Published by he A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es • 3535 College Road • Sui e 101 • Fai banks, AK 99709
Ch onicles o he NSF A c ic Sciences P og am Sp ing 2006, Vol ume 12 Num be 1
ARC TIC
con inued on nex page
Closing he Gap Be ween Scien i i c Resea ch and Educa ion
NSF e alua es all p oposals on wo c i e ia
as pa o he me i e iew—in ellec ual
me i and b oade impac s. The b oade
impac s c i e ion equi es ha p oposed
p ojec s ha e alue beyond he immedia e
science i eld. These b oade impac s can
include de elopmen s in in as uc u e o
esea ch o educa ion, inc easing di e si y
in science and enginee ing, b oad dissemi-
na ion o he esea ch esul s, o signi i can
eaching o aining oppo uni ies. Many
o he b oade impac s wi h socie al el-
e ance can be achie ed h ough he in e-
By Renée C ain
Con inued leade ship in sci-
en i i c and echnological
inno a ion is inc easingly c i ical
o main aining U.S. p ospe i y in a
apidly changing global communi y.
Conce ns abou his issue led o he
ecen cong essionally eques ed
epo , Rising Abo e he Ga he ing
S o m: Ene gizing and Employing
Ame ica o a B igh e Economic
Fu u e, which ou lines ac ions ha
ede al policy-make s should ake
o enhance he science and echnol-
ogy en e p ise so ha he U.S. can
success ully compe e, p ospe , and
be secu e in he 21s cen u y. The
i s ecommenda ion o he epo
is as imp o emen o K–12 sci-
ence and ma hema ics educa ion
o inc ease Ame ica’s alen pool
(Commi ee on P ospe ing in he
Global Economy o he 21s Cen-
u y 2006). The e is e idence ha
he achie emen o U.S. s uden s
in science, echnology, enginee -
ing, and ma h (STEM) is slipping behind
hei in e na ional pee s. Fo ins ance, U.S.
s uden s pe o med below a e age in bo h
ma h and science in he 2003 P og amme
o In e na ional S uden Assessmen —a
su ey ha measu es ma h, science, and
eading li e acy o 15-yea -olds, p ima ily
in indus ialized na ions (Na ional Science
Boa d 2006).
One way o add ess issues o scien i i c
leade ship and STEM educa ion is h ough
he in eg a ion o scien i i c esea ch and
educa ion. As he unding sou ce o
app oxima ely 20% o all ede ally sup-
po ed basic esea ch conduc ed by U.S.
colleges and uni e si ies, he Na ional Sci-
ence Founda ion (NSF) unds scien is s
wo king on he cu ing-edge o science
and enginee ing and os e s in eg a ion o
esea ch and educa ion in se e al ways. On
a ounda ion-wide le el, NSF has iden i i ed
he in eg a ion o esea ch and educa ion
as one o h ee co e s a egies ha guide
he en i e agency in es ablishing p io i ies,
iden i ying oppo uni ies, and designing
new p og ams (NSF 2000). In addi ion,
S uden s a Salisbu y Communi y School in Ve mon p esen pos e s on a c ic hyd ology and clima e change. Thei eache , Amy
Clapp (cen e ), pa icipa ed in he Teache s and Resea che s Explo ing and Collabo a ing (TREC) p og am in 2004 and 2005,
wo king wi h Robe “Max” Holmes ( a igh ) s udying he wa e chemis y o la ge a c ic i e s. D awing on he TREC expe iences
in Russia, Canada, and Alaska and wi h eedback om Holmes, Clapp c ea ed a mon h-long uni o he s uden s on he in e ac ions
be ween a c ic i e s and clima e change, which culmina ed in his school-wide p esen a ion. The s uden s la e a eled wi h Clapp
and Holmes o Bu ling on whe e hey p esen ed hei pos e s o pa icipan s a he Ve mon Science Teache s Associa ion Annual
Mee ing. Pho o cou esy o Amy Clapp.
2
In eg a ing Resea ch and Educa ion
K–12 eache esea ch expe iences ha
p o ed so aluable in TEA. Since 2004,
Teache s and Resea che s Explo ing and
Collabo a ing (TREC) has suppo ed he
pa icipa ion o 26 eache s in a c ic i eld
p ojec s; he 2006 TREC season is unde -
way wi h se e al i eld expedi ions al eady
comple e and eache s cu en ly in he
i eld. This p og am uses online and li e
ideo and audio con e encing echnolo-
gies o b ing he esea ch expe ience o
hund eds o class oom and public audi-
ences wo ldwide. See page 3 o www.a cus.
o g/ ec.
The Alaska Lake Ice and Snow Obse -
a o y Ne wo k (ALISON) b ings K–12
s uden s, science and ma h eache s, and
esea che s a he Uni e si y o Alaska Fai -
banks (UAF) oge he o lea n abou he
a iabili y o lake ice, snow, and conduc i e
hea l ow in Alaska. Each yea , Ma in Je -
ies, Resea ch P o esso in he Depa men
o Geology and Geophysics, and o he sci-
en is s a UAF ain eache s and s uden s
in u al and u ban Alaska o egula ly col-
lec da a on snow and lake ice. The da a,
o en collec ed om a eas whe e i is no
easible o scien is s o a el on a egula
basis, a e in eg al o he esea ch, and he
eache s and s uden s who pa icipa e a e
esea ch pa ne s bo h doing and lea n-
ing abou he science. See Wi ness Win e
2004/2005 o www.gi.alaska.edu/alison/
index.h ml.
In ol ing local communi ies in science
is ano he way o inc ease he impac o a
p ojec . Fo example, Robe “Max” Hol-
mes o he Woods Hole Resea ch Cen e
is expanding a collabo a ion ha s a ed
in 2003 wi h one s uden li ing beside
he Lena Ri e in Zhigansk, Russia, who
assis ed wi h sampling, o include commu-
ni ies and schools a i e o he si es along
majo a c ic i e s in Russia, Canada, and
Alaska. In his S uden -PARTNERS p ojec
(www.wh c.o g/s uden pa ne s), Holmes
is wo king wi h a c ic esiden s o collec
yea - ound samples om hese i e s, and
s uden s, eache s, and communi ies a e
becoming in eg al pa ne s in he esea ch.
Suppo ing isi ing scien i i c expe s
o sha e hei knowledge wi h communi-
ies and schools is ano he way o imp o e
esea ch and educa ion connec ions on he
local le el. One such p og am, unded by
NSF, is ARCUS’ A c ic Visi ing Speak-
e s’ Se ies, which suppo s esea che s and
o he a c ic expe s o a el and speak in
communi ies whe e hey migh no o h-
e wise connec . The p og am p o ides a
cos e ec i e way o K–12, g adua e and
unde g adua e, and public audiences o
lea n abou impo an a c ic issues. Since
2000, he i s yea o he p og am, 49
speake s ha e pa icipa ed in o e 130
di e en engagemen s wo ldwide. See
Wi ness Sp ing 2002 o www.a cus.o g/a c-
ic_speake /index.h ml.
Jou nalis imme sion p og ams allow
epo e s o obse e and pa icipa e in he
p ocess o science by wo king wi h in es-
iga o s and g adua e s uden s conduc ing
esea ch. This ype o p og am also ben-
e i s pa icipa ing esea che s who gain an
unde s anding o he in l uences ha shape
he way science is epo ed o he public.
Fo example, he Science Jou nalism P o-
g am a he Ma ine Biological Labo a o y
(MBL) en ains science jou nalis s in he
p ocess o a c ic esea ch. Pa o a la ge
p og am a MBL, up o i e jou nalis s
a el o Alaska each yea o spend ime
a Toolik Field S a ion and o he i eld
esea ch si es lea ning abou he A c ic and
engaging wi h a c ic esea che s. Wi h his
backg ound in scien i i c esea ch, he 225
jou nalis s who ha e pa icipa ed in he
p og am since 1985 a e able o con ibu e
o he in o mal science educa ion o hei
audiences mo e e ec i ely. See page 26 o
www.mbl.edu/inside/wha /news/sci_jou -
nal/index.h ml.
The unding inc eases in he P esi-
den ’s 2007 budge eques o suppo
he ecen ly announced Ame ican Com-
pe i i eness Ini ia i e ecognize NSF’s
leade ship ole in suppo ing he na ion’s
capabili ies in science, echnology, engi-
nee ing, and ma hema ics (Domes ic Policy
Council, O i ce o Science and Technology
Policy 2006). In Ma ch 2007, he In e -
na ional Pola Yea (IPY) will begin, and
educa ion and ou each will be a signi i can
pa o he IPY e o and legacy. The OPP
and EHR di ec o a es a e wo king oge he
du ing IPY o suppo in eg a ion o NSF-
unded esea ch wi h educa ion o con ib-
u e o he de elopmen o he nex gene a-
ion o scien is s and enginee s. P oposals
o a join OPP-EHR special solici a ion o
IPY we e ecei ed 1 May 2006; unde he
educa ion emphasis a ea, p oposals could
g a ion o esea ch and educa ion; joining
oge he esea ch and educa ion assu es
ha he i ndings and me hods o esea ch
a e quickly and e ec i ely communica ed
in a b oade con ex and o a la ge audi-
ence (NSF GPRA S a egic Plan 2000).
The A c ic, one o he mos ex eme
en i onmen s on Ea h, p o ides an excel-
len se ing in which o p omo e esea ch
and educa ion connec ions. The egion is
unde going p o ound en i onmen al and
socioeconomic changes, and esea ch con-
duc ed in he A c ic is a he leading edge
o scien i i c inqui y. Beginning in 1999,
he O i ce o Pola P og ams (OPP) A c ic
Sciences Sec ion inc eased i s emphasis on
s imula ing inno a i e educa ion p ojec s
wi h a budge designa ed speci i cally o
A c ic Resea ch and Educa ion. This und-
ing ($300,000 in FY 2004) suppo s ac i i-
ies ha b idge esea ch and educa ion;
mos commonly, awa ds a e made as sup-
plemen s o unded g an s and ag eemen s
o as small g an s o pilo p ojec s. The
majo i y o he 63 awa ds made o-da e a e
unded in pa ne ship wi h o he Di ec o -
a es a NSF and o he agencies. P oposals
o his unding sou ce may include o mal
o in o mal educa ion o ou each o s u-
den s K–12 and highe o o he b oade
public.
Examples o ac i i ies ha link a c ic
esea ch and educa ion include eache
enhancemen p og ams, isi ing scien is
and jou nalis p og ams, and e o s o
di ec ly inco po a e a c ic communi ies
in o esea ch p ojec s.
Enhancemen expe iences o eache s
aim o de elop scien i i c knowledge and
inqui y-based eaching p ac ices h ough
pa icipa ion in i eld esea ch and ela ed
p o essional de elopmen oppo uni ies,
such as pee men o ing. F om 1992–2005,
OPP and he Di ec o a e o Educa ion
and Human Resou ces (EHR) co-spon-
so ed Teache s Expe iencing An a c ica and
he A c ic (TEA), a p og am enabling K–
12 eache s o pa icipa e in pola esea ch
expedi ions. Thi y-nine eache s wo ked
on a c ic esea ch p ojec s h ough TEA
sponso ship. See Wi ness Sp ing 2003 o
h p:// ea.a madap ojec .o g/. In esponse
o eques s om esea che s who wan ed
o hos eache s in he i eld, OPP unded
ARCUS and VECO Pola Resou ces (VPR;
see page 11) o con inue and expand he
3
In eg a ing Resea ch and Educa ion
Ad ancing Science Educa ion Th ough Teache
Resea ch Expe iences in he A c ic
A e a na ionwide sea ch, eigh eache s ha e been selec ed o ake pa in he 2006
Teache s and Resea che s Explo ing and Collabo a ing (TREC; see Wi ness Win e
2004/2005) p og am, which pai s K–12 eache s wi h esea che s o imp o e science
educa ion h ough a c ic i eld expe iences and In e ne connec ions o class ooms and he
public. TREC eache s wo k side-by-side wi h scien is s du ing he sp ing and summe
on i eld p ojec s in es iga ing opics such as und a ecology, ma ine biology, a mosphe ic
chemis y, and clima e change.
The i s 2006 expedi ion began in ea ly May—Saman ha Dassle -Ba low, a middle
school science eache om No h Ca olina, and Pa icia Janes, an edi o o Scholas ic
Inc., joined Lee Coope , a p o esso a he Uni e si y o Tennessee, on boa d he U.S.
Coas Gua d Cu e Healy. They spen i e weeks on his iceb eake in es iga ing ecologi-
cal changes in he Be ing Sea ha a e occu ing as he clima e wa ms.
O he TREC i eld p ojec s and loca ions his sp ing and summe include in es iga ion
o p ehis o ic human-en i onmen in e ac ions in he Ku il Islands o Russia; a mosphe ic
chemis y on he G eenland Ice Shee ; ancien dinosau ecosys ems on Alaska’s No h
Slope; clima e change in S alba d, No way; and wo und a ecology p ojec s a Toolik
Field S a ion in Alaska.
Ex ensi e planning is necessa y o ensu e ha he eache s a e ully p epa ed and able
o e ec i ely communica e hei expe iences o class oom and public audiences. Be o e
depa ing o he i eld, TREC p o ides an in ensi e
o ien a ion consis ing o se e al webmee ings wi h
all eache and esea che pa icipan s, as well as a
ace- o- ace wo kshop. Th ough hese in e ac ions,
eache s lea n abou sa e y in he i eld, jou naling,
using echnologies o communica ing ia he In e -
ne , and public ou each. Each eache also spends
conside able ime planning how o con ey hei
expe iences and he knowledge hey gain o hei
s uden s— hese ideas a e inco po a ed in o an edu-
ca ion plan ha he eache s will implemen in he
yea ollowing hei i eld expedi ion.
