in es iga e hyd og aphic
and low p ope ies o Paci ic-o igin wa e
ansi ing no hwa d h ough Be ing S ai .
These moo ings map ups eam bounda y
condi ions o he SBI p ojec as well as
con inuing he ime-se ies eco ds o h ee
moo ings ha ha e been main ained in
Be ing S ai o he las decade. The c uise
included bo h hyd og aphic and acous ic
Dopple cu en p o iling (ADCP) su eys
and deployed a numbe o ins umen s,
including:
• hyd og aphic senso s,
• nu ien sample s,
• op ical ins umen s,
• upwa d-looking sona , and
• upwa d-looking ADCP.
The Chukchi/Beau o moo ing c uise
on he USCGC Pola S a deployed:
• h ee moo ings in he Chukchi Sea as
pa o he Chukchi ou low moo ing
a ay, including senso s o measu e ocean
physics and op ical and biochemical
pa ame e s;
• The Beau o Shel Moo ing A ay, a
igh ly spaced (3–5 km spacing) line o
eigh moo ings wi h p o iling ins umen-
a ion, ac oss he Beau o con inen al
slope eas o Ba ow, Alaska; and
• an acous ic eco ding package o eco d
sounds o ma ine mammals along he
Beau o slope, pa o a join e o wi h
he NOAA Na ional Ma ine Mammal
Labo a o y in Sea le and Sc ipps Ins i-
u ion o Oceanog aphy.
In es iga o s on he Pola S a also
pe o med in ense hyd og aphic sampling
a ound each moo ing deploymen and
wi hin Ba ow Canyon. P elimina y da a
on he o igin and a e o he shel -edge
bounda y cu en s indica e he ou e shel
o he He ald Valley ou low si e is illed
wi h cold, dense, Paci ic-o igin win e
wa e as i lows eas wa d, o ming a shel -
b eak je . The high u bidi y seen in his
bo om wa e may be due o sedimen s
d awn in o he wa e mass as i c osses
he shel . Small lenses o wa e obse ed
a he shel edge appea o be he begin-
nings o eddies. Fo example, a subsu ace
eddy comp ised o cold, u bid, Paci ic-
o igin win e wa e was obse ed on he
eas e n ansec o he s udy egion (Eas
Ba ow line). The same ype o eddy has
been obse ed epea edly h oughou he
in e io o he Canada Basin, sugges ing
ha hese eddies emana e om he shel -
edge bounda y cu en . The esul s o he
moo ing c uise indica e he wes e n a c ic
bounda y cu en sys em is an “eddy ac-
o y,” and SBI scien is s a e in es iga ing
why his shel -edge sys em is so wildly
uns able. Eddy o ma ion is ob iously o
c i ical impo ance o shel -basin lux o
physical and biogeochemical p oduc s, and
in pa icula , o he en ila ion o he in e-
io A c ic.
Ou each and Educa ion
The SBI ield p og am ecei ed excellen
media co e age. A b oadcas c ew om
CBS News, a epo e om USA Today,
and a epo e om he Associa ed P ess
we e aboa d he Healy du ing he summe
c uise ansi o Ba ow Canyon. O he
media ou le s ha co e ed SBI included
he Nome Nugge and KBRW-AM/FM, a
Na ional Public Radio a ilia e in Ba ow.
As pa o he NSF Teache s Expe i-
encing An a c ica and he A c ic p og am
(TEA; see page 29 and Wi ness Win e
2000/2001), Be y Ca ellas, a Ve mon
high school science eache , wo ked on
he summe p ocess c uise on he Healy.
In addi ion o se ing on a ben hic p ojec
eam, Ca ellas p o ided daily upda es on
esea ch and ship ope a ions, including
spo ligh s on indi idual esea ch g oups.
O he SBI ou each ac i i ies du ing he
ield p og am included:
• a ou o he Healy o s uden s om he
An il Ci y Science Academy (a public
magne school in Nome); and
• summa ies o c uise ac i i ies sen ia
INMARSAT elephone o a dis ic -wide
eache s in-se ice a Essex High School
and o a public o um a he Bu nham
Lib a y, bo h in Colches e , Ve mon .
Fu u e Field Seasons
Plans o 2003 include:
• a helicop e su ey and ield sampling
p ojec in he SBI s udy egion in Ma ch,
• pa icipa ion by some SBI PIs in an Ap il
ice camp sponso ed by he O ice o
Na al Resea ch,
• he annual Be ing S ai moo ing c uise,
• a hyd og aphic and sampling su ey
c uise in July–Augus , and
• a moo ing c uise in Sep embe .
In 2004, ou c uises simila o hose
unde aken in 2002 will allow in e an-
nual compa ison o p ocesses in he SBI
sampling egion. The las SBI moo ing
will be e ie ed in 2004. Phase II o SBI
will con inue h ough 2006 wi h da a syn-
hesis. The inal chap e o SBI (Phase III,
2007–2009) will ocus on using he new
unde s anding o his p oduc i e a c ic
ecosys em o model and de elop scena ios
o he po en ial impac s o clima e change
on shel -basin in e ac ions.
The au ho would like o acknowledge
all he SBI Phase II pa icipan s o p o-
iding many o he concep s and esul s
ou lined in his a icle. Fo mo e in o -
ma ion see he SBI web si e (h p://u k-
biogw.bio.u k.edu/SBI.ns ), he JOSS web
si e (h p://www.joss.uca .edu/sbi/), he
WHOI web si e (h p://www.whoi.edu/
science/PO/a c icedge), o he TEA web
si e (h p:// ea. ice.edu/ ea_ca ellas on -
page. h ml), o con ac Jackie G ebmeie ,
di ec o , SBI P ojec O ice in Knox ille,
TN (865/974-2592; ax 865/974-7896;
[email p o ec ed]).
Jackie G ebmeie is a esea ch p o esso
in he Ma ine Biogeochemis y and Ecology
G oup, Depa men o Ecology and E olu-
iona y Biology a he Uni e si y o Tennessee.
The U.S. Fish and Wildli e Se ice in Ancho age,
Alaska, collabo a ed wi h SBI o su ey ma ine mam-
mals and seabi ds du ing he sp ing p ocess c uise. In
mid-June, wildli e biologis Ma c Webbe ook high-
esolu ion digi al pho og aphs o mo e han 40 g oups o
wal us. Analyses o hese pho os will be used o de elop
co ec ion ac o s o u u e su eys using emo e sensing
sys ems. Pho o cou esy Ma c Webbe , U.S. Fish and
Wildli e Se ice.
Fea u e A icle
4
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NSF News
NSF Highligh s B oade Impac s, En i onmen al Sys ems
On behal o he In e agency A c ic Resea ch Policy Commi ee (IARPC), NSF
has published A c ic Resea ch o he Uni ed S a es wice a yea since 1987. Aimed
a na ional and in e na ional audiences o go e nmen o icials, scien is s, enginee s,
educa o s, p i a e and public g oups, and esiden s o he A c ic, A c ic Resea ch con ains
• epo s on cu en and planned ede al esea ch in he A c ic;
• epo s o IARPC mee ings; and
• summa ies o o he cu en and planned a c ic esea ch.
The cu en issue o A c ic Resea ch o he Uni ed S a es ocuses on wildli e esea ch
in Alaska. Much o he ede al land in Alaska is p ese ed as pa ks, wildli e e uges,
and wilde ness a eas. Scien i ic esea ch and s udy p o ides he in o ma ion needed
o manage hese lands and esou ces. Scien is s suppo ed by se e al agencies wo k o
ensu e ha he esou ces cu en ly enjoyed by Alaskans and isi o s will be a ailable o
u u e gene a ions.
The cu en issue illus a es some o he esea ch conduc ed in Alaska by scien is s
om he U.S. Fish and Wildli e Se ice, Na ional Pa k Se ice, and he U.S. Geologi-
cal Su ey. I ea u es a icles abou some o he ascina ing animals o Alaska, anging
om he whales and sea lions o sou he n Alaska wa e s o he muskoxen o he no h,
as well as se e al smalle bu no less in e es ing animals, including sea o e s, mig a o y
bi ds, and esiden small mammals. The issue also p o ides an o e iew o he eco-
sys ems o Alaska and an in oduc ion o he di e si y o humans who ha e li ed and
lou ished in Alaska o many housands o yea s.
To ecei e a copy, send you name and add ess o Edi o , A c ic Resea ch o he
Uni ed S a es, Na ional Science Founda ion, O ice o Pola P og ams, 4201 Wilson
Boule a d, A ling on, VA 22230. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Cha les E. Mye s a
OPP (703/292-8029; ax 703/292-9082; cmye s@ns .go ).
Issue o A c ic Resea ch Focuses on Wildli e
NSF has announced wo i ems o
impo ance o he a c ic esea ch
communi y. One is c i ical o ge ing p o-
posals e iewed; he o he is a epo ha
ecommends majo di ec ions in NSF-
sponso ed in e disciplina y en i onmen al
esea ch and educa ion o he nex decade.
P oposals Mus Iden i y
B oade Impac s
P oposals submi ed o he NSF a e e alu-
a ed on wo me i e iew c i e ia, which all
p oposals mus add ess:
1. he in ellec ual me i o he p oposed
ac i i y, and
2. he b oade impac s o he ac i i y.
In July 2002, NSF announced ha ,
beginning in Oc obe 2002, p oposals ha
did no explici ly add ess so-called c i e ion
2, he b oade impac s o he p oposed
ac i i y, would be immedia ely ejec ed
wi hou e iew. B oade impac s mus be
add essed in a sepa a e sec ion in he p oj-
ec summa y and desc ibed as an in eg al
pa o he p ojec desc ip ion na a i e.
C i e ion 2 includes:
• How well does he ac i i y ad ance dis-
co e y and unde s anding while p omo -
ing eaching, aining, and lea ning?
• How well does he p oposed ac i i y
b oaden he pa icipa ion o unde ep e-
sen ed g oups?
• To wha ex en will i enhance he in a-
s uc u e o esea ch and educa ion,
such as acili ies, ins umen a ion, ne -
wo ks, and pa ne ships?
• Will he esul s be dissemina ed b oadly
o enhance scien i ic and echnological
unde s anding?
• Wha may be he bene i s o he p o-
posed ac i i y o socie y?
Some examples o how his c i e ion
migh be add essed include:
• in eg a ing eache s and s uden s in o
he esea ch o in eg a ing esea ch in o
he class oom,
• b oadening pa icipa ion o unde -
ep esen ed mino i ies and women,
• enhancing he in as uc u e o esea ch
and educa ion,
• dissemina ing in o ma ion o b oaden
public unde s anding o science and
echnology, o
• con ibu ing o socie y in some way,
such as imp o ing unde s anding o
he en i onmen , helping public policy,
imp o ing heal h and wel a e, e c.
The NSF g an p oposal guide is a ail-
able a h p://www.ns .go /pubsys/ods/
ge pub.c m?gpg. Mo e in o ma ion and
examples o ways o mee c i e ion 2 a e a
h p://www.ns .go /od/opp/opp_ad iso y/
oacc i 2.h m.
En i onmen al Resea ch and
Educa ion Repo Released
In Janua y 2003, he NSF Ad iso y Com-
mi ee on En i onmen al Resea ch and
Educa ion (AC-ERE) eleased 10-Yea
Ou look: Complex En i onmen al Sys ems
Syn hesis o Ea h, Li e and Socie y in he
21s Cen u y. The epo gi es guidance
o NSF abou en i onmen al esea ch and
educa ion.
In 2000, NSF es ablished he Ad iso y
Commi ee o En i onmen al Resea ch
and Educa ion o:
• p o ide ad ice, ecommenda ions, and
o e sigh o he NSF’s en i onmen al
esea ch and educa ion po olio;
• be a base o con ac wi h he scien i ic
communi y;
• se e as a o um o conside a ion o
in e disciplina y en i onmen al opics as
well as en i onmen al ac i i ies in a wide
ange o disciplines;
• p o ide b oad inpu in o long- ange
plans and pa ne ship oppo uni ies; and
• o e see p og am managemen , o e all
balance, and o he aspec s o en i on-
men al esea ch and educa ion ac i i ies.
The AC-ERE ocuses on he coo di-
na ion, in eg a ion, and managemen o
en i onmen al p og ams ac oss he oun-
da ion, bu is pa icula ly conce ned wi h
aspec s ha a ec mul iple disciplines, such
as cybe in as uc u e, digi al lib a ies, and
in e disciplina y p og ams, cen e s, and
majo ins umen a ion.
Fo mo e in o ma ion o o download
he summa y epo , see he AC-ERE web
si e (h p://www.ns .go /geo/e e/e eweb/
ad iso y.c m). To ob ain copies o ei he
he ull epo o he summa y epo , send
an e-mail o e e-in o@ns .go .
4
5
A c ic Uppe A mosphe e Resea ch
This a icle con inues a se ies on cu en opics in a c ic
uppe a mosphe ic esea ch.
Space wea he e e s o condi ions on he
Sun and in he sola wind, magne o-
sphe e, ionosphe e, and he mosphe e ha
can in luence he pe o mance and eliabil-
i y o space-bo ne and g ound-based ech-
nological sys ems. Mode n socie y inc eas-
ingly elies on space-based echnologies o
communica ions, en i onmen al moni o -
ing, mapping, na iga ion, and o he appli-
ca ions, bu de ailed unde s anding o he
p ocesses and in e ac ions in ol ed in space
wea he is jus eme ging.