While eache s a e in he i eld, TREC’s ou each
elemen s le e age he appeal o he A c ic o audi-
ences o all ages a ound he wo ld. Teache s and
esea che s communica e hei expe iences h ough
he Vi ual Base Camp, a sec ion o he TREC
websi e allowing pa icipan s o sha e hei daily
ac i i ies in an online jou nal and pho o galle y and
answe ques ions om s uden s and he public. Du -
ing li e calls om he i eld, pa icipan s use Ho izon
Wimba, a so wa e pla o m cus omized o TREC,
ha enables li e audio web-con e encing, online p e-
sen a ions, In e ne ou ing, applica ion sha ing, polling, and p i a e and public ex cha .
To complemen he i eld expe ience, TREC has buil a sus ained lea ning en i on-
men o eache s and esea che s and suppo s in eg a ion o esea ch expe iences and
inqui y-based app oaches in o class oom cu iculum h ough online semina s, an e-mail
lis se e, and eache pee g oups. As a esul o hei ime in he i eld oge he , eache s
and esea che s con inue o collabo a e and discuss cu en science issues, con en , and
echnology esou ces long a e hey e u n.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see www.a cus.o g/TREC o con ac Jane Wa bu on a
ARCUS ([email p o ec ed]; 907-474-1600).
add ess o mal science educa ion expe i-
ences o K–12 eache s and unde g adu-
a e o g adua e s uden s, in o mal science
educa ion o he b oade public, and
coo dina ion and communica ion o IPY
educa ion p ojec s. See www.ns .go /publi-
ca ions/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=ns 06534.
OPP plans o con inue his emphasis o
linking esea ch wi h educa ion beyond
IPY 2007–2008 and o measu e he ou -
comes o hese in es men s o in o m
u u e plans. These measu es a e a i s s ep
in “ ising abo e he ga he ing s o m.”
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he A c ic
Resea ch and Educa ion websi e: www.
ns .go / unding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_
id=13448&o g=ARC, o con ac Renée
C ain ( c ain@ns .go ; 703-292-8029).
Renée C ain is he Assis an P og am
O i ce o A c ic Resea ch and Educa ion in
he NSF O i ce o Pola P og ams.
Re e ences
Domes ic Policy Council, O i ce o
Science and Technology Policy.
2006. Ame ican Compe i i eness
Ini ia i e. www.os p.go /h ml/
ACIBookle .pd .
Commi ee on P ospe ing in he
Global Economy o he 21s
Cen u y. 2006. Rising Abo e The
Ga he ing S o m: Ene gizing and
Employing Ame ica o a B igh e
Economic Fu u e. Washing on,
DC: Na ional Academies P ess.
504 pages. www.nap.edu/ca a-
log/11463.h ml.
Na ional Science Boa d. 2006. Sci-
ence and Enginee ing Indica o s
2006. Two olumes. A ling on,
VA: Na ional Science Founda-
ion. 521 pages. www.ns .go /
s a is ics/seind06/.
Na ional Science Founda ion.
2000. Na ional Science Founda-
ion Go e nmen Pe o mance
and Resul s Ac (GPRA) S a egic
Plan o FY 2001–2006. www.
ns .go /pubs/2001/ns 0104/s a .h m.
Pho o abo e igh : As pa o an oceanog aphy lab, high
school s uden s in Vi ginia conduc a sedimen se ling
a e expe imen . Th ough he TREC p og am, hei
eache , S e e Ma shall, pa icipa ed in a June 2005
expedi ion o he A c ic Ocean aboa d he U.S. Coas
Gua d Cu e Healy. While on boa d, Ma shall wo ked
wi h scien is s conduc ing sedimen co e esea ch and
collec ed samples ha his s uden s used in his and o he
expe imen s. Knowing ha hey we e wo king wi h “ eal”
sedimen om he A c ic conside ably inc eased s uden
in e es in he class. Pho o cou esy o S e e Ma shall.
4
A c ic Social Sciences P og am
A
p ojec unded by he NSF A c ic
Social Sciences p og am en i led
Whi e Plague: A His o ical E hnog aphy
o Tube culosis Among Yup’ik Peoples
o Sou hwes e n Alaska examines he
social e ec s o ube culosis (TB). This
disease was endemic in he Alaska Na i e
popula ion du ing he 19 h cen u y. Due
o inc easingly sus ained con ac wi h
ou side s, by he mid 20 h cen u y i had
eached epidemic p opo ions, de as a ing
many u al communi ies. In he 1930s,
one ou o h ee Alaska Na i es died o
TB. In sou hwes e n Alaska, Yup’ik people
had one o he highes epo ed incidence
and p e alence a es in he wo ld. By he
1950s, i was es ima ed ha one ou o
e e y hi y indigenous Alaskans was in a
ube culosis sana o ium, mos loca ed ou -
side o Alaska in he Sea le/Tacoma a ea,
emaining he e o wo o mo e yea s.
Un il he mid o la e 1950s he e we e no
enough TB beds in Alaska o ea all he
pa ien s; people o en had o wai se e al
yea s o be admi ed. A his ime, he
Alaska Na i e dea h a e o TB was abou
673 ou o 100,000 compa ed o abou 18
ou o 100,000 o whi es in he U.S.
By he mid 1950s, a massi e public
heal h campaign agains TB in Alaska was
well unde way, and wi hin wo decades
d ama ic imp o emen occu ed in bo h
mo bidi y and mo ali y a es wi h he
in oduc ion o in ensi e con ol e o s,
including chemo he apy, qua an ine
measu es, and su eillance. By he 1970s,
ube culosis was no longe he p ima y
cause o dea h among Alaska Na i es. E en
a e o e 40 yea s o public heal h in e -
en ion, howe e , ube culosis emains
a signi i can and se ious ch onic heal h
p oblem among Alaska Na i es. In 2000,
he ac i e case a e in Alaska was 17.2 ou
o 100,000, which was he highes a e in
he U.S. The majo i y o hese cases we e
among he indigenous popula ion. Each
yea since 2000, he incidence a e has
allen, bu in Alaska he case a es emain
subs an ially highe han in he U.S. popu-
la ion a la ge.
Al hough i is widely known ha
TB a aged u al Alaska communi ies
h oughou he 20 h cen u y, li le a en-
ion has been gi en o he social su e ing
expe ienced by indi iduals, kin, and com-
muni ies as a esul o he disease. The
ways indigenous people esponded in hei
e e yday li es o he desola e ci cums ances
and public heal h in e en ions ha e
la gely gone unexplo ed. Linda G een, an
an h opologis a he Uni e si y o A i-
zona, leads he Alaska-based esea ch eam
collec ing o al his o ies om communi y
membe s in h ee illages—Hoope Bay,
Che ak, and Nunapichuk—in he Yukon-
Kuskokwim Del a and in e iewing public
heal h and medical p ac i ione s who p o-
ided se ices o hose wi h TB. In all h ee
communi ies, he esea ch eam has been
en husias ically suppo ed by he ibal
councils, mayo and ci y council o i ces,
schools, elde s, and communi y membe s.
One objec i e o G een’s esea ch is o
examine he complex ela ionship be ween
Alaskan Na i es and mode n wes e n med-
icine om he pe spec i e o indigenous
people in u al a eas. Documen ing hese
encoun e s wi h TB and wes e n medi-
cine p o ides in o ma ion on he social
ans o ma ions ha ha e a ec ed Alaska
Na i e well-being o e he 20 h cen u y
and how hese ans o ma ions con inue o
a ec people and hei communi ies oday.
Ano he p ojec objec i e is o in es iga e
how medical ideologies and p ac ices
de eloped a he e i o ial
(la e s a e) and ede al le els. The s udy
examines how
wes e n no ions o
mode ni y, p og ess,
and he indigenous
“o he ” in l uenced
public heal h and
medical ideologies
and in e en ions
wi h ega d o TB
and Alaska Na i es.
C ucial o such an
explica ion is an
unde s anding o
how he o ces and
s uc u es o wes e n
scien i i c knowledge
and public heal h
policy con ibu ed
o a ans o ma ion
o he ways ha Alaska Na i e people li ed
and died.
A e da a analysis is comple e, G een
will w i e a his o ical e hnog aphy ocusing
on how p ocesses o mode ni y—speci i -
cally, changing public heal h and medi-
cal policies and p ac ices—in l uenced a
ewo king o Alaska Na i e iden i y, social
ela ions, and social o ganiza ion. Collab-
o a i e local his o y p ojec s and a museum
exhibi now in he planning s ages will
ocus on he many- ace ed ole o TB in he
li es o Yup’ik people in he 20 h cen u y.
Unde s anding lessons o he pas as
well as p esen pa e ns o social de elop-
men h ough he lens o TB is impo an
o he well-being o a c ic and sub-a c ic
esiden s, in bo h heal h policy de elop-
men and heal h ca e deli e y. This explo a-
ion o TB and con ol o he disease gi es
insigh in o he ways in which diseases a e
bo h biological and social en i ies and he
unacknowledged consequences o heal h
ca e policies and p ac ices on peoples’ li es.
G een wo ked as a public heal h nu se
and TB consul an o he s a e o Alaska in
he la e 1970s and ea ly 1980s. Since hen,
she has wo ked as a social-cul u al an h o-
pologis in u al Gua emala examining he
e ec s o poli ical and s uc u al iolence
on he Mayan Indian popula ion.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Linda
G een (lbg [email p o ec ed]; 520-
621-6291).
S udy Explo es Social E ec s o TB in Sou hwes Alaska
In July 2005, Elde s in Hoope Bay sha ed s o ies and memo ies o how he TB epidem-
ics a ec ed hem, hei amilies, and he communi y. Pho o by Ole Lake.
5
A c ic Social Sciences P og am
The Saami (also spelled “Sámi”) num-
be app oxima ely 80,000 people li -
ing in No way, Sweden, Finland, and he
Kola Peninsula in Russia. S udies o Saami
DNA sugges hei ances al popula ion
sepa a ed long ago om o he Eu opean
popula ions. The Saami, o Lappish, lan-
guage consis s o nine dialec s belonging o
he Finno-Ug ic language amily.
In Sweden, Saami land-use igh s ha e
been es ic ed o eindee owne ship as a
esul o go e nmen policies, and he ding
has de ac o become a key symbol o Saami
iden i y. Lapland as an adminis a i e
egion has se ed as a means o p ese ing
a nomadic he ding li es yle and sepa a -
ing he Saami om Swedish se le s. These
policies depic Saami e i o y in Sweden
as limi ed o he no he nmos and in e io
egions o he coun y.
Wi h suppo om he NSF A c ic
Social Sciences P og am, Noel B oadben
o he Smi hsonian Ins i u ion A c ic
S udies Cen e (see Wi ness Sp ing 1998)
ini ia ed a h ee-yea p ojec in 2004 pu -
suing he a chaeological e idence o Saami
se lemen and land-use in coas al Sweden.
The Sea ch o a Pas is one o he i s
p ojec s o pu sue he Saami pas ou side o
Lapland. The p ima y a ea o in es iga ion
has been in coas al Väs e bo en, abou
800 km no h o S ockholm (see map).
In he summe o 2005, Saami si es we e
also in es iga ed a Ho nslande in coas al
Hälsingland, which is only 300 km no h
o S ockholm.
The si es a e cha ac e ized by hu com-
plexes si ua ed in ou e coas al a eas, espe-
cially on peninsulas o islands. The hu s a e
gene ally o al in shape, 4 m by
5 m in size, wi h low cobble walls and
cen al hea hs. The hu s adioca bon
da e o A.D. 800–1300, he Viking Pe iod,
al hough some da e o as ea ly as A.D. 400.
Bone ma e ial shows hem o ha e been
used by seal hun e s, bu he e a e also
bones o sheep, goa s, bi ds, and small
game. The dwellings o en clus e in g oups
o h ee o i e s uc u es and a e e y simi-
la in appea ance o he so-called “S alo”
hu s om he Swedish moun ain egions
whe e he Saami hun ed eindee . The
G undska an si e in Väs e bo en consis s
P ojec Re eals Saami P ehis o y in Coas al Sweden
o 50 ea u es including dwellings, cai ns
(manmade piles o s one) o s o age, s one
alignmen s ( eindee , sheep, o goa enclo-
su es), li es ock sheds, and ci cula i ual
ea u es. Some small g a e cai ns wi h
c ema ions ha e also been documen ed
nea by.
The majo b eak h ough in a guing
he case o Saami coas al se lemen came
hough an unexpec ed i nd in one o he
hu s a G undska an—a deposi ion o
animal bones unde a small cai n buil
in o he co ne o a dwelling. All he bu -
ied bones, which we e om a single adul
b own bea , had been cu up and i ually
bu ied in acco dance wi h Saami bea ce -
emonialism. The bea bones adioca bon
da ed o app oxima ely A.D. 870. This
i ual bea bu ial shows ha he people
who had occupied hese hu s we e unques-
ionably Saami.
The dis ibu ion o me al a i ac s in
Uppe No land om he La e I on Age
(A.D. 400–1100) co esponds wi h wa e -
ways and eske s (g a el idges deposi ed
by wa e l owing unde glacie s), which
e l ec bo h ade ou es and se lemen
a eas in he in e io and on he coas . I
is ha dly a coincidence ha he wo main
i e s in Väs e bo en ha e Saami
names—Skelle e and Ume.
The e a e some 25 egis e ed
me al a i ac s om coas al
Väs e bo en. Hal o hese i nds
ha e di ec pa allels o a i ac s
ound a Saami sac i i cial si es in
Uppe No land’s in e io . The
i nds o sheep and goa bones,
as well as li es ock sheds and
co als, sugges ha he coas al
Saami had combined seal hun -
ing wi h husband y. Me can ile
in e es in seal oil may ha e been
an impo an ac o behind in en-
si i ed seal hun ing du ing he
Viking Pe iod.
Saami coas al sealing and
ading in Sweden came o an
end in he i s hal o he 14 h
cen u y. A numbe o o ces
con e ged a his ime: agg es-
si e Swedish ag a ian expansion,
chu ch and s a e domina ion,
Black Dea h, and he onse o he Li le Ice
Age. I is likely ha changed ice condi ions
made adi ional sealing mo e di i cul . In
esponse o all he o ces o change, Saami
dependencies on domes ica ed eindee
inc eased a e he 14 h cen u y in he in e-
io and moun ain egions.
In No way and he Kola Peninsula,
Saami e i o y s ill ex ends along hou-
sands o kilome e s o no he n coas s.
Acco ding o he Icelandic and No wegian
sagas om he 1100–1200s, he Saami
li ed as a sou h as Hadeland in No way,
20 km no hwes o Oslo. The Saami o
hei ances o s we e known o ha e o -
me ly occupied nea ly he whole o Finland
and we e e en as a sou h as he Wes e n
D ina (Dauga a) Ri e in La ia. This
p ojec is helping o demons a e ha he
Saami once li ed om he moun ains o
he coas s in Sweden and much a he
sou h han his o ical eco ds ha e sug-
ges ed. A chaeological esea ch is helping
he Saami know hei ancien pas s and o
be e asse hei indigenous iden i ies and
igh s oday.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see www.mnh2.
si.edu/a c ic/ ea u es/saami/index.h ml, o
con ac Noel D. B oadben (b oadben@
si.edu; 202-633-1904).
The Sea ch o a Pas p ojec is in es iga ing a chaeological e idence o
Saami se lemen in coas al Sweden. The highligh ed ec angle indica es
he o e all esea ch a ea and ed s a s ma k indi idual si es.

6
A c ic Sys em Science P og am
The A c ic Sys em Science (ARCSS)
P og am ocuses on unde s anding he
undamen al cha ac e is ics, dynamics, and
con olling p inciples o he a c ic sys em
h ough suppo o key i eld esea ch and
in eg a ion and syn hesis o knowledge
om pas and ongoing s udies.
ARCSS unding cu en ly suppo s
a numbe o o ganized esea ch e o s:
Syn hesis o A c ic Sys em Science (SASS;
see below), S udy o he No he n Alaska
Coas al Sys em (SNACS; see page 8),
F eshwa e In eg a ion (FWI; see page 8),
Wes e n A c ic Shel -Basin In e ac ions
(SBI; see page 9), Human Dimensions
o he A c ic Sys em (HARC; see Wi ness
Win e 2004/2005), and Paleoen i on-
men al A c ic Sciences (PARCS; see page
7). In addi ion o he explici ocus on syn-
hesis suppo ed by he new SASS unding,
each o hese e o s is pu suing syn hesis
and in eg a ion wi hin and among i s com-
ponen p ojec s, as well as wi h he la ge
ARCSS and a c ic esea ch communi ies.
Sea le Mee ings
Th ee g oups o ARCSS in es iga o s me
in Ma ch 2006 in Sea le, Washing on.
Resea che s suppo ed by SNACS and
SASS unding me bo h sepa a ely and
oge he o sha e in o ma ion on p ojec
plans and discuss o e a ching hemes and
linkages be ween p ojec s and app oaches
o syn hesis. The associa ed mee ing o he
ARCSS Commi ee (AC) included an open
session wi h p esen a ions co e ing com-
muni y science ac i i ies and discussions on
science goals and ques ions, key unknowns,
and u u e p io i ies and ac i i ies, includ-
ing hose o he ARCSS Communi ies o
P ac ice. The AC made en a i e plans o
con ene an All-Hands Wo kshop in 2007.
Josh Schimel o he Uni e si y o Cali o -
nia, San a Ba ba a, assumed he chai o
he AC and Jona han O e peck o a ed
o he posi ion o pas chai . Addi ional
in o ma ion abou ARCSS ac i i ies will
be announced h ough he ARCSS websi e
and lis se e.
Fo mo e in o ma ion o o subsc ibe o
he ARCSS lis se e, see: www.a cus.o g/
ARCSS, o con ac Josh Schimel (schimel@
li esci.ucsb.edu; 805-893-7688), Neil
Swanbe g ([email p o ec ed] ; 703-292-
8029), o Helen Wiggins (helen@a cus.
o g; 907-474-1600).
ARCSS In es iga o s Con ibu e o Syn hesis E o s
New ARCSS P ojec s Pu sue Sys em-scale Syn hesis
The need o an in eg a ed unde s and-
ing o he a c ic sys em has inc eased
as he pace o a c ic change has accele a ed.
The i eld esea ch and analysis and in e-
g a ion ac i i ies ha began wi h he s a
o he ARCSS P og am in 1989 p o ide
a obus ounda ion o a majo syn hesis
e o . Following on he 2003 and 2004
ARCSS wo kshops on syn hesis (see Wi -
ness Win e 2004/2005), NSF issued an
ARCSS solici a ion in No embe 2004 o
p oposals on syn hesis, ocused explici ly
on ques ions ha link mul iple sys em
componen s and p ocesses ac oss a ange
o empo al and spa ial scales. In esponse,
NSF ecei ed 76 p oposals o 34 sepa a e
p ojec s o aling $25 million and was able
o und nine majo p ojec s wi h 22 awa ds
o alling $7.037 million o e h ee yea s:
• Syn hesis o A c ic Sys em Ca bon Cycle
Resea ch Th ough Model-Da a Fusion
S udies Using A mosphe ic In e sion
and P ocess-Based App oaches. A. D.
McGui e (Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks
[UAF]), J. Melillo (Ma ine Biological
Labo a o y [MBL]), Q. Zhuang (MBL),
M. Follows (Massachuse s Ins i u e o
Technology [MIT]) $1,179,591.
• Sunligh and he A c ic A mosphe e-
Ice-Ocean Sys em. D. Pe o ich (Cold
Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Labo-
a o y [CRREL]), B. Ligh (Uni e si y
o Washing on [UW]), H. Eicken (UAF)
$1,142,867.
• G eening o he A c ic: Syn hesis and
Models o Examine he E ec s o
Clima e, Sea Ice, and Te ain on Ci -
cumpola Vege a ion Change. D. A.
Walke (UAF), H. Eps ein (Uni e si y o
Vi ginia) $888,368.
• A Syn hesis o Rapid Mel wa e and Ice
Discha ge Changes: La ge Fo cings om
he Ice wi h Impac s on Global Sea Le el
and No h A lan ic F eshwa e Budge s.
M. Fahnes ock (Uni e si y o New
Hampshi e [UNH]), M. T u e (UAF),
R. Alley (Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y
[PSU]), J. Box (Ohio S a e Uni e si y
[OSU]), S. Das (Woods Hole Oceano-
g aphic Ins i u ion [WHOI]), I. Joughin
(UW) $878,230.
• He e ogenei y and Resilience o Human-
Rangi e Sys ems: A Ci cumpola Social-
Ecological Syn hesis. G. Ko i nas (UAF)
$750,296.
• Humans and Hyd ology a High La i-
udes. R. Lamme s (UNH), D. Whi e
(UAF) $657,025.
• A Hea Budge Analysis o he A c ic
Clima e Sys em. M. Se eze (Uni e si y
o Colo ado [CU]), M. S eele (UW)
$641,545.
• A c ic Su ace Ai Tempe a u es o he
Pas 100 Yea s: Analysis and Recon-
s uc ion o an In eg a ed Da a Se o
A c ic Sys em Science. I. Rigo (UW)
$533,128.
• Syn hesis o Modes o Ocean-Ice-
A mosphe e Co a iabili y in he A c ic
Sys em om Mul i a ia e Cen u y-Scale
Obse a ions. M. Miles (En i onmen al
Sys ems Analysis Resea ch Cen e ), M.
Se eze (CU) $366,319.
The Syn hesis o A c ic Sys em Science
(SASS) in es iga o s ha e held wo online
mee ings o begin discussing app oaches
o syn hesis and in eg a ion among SASS
p ojec s; he Ma ch 2006 mee ing in
Sea le ad anced his planning and collabo-
a ion. In Decembe 2005, ARCSS issued a
second SASS solici a ion (a ailable a www.
ns .go /pubs/2006/ns 06523/ns 06523.
h m). P oposals we e due 24 Ma ch 2006.
NSF an icipa es making i e o en awa ds
o alling $7 million o e h ee yea s.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he SASS
websi e: www.a cus.o g/ARCSS/SASS, o
con ac Neil Swanbe g (nswanbe @ns .go ;
703-292-8029), o Helen Wiggins (helen@
a cus.o g; 907-474-1600).
7
A c ic Sys em Science P og am
The Paleoen i onmen al A c ic Sci-
ences (PARCS; 1999–2005) p og am
s addled wo NSF p og ams, A c ic Sys-
em Science (ARCSS) and Ea h Sys em
His o y (ESH), o coo dina e esea ch
e o s aimed a unde s anding paleoen i-
onmen al changes in he A c ic and how
hey ela e o he a c ic sys em and Ea h
sys ems in gene al. The p og am suppo ed
a da a managemen o i ce ha coo dina ed
wi h he Na ional Oceanic and A mo-
sphe ic Adminis a ion (NOAA) Paleocli-
ma ology p og am o main ain a web-based
da a a chi e and in e ac i e p esen a ions
o PARCS syn heses. This includes geo e -
e enced da abases and maps, as speci i ed by
he ESH 2003 science plan o he A c ic
(www.ncdc.noaa.go /paleo/pa cs/syn heses.
h ml). PARCS syn hesis esul s and ongo-
ing ela ed esea ch concen a e on h ee
majo opical a eas.
High- esolu ion clima e a iabili y.
Recen esul s based on he syn hesis o a
600-yea eco d ha e demons a ed ha
high- esolu ion (annual o decadal) p oxy
clima e eco ds om he A c ic p ese e a
signa u e o summe empe a u e ha is
ela ed o bo h global mean empe a u e
and he A c ic Oscilla ion. The s udy is
based on an analysis o 144 si es and shows
mul iple modes o a iabili y. A manusc ip
epo ing hese i ndings is in p epa a-
ion. To con inue his esea ch, a g oup
o in es iga o s ecen ly ecei ed unding
h ough he ARCSS P og am o de elop
and syn hesize high- esolu ion p oxy
clima e eco ds om 30 lakes ac oss he
No h Ame ican A c ic. This p ojec will
nea ly iple he numbe o high- esolu-
ion, 2,000-yea -long p oxy clima e eco ds
cu en ly a ailable and will enhance he
unde s anding o he magni ude and mech-
anisms o a c ic empe a u e a iabili y.
Holocene he mal maximum. Du ing
he ea ly o middle Holocene, much o
he A c ic expe ienced empe a u es ha
we e wa me han p esen , p obably due o
a summe anomaly 10,000–12,000 yea s
ago; summe empe a u es we e gene ally
1–2°C wa me han oday. Desc ibing he
pa e n o he Holocene he mal maximum
(HTM) p o ides clues o he p ocesses ha
modula e he e ec s o adia i e o cing
and he impac s o wa me condi ions on
he a c ic sys em. A majo in e na ional
syn hesis o paleoen i onmen al eco ds
om 140 si es in he wes e n A c ic
(0–180° W; Kau man e al. 2004) p o ided
clea e idence o an HTM episode a 120
o he si es ( i gu e 1). Alaska and no hwes
Canada expe ienced he HTM a ound
9,000–11,000 yea s ago, while wa ming in
no heas Canada lagged by abou 4,000
yea s, p obably in pa because o he
chilling e ec s o he linge ing Lau en-
ide Ice Shee . This spa ial asymme y is
simila o he pa e n o wa ming seen in
he A c ic o e he pas se e al decades,
sugges ing a p e e ed mode o a iabil-
i y in he a mosphe ic ci cula ion ha
Figu e 1. Spa io- empo al pa e n o he Holocene he -
mal maximum (HTM) in he wes e n A c ic. A. Ini ia-
ion and B. e mina ion o he HTM. G ay do s indica e
equi ocal e idence o he HTM. Do colo s indica e
b acke ing ages o he HTM, which a e con ou ed using
he same colo scheme. F om Kau man e al. 2004.
PARCS Syn hesizes Reco ds o Desc ibe Pas Clima es
gene a es a ecu en pa e n o wa ming
unde posi i e adia i e o cing. A pa allel
syn hesis e o is unde way o he eas e n
A c ic, and all o he da a compiled by he
HTM g oups will be a ailable h ough he
PARCS da a a chi e.
Las in e glacia ion. In he all o 2002,
PARCS hos ed a mee ing o he Ci cum-
a c ic Paleoen i onmen s (CAPE) ini ia-
i e, an In e na ional Geosphe e-Biosphe e
P og amme - Pas Global Changes (IGBP-
PAGES) p ojec , o summa ize he s a e o
knowledge pe aining o he las in e gla-
cia ion (LIG; 125,000–130,000 yea s ago).
This syn hesis showed ha LIG wa ming
was s onges o e he No h A lan ic and
Eu asia ( i gu e 2). Sea le el was also consid-
e ably highe , and he size o he G eenland
Ice Shee was educed.
Al hough unding o suppo he
PARCS o i ce and science s ee ing commi -
ee expi ed 31 Oc obe 2005, he ARCSS
P og am s ill suppo s he da a manage-
men unc ion o se e al syn hesis p ojec s.