This is ele an o he A c ic because
he magne ic pola egions can be s ongly
a ec ed by sola plasma. While he uppe
a mosphe e is la gely p o ec ed om he
Sun’s ene ge ic p o ons and elec ons by
he Ea h’s magne ic ield, a high magne ic
la i udes his shielding is much less e ec-
i e a ionosphe ic and a mosphe ic al i-
udes. The au o a bo ealis and au o a aus-
alis mani es his incu sion o sola
plasma ene gy on he a mosphe e (see
Wi ness Au umn 2001). Au o ae, which
esul p ima ily om accele a ed elec ons
and ions impinging upon he uppe a mo-
sphe e’s neu al gasses, can ca y signi ican
amoun s o ene gy and impac a mosphe ic
chemis y and dynamics down o al i udes
o oughly 90 kilome e s.
Sola s o ms can impac he en i e y o
bo h pola egions. Du ing sola s o ms he
sola wind plasma can con ain la ge luxes
o e y ene ge ic p o ons, in he ange o
ens o hund eds o million elec on ol s
(MeV). When hese p o ons each he
poles, hey blanke he egions wi h sig-
ni ican ioniza ion o qui e low al i udes.
Te med pola cap abso p ion (PCA) e en s
because hey abso b HF adio wa es e y
e icien ly (due o he la ge numbe s o
collisions be ween ionosphe ic elec ons
and neu al a oms a he lowe al i udes a
which hey occu ), hese can cause com-
munica ion blackou s in he HF bands and
in luence he chemis y o he pola a mo-
sphe e. The plasma in he pola cap can be
e y highly s uc u ed, especially du ing
ac i e condi ions, esul ing in communica-
ion di icul ies be ween Ea h-based and
sa elli e-based anscei e s.
Space wea he men need o de i e a p e-
dic i e unde s anding o he a ious phe-
nomena o help de elop mi iga ion s a e-
gies, bu ou cu en knowledge can be
likened o he oposphe ic wea he p edic-
ion capabili ies o he 1950s. We know, in
a b oad sense, how he plasma ejec ed om
he Sun a ec s he Ea h’s magne osphe e
and, ul ima ely, he uppe a mosphe e,
bu no he de ails o ha in e ac ion. To
add ess hese p oblems wi h a coo dina ed
e o , in 1996 se e al ede al agencies ini i-
a ed he Na ional Space Wea he P og am
(NSWP), a join p og am in ol ing NSF,
NOAA, USAF, NASA, DOI, and DOE.
Al hough he NSWP has made p og ess
owa d o ecas ing space wea he , he
p esen gene a ion o models emain inad-
equa e, measu emen s o c i ical pa ame e s
a e scan y, and he scale o he p oblem is
emendous.
Space Wea he S ongly A ec s A c ic Uppe A mosphe e
Va iabili y in space wea he mus be
aced back o a iabili y in he Sun, and
ups eam measu emen s a e necessa ily
limi ed due o he eno mous olume o e
which he physical in e ac ions ake place.
P og ess is being made la gely h ough
inno a i e ac i e and passi e emo e sens-
ing echniques as well as s a egically placed
in-si u measu emen s and inc easingly
sophis ica ed assimila i e models. S a ing
a he Sun, spacec a obse a ions include
hose made by he Sola and Heliosphe ic
Obse a o y (a join NASA and ESA p oj-
ec ), loca ed 1.5 million km sunwa d o
he Ea h. Ea h-o bi ing spacec a , such
as he Wind and Pola spacec a om he
In e na ional Sola -Te es ial Physics p o-
g am a NASA, supply measu emen s o
he sola wind and magne osphe ic plasma.
The Image o Magne opause- o-Au o a
Global Explo a ion (IMAGE) spacec a
p o ides iews o he en i e inne magne-
osphe e o he i s ime. The The mo-
sphe e, Ionosphe e, Mesosphe e, Ene ge ics
and Dynamics (TIMED) sa elli e measu es
ene gy inpu s and selec ion and neu al
species om ionosphe ic al i udes.
Se e al exis ing and planned g ound-
based obse a o ies measu e he ionosphe ic
plasma a iabili y. The incohe en sca e
ada s in Kange lussuaq, G eenland (NSF’s
Sønd es øm Rada ); in no he n Scandina-
ia (Eu opean Incohe en SCAT e ada );
and in S alba d, No way (EISCAT S alba d
Rada ) allow he diagnosis o mos impo -
an plasma pa ame e s. NSF’s planned
Ad anced Modula Incohe en Sca e
Rada (AMISR) should signi ican ly ex end
and enhance his co e age om se e al
loca ions in he A c ic, using a phased a ay
an enna and dis ibu ed ansmi e / ecei e
app oach. Designed o emo e and con-
inuous ope a ion, he AMISR will include
h ee sepa a e, eloca able phased-a ay
ada s. The p oposed ini ial loca ions a e
nea Fai banks, Alaska, o au o al s udies,
and Resolu e Bay, Nuna u , Canada, o
s udies o he cen al pola cap egion.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he NSWP
web si e (h p://www.spacescience.o g/
SWOP/NSWP), o con ac C aig Heinsel-
man a SRI In e na ional in Menlo Pa k,
CA (650/859-3777; ax 650/322-2318;
[email p o ec ed]).
The d ama ic inc ease o ioniza ion om he 2000 Bas ille Day s o m. Le : quie - ime measu emen s o elec on densi y
as a unc ion o al i ude om he NSF Sønd es øm Incohe en Sca e Rada in G eenland. Sola illumina ion p o-
duces E- egion ioniza ion down o app oxima ely 90 kilome e s al i ude. Two p o iles also show hin spo adic E laye s
a jus unde 115 km; hese laye s consis o mona omic me al ions le behind by me eo abla ion. Righ : he impac o
high ene gy p o ons, showing a dis inc peak in ioniza ion a 70 km las ing o many hou s, and signi ican ioniza ion
enhancemen s o below 50 km. Figu e by C. Heinselman.

6
7
ARCSS P og am
New NSF ARCSS P og am Di ec o Re iews P og ess
By Neil Swanbe g
By all accoun s 2002 has been an
impo an yea o he A c ic Sys em
Science (ARCSS) p og am.
The second ARCSS All-Hands wo k-
shop in Feb ua y opened a i al discussion
in he ARCSS communi y abou he cu -
en and u u e s uc u e o he ARCSS
P og am (see Wi ness Sp ing 2002). The
Land Shel Ini ia i e (LSI; see page 12) and
Pan-A c ic Cycles, T ansi ions, and Sus-
ainabili y (PACTS; see page 9) eme ged as
s ong new concep s in ARCSS. The p o-
ceedings o he mee ing will be published
by ARCUS in Ma ch 2003.
O e he summe , SBI had a highly
p oduc i e ield yea , comple ing ou sci-
en i ic c uises (see page 1).
ARCSS held a special compe i ion on
he a c ic eshwa e cycle o p oposals
add essing eshwa e and hyd ological
issues in he science plans o :
• he Pan-A c ic Communi y-wide Hyd o-
logical Analysis and Modeling P og am
(CHAMP; see page 11),
• A c ic/Suba c ic Ocean Fluxes (ASOF,
see Wi ness Win e 2000/2001), and
• he S udy o En i onmen al A c ic
Change (SEARCH; see page 21).
The b oad opic equi ed ca e o ensu e
p og am balance in all he key a eas o he
eshwa e cycle.
O e he summe , discussions among
he ARCSS leade ship and in an ARCSS
Commi ee mee ing made clea ha he
ARCSS P og am would bene i om a
sys em-le el syn hesis e o . This would be
science-d i en and ake wo o ms:
• a sho - e m e o ha would suppo
a eo ganiza ion o he p og am and
de elop a model o he a c ic sys em;
• a longe e m e o ha would lead o
a a ie y o deepe , esea ch-based syn-
hesis ac i i ies ha would p oduce a
subs an ial scien i ic p oduc .
The Land-A mosphe e-Ice In e ac ions
(LAII) p ojec A c ic T ansi ions in he
Land-A mosphe e Sys em (ATLAS; see
page 9 and Wi ness Au umn 1998) and he
Ocean-A mosphe e-Ice In e ac ions (OAII)
p ojec Su ace Hea Budge o he A c ic
(SHEBA, see Wi ness Sp ing 2000) held
hei own syn hesis wo kshops du ing he
all. As science managemen en i ies, LAII
and OAII a e also likely o wind down in
hei cu en o m bu will con inue o
suppo he ARCSS esea ch communi y
un il a new science managemen s uc u e
is in place.
The a c ic paleoscience communi y
o ganized in Paleoen i onmen al A c ic
Sciences (PARCS; see page 10) is encou -
aged o compe e unde he NSF Ea h
Sys ems His o y (ESH) banne now and
in u u e yea s. Unde a new a angemen
wi h he ESH p og am, ARCSS has access
o he ESH p ocess wi hou an i e ocable
commi men : i.e., ARCSS suppo will be
con ingen on success ul a c ic p oposals.
In es iga o s unded h ough he
Human Dimensions o he A c ic Sys em
(HARC) ini ia ed se e al e o s o ein-
o ce he communi y o HARC esea che s
(see page 12 and Wi ness Sp ing 2002).
A he end o 2002, I became pe ma-
nen di ec o o he ARCSS P og am. My
guess is ha nex yea will be as exci ing as
his one was.
Fo mo e in o ma ion abou he
ARCSS P og am, see h p://www.ns .go /
od/opp/a c ic/sys em.h m, o con ac
ARCSS P og am Di ec o Neil Swanbe g
in A ling on, VA (703/292-8029; ax 703/
292-9081; [email p o ec ed] ).
ARCSS Commi ee Aims o Long- e m Syn hesis
By Jona han O e peck
2002 was a big yea o he A c ic as well
as o ARCSS. Fo he A c ic, unp ec-
eden ed summe wa m h and sea ice e ea
highligh ed why a c ic esea ch is so imely
and impo an . Fo ARCSS, pa ne ship
wi h he S udy o En i onmen al A c ic
Change (SEARCH) p og am (see page 20–
21) gene a ed a majo inc ease in unding
(see page 22). The ARCSS P og am also
has new leade ship. We o e hanks and
bes wishes o Mike Ledbe e , and wel-
come Neil Swanbe g as he new p og am
di ec o . Neil b ings a weal h o expe ience
in in e disciplina y science and al eady has
buil a good wo king ela ionship wi h he
ARCSS Commi ee (AC). His ich in ol e-
men wi h he In e na ional Geosphe e-
Biosphe e P og am (IGBP) will be a big
help in making ARCSS e en s onge han
be o e.
In 2002, I began se ing as he chai
o he AC. We owe g ea hanks o Jack
K use o he job he’s done since 1997.
ARCSS is a s ong, well- unded p og am
wi h in e disciplina y s eng h ha is be e
and b oade han e e . I look o wa d o
wo king wi h Neil, he AC, and he en i e
ARCSS communi y o build on he s ong
ounda ion ha Jack and Mike o ganized.
The nex yea will be busy o he AC
and ARCSS P og am leade ship, wi h
he cha ge o p oduce he nex Fi e Yea
ARCSS Science Plan, as well as o ensu e
a smoo h ansi ion o his nex s age o
ARCSS esea ch. The p ocess is as impo -
an as he p oduc . Building on he 2002
ARCSS All-Hands mee ing (see Wi ness
Sp ing 2002), and he o he ac i i ies o e
he pas yea , he AC will ocus on:
• Fi s , a one-plus yea a c ic sys em
syn hesis, in ended o be an in ellec-
ual exe cise as well as he p ocess by
which he nex ARCSS science plan is
gene a ed.
• Second, se ing he s age o a new lon-
ge e m esea ch-in ensi e a c ic sys em
syn hesis o ensu e ha we unde s and
how he en i e in eg a ed sys em wo ks,
and how his unde s anding bes mee s
he needs o socie y.
• Thi d, doing all i can o help NSF and
he a c ic science communi y main ain
a smoo hly unning and well-subsc ibed
NSF science p og am.
I’d like o hank he membe s o he
scien i ic communi y who’ e con ibu ed
hei in ellec , expe ience, and ene gy
o s eng hen he ARCSS P og am. Feel
ee o con inue b inging issues and ideas
o indi idual AC membe s (including he
chai !) o you p og am leade ship. Com-
munica ion is key o a ib an ARCSS.
Jona han O e peck is di ec o o Ins i u e o he S udy o
Plane Ea h and a p o esso in he Depa men o Geo-
sciences a he Uni e si y o A izona (520/622-9065; ax
520/792-8795; [email p o ec ed])
6
7
ARCSS P og am
In eg a ed da a managemen is impo an
o he success o la ge, mul iin es iga o
p ojec s like SBI (see page 1). The ARCSS
P og am unded he Uni e si y Co po a-
ion o A mosphe ic Resea ch (UCAR)
Join O ice o Science Suppo (JOSS)
o p oduce a comp ehensi e da a manage-
men s a egy o he SBI P ojec , in coop-
e a ion wi h he SBI P ojec O ice and
in es iga o s. This s a egy p o ides p ojec
in es iga o s and he gene al science com-
muni y wi h imely access o a comple e
p ojec da abase and associa ed documen-
a ion. A majo componen o his s a egy
is he implemen a ion o an on-line ield
ca alog du ing c uises o p o ide nea -
eal- ime documen a ion and b owsing o
ope a ional da a.