Membe s o he a c ic paleosciences com-
muni y a e encou aged o wo k wi h o he
ARCSS esea che s o o m new Commu-
ni ies o P ac ice o in eg a e paleosciences
in o o he A c ic Sys em Science esea ch
ini ia i es.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he PARCS
websi e: www.ncdc.noaa.go /paleo/pa cs,
o con ac Da ell Kau man (da ell.
[email p o ec ed]; 928-523-7192), Glen
MacDonald ([email p o ec ed];
310-825-2568), o Ma Du all (ma @
consulai .com; 207-795-5097).
Re e ences
CAPE Las In e glacial P ojec Membe s. In
p ess. Las in e glacial a c ic wa m h con i ms
pola ampli i ca ion o clima e change. Qua-
e na y Science Re iews.
Kau man, D. S. e al. 2004. Holocene he mal
maximum in he wes e n A c ic (0–180° W).
Qua e na y Science Re iews 23:529–560.
Figu e 2. Maximum summe empe a u e (di e ences
ela i e o p esen ) du ing he las in e glacia ion de i ed
om paleo empe a u e p oxies (CAPE in p ess).
8
A c ic Sys em Science P og am
Since 2002, he ARCSS P og am has
unded 22 p ojec s o answe key ques-
ions associa ed wi h he a c ic hyd ological
cycle om a mul idisciplina y pe spec i e
unde he F eshwa e In eg a ion s udy
(FWI; see Wi ness Sp ing 2004). A p ima y
goal o FWI is he syn hesis and in eg a-
ion o a ailable da a and modeling s udies
o e eal p ocesses, linkages, and causes o
a iabili y in he a c ic e es ial, a mo-
sphe e, and uppe -ocean hyd ologic cycle.
The FWI in es iga o s ha e begun a o mal
syn hesis and in eg a ion e o , using a
eam-based app oach, o achie e syn hesis
wi hin p ojec s, be ween p ojec s, and wi h
he g ea e a c ic esea ch communi y.
Following communi y discussions,
including sessions a he 2004 FWI All-
Hands mee ing in Woods Hole, Massachu-
se s, wo wo king g oups a e leading he
FWI syn hesis and in eg a ion ac i i ies.
The Budge ee s wo king g oup is quan-
i ying s ocks and l uxes, compa ing and
e alua ing budge s, and iden i ying gaps
in da a; wo king g oup chai s a e Ma k
Se eze, Uni e si y o Colo ado a Boulde
(a mosphe e subg oup), Richa d Lamme s,
Uni e si y o New Hampshi e (land), and
C aig Lee, Uni e si y o Colo ado a Boul-
de (ocean). The Budge ee s g oup has a
pape in e iew a Jou nal o Geophysical
Resea ch–Oceans.
The Changes and A ibu ions wo king
g oup is documen ing changes o he a c ic
hyd ologic cycle, wo king o unde s and
he sou ce o he changes, and de eloping
p edic i e simula ions o eedbacks o he
Ea h and human sys ems. Wo king g oup
chai s a e Ma ika Holland, Na ional Cen-
e o A mosphe ic Resea ch (global p o-
cesses), Jenni e F ancis, Ru ge s Uni e si y
(a mosphe e), C aig Lee, Uni e si y o Col-
o ado (ocean), Max Holmes, Woods Hole
Resea ch Cen e (land), and Dan Whi e,
Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks (impac s).
The Changes and A ibu ions g oup is
compiling an online able o obse ed and
p ojec ed changes and impac s (see h p://
a c icchamp.s .unh.edu/syn hesis/Wo king-
G oups/Changes/index.sh ml). The able
includes anno a ed bibliog aphies, summa-
ies, i gu es, and da a se s o each clus e
o a iables (land, a mosphe e, ocean), and
communi y con ibu ions and discussion
a e welcome. An a icle planned o Eos
will highligh p og ess in he FWI s a egy
o syn hesis.
FWI Wo king G oups Begin Syn hesis
In addi ion o i s suppo o FWI
syn hesis e o s, he Communi y-Wide
Hyd ological Analysis and Moni o ing
P og am (A c ic-CHAMP) Science Man-
agemen O i ce (SMO) has coo dina ed
and acili a ed se e al o he FWI ac i i ies,
including:
• annual FWI All-Hands mee ings,
• assis ing FWI in es iga o s o o ganize
h ee special sessions on a c ic hyd ol-
ogy a he 2004 and 2005 Ame ican
Geophysical Union (AGU) mee ings
and a p ess con e ence on A c ic Clima e
Change and he In ensi ying Hyd ologic
Cycle a he 2004 mee ing,
• o ganizing an Augus 2005 FWI wo k-
shop on hyd ologic esponses o deg ad-
ing pe ma os , a ended by 31 scien is s
om ou na ions, and
• planning o an FWI All-Hands syn he-
sis wo kshop in 2007 as well as a second,
in e na ional wo kshop du ing he In e -
na ional Pola Yea 2007–2008.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he A c ic-
CHAMP websi e: h p://a c icchamp.
s .unh.edu, o con ac Jona han Pundsack
([email p o ec ed]; 603-862-
0552).
In 2004, he ARCSS P og am unded six
p ojec s unde he S udy o he No h-
e n Alaska Coas al Sys em (SNACS; see
Wi ness Win e 2004/2005) o in es iga e
coas al p ocesses wi h he la ge goal o
unde s anding how in e ac ions and link-
ages in all a c ic coas al egions a ec a c ic
and global sys ems. Mos o he SNACS
i eld wo k is loca ed nea Ba ow, Alaska,
o enable a high deg ee o collabo a ion
and coo dina ion among he p ojec s.
The SNACS win e i eld wo k cul-
mina ed in a la ge expe imen a an open
lead o -sho e o Ba ow in Ma ch 2005.
Abou 30 scien is s a i lia ed wi h mul iple
p ojec s and ins i u ions ga he ed da a on
he ans e o chemicals and wa e apo
om he ocean o he ai and land. The
collabo a o s also buil an ice oad o access
he lead ha was la e success ully used by
se e al whaling c ews. Pa icipa ing g oups
included:
• wo SNACS p ojec s, led by Ma hew
S u m and Rob Rhew;
• se e al p ojec s a i lia ed wi h he
in e na ional, mul idisciplina y Ocean-
A mosphe e-Sea Ice-Snowpack (OASIS)
p og am (see Wi ness Sp ing 2003); and
• a p ojec using a emo ely ope a ed Ae o-
sonde ai c a o obse e he a mosphe e
and sea ice su ace, unded by A c ic
Resea ch Suppo and Logis ics (see
pages 10–14) .
The expe imen s esul ed in a session wi h
50 abs ac s a he 2005 Ame ican Geo-
physical Union (AGU) all mee ing.
All six o he SNACS p ojec s wo ked
in he Ba ow a ea in la e summe 2005,
enabling sha ing o helicop e and g ound
anspo and exchange o in o ma ion
wi hin he SNACS g oup and wi h o he
esea ch p ojec s wo king in he a ea.
SNACS in es iga o s pa icipa ed
in he Ma ch 2006 ARCSS mee ings in
Sea le, Washing on (see page 6), o dis-
cuss app oaches o la ge scale syn hesis
and in eg a ion. Tom Douglas o he Cold
Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Lab in
Alaska has ag eed o ac as he SNACS
syn hesis coo dina o .
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he SNACS
websi e: www.a cus.o g/a css/snacs, o con-
ac Tom Douglas (Thomas.A.Douglas@
e dc.usace.a my.mil; 907-353-9555), Neil
Swanbe g ([email p o ec ed] ; 703-292-
8029), o Helen Wiggins (helen@a cus.
o g; 907-474-1600).
SNACS Commences Field Wo k on No he n Alaska Coas
9
A c ic Sys em Science P og am
The Wes e n A c ic Shel -Basin In e -
ac ions (SBI) p ojec is a mul i-yea ,
in e disciplina y e o o in es iga e he
impac o clima e change on he physi-
cal and biological linkages be ween he
a c ic shel es and adjacen ocean basins.
This p og am is suppo ed by he ARCSS
P og am and he O i ce o Na al Resea ch
(ONR). The SBI p ojec (see Wi ness
Sp ing 2003) is p og essing in h ee phases
o e en yea s:
• Phase I (1998–2001; 31 p incipal in es-
iga o s [PIs], 18 p ojec s): e ospec i e
analysis and syn hesis, oppo unis ic i eld
in es iga ions, and modeling;
• Phase II (2002–2006; 40 PIs, 14 p oj-
ec s): i eld p og am in he Be ing S ai
egion and o e he ou e shel and slope
in he Chukchi and Beau o Seas, com-
plemen ed by biophysical modeling; and
• Phase III (2007–2009): syn hesis and
in eg a ion o da a in o concep ual
and nume ical models o imp o e
unde s anding o he a c ic sys em and
capabili y o p edic ing clima e change
impac s on shel -basin in e ac ions.
SBI Plans o Syn hesis and Modeling Phase
Cu en ly in i s i nal yea , he majo
goals o Phase II a e o in es iga e:
• physical modi i ca ions o No h Paci i c
and o he wa e s on he Chukchi shel
and slope, and exchanges o hese wa e s
ac oss he shel and slope; and
• biogeochemical modi i ca ions o No h
Paci i c and o he wa e s o e he Chuk-
chi and Beau o shel and slope a eas,
wi h an emphasis on ca bon, nu ien s,
and key o ganisms ha ep esen a sui e
o ophic le els.
In addi ion, Phase II included compa a i e
s udies o e he wide Chukchi and na ow
Beau o shel es and adjacen slopes o
acili a e ex apola ion and in eg a ion o
he wes e n Ame asian A c ic in o a pan-
a c ic pe spec i e.
In Decembe 2005, Deep Sea Resea ch
II published he i s special issue on SBI
p ojec esul s; 23 pape s p esen ed an
o e iew o he p ojec and i s esul s o
da e. Se e al addi ional special olumes a e
an icipa ed in he u u e.
Cu en plans o SBI Phase III (2007–
2009) ac i i ies include:
• de elopmen o pan-a c ic models sui -
able o simula ing scena ios o he
impac s o clima e change on shel -basin
in e ac ions, and
• agg ega ion o SBI esul s wi h da ase s
om o he p ojec s o p oduce new
composi e da ase s ha will con ibu e
o egional and pan-a c ic en i onmen al
change assessmen s.
The SBI Ad iso y Commi ee and
ARCSS Commi ee a e collabo a ing in
de eloping plans o SBI Phase III. A se ies
o ace- o- ace and i ual mee ings ha e
p o ided oppo uni ies o commen on
hese plans, as did an open mee ing a
he Feb ua y 2006 Ocean Sciences mee -
ing in Honolulu, Hawaii. The commi -
ees hope ha NSF will be able o elease
an announcemen o oppo uni y ha
includes SBI Phase III objec i es in 2006.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he SBI web-
si e: h p://sbi.u k.edu, o con ac Jackie
G ebmeie (jg [email p o ec ed]; 865-974-
2592).
Wo kshop Aims To Imp o e US/Russian Collabo a ion
The Russian-Ame ican Ini ia i e o
Land-Shel En i onmen s (RAISE)
acili a es collabo a i e esea ch be ween
Russian and Ame ican scien is s wo k-
ing o unde s and p ocesses and e en s in
e es ial, shel , and ocean en i onmen s
in no he n Eu asia wi hin he con ex o
global en i onmen al change. C ea ed in
1995, RAISE is suppo ed by he ARCSS
P og am and he Russian Fede a ion o
Basic Resea ch (see Wi ness Au umn 2001).
In June 2005, he RAISE Science
Managemen O i ce sponso ed a wo k-
shop explo ing he challenges ha need
o be me in o de o imp o e he capac-
i y o U.S. and Russian scien is s o wo k
oge he on a c ic esea ch p oblems.
Pa icipan s included a c oss-sec ion o
U.S. and Russian i eld scien is s, agency
and Russian Academy ep esen a i es, and
ep esen a i es o VECO Pola Resou ces
(see page 11) and he Ci ilian Resea ch
and De elopmen Founda ion (see www.
c d .o g).
A numbe o exis ing challenges o
scien is s planning i eld esea ch in he
Russian A c ic we e iden i i ed, including:
• logis ics,
• impo and expo egula ions o
samples and equipmen ,
• pe mi ing,
• unding o Russian collabo a o s, and
• he lack o many high-le el ag eemen s
be ween he U.S. and Russia suppo ing
join esea ch e o s.
I was also no ed ha success ul col-
labo a ions a e o en he esul o exis ing
pe sonal ela ionships be ween U.S. and
Russian scien is s ha da e back o he
So ie e a. In o he cases, Russian émig és
li ing in he U.S. ake lead oles in i eld
p og ams because o hei Russian language
skills and knowledge o go e nmen pe -
mi ing equi emen s.
Recommenda ions o imp o e col-
labo a i e esea ch oppo uni ies included
inc easing esea ch unding and aining
suppo o eme ging scien is s p oposing
o wo k in he Russian A c ic and iden i y-
ing in o ma ion esou ces ha a e ele an
o hose ini ia ing new collabo a ions.
Da abases, such as he In e na ional A c ic
Science Commi ee’s In e na ional Sci-
ence Ini ia i e in he Russian A c ic, ha
p o ide names and con ac in o ma ion
o scien is s wo king on p ojec s in his
egion we e ecognized as use ul esou ces.
Pa icipan s also no ed he impo ance o
communica ing he need o collabo a i e
esea ch o policy make s and he public.