Field Ca alog
P e iously deployed in he A c ic o
he Su ace Hea Budge o he A c ic
(SHEBA; see Wi ness Sp ing 2000) p ojec ,
he on-line ield ca alog (see igu e) is a
aluable ool o epo ing and moni o -
ing ope a ional ac i i ies and a pe manen
a chi e o c uise ac i i ies. JOSS ield ca a-
logs we e ins alled onboa d he USCGC
Healy (see Wi ness Sp ing/Au umn 1999)
o bo h he sp ing and summe SBI p o-
cess c uises. The ca alog o ganizes da a and
documen a ion o use in he ield and ac s
as a de ailed ield epo a e ope a ions
ha e ended. I acili a es communica ion
du ing ieldwo k by keeping pa icipan s
ab eas o ongoing ope a ions. Because a
po ion o he shipboa d ca alog con en is
ou inely uplinked ia sa elli e o he JOSS
Boulde acili ies, land-based scien i ic
co-wo ke s and o he s can moni o he
ship’s ope a ion and p og ess. Du ing bo h
c uises, he ca alog was used by p ojec
pa icipan s aboa d ship and asho e as well
as by USCG s a and amilies a home, he
Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, and
o he s in e es ed in he ship’s ope a ions.
Ca alog P oduc s
Two componen s o he ield ca alog we e
especially popula du ing SBI:
• a ship ack plo , upda ed e e y 15 o 30
minu es, showing s a ion loca ions, moo -
ings, and ba hyme y (da a om he
In e na ional Ba hyme ic Cha o he
A c ic Ocean; see Wi ness Sp ing 2000);
• an e en log de ailing s a ion ac i i ies,
including in-wa e and on-deck imes
and Seabeam wa e dep h om he daily
logs gene a ed by he Coas Gua d.
Du ing he sp ing c uise, a pa o he
ield ca alog allowed esea che s o log
de ailed ice obse a ions comple e wi h
digi al pho os and au oma ically inco po-
a ed cu en da a om he ship, including
posi ion, wa e dep h, and cu en wea he
pa ame e s. O he p oduc s a ailable
h ough he ield ca alog included:
• sa elli e p oduc s om NOAA and
De ense Me eo ological Sa elli e P o-
g am (DMSP) pola o bi e s;
• wea he and ela ed da a, upda ed wice
daily, including 24-hou ime-se ies plo s
o empe a u e, winds, p essu e, humid-
i y, and wa e dep h;
• CTD da a in wo s anda d o ma s,
including empe a u e, salini y, oxygen,
ansmi ance, pho osyn he ically ac i e
adia ion (PAR), and luo ome e mea-
su emen s, e ical sec ion plo s o a i-
ous pa ame e s o s a ion ansec s, and
commen s on each cas ;
• bo le da a, including bo le hyd o-
g aphic epo s and syn hesized e ical
sec ion plo s o speci ic a iables o
a ious s a ion ansec s; and
• epo s, including he daily ope a ional
summa ies, Teache s Expe iencing An -
a c ica and he A c ic (TEA; see page 29
and Wi ness Win e 2000/2001) daily
jou nals, summa y epo s, c uise sum-
ma y, and science epo s.
Pos -C uise Ca alog Use
Nea he end o each c uise, JOSS pe son-
nel onboa d he Healy wo ked wi h se ice
eam membe s o p oduce a CD o each
PI o he ca alog s a ion p oduc s as well
as all se ice da a and ancilla y PI da ase s.
U.S. Coas Gua d c ewmembe s also made
a CD copy o he ship’s unde way da a iles
a ailable.
As pa o JOSS’s da a managemen
se ices, se e al addi ional unde way da a-
se s we e a chi ed o ape o a ailabili y
h ough he SBI da a a chi e a JOSS.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he com-
ple e ield ca alogs o bo h c uises,
which a e now a ailable a JOSS (h p:
//www.joss.uca .edu/sbi/ca alog), o con-
ac James A. Moo e (303/497-8635; ax
303/497-8158; jmoo e@uca .edu).
JOSS On-line Field Ca alog Suppo s SBI C uises
The SBI ield ca alog on page can be ound a h p://www.joss.uca .edu/sbi/ca alog.
8
9
ARCSS P og am
The NSF A c ic Sys em Science
(ARCSS) P og am’s e ec i eness
equi es he in eg a ion o knowledge om
a ious disciplines, which in u n depends
on he accessibili y and exchange o da a
among he scien i ic communi y. The
ARCSS P og am equi es i s awa dees o
submi da a and me ada a o he ADCC
a e an in e al allowing o analysis and
publica ion.
The ARCSS P og am unded he es ab-
lishmen o he ARCSS Da a Coo dina ion
Cen e (ADCC) a he Na ional Snow and
Ice Da a Cen e (NSIDC) o he Uni e -
si y o Colo ado a Boulde in 1994. The
ADCC is he pe manen long- e m da a
a chi e o all componen s o he ARCSS
P og am. The ADCC, h ough long- e m
da a a chi ing and documen a ion, s i es
o p omo e knowledge syn hesis and
exchange among he esea ch scien is s who
s udy he esponse o he A c ic o global
clima e change.
Because esea che s can use aw da a o
pu poses ha may di e om he o iginal
eason he da a we e collec ed, he long-
e m a chi e o ARCSS da a may ha e a
much b oade audience han jus ARCSS
in es iga o s. Da a ha lack adequa e
documen a ion (me ada a) can e ec i ely
become “los .” Technology will con inue
o p o ide access o da a in he u u e, bu
he use ulness o da a is limi ed wi hou
accompanying me ada a. Comple e docu-
men a ion, including me ada a (in o ma-
ion abou da a), is key o ensu ing he
long- e m p ese a ion o da a.
The ADCC collec s me ada a om
scien is s wo king on ARCSS- unded
and ela ed p ojec s. Me ada a desc ibe
he “who, wha , whe e, when, why, and
how” o he da a se and a e c ucial o
an in es iga o looking o sui able da a
se s o answe speci ic esea ch ques-
ions. The ARCSS Da a Policy (h p:
//a css.colo ado.edu/a css/p o ocol/
p o ocol.h ml) desc ibes minimum me a-
da a equi emen s, which help o ensu e
ho ough and accu a e me ada a and
a chi ing in a way ha acili a es da a use
and access. By p o iding high-le el in o -
ma ion abou a speci ic da a se , me ada a
enable use s o assess a da a se ’s cha ac-
e is ics and applicabili y o hei esea ch,
ocus hei da a sea ches, and e ie e he
app op ia e da a se s.
To help ARCSS p incipal in es iga o s
mee me ada a equi emen s, he ADCC
p oduces wo ypes o da a se documen a-
ion, based on in o ma ion ha PIs submi
wi h hei da a: a da a in e change o ma
(DIF) ile and a summa y documen .
Bo h ac o s anda dize a gi en da a se ’s
me ada a, inc ease ease o use, and allow
u u e access o ha da a se . In addi ion,
he ADCC submi s me ada a o he Global
Change Mas e Di ec o y (GCMD) and
ensu es ha all ARCSS P og am me ada a
a e comple e and mee Fede al Geog aphic
Da a Commi ee (FGDC) s anda ds.
Fo mo e in o ma ion see he ADCC
web si e (h p://a css.colo ado.edu/) o
con ac Rudy Dich l a he Na ional Snow
and Ice Da a Cen e , Boulde , CO (303/
492-5532; dich l@k yos.colo ado.edu).
Me ada a is Vi al o Long- e m U ili y o Da a
A
new CD documen s li e in he ield
o he A c ic T ansi ions in he Land-
A mosphe e Sys em (ATLAS) p ojec a
I o uk, Alaska (see Wi ness Au umn 1998;
page 9). The da a, collec ed a he I o uk
si e by mo e han 30 esea che s om Janu-
a y 1998 h ough June 2000, a e a chi ed
on he ATLAS P ojec I o uk Si e CD,
published by he Uni e si y Co po a ion
o A mosphe ic Resea ch Join O ice
o Science Suppo (UCAR/JOSS; see
page 7), unde he auspices o ATLAS.
The main pu pose o he I o uk CD is
o p o ide a single a chi e sou ce o he
mul idisciplina y da a collec ed a he si e.
James Moo e, G eg S ossmeis e , and Don
S o o JOSS wo ked wi h a numbe o
ATLAS in es iga o s o de e mine he size
and scope o he CD.
The esea ch a I o uk ocuses on
• he exchange o ene gy and mass
be ween he und a su ace and he
a mosphe e, and
• de eloping models and pa ame e iza ions
o allow ex apola ion o how changes in
clima e could a ec hese luxes.
Resea che s collec ed da a on compo-
nen s o he sys em, including pe ma os ,
soil, ege a ion, a mosphe e, and wa e —as
liquid, apo , and solid ice and snow. The
luxes be ween he a ious componen s a e
p ima ily ene gy, mois u e, and ace gases
(CO2 and me hane). The I o uk CD in e -
ace can access he da a h ough an in e ac-
i e map o by
• discipline (ac i e laye /pe ma os , lux,
hyd ology, me eo ology, snow, soil, and
ege a ion);
• wo king g oup (snow, sh ubs, and
wea he ; hyd ological esponse; ene gy
and ace gas lux; subs a e and ege a-
ion; pe ma os soils; ace gas luxes;
ac i e laye and pe ma os geophysics);
•
si e (any o i e g id s udy a eas, ou s udy
lines, o wo me eo ological si es); o
• yea .
The I o uk CD also includes an o e -
iew o he p ojec , p o iding backg ound
in o ma ion wi h slide shows con ibu ed
by he esea che s, abs ac s and ield
epo s, and an in e iew wi h Te y
Chapin by Robe Hannon o Alaska Pub-
lic Radio’s “Alaska Edi ion.”
A zoom sequence comp ising 95 USGS
opog aphic g ids o ien s he iewe o
I o uk’s geog aphy. Snow-mel sequences
p o ide g aphic e idence o he p og es-
sion o he seasons. The CD also shows he
human side o he esea ch, including li -
ing qua e s, sha ed meals, and hikes ac oss
he as landscape. A Powe Poin “mo ie”
p esen s Uni e si y o Vi ginia g adua e
s uden Monika Cale ’s unique ake on he
I o uk expe ience.
The CD is a ailable a he UCAR/
JOSS web si e (h p://www.joss.uca .edu/
a las). Fo mo e in o ma ion con ac Don
S o in Boulde , CO (303/497-8154; ax
303/497-8158; s o @uca .edu).
New CD Compiles ATLAS Ma e ials
8
9
ARCSS P og am
ATLAS Resea ch En e s Syn hesis Phase
The sculp ed snow nea a ibu a y o he Oumalik Ri e , 80 miles
sou heas o A qasuk, e lec s he in ima e ela ionship be ween snow,
opog aphy, ege a ion, and wind. Pho o by Ken Tape.
The A c ic T ansi ions in he Land-
A mosphe e Sys em P ojec (ATLAS;
see Wi ness Au umn 2001), which is a
majo pa o he Land-A mosphe e-Ice
In e ac ions (LAII) componen o he
ARCSS P og am, has en e ed a syn hesis
phase a e ou yea s o in ensi e ield-
wo k. Du ing he ield componen o he
p ojec , esea che s ep esen ing mo e
han a dozen ins i u ions and uni e si-
ies wi h expe ise anging om ecology
and soil science o a mosphe ic dynamics
and hyd ology compa ed si es in no he n
Alaska, nea Ba ow, A qasuk, and I o uk;
in wes e n Alaska, nea Nome; and in Sibe-
ia, nea Che skii.
The goal o he ield p og am was o
documen he ole o he a c ic e es ial
sys em in global clima e change, and mo e
pa icula ly, o explo e how eedbacks in
he land-a mosphe e sys em migh impac
a c ic ecology and human socie y. The ield
campaigns ocused on p ocesses occu ing
in wo speci ic and c i ical a c ic ansi ion
zones— he o es o und a ansi ion, and
he sh ub o und a ansi ion.
The ATLAS syn hesis has al eady
p oduced some in e es ing p oduc s. A
CD con aining he da a collec ed by all
he p ojec s ha wo ked a I o uk, on he
No h Slope o Alaska, is a ailable (see
page 8). A hal -hou ideo on ATLAS
esea ch en i led “A Changing Landscape:
In es iga ing a Wa ming A c ic” has been
p oduced by KUAC-TV (Uni e si y o
Alaska) o ai on Wes Coas TV a ilia es
in 2003. A special issue o he Jou nal o
Geophysical Resea ch con aining nine pape s
om he ATLAS p ojec was published in
la e Janua y 2003.
As pa o he syn hesis, ATLAS
esea che s me in Oc obe 2002 nea
Vic o ia, B i ish Columbia, o explo e he
connec ions be ween hei esea ch e o s.
Se e al impo an hemes eme ged ha
o m he basis o pape s being p epa ed
o publica ion. Th ee pape s ocus on he
win e p ocesses aking place in he snow
and soil, examining how hese p ocesses
in e ac and how hey impac he g ow h
o sh ubs and o he plan s and he win e
elease o CO2. These pape s alida e one
o he key indings o ATLAS: ha esea ch
mus ex end beyond he adi ional g ow-
ing season o unde s and bio ic-abio ic
eedbacks in he A c ic. Ano he manu-
sc ip documen s he d ama ic changes
ha ha e occu ed in he a c ic e es ial
sys em o e he pas 30 yea s, including:
• changes in ege a ion (inc easing sh ubs
and no hwa d mig a ion o eeline),
• changes in he da e o eeze-up o he
und a on he No h Slope o Alaska
(mo e han 60 days la e han in he
1960s), and
• changes in discha ge o a c ic i e s ( low
has inc eased by as much as 10%).
In Vic o ia, ATLAS esea che s also
looked o he u u e, inishing a science
plan o a new esea ch p og am—Pan-
A c ic Cycles, T ansi ions, and Sus ain-
abili y (PACTS; see Wi ness Sp ing
2002)—concen a ed on ansi ions and
changes in a c ic biophysical, biogeochemi-
cal, and social sys ems. PACTS p oposes o
in es iga e he in e ac ion o physical and
li ing sys ems (e.g., he hyd ological cycle
and he und a ecosys em), a he han
indi idual sys ems hemsel es, using
he concep s o sus ainabili y and he
assessmen o ulne abili y in human
and na u al sys ems as guiding p in-
ciples o ensu e ha u u e esea ch
will be ele an o he iden i ica ion
o po en ial adap i e s a egies in he
ace o a changing clima e.
While i builds on ideas and
accomplishmen s om LAII esea ch,
he PACTS science plan mo e explic-
i ly emphasizes bio ic and abio ic
in e ac ions. I s scale and scope a e
la ge as well, wi h a egional iew-
poin ha seeks o unde s and he
Pan-A c ic as a la ge complex sys em.
The plan p o ides a b idge be ween
he pas disciplina y and geog aphi-
cally o ganized esea ch and a mo e
hema ic s uc u e ha cu s ac oss
disciplines and geog aphic bounda -
ies. The LAII science s ee ing com-
mi ee ook he lead in de eloping
he plan, which was e iewed by a
b oad segmen o he ARCSS science
communi y. The majo objec i es o
he plan a e:
• Using new knowledge gene a ed
du ing LAII and o he ARCSS
p og ams, iden i y impo an
unanswe ed ques ions ela ed o a c ic
biophysical and biogeochemical sys-
ems, and om hese ques ions, de ine
he c i ical a eas o esea ch ha will
bes ad ance knowledge o he A c ic
Sys em as a whole;
• P o ide a s a egy and app oach ha
can guide how he new in eg a ed
esea ch will add ess he c i ical ques-
ions; and
• C ea e a mechanism o he implemen-
a ion o PACTS.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he LAII
web si e (h p://www.laii.ua .edu/) o con-
ac LAII science s ee ing commi ee chai
Ma hew S u m (907/353-5183; ax 907/
353-5142; [email p o ec ed].mil).
To ob ain a copy o o o b oadcas he
ideo “The Changing Landscape,” con ac
KUAC (907/474-7491; ax 907/474-5064;
[email p o ec ed]). Fo mo e in o ma ion
on he JGR special issue, con ac A. Da id
McGui e (907/474-6242; ax 907/474-
6716; [email p o ec ed]).
16
17
A c ic Na u al Sciences P og am
The Be ing Sea Volcanic P o ince,
om no hwes e n Alaska h ough
he Be ing Sea o he no he n pa o he
Russian Fa Eas , is loca ed be ween wo
majo pla es (Eu asia and No h Ame ica).
The complex geological his o y o his
a ea in ol ed subduc ion e en s as c us al
blocks o a ious a ini ies amalgama ed o
o m he landmasses and con inen al shel
we see oday. The e also is ield e idence
o i ing, indica ing ha s ess egimes
changed h ough ime.
Because de ails o he ec onic se ing o
he Be ing Sea egion and Alaska mainland
emain ambiguous, he sou ces and causes
o magma ism ou side o he Aleu ian A c
p ope a e no clea ly unde s ood. Con-
e gen zone (a c) olcanism, associa ed
wi h subduc ion o pla es, is undamen ally
di e en om magma ism associa ed wi h
man le mel ing due o decomp ession
along di e gen pla e bounda ies. A c mel -
ing in ol es luxing wi h wa e de i ed
om he subduc ed slab. The p esence o
wa e in a c magmas o en leads o iolen
and de as a ing e up ions. I also is no
known whe he he man le in he Be ing
Sea egion s ill e ains memo y o wa e
addi ion by he subduc ion ha occu ed
du ing he assembly o ci cum-Be ing Sea
e anes du ing he C e aceous Pe iod (o e
100 million yea s ago).
La a lows in he Be ing Sea egion a e
o pa icula geologic in e es because hey
con ain inclusions o pe ido i e belie ed
o o igina e in he uppe man le, p o id-
ing he only di ec examples o ocks om
40 km o mo e below he su ace. These
pe ido i e inclusions con ain geochemical
in o ma ion ha can be used o deduce
ec onic e olu ion, and hei hos olca-
nic ocks p o ide iso opic age in o ma-
ion abou he equency o e up ions.
The A c ic Na u al Sciences P og am has
unded Samuel Mukasa and Alex And oni-
ko o he Depa men o Geological Sci-
ences a he Uni e si y o Michigan o use
hese pe ido i e inclusions and hei hos
la as o desc ibe he composi ion, s uc-
u e, and e olu iona y his o y o he Ea h’s
uppe man le in he Be ing Sea egion.
Wi h help om he Nome Na ional
Pa k Se ice o ice and bush pilo s om
Nome, Ko zebue, and Aniak, he esea ch-
e s collec ed samples om se e al young
olcanic ields, including:
• Cloud Lake and Imu uk Lake, nea he
eas e n edge o he Be ing Land B idge
Na ional P ese e,
• he G and Cen al Valley nea he peak
o M . Osbo n,
• S . Michael,
• he h ee p ominen olcanic peaks
ac oss G an ley Ha bo om Telle ,
• “Lake 277” on Nuni ak Island, and
• S . Paul and S . Geo ge in he P ibilo
Islands.
Mukasa and And oniko hope o col-
lec addi ional ma e ials on u u e expe-
di ions o olcanic ields a ound Be hel,
as well as in in e io Alaska. They will
gene a e majo oxide, ace elemen , and
iso opic da a on mine als sepa a ed om
he pe ido i e inclusions in hei a emp s
o deciphe he ec onic e olu ion o he
egion. They will also ob ain 40A /39A and
14C da a o compu e he e up ion ages o
mo phologically young la a lows o es ab-
lish he empo al and spa ial a ia ion o
olcanism. A subse o he olcanic samples
younge han 50,000 yea s will be p o-
cessed o ace elemen concen a ions as
well as S , Nd, and U-se ies iso opic da a o
add ess he ollowing:
• Wha a e he possible man le sou ces o
he la as?
• How do hese man le sou ces a y em-
po ally and spa ially?
• Is he ecen olcanism ela ed o sub-
duc ion o decomp essional p ocesses
a ec ing he man le sou ces?
• Wha is he in e play, i any, be ween he
olcanism in he Be ing Sea and in e io
Alaska and a c olcanism in he Aleu ian
A c?
• Wha can we in e abou u u e olcanic
haza ds?
This wo k will con ibu e o a manda e
o he A c ic Na u al Sciences P og am by
imp o ing unde s anding o he ec onic
de elopmen o he A c ic, ecognized o
be an impo an bounda y condi ion o
o he s udies, including clima e change,
en i onmen al change, and li e/li hosphe e
in e ac ions. Unde s anding he p ocesses
ha con ol li hosphe ic e olu ion du ing
ex ension will p o ide impo an con-
s ain s on he momechanical models o
i ing and on he chemical e olu ion o
he man le benea h con inen s.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Samuel
B. Mukasa a he Uni e si y o Michigan in
Ann A bo (734/936-3227; ax 734/763-
4690; [email p o ec ed]).
Loca ion map o he Be ing Sea Volcanic P o ince (BSVP) and in e io Alaska. Young olcanic ields o be s udied in
his p ojec a e shown wi h black iangles. The inse map ( op le ) shows he BSVP in ela ion o he Aleu ian A c
(da k line wi h hal - ack pa e n) and he Eu asian and No h Ame ican Pla es. A ows show he ela i e mo ion o he
Paci ic pla e. Modi ied a e Moll-S alcup, E. J. (1996). The o igin o he Be ing Sea Basal P o ince, Wes e n Alaska.
Geol. Pac. Ocean 12, 671–690.
E up ions Release Clues o Be ing Sea Tec onic His o y

16
17
A c ic Na u al Sciences P og am
Tempe a e glacie s ansmi la ge ol-
umes o mel wa e each summe
h ough a dynamic subglacial d ainage
sys em o condui s and ca i ies. Much o
glacie beha io is linked o he annual
e olu ion o his subglacial plumbing—
especially in sp ing when he sys em is oo
small o handle he g owing inpu s om
snow mel . Mel wa e en e s he glacie
h ough c e asses and e ical pipes called
moulins, ul ima ely eaching he glacie
bed. Much o he yea a dis ibu ed sys em
o linked ca i ies slowly d ains he bed;
his is augmen ed in summe by a ne wo k
o i e -like condui s in which wa e low
eloci ies a e high. The condui s close due
o iscous c eep o he ice unde he weigh
o he o e lying glacie when coun e ac ing
wa e p essu es a e low—which occu s wi h
waning mel in he all, o possibly du ing
cold spells in he summe . The con inu-
ally e ol ing na u e o his condui sys em
impac s all aspec s o glacie beha io , om
glacie sliding o solu e lux, and po en-
ially o ou bu s lood ini ia ion, h ough
poo ly unde s ood e ec s on wa e p essu e
and wa e s o age wi hin he glacie .
Two Alaskan glacie p ojec s unded by
he NSF A c ic Na u al Sciences P og am
sha e glacial hyd ology as an in eg a ing
heme, al hough he p ojec s ocus on di -
e en glaciological p oblems. A Bench
Glacie in he Chugach Range, a g oup
om he Uni e si y o Cali o nia, San a
C uz (UCSC), and Uni e si y o Washing-
on wo ks on glacie dynamics and e osion,
while a Kennico Glacie in he W angell
Moun ains, a g oup om UCSC, Po land
S a e Uni e si y, and he U.S. Geological
Su ey moni o s annual jökulhlaups (gla-
cie ou bu s loods) om an ice-dammed
lake.
By su eying a ge s on he 7-km-long
Bench Glacie , esea che s iden i ied a
wa e o ela i ely high sliding eloci y ha
p opaga es upglacie in ea ly summe . The
maximum sliding eloci ies coincide wi h
a peak in wa e s o age wi hin he glacie .
The high empo al esolu ion o ho izon-
al and e ical displacemen s p o ided
by i e di e en ial GPS ecei e s ( om
he Uni e si y NAVSTAR Conso ium
[UNAVCO; see Wi ness Sp ing 2002])
Glacie Beha io Linked o Seasonal Hyd ology
on he glacie in summe o 2002 allowed
de ailed analysis o glacie mo emen .
Mel wa e inpu s exceeded wa e ou pu s
h oughou a sub le sliding e en in la e
May, du ing which wa e s o age a he
bed in g owing subglacial ca i ies can be
in e ed om he e ical upli o he gla-
cie su ace. Two excep ionally wa m days
in mid-June caused s eam discha ge o
mo e han quad uple abou 12 hou s a e
sliding eloci ies inc eased simul aneously
ac oss he glacie . The i s sliding e en
appea ed o open up ca i ies a he bed
bu did no awaken he s eam sys em, and
high wa e p essu es we e main ained. The
second e en p omo ed de elopmen o a
condui sys em, which d ained he s o ed
wa e .
Wa e chemis y can be used o p obe
he subglacial hyd ologic sys em. Fas -
lowing wa e in condui s, wi h li le
oppo uni y o eac wi h bed ma e ials,
has low dissol ed ion concen a ions. The
highe solu e concen a ions o he wa e
wi hin he dis ibu ed low sys em e lec
i s g ea e esidence ime a he bed in
con ac wi h g ound-up ock pa icles. A
Bench Glacie , solu e concen a ions sug-
ges ha a e age subglacial esidence ime
o wa e declines h ough he summe , as
expec ed o an inc easingly e icien d ain-
age sys em. A he much la ge and hicke
Kennico Glacie , i e chemis y unde -
goes long-pe iod cycles lagged ela i e o
discha ge a ia ions. The chemis y e lec s
wa e p essu e ields ha al e na ely p o-
mo e and p e en d ainage o high solu e
wa e om he dis ibu ed low sys em.
Ice-dammed Hidden C eek Lake a
Kennico Glacie d ains h ough a 16-
km-long subglacial condui each summe ,
pe mi ing planned moni o ing o an
ex eme e en . Fo wo ield seasons, he
Kennico Glacie eam measu ed lake
le el and ice-dam de o ma ion, d illed
bo eholes, and gauged he glacie ou le
s eam. These da a yielded he i s com-
ple e pai o hyd og aphs—one o low
ou o he lake, one o low ou o he gla-
cie — h ough a glacie ou bu s lood, o
jökulhlaup. Obse a ions o he wa e le el
in he lake a he ime o d ainage, and o
he discha ge in he Kennico Ri e p io
o d ainage, poin o he impo ance o
dynamic subglacial hyd ology in igge ing
lake d ainage. The ou le i e chemis y
sugges s ha lake d ainage occu s when
wa e p essu es a e highe in he dis ibu ed
sys em han in condui s—condi ions ha
p esumably p omo e condui ex ension.
P e equisi es o he ou bu s appea o
include bo h ha he lake each a h eshold
le el and ha a subglacial condui sys em
be in place nea by he lake. Models ha
link wa e p essu es, wa e balance, glacie
sliding, and condui g ow h a e being
de eloped o explain he Bench and Ken-
nico Glacie obse a ions.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see h p://
es.ucsc.edu/~spa/SPAnde son. esea ch.h ml
and h p://www.geol.pdx.edu/Glacie s/
Kennico /, o con ac Suzanne Ande -
son a he Uni e si y o Cali o nia, San a
C uz (831/459-5827; ax 831/459-3074;
[email p o ec ed]).