A wo kshop epo and a news ea u e
o Eos desc ibing selec ed ecommenda-
ions a e planned.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he RAISE
websi e: h p://a c ic.bio.u k.edu/RAISE/
index.h ml, o con ac Lee Coope (lcoo-
[email p o ec ed], 865-974-2990).
16
A c ic Na u al Sciences P og am
Sibe ian Specimen Inaugu a es S udy o Paleogenomics
Un il ecen ly, he p ospec o eco e -
ing mo e han a iny ac ion o he
comple e DNA pa e n o an ex inc spe-
cies wi h a ailable me hods seemed emo e.
Recen ly published esea ch, howe e ,
pa ly suppo ed by he A c ic Na u al Sci-
ences P og am (Poina e al. 2006) shows
ha “paleogenomics”— he s udy o he
o al gene ic ma e ial o ancien o ganisms,
including ex inc species—is now a eali y,
wi h mo e comp ehensi e esul s han e e
be o e.
Using new me hods, Hend ik Poina o
McMas e Uni e si y, Ross MacPhee o he
Ame ican Museum o Na u al His o y, and
colleagues we e able o eco e and iden i y
an ex ao dina y amoun o endogenous
DNA om a well p ese ed jaw belong-
ing o a woolly mammo h (Mammu hus
p imigenius) ha died nea Lake Taimy
in no he n Sibe ia 28,000 yea s ago. Fo
mos o he ime since i s disco e y in
1999, he ossil had been kep a -10°C in
a manmade “ice ca e” in he own o Kha -
anga; his may accoun o i s excep ional
p ese a ion, which allowed he in es iga-
o s o collec he mos sequence in o ma-
ion eco e ed o any ex inc species. The
p e ious eco d was 27,000 bp (base pai s
o nucleo ide sequence) o nuclea DNA
o he ex inc ca e bea U sus spelaeus
(Noonan e al. 2005). Wi h he new ech-
niques, including a no el high- h oughpu
sequencing me hod, he mammo h jaw
sample yielded 13 million bp alignable o a
e i i ed mode n A ican elephan sequence.
Vi ually all o he endogenous DNA
om he Taimy specimen was nuclea .
O e all, i was ound ha woolly mam-
mo h and A ican elephan sequences
di e by less han 1.5%; Asian elephan
sequences should di e e en less. These
esul s ep esen only abou 0.5% o he
whole genome o M. p imigenius, which
is es ima ed o be oughly 2.8 billion bp.
Gi en he high a e o sequence eco e y
now achie able, howe e , he esea che s
es ima e ha as li le as one yea will be
needed o acqui e and e i y mos o all
o he coding egions o he woolly mam-
mo h’s genome.
Cha ac e iza ion o he comple e
gene ic ma e ial o his (o any o he )
ex inc species is likely o con ibu e con-
side ably o answe ing long-s anding ques-
ions in molecula e olu ion and ex inc ion
s udies. A s udy o compa a i e elephan id
genomics including Pleis ocene species
would allow in es iga o s o ask, o exam-
ple, o wha deg ee and in wha speci i c
ways did woolly mammo hs di e gene i-
cally om any o he species o li ing ele-
phan s? How did ce ain unc ional genes
di e , such as hose con olling hai g ow h
o a deposi ion, which made li e possible
o woollies li ing a high la i udes? Do
mu a ion a es a y among species? When
did phylogene ic spli s occu ?
Why did mammo hs disappea e e y-
whe e in hei eno mous ange, which
ul ima ely ex ended o e la ge po ions
o h ee con inen s, while o he elephan s
managed o su i e in opical A ica and
Asia? Paleon ological in es iga ions ha e
shown ha he i nal ex inc ion o M.
p imigenius was ac ually a e y ecen phe-
nomenon, occu ing less han 4,000 yea s
ago in hei las ou pos s, small islands
in he Eas Sibe ian and Be ing Seas. On
mainlands, howe e , woolly mammo hs
seem o ha e disappea ed ea lie , pe haps
9,000–10,000 yea s ago.
The eam was also able o iden i y
DNA sequences a ibu able o a wide
ange o o he o ganisms associa ed wi h
he mammo h sample. In addi ion o
a small amoun o sequence indica ing
con amina ion by human handling, as
expec ed, he e was subs an ial gene ic
e idence o he p esence o a a ie y o
bac e ia, i uses, and plan s. The DNA
om mos o hese sou ces ep esen sec-
onda y associa ions which p obably came
abou a e he animal died. The ac ha
sequence in o ma ion can now be quickly
eco e ed o p ac ically any DNA p es-
en in a sample, howe e , means ha he
s udy o hese associa ions can be aken o
a new le el. Fo example, du ing he pas
cen u y a numbe o so-called pa ial “pe -
ma os mummies” o woolly mammo hs,
woolly hinos, ho ses, and o he ice age
mammals ha e been eco e ed in Sibe ia
and Alaska. Mos a e highly incomple e,
bu some e ain gu issues oge he wi h
hei con en s. Al hough plan mac o os-
sils and pollen in gu con en s can p o ide
in o ma ion ega ding wha he animals
we e ea ing, un ep esen ed axa will ob i-
ously be missed. Ancien DNA can help
wi h his p oblem because ce ain g oups
o plan s can be ecognized on he basis o
dis inc i e sequences in hei chlo oplas
DNA, which may be p ese ed e en when
plan issues a e no . This kind o in o ma-
ion can con ibu e o he long- unning
con o e sy ega ding he a c ic Pleis ocene
en i onmen : highly p oduc i e g asslands
o low-di e si y und a?
Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Ross
MacPhee ([email p o ec ed]; 212-
769-5480), o Hend ik Poina (poina h@
mcmas e .ca; 905-525-9140, ex .
26331).
Re e ences
Noonan, J. P. e al. 2005. Genomic sequencing
o Pleis ocene ca e bea s. Science 309:597–
599.
Poina , H. N. e al. 2006. Me agenomics o
paleogenomics: la ge scale sequencing o
mammo h DNA. Science 311:392–394.
The “ice ca e” in Kha anga, whe e specimens a e s o ed
in op imal condi ions o p ese a ion. The acili y is
exca a ed in o pe ma os and main ains an a e age
empe a u e o -10°C. Man-made “ice ca es” can be
ound in a numbe o a c ic se lemen s in Russia. The
ca es we e exca a ed wi h unnel bo ing machines, which
a e used o a a ie y o pu poses (e.g., subway unnels,
unde g ound pipelines). Al hough i is some imes said
ha he unnels we e used in So ie imes o hide weap-
ons, in ac hey mos ly seem o ha e se ed e y o dina y
unc ions like cold s o age. The Kha anga unnel sys em,
o example, is used o hold i sh and eindee ca casses
h oughou he yea o local consump ion, in addi ion o
mammo h bones. Pho o by Cla e Flemming.

17
In e agency S udy o En i onmen al A c ic Change (SEARCH)
The o e all goal o he S udy o En i-
onmen al A c ic Change (SEARCH)
is o unde s and he na u e, ex en , and
u u e de elopmen o he sys em-scale
changes p esen ly obse ed in he A c ic.
Cu en ly mo e han 40 SEARCH p ojec s
ha e been implemen ed, wi h con ibu-
ions om se e al U.S. unding agencies,
including NSF, he Na ional Oceanic and
A mosphe ic Adminis a ion (NOAA),
and he Na ional Ae onau ics and Space
Adminis a ion (NASA), among o he s.
Recen de elopmen s, including he c e-
a ion o he In e na ional S udy o A c ic
Change (ISAC) as he in e na ional p o-
g am o which SEARCH will be a pa o
and he upcoming In e na ional Pola Yea
(IPY) 2007–2008, o e oppo uni ies o
accele a ed implemen a ion o SEARCH.
SEARCH Implemen a ion Wo kshop
In ecogni ion o hese oppo uni ies, he
SEARCH Science S ee ing Commi ee
(SSC) o ganized a SEARCH Implemen-
a ion Wo kshop o upda e he 2003
SEARCH Implemen a ion S a egy and o
align implemen a ion p io i ies wi h e ol -
ing hinking in he SEARCH and ISAC
communi ies, as well as he a c ic commu-
ni y a la ge. The main goal o he wo k-
shop was o p o ide ecommenda ions o
p io i ized implemen a ion o SEARCH
du ing he pe iod o he IPY, wi h a iew
beyond his nea - e m ime line.
Held 23–25 May 2005 a he Na ional
Con e ence Cen e in Lansdowne, Vi -
ginia, he SEARCH Implemen a ion
Wo kshop was a ended by o e 80 scien-
is s, including membe s o he SEARCH
SSC, he SEARCH Panels (Obse ing
Change, Unde s anding Change, and
Responding o Change), he In e agency
P og am Managemen Commi ee (IPMC),
and he wide esea ch communi y.
The wo kshop was o ganized o include
a combina ion o plena y discussions and
b eakou sessions. B eakou sessions al e -
na ed be ween he panel- ocused hemes
(Obse ing, Unde s anding, and Respond-
ing) and smalle wo king g oups o ganized
a ound se e al speci i c opical a eas (e.g.,
e es ial ecosys ems, dis ibu ed ma ine
obse a ions, human dimensions, e c.) ha
we e iden i i ed by he SEARCH SSC as
equi ing speci i c a en ion.
The wo kshop epo , S udy o En i-
onmen al A c ic Change: Plans o Imple-
men a ion Du ing he In e na ional Pola
Yea and Beyond was eleased in No embe
2005. The ac i i ies and p io i ies wi hin
he epo d aw om a numbe o sou ces
and communi y discussions, including he
ini ial SEARCH Science Plan and SEARCH
Implemen a ion S a egy; whi e pape s p e-
pa ed by SEARCH implemen a ion panels;
communi y inpu ecei ed in esponse o
he whi e pape s pos ed online; and discus-
sions du ing and a e he wo kshop.
The p io i ies de ailed in his epo
a e guided by he need o unde s and he
complex o pan-a c ic change. Wo kshop
pa icipan s iden i i ed he ollowing se o
scien i i c ques ions ha lie a he hea o
he SEARCH p og am:
1. Is he a c ic sys em mo ing o a new
s a e?
2. To wha ex en is he a c ic sys em
p edic able (i.e., wha a e he po en ial
accu acies and/o unce ain ies in p edic-
ions o ele an a c ic a iables o e di -
e en imescales)?
3. To wha ex en can ecen and ongoing
clima e changes in he A c ic be a ib-
u ed o an h opogenic o cing, a he
han o na u al modes o a iabili y?
4. Wha is he di ec ion and ela i e impo -
ance o sys em eedbacks?
5. How a e e es ial and ma ine eco-
sys ems and ecosys em se ices (i.e.,
p ocesses by which he en i onmen p o-
duces esou ces ha suppo human li e)
a ec ed by en i onmen al change and i s
in e ac ion wi h human ac i i ies?
6. How do cul u al and socioeconomic sys-
ems in e ac wi h a c ic en i onmen al
change?
7. Wha a e he mos consequen ial links
be ween he a c ic and he Ea h sys-
ems?
To add ess hese science ques ions, ec-
ommenda ions o implemen a ion we e
de eloped o Obse ing Change: Iden i-
i ed Needs, Exis ing P og ams, and P i-
o i ies; Unde s anding Change: Analysis,
Syn hesis, and Modeling; Responding o
Change: De eloping Adap i e Responses;
SEARCH Da a Managemen S a egy; and
Educa ion and Ou each.
The i nal epo is a ailable a : www.
a cus.o g/sea ch/mee ings/2005/siw/ epo .
php. The epo was e e enced in he
IPY NSF P og am Solici a ion eleased in
Feb ua y 2006 o he A c ic Obse ing
Ne wo k emphasis a ea (see page 10). P o-
posals we e due 1 May.
SEARCH SSC Mee ing
The SEARCH SSC me in Fai banks,
Alaska, in la e No embe 2005 o sha e
in o ma ion abou IPMC ac i i ies,
upda es on SEARCH ac i i ies, and in o -
ma ion on ela ed na ional and in e na-
ional p og ams. The SSC discussed issues
ela ed o SEARCH implemen a ion,
including agency plans, coo dina ion wi h
in e na ional ac i i ies, u he de elop-
men o a sea chable online SEARCH p oj-
ec in en o y, da a managemen ac i i ies,
and a po en ial S a e o he A c ic Con-
e ence o sp ing 2008. To complemen
he SEARCH panel s uc u e, he SSC is
wo king o es ablish h ee s anding wo k-
ing g oups o add ess issues o da a man-
agemen , paleoen i onmen al s udies, and
educa ion and ou each.
In e na ional Ac i i ies
Planning o he In e na ional S udy o
A c ic Change (ISAC) con inues. The wo
bodies o e seeing ISAC, he A c ic Ocean
Sciences Boa d and In e na ional A c ic
Science Commi ee (IASC), a e wo k-
ing oge he o i nalize appoin men o a
Scien i i c S ee ing G oup and es ablish an
In e na ional P og am O i ce o p o ide
suppo o he ac i i ies o ISAC and
se e he o ganiza ional needs o he p o-
g am. Michael Tje ns öm o Sweden and
G e e K. Ho els ud o No way ha e been
appoin ed as ISAC co-chai s, and IASC
dis ibu ed a call o applica ions o he
ISAC Execu i e Di ec o posi ion wi h a
closing da e o 28 Ap il.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see: www.a cus.
o g/sea ch, o con ac Pe e Schlosse
([email p o ec ed]; 845-365-
8707), Neil Swanbe g (nswanbe @ns .go ;
703-292-8029), o Helen Wiggins (helen@
a cus.o g; 907-474-1600).