When a glacie slides o e i s bed—as opposed o no mal
slow de o ma ion—i a ains highe speeds and, impo -
an ly, bo h d ags ocks along he bed, causing ab asion,
and p omo es c ack g ow h leading o qua ying. A
Bench Glacie , he wa e o sliding in he sp ing mo es he
ice ~1 m and p oduces mos o he p esen -day ~1 mm
pe yea e osion o he ock bed, demons a ing he
ex eme e iciency o glacial e osion. Al hough he high
wa e p essu es ha p ecede he opening o a subglacial
condui a e impo an in p omo ing sliding and he e o e
in e oding he bed, sedimen deli e y o he e minus is
associa ed wi h anspo in as - lowing condui s, pa -
icula ly as he condui s i s open up. Pho o by Suzanne
P. Ande son.
18
19
A c ic Social Sciences P og am
Au ho i a ian egimes (pa icula ly he
So ie egime) a e hough o p oduce
social a omiza ion, in which people a e
unlikely o us one ano he . As socie -
ies eme ge om au ho i a ianism, how-
e e , us is impo an in shaping bo h
democ acy and ma ke s. In he poli ical
ealm, in e pe sonal us p omo es ci ic
engagemen and communi y building,
and ins i u ional us helps o e come he
dilemmas o collec i e ac ion. In he eco-
nomic sphe e, in e pe sonal us educes
ansac ion cos s o exchange and acili-
a es coope a ion.
The A c ic Social Sciences P og am
has unded a p ojec o measu e le els o
us in wo Russian epublics in ansi ion.
Donna Bah y (Poli ical Science, Vande -
bil Uni e si y) and Rick Wilson (Poli ical
Science, Rice Uni e si y) a e in es iga -
ing whe he indi iduals ely on pe sonal
ne wo ks o use e hnic a achmen s and
whe he new poli ical and economic ins i-
u ions a e used o build us .
Bah y and Wilson comple ed ieldwo k
o “Collabo a i e Resea ch on E hnici y
and T ansi ion in Russia” in Ta a s an and
Sakha. Bo h epublics a e leade s in he
campaign o epublic so e eign y and o
in e e hnic accommoda ion and ep esen
c i ical cases o he s udy o in e e hnic
ela ions. Bo h expe ienced indigenous
e hnic mobiliza ion in he la e 1980s and
ea ly 1990s, and bo h go e nmen s p o-
mo e e hnic accommoda ion be ween he
i ula g oup and local Russians. The wo
Republics also p o ide powe ul con as s.
Ta a s an is be e in eg a ed in o he Rus-
sian anspo a ion and ma ke sys em and
has a ai ly dense popula ion. Sakha has
ich na u al esou ces bu lies la gely wi hin
he A c ic Ci cle, has e y low popula ion
densi y, and has exceedingly limi ed ans-
po a ion ne wo ks.
The p ojec b ings oge he wo dis inc
ypes o da a collec ion. The i s in ol ed a
wo-hou ace- o- ace su ey o a s a i ied
clus e sample o ci izens o Ta a s an and
Sakha. App oxima ely 1200 indi iduals in
each epublic we e asked abou hei wo k-
place expe iences, poli ical ac i i y, e hnic-
i y, expe iences wi h e hnic disc imina ion,
us o and expe iences wi h a a ie y o
poli ical and economic ins i u ions, and
an a ay o social and demog aphic cha ac-
e is ics. The su ey da a we e collec ed by
Demoscope, housed in he Ins i u e o Soci-
ology o he Russian Academy o Sciences.
The second pa o he esea ch
b ough a subsample o he in e iewees
oge he o pa icipa e in con olled, labo-
a o y expe imen s o es concep s o ai -
ness, equi y, isk o ien a ion, and us . As
an example, a ypical expe imen in ol ed
14 indi iduals in he same oom. Subjec s
had a p i a e wo kspace (a ca dboa d box
a hei desk) and we e gi en money, which
hey kep , wi h which hey made deci-
sions. On a e age, subjec s made almos
550 ubles ($18) o wo hou s in he lab,
equi alen o anywhe e om hal a day’s
wage o many mon hs’ pension o sub-
jec s. A o al o 651 subjec s pa icipa ed in
47 expe imen al sessions.
In he us game, hal he subjec s ( he
us e s) we e handed an en elope con ain-
ing eigh 10- uble bank no es and eigh
blank slips o pape he size o a bank no e.
They we e asked o pu eigh objec s in
he en elope and keep he emaining eigh
objec s. The en elope hen would be gi en
o ano he subjec . Be o e being handed
o ha pe son, howe e , any money in he
en elope would be ipled. The second pe -
son ( he us ee) hen opened he en elope
and e u ned wha e e he o she wished.
Wha e e emained
in he en elope was
e u ned o he us e .
This expe imen aps
bo h us and us wo -
hiness. Any amoun
ha he us e sends
isks being aken by he
us ee. Because subjec s
a e andomly pai ed
and ne e know wi h
whom hey a e pai ed,
he us e has o belie e
ha he o he subjec s
a e us wo hy. The e
a e eal ewa ds o us -
ing: a subjec sending
80 ubles (abou one
hi d o a day’s wage
in Sakha), has ha
E hnici y and T us a e Key o Russian T ansi ion
Bah y and Wilson wo ked in se e al illages in Sakha and Ta a s an. This illage
was app oxima ely 140 kilome e s eas -no heas o Yaku sk, in Sakha. The o es i es
aging h oughou Sakha had c ea ed a haze in he ai . The eepee in he cen e o he
pic u e was p epa ed o a celeb a ion o he summe sols ice. Pho o by Rick Wilson.
amoun ipled o 240 ubles. So long as a
us ee e u ns a leas 90 ubles, he us e
is be e o . On he o he hand, he us e
isks losing e e y hing sen i he us ee is
no us wo hy. This po ion o he expe i-
men posed a eal dilemma, and subjec s
spen a good deal o ime con empla ing
hei choices.
The esea ch eam has begun o analyze
hese da a. P elimina y esul s indica e
ha le els o us a e highe han we e
o iginally expec ed. The Russian sub-
jec s a e us ing a a es simila o hose
epo ed in he U.S. o compa able ypes
o expe imen s. The eam is looking a
whe he his us is con ined o ne wo ks
o close iends, cen e ed in e hnic g oups,
o widesp ead. While mos subjec s a e
us wo hy, he amoun s ecip oca ed a e
sligh ly less han wha is sen . Again, such
indings a e common in simila expe i-
men s conduc ed in he U.S. In u u e
analyses combining he ich a i udinal da a
om he su eys wi h he beha io al da a,
i will be possible o es hypo heses abou
he sou ces o us and he impac o an-
si ional ins i u ions on he le els o us in
hese socie ies.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he p ojec
web page (h p://b l. ice.edu/Sibe ia/), o
con ac Rick Wilson a Rice Uni e si y in
Hous on, TX (713/348-3352; ax 713/
348-5273; [email p o ec ed]).
18
19
Mixed Sibe ian Communi ies De y E hnic Ca ego iza ion
A c ic Social Sciences P og am
“We a e locals. We do no ha e a na ion ...”
—a 72-yea -old woman in Russkoe Us ’e,
Sakha, 1999.
The quo e abo e, om a esiden o
Russkoe Us ’e, e e s o he p oblems
aced by membe s o e hnically and linguis-
ically mixed communi ies o no heas e n
Sibe ia when ying o de ine hemsel es
in e ms o s a e-app o ed e hnic labels.
Russkoe Us ’e is a illage o sligh ly mo e
han 200 inhabi an s loca ed a 71˚ N
in he del a o he Indigi ka Ri e in he
no heas e n pa o he Republic o Sakha
(Yaku ia). The majo i y o local esiden s
ha e been egis e ed as “Russians” by ep-
esen a i es o he s a e bu eauc acy, while
hei a o i e sel -designa ion—“locals”—is
no ecognized beyond colloquial and spa-
ially ci cumsc ibed con ex s. Simila ly, he
b oad label “Na i e,” which is applied o
mos communi ies neighbo ing Russkoe
Us ’e, is una ailable o he “locals,” despi e
hei o en close esemblances in subsis-
ence echniques, spi i ual belie s, and
physical appea ance.
The Russian schola ly li e a u e e e s
o hese people as s a ozhily, which li e ally
means “long- ime esiden s” and is com-
monly ansla ed as “Old Se le s.” Old
Se le s is a b oad label applied o se e al
g oups o Russian descen who ha e li ed
in a ious Asian pa s o he o me Rus-
sian Empi e since a leas he 19 h cen u y.
The exis ence o Old Se le g oups is ied
o he p ocess o Russian coloniza ion o
No h Asia, eaching back o he 16 h and
17 h cen u ies. Many o he ea ly Russian
se le s ma ied indigenous women. Thei
e hnically mixed descendan s de eloped
dis inc i e eligious, economic, and social
p ac ices ha sha e elemen s adop ed om
neighbo ing indigenous g oups.
In 1998, he A c ic Social Sciences
P og am unded Pe e P. Schwei ze o he
Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks and Niko-
lai B. Vakh in and E geniy V. Golo ko,
bo h o he Eu opean Uni e si y a S .
Pe e sbu g, o compa e pas and p esen
p ocesses o social and cul u al exchange
in h ee Old Se le communi ies in no h-
eas e n Sibe ia. In addi ion o Russkoe
Us ’e, he collabo a o s conduc ed ield-
wo k in he communi ies o Pokhodsk and
Ma ko o. Pokhodsk, simila o Russkoe
Us ’e, is a small illage loca ed in a und a
en i onmen along he Kolyma Ri e , close
o he sho es o he A c ic Ocean in no h-
eas e n Sakha. Ma ko o is a sligh ly bigge
egional cen e si ua ed on he Anady
Ri e in he o es und a zone o wes e n
Chuko ka.
Focused on issues o his o y, powe , and
e hnici y, s udy me hods included a chi al
esea ch, semis uc u ed in e iews, collec-
ion o o al his o ies, and pa icipan obse -
a ion. Da a analysis is in he inal s ages,
and a Russian book on he subjec will
appea in 2003. No able indings include:
• All communi ies unde conside a ion
de ine hemsel es in a ying deg ees
h ough hei mixed he i age.
• This mixed he i age pu s hem in a ca -
ego y sepa a e om “Russians” (o “colo-
nize s”) and “Na i es” (o “colonized”).
Va ious indi iduals and g oups di e
signi ican ly, howe e , in whe e hey
place hemsel es on such a “con inuum
o iden i ies.”
• E hnic labels—bo h as sel -designa ions
and designa ions by o he s—play an
impo an ole in hese p ocesses o e h-
nic iden i y.
• The cu en si ua ion o hese com-
muni ies canno be unde s ood wi hou
conside ing hei his o ical genesis. Con-
e sely, he cu en si ua ion does no
necessa ily ep esen p e ious epochs.
• The So ie pe iod o he egion’s his o y
was pa icula ly in luen ial in igge ing
social, cul u al, and economic changes.
• While “isola ion” has been a cha ac e -
is ic ea u e o he genesis
and his o ical de elop-
men o hese communi-
ies, longs anding social
ela ions wi h a limi ed
numbe o neighbo ing
g oups was a p econdi ion
o he sus ained exis ence
o hese communi ies. The
h ee s udy communi ies
belonged o wo dis inc
egional ne wo ks.
• The s udy communi ies
held changing posi ions
in egional hie a chies o
poli ical powe and social
The “ha bo ” o Russkoe Us ’e: he boa s a e used o check ishing ne s on he
Indigi ka Ri e . Ri e ine ishing is he p ima y subsis ence ac i i y o he Old
Se le s o he egion. Pho o by Pe e Schwei ze .
s a us. Gene ally speaking, he p edomi-
nan g oup s a us was, un il ecen ly,
ha o middlemen and/o cul u al b o-
ke s be ween “Russians” and “Na i es.”
• The cu en cul u al and social condi-
ions led o he g adual disappea ance o
he cul u al elemen s ha had cha ac e -
ized mixed communi ies in no heas e n
Sibe ia o cen u ies. A he same ime,
he global p ocesses o cul u al commod-
i ica ion make hese disappea ing—and
p e iously low-es eemed— ai s in o
emblems o cul u al iden i y.
To cla i y whe he he speci ic quali-
ies and p oblems o mixed communi ies
in no heas e n Sibe ia a e idiosync a ic
o ypical o a wide ange o no he n
communi ies, Schwei ze co-o ganized and
chai ed a session a he 2002 mee ing o
he Ame ican An h opological Associa ion
en i led C eole Iden i ies? The P edicamen s
o Mixed Communi ies in he Ci cumpo-
la No h. Case s udies om G eenland,
Canada, Alaska, and Sibe ia e ealed a
ema kable numbe o commonali ies. In
addi ion o making hei esul s a ailable o
an English-speaking audience, Schwei ze
and colleagues will ocus u u e endea o s
on de eloping a b oadly compa a i e and
ci cumpola pe spec i e.
Fo mo e in o ma ion con ac Pe e
P. Schwei ze a he Uni e si y o Alaska
Fai banks (907/474-5015; ax 907/474-
7453; [email p o ec ed]), Nikolai B. Vakh in
([email p o ec ed]), o E geniy V. Golo ko
([email p o ec ed].edu), he la e wo
a he Eu opean Uni e si y a S . Pe e s-
bu g, Russia.
20
21
New P og am Manage Joins A c ic Social Sciences
By Anna Ke ula
As he new p og am manage o he
NSF A c ic Social Sciences P og am,
I would like o in oduce mysel and some
o my goals o he p og am. I g ew up in
Alaska and ecei ed my baccalau ea e and
mas e s deg ees om he Uni e si y o
Alaska and my PhD in an h opology om
he Uni e si y o Michigan, Ann A bo .
My ieldwo k included ex ensi e esea ch
in Alaska, bu my PhD wo k was in Chu-
ko ka, Russia, whe e I wo ked in he illage
o Si eniki on he Be ing Sea coas om
1989–91 on social and cul u al g oup o -
ma ion and change among he Chukchi
and Yup’ik du ing he So ie pe iod. A e
I e u ned o he U.S., I became he special
assis an o Russian a ai s o Sena o Ted
S e ens. Fo he las i e yea s I ha e been
he associa e di ec o o he Alaska Go e -
no ’s O ice in Washing on, DC. A e my
s in in public policy, I looked o a way o
e u n o academia and had he good o -
une o be chosen by NSF o his posi ion.
I eel o una e o join he A c ic Social
Sciences P og am (ASSP) a his p opi ious
ime. The pas decade has been ema kable
in expanding social science esea ch in he
A c ic. In he las 10 yea s, se e al p o-
g ams a NSF ha e con ibu ed esou ces
o u he social scien i ic unde s anding
and educa ion in he A c ic—o e $20
million h ough OPP alone. Cu en ly he
ASSP is unded a abou $1.9 million a
yea . The annual mean awa d o e he las
i e yea s is $65,000. Now we should build
on his in es men and ake he p og am
in o new and exci ing esea ch a eas.
NSF’s ounding legisla ion includes a
b oad ision o educa ion, social policy,
in e na ional goals, and na ional de ense,
along wi h basic esea ch. In o he wo ds,
ASSP can und educa ion, in e na ional
collabo a ions, policy esea ch, e c., as well
as adi ional social science esea ch p oj-
ec s. In addi ion o his expansi e mission
s a emen , he cu en NSF leade ship’s
ision is e y pe inen o ASSP. A a ecen
mee ing, Depu y Di ec o Joseph Bo do-
gna alked abou “science a he on ie .”
The on ie is no jus you esea ch
si e bu he on ie o you in ellec and
imagina ion. Resea ch in he A c ic is in an
ex eme en i onmen , and ou ideas should
Fi s SEARCH Open Science Mee ing
Se o Oc obe 2003
The O ice o Pola P og ams is sponso ing an open science mee ing in suppo o
he S udy o En i onmen al A c ic Change (SEARCH; see acing page) p og am.
Planned o 27–30 Oc obe 2003 in Sea le, Washing on, he mee ing will ocus on sci-
ence wi h add esses om keyno e speake s, pos e s, and wo king g oups discussing he
s a e o ou knowledge on SEARCH esea ch hemes and ac i i y a eas.
The planning phase o he U.S. SEARCH e o is now comple e:
• a la ge numbe o scien is s con ibu ed o he de elopmen o he SEARCH
Science and Implemen a ion Plans (h p://psc.apl.washing on.edu/sea ch/)
h ough an open p ocess in a comp ehensi e se ies o disciplina y mee ings, and
• he plans ha e been o soon will be app o ed by he sponso , an In e agency
Wo king G oup o ede al agencies.
SEARCH plans and successes will be p esen ed o he communi y in an open mee ing,
a symposium ocused on cu en unde s anding o he science o en i onmen al change in
he A c ic, wi h he goal o in o ming and engaging he b oad a c ic esea ch communi y
in he ac i i ies con ibu ing o SEARCH, bo h in he U.S. and in e na ional a enas.
An o ganizing commi ee es ablished by ARCUS is wo king wi h he SEARCH Sci-
ence S ee ing Commi ee, he In e agency Wo king G oup, and he In e na ional A c ic
Science Commi ee (IASC; see page 26), o de e mine he b oad hemes and o ma o
he mee ing and o en ich in e na ional in ol emen in SEARCH science planning.
The sponso ing agencies and o ganizing commi ee in i e anyone in e es ed in he
po en ial o he SEARCH e o , pa icula ly s uden s and colleagues om ou side o
he U.S., o pa icipa e in he discussions. We expec abou 300 pa icipan s. The e will
be a egis a ion ee o app oxima ely $200 (USD).
Fo mo e in o ma ion abou he SEARCH open science mee ing, o o p e egis e ,
see he ARCUS web si e a h p://www.a cus.o g/SEARCH/sea ch.h ml.
A c ic Social Sciences P og am
always be a he on ie o science. We
need o ind new ques ions abou humans
in he A c ic and new ways o answe hose
ques ions. We need o collabo a e no
only wi h na u al and physical scien is s
bu among ou own disciplines as well
o gain g ea e insigh in o a c ic sys ems
and change. La ge in e disciplina y p o-
g ams o e oppo uni ies o his ype o
wo k ha ASSP can’ suppo alone; hese
p og ams include Human Dimensions o
he A c ic Sys em (HARC; see page 12);
Coupled Na u al and Human Sys ems
(CNH), pa o he Biocomplexi y in he
En i onmen Ini ia i e (BE; see Wi ness
Sp ing 2002); and
he S udy o En i onmen-
al A c ic Change (SEARCH; see page 21).
The ields o a chaeology and e hnol-
ogy domina e cu en ASSP awa ds—we
need o expand his o o he ields such as
sociology, philosophy, his o y, economics,
psychology, poli ical science, e c. ASSP
ecei es ou imes as many p oposals
om men as om women, and mino -
i y esea che s a e p ac ically nonexis en .
You can help change his by men o ing
unde g adua e and g adua e s uden s. Take
hem o he ield and encou age hem o
do esea ch in he A c ic. Fo my pa , I
hope o encou age s uden s in a c ic social
sciences by unding mo e s uden esea ch,
by p o iding mo e suppo o s uden s o
pa icipa e in wo kshops and con e ences,
and by inding o he p og ams a NSF ha
can und educa ional ac i i ies.
I encou age e e yone in he esea ch
communi y o con ac me wi h you ideas.
I am a pe manen ede al hi e a NSF and
plan o be he e o he long haul; oge he we
can build a s ong, sus ainable A c ic Social
Sciences P og am. I look o wa d o i .
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he ASSP
web page (h p://www.ns .go /od/opp/
a c ic/social.h m), o con ac Anna
Ke ula a OPP (703/292-8029; ax 703/
292-9082; [email p o ec ed] ).
20
21
SEARCH De elops Implemen a ion S a egy
A
b oad, in e disciplina y p og am,
he S udy o En i onmen al A c ic
Change (SEARCH; see Wi ness Sp ing
2002) seeks o unde s and he complex o
signi ican , in e ela ed changes ha ha e
occu ed in he A c ic in ecen decades.
To desc ibe his complex o a mosphe ic,
oceanic, and e es ial changes, SEARCH
uses he e m Unaami, om he Yup’ik
wo d o “ omo ow.” SEARCH is en i-
sioned as a long- e m in e agency e o o
obse a ions, modeling, p ocess s udies,
and applica ions de o ed o unde s and-
ing Unaami, i s ela ion o global clima e,
and i s impac s on ecosys ems and socie y.
Following he 2001 publica ion o he
SEARCH Science Plan, SEARCH is begin-
ning implemen a ion wi h he unding o
he i s SEARCH p ojec s and elease o a
d a implemen a ion s a egy.
NSF announced he i s majo
SEARCH unding oppo uni y, he F esh-
wa e Ini ia i e, in Feb ua y 2002 (see page
11). Twen y-se en p oposals we e awa ded
unding o aling $30 million o e i e
yea s; 18 sepa a e p ojec s will examine he
a c ic eshwa e cycle, including hyd ol-
ogy, A c ic Ocean eshwa e pa hways, and
eshwa e luxes o and impac s on sub-
a c ic seas.
The SEARCH Science S ee ing Com-
mi ee (SSC), In e agency Wo king G oup
(IWG), and P ojec O ice ha e de eloped
a d a implemen a ion s a egy based on
he science plan, communi y inpu , and
he IWG’s FY 2003 Funding Implemen-
a ion F amewo k (see Wi ness Au umn
2001). Con ibu ions o he SEARCH
implemen a ion s a egy came om discus-
sions a many communi y mee ings and
wo kshops, including:
• he 2000 Hyd ology Wo kshop,
• he 2001 A mosphe ic and C yo-
sphe ic Change in he A c ic (ACCA)
Wo kshop,
• he June 2002 A c ic Ocean Measu e-
men s and Modeling Wo kshop,
• he Sep embe 2002 Be ing Sea
Wo kshop,
• he Oc obe 2002 SEARCH Te es ial
and Ma ine Ecosys em Wo kshop,
• he Oc obe 2002 SEARCH Human
Dimension Wo kshop, and
• wo join SEARCH IWG-SSC mee ings.
The D a SEARCH Implemen a-
ion S a egy is a ailable o communi y
commen on he SEARCH web si e. The
s a egy includes a desc ip ion o science
ques ions a ising om he key SEARCH
hypo heses, an o ganiza ion plan, a de ailed
lis o ac i i ies equi ed o add ess he
SEARCH goals, p io i y and schedules
o hese ac i i ies, and summa y ecom-
menda ions. The ac i i ies a e g ouped in o
eigh a eas. These a e:
• A c ic Sys em Reanalysis will assimila e
da a in o models o a ious componen s
o he a c ic sys em o p oduce op imum
es ima es o key a iables.
• De ec ing and Quan i ying Unaami
and Rela ed Modes o Va iabili y will
use paleoclima e, his o ical, and a cheo-
logical eco ds as well as mo e ecen
obse a ions o be e de ine he scope o
Unaami and i s ela ion o o he decadal
modes o a iabili y.
• Social and Economic In e ac ions will
examine he in e ac ions o he physical
and biological elemen s o Unaami wi h
social and economic sys ems.
• La ge-scale A mosphe ic Obse a o-
ies will make la ge-scale a mosphe ic
obse a ions.
• Dis ibu ed Ma ine Obse a o ies will
make la ge-scale su ace a mosphe ic,
oceanog aphic, sea ice, and ecosys em
obse a ions in he ma ine en i onmen .
• Dis ibu ed Te es ial Obse a o ies will
make la ge-scale su ace a mosphe ic,
hyd ological, glaciological, and ecosys-
em obse a ions in he e es ial en i-
onmen .
• Linkages and Global Coupling will use
modeling and analysis o elucida e he
connec ions be ween Unaami and global
clima e and he connec ions wi hin he
a c ic sys em as hey pe ain o Unaami.
• Social Response will esea ch social
and economic adap a ion o clima e
change in he pas and apply esea ch on
Unaami o economic and social conce ns
in he u u e.
Gi en he decline o se e al his o ically
impo an obse ing sys ems, he highes
implemen a ion p io i y has always been o
es ablish a p og am o long- e m obse a-
ions. The implemen a ion s a egy es ab-
lishes a h ee- ie ed scheduling guideline.
The s a egy ecommends ha he ea lies
i s - ie e o s include:
• es ablishing he ope a ional o ganiza-
ional s uc u e o SEARCH,
• main aining exis ing obse a ional p o-
g ams o he La ge-scale A mosphe ic,
Dis ibu ed Ma ine, and Dis ibu ed
Te es ial Obse a o ies, and
• beginning he A c ic Sys em Reanalysis
and elemen s o De ec ing and Quan i-
ying Unaami and Social and Economic
In e ac ions.
These ac ions will p o ide o e a ching
SEARCH ac i i ies o keep u u e ac i i ies
coo dina ed and spu u he wo k.
The second- ie ac ions ocus on clos-
ing obse a ional gaps by building up
he La ge-scale A mosphe ic, Dis ibu ed
Ma ine, and Dis ibu ed Te es ial Obse -
a o ies. The highes p io i y ac i i ies in
his ie mainly seek o augmen exis ing
p og ams and ex end obse a ions in o
s a egic a eas ha will allow us o lea n he
ull scope o Unaami and begin o unde -
s and linkages wi hin he a c ic sys em and
wi h global clima e.
The hi d- ie ac ions include begin-
ning he Linkages and Global Coupling
and Social Response ac i i ies. The Link-
ages and Global Coupling ac i i y a ea
will es key hypo heses by unde aking
analysis and modeling e o s aimed a he
a ious linkages wi hin he a c ic sys em
and wi h global clima e. These e o s will
ake ad an age o he analysis and obse a-
ional ac i i ies in ie s 1 and 2. The Social
Response ac i i y a ea will in es iga e social
and economic adap a ion o clima e change
in he pas and apply his knowledge o he
u u e. To do his, Social and Economic
In e ac ions and Social Response will es ab-
lish a sys em o coo dina ed local and a-
di ional knowledge co-ops and communi y
da a ne wo ks o connec wi h communi-
ies and indus ies.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, including cop-
ies o he SEARCH science plan and d a
implemen a ion s a egy, see he SEARCH
web si e (h p://psc.apl.washing on.edu/
sea ch/) o con ac SEARCH SSC chai
Jamie Mo ison a he Uni e si y o Wash-
ing on (206/543-1394; ax 206/616-3142;
[email p o ec ed]).
S udy o En i onmen al A c ic Change (SEARCH)

22
23
Capi ol Upda es
In No embe 2002, Cong ess app o ed
a comp omise bill o au ho ize NSF
and double i s budge o e i e yea s,
wi h he las wo inc eases con ingen on
e alua ions o he agency’s p og ess owa d
managemen goals. Au ho iza ion bills a e
in ended o p o ide guidance o he app o-
p ia ions p ocess, when ac ual unding
le els a e de e mined (see below).
The p esiden signed he Na ional Sci-
ence Founda ion Au ho iza ion Ac o 2002,
P.L. 107-368 (see Wi ness Sp ing 2002) on
19 Decembe . The comp omise bill, which
includes language om se e al NSF- ela ed
bills, au ho izes an NSF budge o :
• $5.5 billion o FY ’03,
• $6.4 billion o FY ’04,
• $7.4 billion o FY ’05,
• $8.5 billion o FY ’06, and
• $9.8 billion o FY ’07.
The bill s ipula es ha FY ’06 and FY
’07 unding inc eases be ied o a cong es-
sional e iew o NSF p og ess owa d
mee ing managemen goals in:
• “s a egic managemen o human capi al,”
• “compe i i e sou cing,”
• “imp o ed inancial pe o mance,”
• “expanded elec onic go e nmen ,” and
• “budge and pe o mance in eg a ion.”