SEARCH Communi y Upda es Implemen a ion P io i ies
18
The A c ic Sciences Sec ion has been
wo king wi h he a c ic esea ch
communi y and esiden s o he A c ic
o de elop a comp ehensi e app oach o
basic esea ch in he Be ing Sea. The A c ic
Resea ch Oppo uni ies P og am Solici a-
ion eleased in Sep embe 2005 included a
sec ion eques ing p oposals add essing he
goals o he Be ing Sea Ecosys em S udy
(BEST; see Wi ness Win e 2004/2005);
p oposals we e due 16 Decembe 2005.
The 2004 BEST science plan iden i-
i es ques ions impo an o unde s anding
how clima e a iabili y could in l uence he
ecosys ems o he eas e n Be ing Sea and
hei abili y o sus ain goods and se ices
equi ed by people. Social scien is s ha e
de eloped a d a pa allel science plan,
Sus aining he Be ing Ecosys em: A Social
Sciences Plan, which ou lines a communi y-
based esea ch p og am ocused on he
esiden s o Be ing Sea communi ies and
hei need o unde s and how clima e a i-
abili y will a ec hei u u e. These wo
plans ha e been in eg a ed in o a single
p og am o s udy he ecosys em as a whole,
including he social implica ions o clima e
change and oles o people in he sys em.
In May 2005, 132 people om 12
na ions, bo h scien is s and esiden s,
e iewed a d a o he in eg a ed BEST
implemen a ion plan a an open wo k-
shop du ing he Global Ocean Ecosys em
Dynamics (GLOBEC) Symposium on
Clima e Va iabili y and Sub-a c ic Ma ine
Ecosys ems. The BEST Science S ee -
ing Commi ee e ised he documen in
esponse o hese commen s, and a i nal
implemen a ion plan is now a ailable.
Unde he auspices o he S udy o
En i onmen al A c ic Change (SEARCH;
see page 17), he BEST p og am will sup-
po in eg a ed, in e disciplina y s udies o
eas e n Be ing Sea ma ine ecosys ems. The
BEST i eld p og am is expec ed o begin in
sp ing 2007 and con inue h ough 2009.
To imp o e unde s anding o he
a iables and p ocesses shaping all aspec s
o he Be ing Sea, om physical o c-
ing (a mosphe e and ocean) o ood web
esponses (including i sh, seabi ds, ma ine
mammals, and humans), undamen al
esea ch in he physical, na u al, and social
sciences, app op ia e o und-
ing by NSF, will be linked o
s udies unded by o he agencies
wi h in e es s in he egion. The
BEST p og am will be closely
coo dina ed and in eg a ed wi h
he new Na ional Oceanic and
A mosphe ic Adminis a ion
(NOAA) Fishe ies No h Paci i c
Clima e Regimes and Ecosys em
P oduc i i y (NPCREP) and
Loss o Sea Ice (LOSC) p o-
g ams. NPCREP and LOSC will
be making physical and biological
oceanog aphic obse a ions in
suppo o ecosys em and i she -
ies oceanog aphy in es iga ions
in he eas e n Be ing Sea du -
ing he same ime ame as ha
an icipa ed o he BEST i eld
p og am ( i gu e).
BEST is also a pa ne in a
conso ium o agencies and ins i-
u ions conce ned abou he Be -
ing Sea ecosys em. Pa ne s in he
Clima e Change and Be ing Sea
Ecosys em conso ium include:
BEST, NOAA (Alaska Fishe -
ies Science Cen e and Paci i c
Ma ine En i onmen al Labo a-
o y), he No h Paci i c Resea ch Boa d,
he Alaska Ocean Obse ing Sys em, he
U.S. Fish and Wildli e Se ice, he U.S.
Geological Su ey, he U.S. A c ic Resea ch
Commission, and he Uni e si y o Alaska
Fai banks. Membe s o he conso ium me
in July 2005 and will mee again in July
2006 o iden i y impo an gaps in hei
esea ch co e age and de ise a s a egy o
use hei collec i e esou ces e ec i ely.
In addi ion, BEST is he U.S. compo-
nen o a new egional GLOBEC p og am,
Ecosys ems o Sub-A c ic Seas (ESSAS),
which will ini ia e collabo a i e s udies o
he sub-a c ic seas, including coope a i e
ecological esea ch o he eas e n, wes e n,
and basin a eas o he Be ing Sea by Japan,
Russia, and he U.S. A d a o he ESSAS
implemen a ion plan was also e iewed
du ing he May GLOBEC symposium.
O e 50 pape s we e submi ed by sympo-
sium pa icipan s o inclusion in a special
olume o P og ess in Oceanog aphy.
BEST Plans o Implemen a ion and Coope a ion
A June 2006 wo kshop, held in S .
Pe e sbu g, Russia, and sponso ed by he
No h Paci i c Ma ine Science O ganiza ion
(PICES) and GLOBEC, iden i i ed mecha-
nisms and l uxes pa icula ly sensi i e o
clima e a iabili y and was he beginning
o he ESSAS p og am’s e o s o com-
pa e esponses o clima e a iabili y in he
Be ing Sea, he Sea o Okho sk/Oyashio
egion, he New oundland/Lab ado shel ,
and he Ba en s Sea.
Fo mo e in o ma ion on BEST,
including he science and implemen a ion
plans, see he ARCUS websi e: www.a cus.
o g/Be ing, o con ac Geo ge Hun (geo-
[email p o ec ed]; 206-221-6118),
o Ben Fi zhugh ( i [email p o ec ed].
edu; 206-543-9604). Fo mo e in o ma-
ion on ESSAS, see he GLOBEC websi e:
www.pml.ac.uk/globec/s uc u e/ egional/
essas/essas.h m, o con ac Ken D inkwa e
([email p o ec ed]; +47-5523-6990).
The BEST i eld p og am is designed o le e age an ex ensi e a ay o
oceanog aphic measu emen s ha will be made by o he p og ams in
he nex ew yea s. These obse a ional p og ams will be suppo ed
by NOAA’s No h Paci i c Clima e Regimes and Ecosys em P oduc i -
i y (NPCREP) p og am and by he No h Paci i c Resea ch Boa d
(NPRB). A p esen , i is expec ed ha he Paci i c Ma ine En i on-
men al Labo a o y will ha e a leas ou biophysical moo ings loca ed
along he 70 m isoba h. These moo ing da a could be supplemen ed
wi h s anda dized s a ions along i e su ey lines ex ending om he
inne domain o he con inen al slope possibly connec ed by a sec ion
along he 70 m isoba h ha could be occupied by BEST c uises.
Figu e cou esy o P. S abeno (NOAA).
In e agency S udy o En i onmen al A c ic Change (SEARCH)
19
NSF News
me eo ology om Penn S a e, M.S. in
a mosphe ic sciences om Colo ado S a e,
and M.S. and Ph.D. in ae ospace enginee -
ing om he Uni e si y o Colo ado. In i-
e i specializes in lida emo e sensing o he
a mosphe e. She was a p incipal in es iga-
o on he SHEBA p ojec .
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he ARCSS
websi e: www.ns .go / unding/pgm_summ.
jsp?pims_id=13426&o g=ARC, o con ac
Jane In ie i ([email p o ec ed] ; 703-292-
4426).
Olsen New Depu y Di ec o o NSF
Ka hie L. Olsen became depu y di ec o
o NSF in Augus 2005. She joined NSF
om he O i ce o Science and Technol-
ogy Policy (OSTP), whe e she was he
associa e di ec o and depu y di ec o o
science. P io o he OSTP pos , she se ed
a NASA as chie scien is (1999–2002)
and ac ing associa e adminis a o o he
new En e p ise in Biological and Physical
Resea ch (2000–2002). Olsen’s posi ions
p io o NASA include senio s a associ-
a e o he Science and Technology Cen e s
in he NSF O i ce o In eg a i e Ac i i ies,
B ookings Ins i u ion legisla i e ellow,
NSF de ail in he o i ce o Sena o Con-
ad Bu ns o Mon ana, and ac ing depu y
di ec o o he NSF Di ision o In eg a-
i e Biology and Neu oscience.
Olsen ea ned a B.S. in biology and
psychology om Cha ham College in Pi s-
bu gh, Pennsyl ania, and a Ph.D. in neu-
oscience om he Uni e si y o Cali o nia
I ine. She was a pos doc o al ellow in he
Depa men o Neu oscience a Child en’s
Hospi al o Ha a d Medical School. Sub-
sequen ly a SUNY-S ony B ook she was
bo h a esea ch scien is a he Long Island
Resea ch Ins i u e and assis an p o esso in
he Depa men o Psychia y and Beha -
io al Science a he medical school. He
esea ch on neu al and gene ic mechanisms
unde lying de elopmen and exp ession o
beha io was suppo ed by he Na ional
Ins i u es o Heal h.
Olsen eplaces Joseph Bo dogna, who
esigned in June 2005 a e se ing as
depu y di ec o since 1996.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he NSF
websi e: www.ns .go /od/.
In Ap il 2006, he NSF O i ce o
Pola P og ams (OPP) announced he
appoin men o Simon S ephenson as he
new Sec ion Head o A c ic Sciences,
eplacing he ounding head o he sec ion,
Thomas E. Pyle, who e i ed in Augus
2005. S ephenson is appoin ed o an ini-
ial pe iod o wo yea s.
S ephenson has 28 yea s expe ience in
pola esea ch. His i s 11 yea s we e as a
glacie geophysicis wi h he B i ish An -
a c ic Su ey and hen wi h a eam based
a he Na ional Ae onau ics and Space
Adminis a ion (NASA) Godda d Space
Fligh Cen e wo king on he dynamics
o Wes An a c ic ice s eams. In 1989,
S ephenson joined OPP as he Resea ch
Suppo Manage o he An a c ic P o-
g am, and in 1999 he mo ed o he A c ic
Sec ion o lead he es ablishmen o NSF’s
new Resea ch Suppo and Logis ics P o-
g am o he A c ic (see pages 10–14). The
p og am has imp o ed he capaci y and
capabili y o acili ies h oughou he A c-
ic used by U.S. esea che s suppo ed by
NSF, o en h ough in e na ional pa ne -
ships wi h o he na ions in ol ed in a c ic
esea ch. S ephenson also se ed as he
p og am o i ce o he A c ic Long- e m
Obse a ions p og am.
S ephenson g adua ed om he Uni-
e si y o Li e pool in 1978 and ea ned a
Mas e o Philosophy in Glacie Geophys-
ics om he Council o Na ional Aca-
demic Awa ds, UK, in 1984.
Pyle Re i es A e Decade a OPP
NSF ec ui ed Tom Pyle o join OPP in
1995 as i eo ganized he o i ce o include
a speci i c sec ion o a c ic esea ch in addi-
ion o i s longs anding p og ams suppo -
ing science in An a c ica.
Pyle g ew up in B ooklyn, New Yo k,
and ea ned his B.A. in geology om
Columbia Uni e si y and M.S. and Ph.D.
in oceanog aphy om Texas A&M. A e
h ee yea s on he acul y o he Uni e si y
o Sou h Flo ida, he mo ed o he S ennis
Space Cen e o manage he Ma ine Geol-
ogy and Geophysics P og am o he O i ce
o Na al Resea ch (ONR). In 1981, Pyle
joined he Na ional Oceanic and A mo-
sphe ic Adminis a ion (NOAA), whe e he
se ed as depu y di ec o o he Na ional
Ocean Su ey and chie scien is o he
Na ional Ocean Se ice, managing he sci-
en i i c ope a ions o he NOAA l ee .
In 1985, Pyle mo ed o he Join
Oceanog aphic Ins i u ions (JOI), whe e
he se ed as ice p esiden , manage o he
p og am o i ce o he Nansen A c ic D ill-
ing P og am, and p incipal in es iga o o
he in e na ional Ocean D illing P og am
(see Wi ness Win e 2004/2005).
While he sea ch o Pyle’s eplacemen
was unde way, Michael Van Woe se ed
as in e im head o he A c ic Sciences Sec-
ion. Van Woe became execu i e o i ce o
OPP in 2005. Van Woe ea ned his B.S.
in physics om he Uni e si y o Cali o -
nia, Da is, and Ph.D. om Sc ipps Ins i u-
ion o Oceanog aphy. A e en yea s in
indus y, du ing which he made se e al
ips o An a c ica, Van Woe became p o-
g am manage o he Physical Oceanog a-
phy p og am a NASA in 1993.
In 1994, he joined ONR, whe e he
managed he High La i ude Dynamics
p og am. His a c ic esponsibili ies a
ONR included he Science Ice Exe cises
(SCICEX; see page 22) and Su ace Hea
Budge o he A c ic Ocean (SHEBA)
p og ams (see Wi ness Au umn 2001).
In 1997, Van Woe mo ed o NOAA o
become chie scien is o he Na ional Ice
Cen e , whe e he managed a g oup ocused
on imp o ing ope a ional sea ice p oduc s
o na iga ion and esea ch.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he
OPP websi e: www.ns .go /di /index.
jsp?o g=OPP, o con ac Simon S ephen-
son ([email p o ec ed] ; 703-292-8029) o
Michael Van Woe ([email p o ec ed] ;
703-292-8030).
New ARCSS Associa e Manage
Jane In ie i joined OPP in Oc obe 2005
as he A c ic Sys em Science (ARCSS)
Associa e P og am Manage on an In e -
agency De ail assignmen om NOAA.
In ie i has been an a mosphe ic esea ch
scien is since 1985 a he NOAA En i on-
men al Technology Labo a o y in Boulde ,
Colo ado, which ecen ly became pa o
he new NOAA Ea h Sys em Resea ch
Labo a o y. In ie i ea ned he B.S. in
S ephenson Replaces Pyle as Head o OPP A c ic Sec ion
20
NSF News
Th ee NSF-wide p og ams ecen ly
made awa ds o in e es o he a c ic
esea ch communi y.