Bill Au ho izes Doubled NSF Budge by Fiscal Yea 2007
In No embe 2002, he Bush Adminis-
a ion issued a d a s a egic plan o
guide i s clima e change esea ch s a egy
and di ec ions. O e 1300 scien is s, go -
e nmen o icials, and o he s akeholde s,
bo h domes ic and in e na ional, ga he ed
3–5 Decembe a a wo kshop o e iew
he d a plan and p o ide commen s
and sugges ions o he Clima e Change
Science P og am (CCSP). The CCSP
accep ed addi ional public commen s on
he d a “S a egic Plan o he Clima e
Change Science P og am” in o Janua y
2003. Mo e han 250 indi iduals and
o ganiza ions submi ed commen s.
The ede al go e nmen has se e al
ongoing, in e ela ed mul iagency ini ia-
i es o add ess global wa ming and cli-
ma e change. In Feb ua y 2002, P esiden
Bush es ablished he CCSP as a manage-
men s uc u e o balance b oad-based
undamen al esea ch wi h a nea - e m
ocus on key issues needed o policy deci-
sions. The s a egic plan is in ended as a
oadmap o hese e o s.
While acknowledging ha “humans
ha e become agen s o en i onmen al
change,” he d a plan poin s o “incon-
sis encies in he obse a ional eco d” and
calls o mo e and be e obse a ions in
o de o disce n human-induced changes
agains a backg ound o na u al a iabil-
i y. I also calls o addi ional esea ch in
many a eas o educe unce ain ies and
imp o e cu en clima e models.
The d a plan se s ou a se ies o
majo esea ch ques ions add essing how
he componen s o he Ea h’s en i on-
men al sys em unc ion and a e a ec ed
by human and na u al o cing, and he
implica ions o na u al en i onmen s
and human ac i i ies. These esea ch a eas
include:
• a mosphe ic composi ion,
• clima e a iabili y and change,
• global wa e and ca bon cycles,
• ecosys ems,
• land use and land co e change,
• human con ibu ions and esponses o
en i onmen al change, and
• g and challenges in modeling, obse a-
ions, and in o ma ion sys ems.
An ad-hoc commi ee o he Na ional
Academy o Sciences e iewed he d a
plan, he esul s o he wo kshop, and he
commen s ecei ed. A inal e sion o he
s a egic plan is expec ed o be published
in Ap il 2003.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he CCSP
web si e (h p://www.clima escience.go ).
O e 1300 People Mee o Re iew Clima e Change Plan
Fu he , i s a es ha in making he
de e mina ion o g an he unding
inc eases, Cong ess should ake in o con-
side a ion whe he OMB ce i ies NSF has
“o e all, made success ul p og ess owa d
mee ing hose goals.” The bill also
• equi es he NSF di ec o o p epa e a
plan showing whe e and how he unds
will be used du ing he ollowing yea , and
• con ains p o isions s eng hening
Na ional Science Boa d o e sigh capa-
bili ies as NSF’s go e ning body.
The 2003 and 2004 Budge s
The 2003 ede al iscal yea began 1 Oc o-
be 2002 wi h only wo o he 13 FY ’03
app op ia ions bills enac ed; hose wo bills
und de ense and mili a y cons uc ion. In
Feb ua y 2003 he new Cong ess esol ed
he 11 deadlocked FY ’03 bills wi h an omni-
bus app op ia ion bill (H.J. Res. 2). The bill
unds NSF a $5.3 billion, an inc ease o
$501 million (10.4%) o e FY ’02.
The FY ’03 budge inc eases he Resea ch
and Rela ed Ac i i ies (R&RA) accoun ,
which unds mos o NSF’s esea ch and
de elopmen , o $4.1 billion, 12.7% o
$458 million mo e han FY ’02. Pola P o-
g ams ecei es $319 million, an inc ease o
$18 million (6.1%) o e FY 2002. Each
p og am wi hin he R&RA accoun ecei es
a leas a 12% inc ease abo e FY ’02, excep
Pola P og ams and Social, Beha io al and
Economic Sciences (up 3.9%).
Wi hin he R&RA accoun , In eg a i e
Ac i i ies ecei es $147 million, up $41
million (39%). P og ams suppo ed by
In eg a i e Ac i i ies include:
• Majo Resea ch Ins umen a ion,
• Science and Technology Cen e s,
• Science o Lea ning Cen e s,
• he Science and Technology Policy Ins i u e,
• Pa ne ships o Inno a ion, and
• Disas e Response Resea ch Teams.
The p esiden ’s FY ’04 budge eques ,
eleased in Feb ua y 2003, p o ides a mod-
es o e all inc ease o ede al spending
on esea ch and de elopmen ; mos o he
inc ease would go o de ense de elopmen .
The p esiden ’s FY ’04 eques o NSF is
$5.48 billion, a 9% inc ease o e his FY ’03
eques , bu conside ably less han he $6.4
billion au ho ized unde P.L. 107-368.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he NSF
web si e (h p://www.ns .go ), he Lib a y
o Cong ess legisla i e in o ma ion web
si e (h p:// homas.loc.go ), he Ame i-
can Ins i u e o Physics web si e (h p:
//www.aip.o g), and he Ame ican Associa-
ion o he Ad ancemen o Science web
si e (h p://www.aaas.o g).
22
23
U.S. A c ic Resea ch Commission
Pola Resea ch Boa d
• accommoda ing di e ences in space-
ime scales among ecosys ems as hey
a ec sampling design;
• de eloping an e ec i e a chi al and da a
dissemina ion s a egy;
• de eloping da a p oduc s ha will be
use ul o decision make s;
• p o iding o pe iodic p og am e iew
and lexibili y in p og am design; and
• es ablishing a s able unding base and
managemen in as uc u e.
The commi ee was composed o
Michael Roman (chai ), Uni e si y o
Ma yland; Don Bowen, Bed o d Ins i u e
o Oceanog aphy; Ad ia Elskus, Uni e si y
o Ken ucky; John Goe ing, Uni e si y
o Alaska Fai banks (eme i us); Geo ge
Hun , Uni e si y o Cali o nia I ine;
Se h Macinko, Uni e si y o Connec icu ;
Donal Manahan, Uni e si y o Sou he n
Cali o nia; B enda No c oss, Uni e si y o
Alaska Fai banks; S e en Picou, Uni e -
si y o Sou h Alabama; Tom Roye , Old
Dominion Uni e si y; Jenni e Ruesink,
Uni e si y o Washing on; and Ka l
Tu ekian, Yale Uni e si y.
“A Cen u y o Ecosys em Science” is
a ailable a h p://www.nap.edu. Fo mo e
in o ma ion, see he PRB web si e (h p:
//na ional-academies.o g/p b), o con ac
PRB Execu i e Di ec o Ch is El ing in
Washing on, DC (202/334-3479; ax 202/
334-1477; [email p o ec ed]).
PRB Guides Long- e m Resea ch Plans in Gul o Alaska
I you had unding o s udy an ecosys em
o 100 yea s, wha would you do? The
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill T us ee Council
aces his ques ion as i plans he Gul Eco-
sys em Moni o ing (GEM) P og am. In
1999, he T us ee Council se aside $120
million o he $900 million 1991 ci il se -
lemen in a us und o long- e m sup-
po o he GEM p og am. As en isioned,
he p og am’s annual budge o $5–6 mil-
lion will o e an unpa alleled oppo uni y
o inc ease unde s anding o how la ge
ma ine ecosys ems in gene al, and P ince
William Sound and he Gul o Alaska in
pa icula , unc ion and change o e ime.
As pa o i s planning, he T us ee Coun-
cil asked he Pola Resea ch Boa d (PRB)
o ad ice, and o e he pas wo yea s a
PRB commi ee has p o ided wo in e im
epo s and now a inal olume, “A Cen-
u y o Ecosys em Science: Planning Long-
Te m Resea ch in he Gul o Alaska.”
The epo e iews GEM d a plan-
ning documen s, bu mo e impo an ly i
add esses gene al issues ela ed o planning
long- e m ecosys em science, including
• de elopmen o a clea concep ual oun-
da ion o he p og am,
• ea ly de ini ion o a geog aphic scope
and ocus o s udy,
• an o ganiza ional s uc u e led by a
quali ied chie scien is ,
• in ol emen o s akeholde s in he plan-
ning p ocess and esea ch,
• a en ion o da a managemen o ensu e
sa ekeeping and accessibili y, and
• pe iodic assessmen o p og ess h ough
syn hesis and e alua ion.
O e all he commi ee ound ha
GEM planne s ha e made good e o s o
in ol e he science communi y and a solid
s a on plans o use modeling e ec i ely
and in de eloping a da a managemen
s a egy. Al hough i may seem ob i-
ous, many o hese posi i e s ides ha e
occu ed because he T us ee Council and
GEM s a ha e se up a planning p ocess
and a e allowing adequa e ime o inpu ,
discussion, and e ision. Communi y
in ol emen emains a challenge.
Because GEM o e s he p ospec o a
cen u y-long ime ho izon, GEM planne s
ha e an obliga ion o c a a esea ch plan
ha can endu e o e ime. The commi ee
hopes he GEM plan will lead o a co e se
o measu emen s ha can be aken consis-
en ly and inde ini ely, as well as some lex-
ibili y o adjus o changes in concep ual
unde s anding and esea ch in e es s. Some
o he elemen s ha con ibu e o success-
ul long- e m science p og ams include:
• clea ly de ining p og am goals and an ic-
ipa ed managemen p oduc s;
• ecognizing he di e ences be ween
physical and biological moni o ing;
The U.S. A c ic Resea ch Commis-
sion (USARC) con inues i s e o s o
assess su ey needs, pa icula ly he need
o subma ine su eys, owa d de ining he
bounda ies o he a c ic con inen al shel
unde A icle 76 o he U.N. Con en ion
on he Law o he Sea. In he pas se e al
mon hs, ep esen a i es o he USARC me
wi h se e al g oups on his issue, including:
• esea che s om he no heas U.S.,
•an in e agency mee ing a he S a e
Depa men ,
•a ep esen a i e o he Na ional Secu i y
Council, and
• he Danish Hyd og aphic O ice.
USARC P omo es A c ic Resea ch on Many F on s
In addi ion, USARC ep esen a i es
a ended mul iple mee ings o add ess
o he a c ic esea ch issues, including:
• es i ying on a c ic ini ia i es be o e he
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy;
•explo ing he use o high endu ance geo-
physical mapping au onomous unde sea
ehicles o eplace he mapping done by
SCICEX (see Wi ness Au umn 2001);
•discussing si e su eys o A c ic Ocean
d illing planned o begin in la e 2003
unde he Join Eu opean Ocean D ill-
ing Ini ia i e;
•assis ing he A c ic Iceb eake Coo di-
na ing Commi ee (AICC; see page 14)
in he o ma ion o a wo king g oup,
headed by La y Maye (Uni e si y o
New Hampshi e), o o e see ope a ion
and da a a ailabili y o SWATH map-
ping sona on he USCGC Healy; and
• a ending he planning wo kshop o dis-
cuss he new s a egic plan o he U.S.
Clima e Change Science P og am (see
page 22).
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he new
USARC web si e (h p://www.a c ic.go ),
o con ac USARC Execu i e Di ec-
o Ga y B ass in A ling on, VA (800/
AURORAB o 703/525-0111; ax 703/
525-0114; [email p o ec ed] ).
24
25
A c ic Policy
Minis e s om he eigh membe
coun ies o he A c ic Council (see
Wi ness Sp ing 2002), oge he wi h ep e-
sen a i es om he council’s six pe manen
pa icipan s, which ep esen a c ic indig-
enous popula ions, ga he ed 9–10 Oc o-
be in Saa iselka, Finland, o he Thi d
Minis e ial Mee ing o he A c ic Council.
The mee ing, hos ed by Finnish Fo eign
Minis e E kki Tuomioja, was he culmina-
ion o Finland’s wo-yea chai manship o
he council and se he s age o he com-
ing wo yea s unde Icelandic leade ship.
Unde sec e a y o S a e o Global A ai s
Paula Dob iansky led he U.S. delega ion,
s essing U.S. commi men o he council
and p aising he o um as an excellen exam-
ple o he olun a y pa ne ships he U.S.
championed a he 2002 Uni ed Na ions
Wo ld Summi on Sus ainable De elopmen
in Johannesbu g. The o eign minis e s o
Canada, Iceland, and Sweden pa icipa ed in
he Thi d Minis e ial mee ing.
Iceland’s Plans
In assuming chai manship o he council,
Iceland announced ha i would ocus he
council’s a en ion on imp o ing he li es
o a c ic esiden s h ough enhanced com-
munica ions in as uc u e and suppo o
economic and social de elopmen ini ia-
i es. In suppo o hese aims, Iceland will:
• de elop an assessmen o human de el-
opmen in he egion,
• sponso an in e na ional con e ence on
in o ma ion echnology in he A c ic, and
• hos A c ic Science Summi Week (see
page 26) in sp ing 2004.
Iceland also in ends o main ain he
council’s commi men o en i onmen al
p o ec ion and o wo k wi h membe
coun ies and pe manen pa icipan s o
acili a e he success ul comple ion o he
A c ic Clima e Impac Assessmen (ACIA;
see Wi ness Win e 2000/2001).