New Pola Ice Shee Cen e
In Ap il 2005, NSF announced awa ds o
he wo success ul p oposals in he 2003
Science and Technology Cen e s (STC)
compe i ion, one o which has a pola
ocus. The Cen e o Remo e Sensing
o Ice Shee s (CReSIS) a he Uni e si y
o Kansas (KU) will de elop models and
echnology o imp o e unde s anding o
he mass balance o pola ice shee s and i s
impac on sea le el. The cen e will ecei e
$19 million o e i e yea s, wi h a possible
i e yea enewal. The CReSIS p oposal
builds on he Pola Rada o Ice Shee
Measu emen s (PRISM) p ojec , unded
by NSF and NASA since 2001. KU p o-
esso P asad Gogineni heads he CReSIS
STC, which includes 13 o he ins i u ions,
ou ou side he U.S., as pa ne s.
The STC p og am suppo s long- e m
scien i i c and echnological esea ch and
educa ion ac i i ies, wi h an emphasis on
knowledge ans e ; cen e s may ecei e up
o $4 million annually o up o en yea s.
Adminis e ed by he NSF O i ce o In e-
g a i e Ac i i ies, he p og am has had i e
compe i ions (in 1989, 1991, 1998, 2000,
and 2003), awa ding a o al o 38 cen e s
in a a ie y o esea ch a eas. NSF ecei ed
164 p e-p oposals in he 2003 compe i-
ion. The announcemen o a u u e com-
pe i ion is unde conside a ion and is a
decision o he FY 2008 NSF budge .
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he CReSIS
STC websi e: www.c esis.ku.edu/, he
NSF websi e: www.ns .go /od/oia/p o-
g ams/s c/, o con ac Ma ga e E. M. Tol-
be in he O i ce o In eg a i e Ac i i ies
([email p o ec ed] ; 703-292-8040).
Endange ed Languages P ojec
A leas hal o he wo ld’s 6,000−7,000
cu en ly used human languages a e con-
side ed endange ed; abou 300 ha e ewe
han 100 na i e speake s. To add ess his
in ellec ual c isis, NSF and he Na ional
Endowmen o he Humani ies (NEH)
a e collabo a ing o und p ojec s o
imp o e knowledge o endange ed lan-
guages. The Smi hsonian Ins i u ion
Na ional Museum o Na u al His o y
also pa icipa es in he Documen ing
Endange ed Languages (DEL) p ojec as
a esea ch hos o app op ia e p ojec s bu
does no p o ide unding.
The i s DEL awa ds, o aling $4.4
million, we e announced in May 2005;
26 ins i u ional awa ds o up o 3 yea s
and 13 ellowships o 6−12 mon hs will
suppo digi al documen a ion p ojec s on
mo e han 70 endange ed languages. Fi e
p ojec s will documen some o he mo e
han 200 endange ed no he n languages:
• Con inuing Tlingi Language Documen-
a ion. Ke i Edwa ds, Sealaska He i age
Ins i u e. $266,224.
• Documen a ion o he Endange ed Eas -
e n Khan y Dialec s. And ei Fil chenko,
Rice Uni e si y. Fellowship.
• De eloping a No he n Indigenous
Languages A chi e: Yup’ik Pilo P ojec .
Ga y Hol on, Uni e si y o Alaska Fai -
banks (UAF). $39,186.
• Pedagogical G amma o Gwich’in.
Ka hy Siko ski, UAF. $103,947.
• Lowe Tanana Dic iona y and Li e acy.
Si i Tu le, UAF. $109,772.
P oposals o he nex ound o his
p og am a e due 15 Sep embe 2006.
Assuming unds a e a ailable, NSF and
NEH expec o con inue he p og am o
ano he ou yea s, wi h app oxima ely $2
million a ailable each yea o suppo 6−10
s anda d g an s and 12 ellowships.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he NSF
websi e: www.ns .go / unding/pgm_summ.
jsp?pims_id=12816, o con ac Anna Ke -
ulla ([email p o ec ed] ; 703-292-7432).
Re amped In e na ional P og ams
The o i ce suppo ing NSF in e na ional
ac i i ies ecen ly implemen ed se e al
changes o i s p og ams. The NSF In e -
na ional Di ision, p e iously housed in
he Social, Beha io al, and Economics Sci-
ences Di ec o a e, was enamed he O i ce
o In e na ional Science and Enginee ing
(OISE) in Janua y 2002 and placed in he
di ec o ’s o i ce in June 2004. A ecen ly
o med OISE Ad iso y Commi ee held i s
i s mee ing in June 2005. The new po -
olio o OISE ac i i ies includes:
Planning Visi s and Wo kshops: a new
solici a ion o planning e o s ha may
lead o inno a i e in e na ional p ojec s
(NSF 04-035; due da es a y).
Global Scien is s and Enginee s: designed
o p o ide in e na ional expe ience o
U.S. s uden s and ea ly-ca ee in es iga-
o s, his se o ac i i ies includes:
• De eloping Global Scien is s and Engi-
nee s (NSF 04-036; due 15 Sep embe
and 15 Feb ua y).
• Resea ch Expe ience o Unde g adua es
(NSF 05-592; due 17 Augus ).
• Eas Asia and Paci i c Summe Ins i u es
o U.S. G adua e S uden s (NSF 05-
617; due 12 Decembe ).
• Pan-Ame ican Ad anced S udies Ins i-
u es (NSF 03-506; due 15 Janua y).
• In e na ional Resea ch Fellowships (NSF
05-599; due 12 Sep embe ).
Pa ne ships o In e na ional Resea ch
and Educa ion (PIRE): a one- ime
solici a ion o long- e m in e na ional
esea ch and educa ional ac i i ies. P o-
posals we e due in Ma ch 2005.
NSF ecei ed 174 PIRE p oposals and
unded 12, including he U.S.- Russia-
Japan Pa ne ship in Resea ch and Educa-
ion in Volcanology, which will ecei e
$2.2 million o e i e yea s. John Eichel-
be ge o UAF is he p ojec ’s p incipal
in es iga o , wi h collabo a o s om he
Ins i u e o Volcanology and Seismology
in Pe opa lo sk-Kamcha sky, Russia, and
he Uni e si y o Tokyo, Japan. The p ojec
in ol es s uden s om all h ee coun ies
in compa ing he e olu ion o h ee impo -
an la e al blas e up ions, wo in Kam-
cha ka and M . S . Helens in he U.S., o e
he pas 50 yea s.
OISE hopes o be able o o e he
PIRE solici a ion again in he nea u u e.
In pa ne ship wi h NSF’s esea ch di ec-
o a es, OISE will also con inue o suppo
in e na ional collabo a ion ac oss NSF’s
p og ams. Resea che s may include an
in e na ional dimension in hei p oposals
o eques supplemen a y unding o ac i e
awa ds.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he
NSF websi e: www.ns .go /di /index.
jsp?o g=OISE, o con ac Edwa d Mu dy
(emu dy@ns .go ; 703-292-8711).
NSF-wide P og ams Suppo Va ied Resea ch E o s
21
Capi ol Upda es
In No embe 2005, P esiden Bush
signed he i scal yea (FY) 2006 Science,
S a e, Jus ice, Comme ce, and Rela ed
Agencies App op ia ions Ac , which
includes he NSF budge . The i nal NSF
budge is $5.58 billion, a 1.8% inc ease
o e FY 2005 a e a manda ed 1.28%
escission. Because he FY 2005 budge
e l ec ed a dec ease o 1.9%, he FY 2006
budge essen ially e u ns he agency o FY
2004 unding le els, wi hou accoun ing
o in l a ion. In eal e ms, he FY 2006
budge is lowe han in any o he las h ee
yea s, and a below he $8.5 billion au ho-
ized in 2002 in a plan o double he NSF
budge by 2007 (see Wi ness Sp ing 2002).
Funding o NSF’s Resea ch and
Rela ed Ac i i ies (R&RA) accoun
inc eased by $96.6 million (2.3%) o $4.3
billion. The la ges R&RA inc ease is
$44.3 million (15.9%) o Pola P og ams,
pa ially co e ing a ans e o $48 million
in Coas Gua d cos s o iceb eake s o he
NSF budge (see page 12).
The Educa ion and Human Resou ces
(EHR) budge was cu 5.6% ($46.85 mil-
lion) o $797 million, b inging NSF sup-
po o educa ion down o FY 2000 le els
in eal e ms. One b igh spo in EHR was
$99 million (a $5 million inc ease) o he
Expe imen al P og am o S imula e Com-
pe i i e Resea ch (EPSCoR).
The Majo Resea ch Equipmen and
Facili ies Cons uc ion (MREFC) accoun
inc eased by 15.6% ($25.74 million) o
$191 million o und ou ongoing p oj-
ec s ( he Scien i i c Ocean D illing Vessel
[see Wi ness Win e 2004/2005], A acama
La ge Millime e A ay, Ea hScope, and
IceCube Neu ino Obse a o y).
FY 2007 Budge Reques
On Feb ua y 6, P esiden Bush eleased his
p oposed budge o FY 2007, including
inc eases o some science and enginee ing
p og ams as pa o he Ame ican Compe -
i i eness Ini ia i e, a esponse o g owing
conce ns abou he s a e o U.S. inno a-
ion (see page 1). Th ee agencies (NSF, he
Depa men o Ene gy O i ce o Science,
and he Na ional Ins i u e o S anda ds and
Technology Labo a o ies) would ecei e
subs an ial budge inc eases.
1.8% Inc ease Re u ns 2006 NSF Budge o 2004 Le el
The eques p oposes a $439 million
(7.9%) inc ease o he o e all NSF bud-
ge o $6.0 billion in 2007. NSF’s R&RA
accoun would o al $4.7 billion, a 7.7%
inc ease. Mos esea ch di ec o a es would
inc ease 5–9% a e se e al yea s o l a o
declining unding, bu he budge s o se -
e al di ec o a es, including Ma hema ical
and Physical Sciences; Geosciences; Biologi-
cal Sciences; and Social, Beha io al and
Economic Sciences, would emain below
2004 le els in eal e ms. The new O i ce o
Cybe in as uc u e, a ecen spin-o om
he Compu e and In o ma ion Science and
Enginee ing di ec o a e, would see i s und-
ing climb 44% o $182 million.
The O i ce o Pola P og ams (OPP)
would ecei e $438 million, a boos o
$48.76 million (12.5%), la gely o In e na-
ional Pola Yea (IPY) 2007–2008 esea ch
and associa ed logis ics cos s. The A c ic
Sciences sec ion eques includes inc eases
o $8.3 million o IPY esea ch ac i i ies,
$8 million o p o ide logis ics in suppo
o IPY, and $1.46 million o he Be ing
Ecosys em S udy (BEST; see page 18). The
An a c ic Sciences sec ion would ecei e an
inc ease o $8.5 million o IPY esea ch
and $9 million o IPY logis ics.
The OPP eques also includes $57
million o ope a e and main ain he pola
iceb eake l ee . The OPP budge no lon-
ge includes unding o he U.S. A c ic
Resea ch Commission (USARC; see page
22), which is now a sepa a e accoun in
R&RA, wi h a budge o $1.45 million,
an inc ease o $280,000 (23.5%) o e FY
2006.
The EHR budge would inc ease 2.5%,
a 20% dec ease om 2004 in eal e ms.
The EHR eques includes $2 million in FY
2007 o IPY educa ion ac i i ies. O e he
nex wo yea s, EHR plans an in e nal eo -
ganiza ion ha will;
• me ge he Elemen a y, Seconda y and
In o mal Educa ion Di ision and he
Resea ch, E alua ion and Communica-
ion Di ision in o a new Di ision o
Resea ch on Lea ning in Fo mal and
In o mal Se ings,
• mo e he Ma h and Science Pa ne ship
p og am o he Di ision o Unde g adu-
a e Educa ion, and
• combine he Ins uc ional Ma e ials
De elopmen , Teache P o essional
Con inuum, and Cen e s o Lea ning
and Teaching p og ams o c ea e a new
Disco e y Resea ch K–12 p og am.
The MREFC accoun would inc ease
26%, om $191 million o $240 million,
including $12 million o he Na ional
Ecological Obse a o y Ne wo k (NEON;
see Wi ness Sp ing 2000), $13.5 million
o he Ocean Obse a o ies Ini ia i e,
and $56 million o he Alaska Region
Resea ch Vessel (ARRV; see Wi ness Sp ing
2004).
Final esul s o he budge p ocess will
no be known un il a e Cong ess con-
side s he FY 2007 budge eques in he
coming mon hs. Fo mo e in o ma ion,
see he NSF Budge Di ision websi e:
www.ns .go /abou /budge .
App op ia ions Reo ganized
In Feb ua y 2005, he House App o-
p ia ions Commi ee eo ganized he 13
app op ia ions subcommi ees esponsible
o indi idual app op ia ions bills. The
majo change, which was also a i i ed
by he Sena e, was he elimina ion o
he Ve e ans A ai s-Housing and U ban
De elopmen (VA-HUD) and Indepen-
den Agencies subcommi ee, which had
been esponsible o unding NSF, he
Na ional Ae onau ics and Space Admin-
is a ion (NASA), and he En i onmen al
P o ec ion Agency (EPA), among o he s.