New AMAP Findings
Immedia ely p io o he minis e ial mee -
ing, he council’s A c ic Moni o ing and
Assessmen P og am (AMAP; see Wi ness
Sp ing 2002) hos ed he second In e -
na ional Symposium on En i onmen al
Pollu ion o he A c ic om 1–4 Oc o-
be in Ro aniemi, Finland. A ollowup
o he i s AMAP symposium in 1997,
he o um e iewed changes in le els o
con aminan s such as pe sis en o ganic
pollu an s (POPs), hea y me als (me cu y,
lead, and cadmium), and adionuclides and
culmina ed in he p esen a ion o a epo
en i led A c ic Pollu ion 2002. The epo
summa ized e idence ha :
• Mos pollu ion eaches he A c ic ia
long- ange anspo .
• The A c ic’s unique geog aphical ea u es,
ood webs, and cul u es make he egion
pa icula ly ulne able o he accumula-
ion and e ec s o con aminan s.
• The ou es and mechanisms by which
con aminan s each he A c ic a e
s ongly in luenced by clima e a iabili y
and global clima e change.
• Le els o some POPs a e dec easing in
mos species and media as hei elease is
educed bu a e declining slowly in ma ine
bio a due o la ge oceanic ese oi s.
• Ce ain egions and species in he A c ic
ha e ele a ed le els o hea y me als.
• Le els o adionuclides in he A c ic a e
gene ally declining bu emain o conce n.
The epo iden i ies he Inui popula-
ions o G eenland and Canada as acing
po en ially haza dous exposu e o con-
aminan s because o hei high in ake o
ma ine mammals. The AMAP Sec e a ia
emphasized ha he o e all heal h bene i s
o adi ional die s o indigenous people o
he A c ic cu en ly ou weigh he isks. The
A c ic Council suppo s con inued moni o -
ing o le els o con aminan s in adi ional
oods and hei e ec s on human heal h.
Du ing i s chai manship, Iceland will
use he AMAP epo as a oadmap o
“en i onmen al h ea s o be aced” by he
council. Based on he epo , a numbe o
membe s hoped ha he council could add
i s oice o hose calling o a global educ-
ion o me cu y emissions. Some membe s
also sugges ed ha he council ad oca e
adding mo e subs ances in cu en use
(b omina ed lame- e a dan s and some pes-
icides) o he POPs banned by he S ock-
holm Con en ion.
In e im Repo om ACIA
The U.S. p esen ed in e im esul s o he
A c ic Clima e Impac Assessmen (ACIA;
see Wi ness Sp ing 2000). The minis e s
we e conce ned by he ongoing signi i-
can wa ming o mos o he A c ic and
ecognized ha he impac s o global
clima e change and inc eased possibili ies
o ex eme wea he e en s will ha e la ge
consequences in he A c ic. No way’s S a e
Sec e a y Kim T aa ik in i ed all A c ic
Council minis e s o an in e -sessional
mee ing on clima e change in S alba d in
Augus o 2003. He asse ed ha policy-
make s should no wai o he ACIA
esul s and policy ecommenda ions o be
p esen ed a he Fou h Minis e ial Mee -
ing in 2004. The o eign minis e s om
Canada and Sweden as well as he ep e-
sen a i e om Russia accep ed No way’s
in i a ion on he spo .
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he A c ic
Council web si e (h p://www.a c ic-
council.o g), o con ac Sally B andel a
he Depa men o S a e in Washing on,
DC (202/647-3264; ax 202/647-4353;
[email p o ec ed]).
Iceland Takes Helm o A c ic Council
The membe s o he A c ic
Council a e Canada, Denma k,
Finland, Iceland, No way, he Rus-
sian Fede a ion, Sweden, and he
U.S. The Pe manen Pa icipan s o
he A c ic Council include he:
• Associa ion o Indigenous Mino i-
ies o he No h, Sibe ia and he
Fa Eas o he Russian Fede a ion,
• Inui Ci cumpola Con e ence,
• Saami Council,
• Aleu In e na ional Associa ion,
• A c ic A habaskan Council, and
• Gwich’in Council In e na ional.
The ca ego y o Pe manen Pa -
icipan p o ides o he ac i e pa -
icipa ion and ull consul a ion wi h
a c ic indigenous ep esen a i es
wi hin he A c ic Council.
F ance, Ge many, he Ne h-
e lands, Poland, and he Uni ed
Kingdom a e obse e coun ies.
Cu en ly, 18 in e na ional and
nongo e nmen al o ganiza ions ep-
esen ing a a ie y o in e es s also
ha e obse e s a us.
24
25
In e na ional News
The Associa ion o Canadian Uni e si-
ies o No he n S udies is a non-
p o i membe o ganiza ion ha ad oca es
on behal o no he n esea ch, encou ages
he de elopmen o u u e esea che s, and
acili a es communica ion and coope a ion.
Founded in 1977, ACUNS now has 39
membe ins i u ions—Canadian uni e si-
ies and colleges in ol ed in no he n and
a c ic s udies. In 2003, he Associa ion
will celeb a e i s 25 h anni e sa y, wi h
wo linked in e na ional con e ences in
Edmon on.
The iennial Na ional S uden Con-
e ence will be held 24–26 Oc obe 2003
(h p://scns.onwa e.ca), o be ollowed
immedia ely by he In e na ional Con-
e ence on Canada’s No he n Resea ch
Capaci y (27–28 Oc obe ).
O he ACUNS ac i i ies include:
• “E hical P inciples o Conduc o
Resea ch in he No h,” a key in e -
na ional guide o no he n and pola
esea ch e hics, is a ailable in F ench,
English, and Inuk i u in ha d copy. A
new edi ion (2003) will include a Rus-
sian ansla ion.
• The associa ion is a membe o he
Council o Uni e si y o he A c ic
(h p://www.ua c ic.o g) and chai s he
Council’s Membe ship and Nomina ions
Commi ee, p o iding a di ec con-
nec ion be ween he Uni e si y o he
A c ic’s ac i i ies and Canadian no h-
e n s udies ins i u ions, expe s, and
p og ams.
• The Canadian No he n S udies
T us (CNST), he schola ship a m o
ACUNS, was es ablished in 1982 o
encou age young schola s o unde ake
no he n esea ch. The us elies upon
dona ions om a numbe o sou ces,
including he Royal Canadian Geo-
g aphical Socie y, he Canadian Pola
Commission, he Me e ological Se ice
o Canada, he Be e ly and Qamani juaq
Ca ibou Managemen Boa d, A c ic
Coope a i es Limi ed, as well as anony-
mous dono s, o p o ide schola ships o
no he ne s and sou he ne s a all le els
o pos seconda y educa ion.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he ACUNS
web si e (h p://www.cybe us.ca/~acuns),
o con ac ACUNS Execu i e Di ec-
o Denis Wall in Edmon on, Albe a
(613/562-0515; ax 613/562-0533;
[email p o ec ed]).
ACUNS Celeb a es 25 Yea s o No he n S udies
The Swedish Pola Resea ch Sec e a ia
is o ganizing a esea ch expedi ion
o he Be ingia egion in he summe o
2005 on he iceb eake Oden. The scien-
i ic ocus and logis ical amewo k o he
expedi ion a e based on in e es s exp essed
by he Swedish esea ch communi y and
by scien is s and ep esen a i es o esea ch
o ganiza ions in Russia and he U.S. An
in e na ional wo kshop o he design o
he Be ingia 2005 expedi ion was held in
S ockholm in No embe 2002.
A con inua ion and expansion o he
Swedish Tund a Ecology Expedi ions in
1994 and 1999 o no he n Russia and
he Canadian A c ic, he 2005 expedi ion
will ocus on Be ingia, including he Chu-
ko ka Peninsula, Kamcha ka, and Alaska,
wi h bo h e es ial and ma ine esea ch.
Be ingia 2005 e es ial esea ch ac i i ies
will ocus on causal p ocesses o Be ingian
biocomplexi y, including:
• biodi e si y—pa e ns and e olu ion,
• ecosys em ophic in e ac ions,
• mig a ion,
• biogeog aphy—pas and p esen , and
• human dimensions.
Ma ine esea ch will in es iga e he ole
o he A c ic Ocean in he clima e sys em,
including:
• wa e mass a iabili y and ci cula ion
pa e ns,
• a mosphe e-ocean in e ac ions,
• geology and geophysics o he A c ic
Ocean,
• biogeochemical cycles, and
• land-shel -basin in e ac ions.
A call o p oposals has been dis ibu ed
among he scien i ic communi y in Swe-
den, and he Swedish Pola Resea ch Sec-
e a ia will selec om Swedish candida e
p ojec s in sp ing 2003. The sec e a ia
• expec s o gi e space on he expedi ion
o a di e se g oup o esea che s, includ-
ing ecologis s, geologis s, and cul u al
esea che s,
• seeks o make his an in e na ional
en u e and o de elop collabo a i e
a angemen s wi h a c ic o ganiza ions
ope a ing in his egion, and
• encou ages in e es ed scien is s o com-
munica e wi h Swedish colleagues and o
app oach hei own o ganiza ions owa d
es ablishing di ec ela ions wi h he sec-
e a ia o wo k ou join ag eemen s.
P elimina y Rou e and Time F ames
Leg 1, om he beginning o June h ough
mid July, will include ma ine esea ch du -
ing he ansi om Scandina ia along he
no he n sea ou e o he Pe ek/Chuko ka
Peninsula, bu li le o no s a ion ime.
Du ing leg 2, om mid July o mid
Augus , scien is s will do e es ial esea ch
du ing wo- o h ee-day isi s a selec ed
si es along he no h slope o he Chuko ka
Peninsula, including W angel Island and
he no h slope o Alaska, possibly includ-
ing S . Law ence Island. Ma ine esea ch
om he ship may be possible in he a ea.
F om he beginning o July o mid
Augus , he ship will be a selec ed si es
on he eas coas s o Kamcha ka and he
Chuko ka Peninsula, including islands in
he a ea. The e will be sho isi s a si es
asho e om he essel o by ai anspo
om Pe opa lo sk and Anady . Du ing
July and Augus he e will also be semipe -
manen camps in wes e n Alaska and on
he Chuko ka Peninsula.
Leg 3 o he c uise will include ma ine
esea ch along a ansec om no he n
Alaska o e he pola basin o Scandina ia
om mid Augus o he end o Sep embe .
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see h p:
//www.pola .se/english/expedi ions/
be ingia2005, o con ac scien i ic coo -
dina o Magnus Tanne eld a he Swed-
ish Pola Resea ch Sec e a ia (magnus.-
anne eld @pola .se).
Oden o Unde ake Be ingia Expedi ion in 2005
32
Non-P o i O g.
U.S. Pos age
PAID
Pe mi No. 957
Ancho age, AK
A c ic
Resea ch
Conso ium
o he
Uni ed S a es
3535 College Road
Sui e 101
Fai banks, AK
99709
USA
A No e F om he ARCUS P esiden
Inside
NSF News 4
A c ic Uppe A mosphe e 5
ARCSS P og am 6
A c ic Logis ics 14
A c ic Na u al Sciences P og am 15
A c ic Social Sciences P og am 18
SEARCH 21
Capi ol Upda es 22
U.S. A c ic Resea ch Commission 23
Pola Resea ch Boa d 23
A c ic Policy 24
In e na ional News 25
Educa ion News 28
Calenda and Publica ions 31
In my no e in he p e ious edi ion o
Wi ness he A c ic, I desc ibed some o
he challenges aced by Alaska Na i e il-
lages and go e nmen agencies in ying
o con ol e osion, and how a c ic sys em
esea ch migh con ibu e o ha e o .
In his column, I would like o explo e a
ela ed ques ion: do a c ic sys em scien-
is s and agency pe sonnel ha e o e lap-
ping in e es s, and i so, how can hey
collabo a e?
A c ic sys em science add esses all
aspec s o he no he n en i onmen ,
pa icula ly he in e ac ions among he
di e en na u al and human componen s
ha de e mine how he sys em unc ions
and how i s in luence is el . F om wildli e
managemen o cons uc ion pe mi s, a i-
ous go e nmen agencies egula e, moni o ,
and o he wise wo k on many o he same
connec ions ha sys em scien is s s udy. In
some espec s, he agency-scien is connec-
ion seems ob ious, and some pa ne ships
ha e been es ablished. O e all, howe e ,
he links a e weak o nonexis en .
A a ie y o ac o s a e a wo k. Fi s ,
he e a e misma ches in ime ame and
expec a ions. Sys em scien is s ypically
ake a long- e m iew, whe eas agencies
usually need o espond in he sho e m.
Sys em scien is s a e used o unce ain y,
whe eas agencies and hei cons i uen s
may be less willing o ac when he need o
do so is unclea .
Second, he e is o en a pe cei ed cul-
u al di ide be ween “basic” esea ch done
in academia and he “applied” wo k done
in go e nmen agencies. I suspec his di -
e ence is la gely supe icial: bo h sides ha e
simila in e es s bu li le eal app ecia ion
o wha he o he g oup ac ually does.
Thi d, he e a e ew incen i es o
o e coming hese wo ba ie s. Bo h scien-
is s and agency pe sonnel a ely ha e he
ime o unding o make connec ions and
explo e collabo a i e oppo uni ies. Whe e
in e ac ions do occu , hey a e all oo o en
a he ail end o a p ojec , amoun ing o
li le mo e han sha ing o in o ma ion
ins ead o eal collabo a ion.
And ye , I hink we a e all missing
some hing in no pu ing mo e e o in
his di ec ion. Sys em science has made
g ea s ides in unde s anding he in e ac-
ions ha comp ise he a c ic sys em and in
explo ing he implica ions o hose in e ac-
ions and he changes hey a e unde going.
Agency pe sonnel ha e a g ea deal o p ac-
ical expe ience wi h he en i onmen i sel
and wi h he people who li e in and use i .
Bo h sides s and o gain om c ea ing eal
pa ne ships buil on hei complemen a y
and mu ually use ul pe spec i es.