The new House subcommi ee o e see-
ing NSF app op ia ions is he Science,
S a e, Jus ice, and Comme ce subcom-
mi ee, chai ed by F ank Wol (R-VA); in
he Sena e, he ele an subcommi ee is
Comme ce, Jus ice, and Science, chai ed
by Richa d Shelby (R-AL). The new sub-
commi ee s uc u es in he wo chambe s
(10 in he House, 12 in he Sena e) do no
co espond p ecisely, which may lead o
di i cul ies in u u e con e ences.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he Lib a y
o Cong ess legisla i e in o ma ion web-
si e: h p:// homas.loc.go , he Ame ican
Associa ion o he Ad ancemen o Sci-
ence websi e: www.aaas.o g/spp/ d, o he
Ame ican Ins i u e o Physics websi e:
www.aip.o g/go /budgin o.h ml.

22
Pola Resea ch Boa d
U.S. A c ic Resea ch Commission
The Pola Resea ch Boa d (PRB), a uni
o he Na ional Academies, was es ab-
lished in 1958. Unique in i s co e age o
bo h a c ic and An a c ic science, he PRB
s i es o make esea ch in he pola egions
mo e p oduc i e and esponsi e o he
needs o he U.S.; main ain U.S. awa eness
o and ep esen a ion in in e na ional sci-
ence p og ams; and enhance unde s anding
o issues in pola egions.
The PRB p og am has wo elemen s: a
s udy elemen and a co e elemen . Exam-
ples o ecen p ojec s unde he Boa d’s
o e sigh as pa o i s s udy elemen
include he A c ic Obse ing Ne wo k
s udy (see page 10) and he assessmen
o Coas Gua d pola iceb eake oles
and needs (see page 13). A new s udy is
unde way o conside he en i onmen al
and scien i i c s ewa dship esponsibili ies
ela ed o explo a ion o subglacial lake
en i onmen s in An a c ica.
Unde i s co e elemen , he PRB se es
as a sou ce o in o ma ion and assis ance
o ede al agencies, Cong ess, and o he s
in he pola communi y and se es as he
U.S. Na ional Commi ee o he Scien i i c
Commi ee on An a c ic Resea ch (SCAR)
o he In e na ional Council o Scien i i c
Unions (ICSU) and as he U.S. Na ional
Commi ee o he In e na ional A c ic
Science Commi ee (IASC).
Also unde i s co e elemen , he Boa d
con inues o acili a e planning o In e na-
ional Pola Yea (IPY) 2007–2008:
• wo king wi h nume ous agencies,
g oups, uni e si ies, and he in e na-
ional communi y o mo e IPY om
concep o implemen a ion;
• ensu ing ha he U.S. pola esea ch
communi y pa icipa es in c i ical plan-
ning ac i i ies and oppo uni ies o
in e na ional coope a ion; and
• de eloping selec ed ou each oppo uni-
ies ha will happen du ing 2007–2008.
Fo mo e in o ma ion on he PRB, see:
www.dels.nas.edu/p b/, o con ac Ch is
El ing ([email p o ec ed]; 202-334-3479).
Fo mo e in o ma ion on he U.S. Na ional
Commi ee o IPY, see: www.us-ipy.o g/,
o con ac Ch is El ing o Ma ia Uhle
([email p o ec ed]; 202-334-3531).
PRB P o ides Expe ise o Many Pu poses
John Fa ell Takes Helm as Execu i e Di ec o o USARC
John W. Fa ell has been appoin ed he
execu i e di ec o o he U.S. A c ic
Resea ch Commission (USARC) and joins
i s A ling on, Vi ginia, headqua e s in
June, eplacing Ga e B ass.
Fa ell b ings o he Commission a
b oad backg ound in science, esea ch, and
managemen . P io o his cu en posi-
ion as Associa e Dean o Resea ch and
Adminis a ion a he Uni e si y o Rhode
Island G adua e School o Oceanog aphy,
he se ed as p og am di ec o a he Join
Oceanog aphic Ins i u ions whe e he man-
aged he in e na ional Ocean D illing
P og am (ODP) and he NSF-suppo ed
U.S. Science Suppo P og am. He played
a pi o al ole in planning and implemen -
ing he In eg a ed Ocean D illing P og am
(IODP), he successo o he ODP. He
also pa icipa ed in he highly success ul
IODP A c ic Co ing Expedi ion (ACEX),
conduc ed in he summe o 2004 a op
he Lomonoso Ridge nea he No h Pole
(see Wi ness Win e 2004/2005). Fa ell
has spen mo e han 10 mon hs a sea as
a esea ch scien is on expedi ions o all
majo ocean basins and has published mo e
han 35 pee - e iewed pape s. Fa ell is a
geology g adua e o F anklin and Ma shall
College and ea ned his M.S. deg ee and
Ph.D. in geological sciences om B own
Uni e si y.
B ass, who led he Commission s a
om 1995 o ea ly 2006, conside s he
Science Ice Exe cises (SCICEX; see Wi ness
Au umn 2001) p og am one o he mos
impo an accomplishmen s o his enu e
a he USARC and o e s his summa y o
i s signi i cance:
“In Janua y 1993, he USARC wo ked
wi h se e al Na y commands and ci ilian
esea ch agencies o allow ci ilian scien is s
o conduc esea ch aboa d U.S. Na y as
a ack nuclea subma ines unde he sea
ice in he A c ic Ocean. The esul s om
he six SCICEX c uises om 1993 o 1999
we e ou s anding; he da a base on A c ic
Ocean hyd og aphy mo e han doubled
and he da a base on ma ine ba hyme y
in he A c ic inc eased oughly en old.
SCICEX da a on changes in he hickness
o a c ic sea ice, he pene a ion o wa m
A lan ic wa e in o he A c ic Ocean,
chemical and biological ac i i y in he
A c ic, he glacial age his o y o he A c ic
Basin, global clima e change, and many
o he subjec s ha e caused e olu ions in
ou unde s anding.
Now ha he Cold Wa has ended and
wi h i he dedica ed SCICEX c uises, he
p og am con inues o p epa e o sho
( i e- o en-day) da a collec ion exe cises
known as “oppo uni y” c uises, bu scien-
is s no longe ide along and specialized
ins umen s like Sea l oo Cha ac e iza ion
And Mapping Pods (SCAMP) a e idle.
The likelies pla o ms o eplace he A c ic
Ocean su ey unc ion o he SCICEX
subma ine c uises a e au onomous unde -
wa e ehicles (AUVs), bu exis ing pla -
o ms don’ ha e he endu ance o conduc
SCICEX s yle su eys and he e a e many
o he hu dles o c oss be o e hey can
assume he subma ine’s su ey mission.
The SCICEX p og am was a b illian suc-
cess. We a e s ill explo ing oppo uni ies
o he nex phase.”
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see www.a c ic.
go , o con ac Geo ge New on (703-525-
0111).
23
Science News
In June and July 2005, an in e na ional
eam o 24 scien is s om he U.S.,
China, and Russia collabo a ed o explo e
he dep hs o he Canada Basin unde
he auspices o he Census o Ma ine
Li e (COML) A c ic Ocean Biodi e si y
(A cOD) p ojec . Ope a ing om he U.S.
Coas Gua d iceb eake Healy and unded
by he Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic
Adminis a ion (NOAA) O i ce o Ocean
Explo a ion, he eam examined he bio a
o he sea ice, wa e column, and sea l oo
in his ice-domina ed ecosys em wi h
a a ie y o echniques. A 14 s a ions,
hey used di e s, high de i ni ion ideo
pla o ms, a specially designed emo ely
ope a ed ehicle (ROV), ice co ing, plank-
on ne s, and bo om co es and awls o
e ie e ma e ial and images om dep hs
some imes g ea e han 3,000 m.
The new ools ga e he in es iga o s he
i s comp ehensi e look a he deep a c ic
sea l oo , wa e column, and sea ice habi a s
in he Canada Basin, e ealing unexpec -
edly high densi ies and di e si y o animals.
Among he housands o specimens col-
lec ed, a leas se en p e iously unknown
species we e ound by he eam: ou so -
bodied zooplank on species and h ee
ben hic polychae e wo ms.
Rol G adinge o he School o Fishe -
ies and Ocean Sciences a he Uni e si y o
Alaska Fai banks (UAF) was chie scien is
on he oyage; o he ins i u ions ep e-
sen ed on he eam included Cali o nia
S a e Uni e si y Mon e ey Bay, Ha bo
B anch Oceanog aphic Ins i u ion, NOAA,
Texas A&M Uni e si y Co pus Ch is i,
Uni e si y o Hawaii, Wes e n Washing on
Uni e si y, Zoological Ins i u e, P.P. Shi -
sho Ins i u e o Oceanology, and Pola
Resea ch Ins i u e o China (see page 24).
The 2005 c uise was he hi d in a
se ies by his esea ch eam—in 2002 o
he Canada Basin on he Canadian Coas
Gua d iceb eake Louis S. S -Lau en , and
in 2004 o he Be ing and Chukchi Seas on
he Russian esea ch essel P o esso Kh o-
mo , unded by he NOAA A c ic Resea ch
O i ce and Ocean Explo a ion. The
A cOD eam is cu en ly wo king on p o-
posals o esea ch o be conduc ed du ing
he In e na ional Pola Yea 2007–2008.
The A cOD p ojec also suppo s an
A c ic Ma ine Taxonomic Cen e (AMTC)
o p o ide axonomic aining and expe -
ise, examine al eady collec ed ma e ials in
de ail, and o ganize da a om pas (mos ly
Russian) a c ic expedi ions and li e a u e
and dis ibu e i elec onically. AMTC
p og am esponsibili ies a e sha ed by wo
b anches o he Russian Academy o Sci-
ences, he Zoological Ins i u e in S . Pe e s-
bu g and he Shi sho Ins i u e in Moscow.
The Census o Ma ine Li e
The in e na ional Census o Ma ine Li e
(COML) p og am in ol es in es iga o s
om mo e han 70 na ions. COML seeks
o assess and explain he di e si y, dis ibu-
ion, and abundance o li e in he oceans
by answe ing h ee big ques ions:
• Wha did li e in he oceans? Th ee
His o y o Ma ine Animal Popula ions
cen e s wo k o ex end ime se ies by
ga he ing and in eg a ing his o ical and
a chi al da a on ma ine bio a.
• Wha li es in he oceans now? Fou -
een i eld p ojec s, including A cOD,
es ima e abundance and dis ibu ion o
ma ine species in e e y ocean ealm and
zone.
• Wha will li e in he oceans? Th ee
Fu u e o Ma ine Animal Popula ions
cen e s wo k o imp o e s a is ical
design, da a exchange and model in e -
ace, model de elopmen , da a syn heses,
and p edic ion.
Explo a ion o A c ic Canada Basin Finds New Species
All he da a on species, loca ion, and
abundance om COML in es iga ions,
as well as da a om many o he sou ces,
will be a ailable h ough an online Ocean
Biogeog aphic In o ma ion Sys em, whe e
hey can be in eg a ed wi h en i onmen al
da a, maps, and model ou pu s.
An in e na ional Science S ee ing
Commi ee and Sec e a ia , based a he
Conso ium o Oceanog aphic Resea ch
and Educa ion, o e see he COML, which
began in 2000 and is planned o con inue
un il 2010, wi h a o al cos es ima ed a
$1 billion. P ojec s a e unded by bo h
p i a e ounda ions and go e nmen al
sponso s; in he U.S., hese include NSF,
NOAA, he Na ional Oceanog aphic Pa -
ne ship P og am, and he O i ce o Na al
Resea ch. The Al ed P. Sloan Founda ion
is he la ges p i a e sponso o COML.
Fo mo e in o ma ion on he Canada
Basin expedi ion, see: www.oceanexplo e .
noaa.go /explo a ions/05a c ic, o con ac
Je emy Po e (Je emy.P[email p o ec ed];
301-713-9444, ex . 136). Fo mo e in o -
ma ion on he A cOD p ojec , see: www.
s os.ua .edu/ esea ch/a cdi /, o con ac
Rol G adinge ([email p o ec ed];
907-474-7407). Fo mo e in o ma ion
on he Census o Ma ine Li e, see: www.
coml.o g, o con ac Ron O’Do ( odo @
COREocean.o g; 202-332-0063,
ex . 239).
Le : Di e Ka in Iken deploys
a quad a o coun unde -ice
amphipods (sand l eas) in he
Canada Basin. Pho o by S.
Ha pe , UAF/NOAA. Below:
An uniden i i ed cnida ian polyp
collec ed om he deep Canada
Basin wi h he manipula o a m
o an ROV. The specimen was
a ached o a second species o
cnida ian. Pho o by B. Bluhm
and K. Iken, UAF/NOAA.
24
In e na ional News
China is making majo commi men s o
pola esea ch in suppo o he In e -
na ional Pola Yea 2007–2008, including:
• inc easing i s annual budge o pola
science (app oxima ely $6.5 million) by
$1.2 million in 2006, and
• alloca ing an addi ional $60 million
o e he nex h ee yea s o imp o e
in as uc u e and capabili ies suppo ing
pola esea ch.
China opened i s i s a c ic esea ch s a-
ion in Ny-Ålesund in 2003, plans o s a
es ablishmen o i s hi d s a ion in An a c-
ica by 2008, and is in he p ocess o e u -
bishing i s esea ch iceb eake Xuelong.
Chinese e o s in pola esea ch a e
led by wo complemen a y o ganiza ions
wi hin he S a e Oceanic Adminis a ion:
he Chinese A c ic and An a c ic Admin-
is a ion and he Pola Resea ch Ins i u e
o China (PRIC). The Chinese A c ic and
An a c ic Adminis a ion is he go e n-
men depa men in Beijing esponsible o
planning and coo dina ing Chinese pola
esea ch and expedi ions and suppo ing
in e na ional coope a ion. The PRIC in
Shanghai was es ablished in 1989 and has
h ee basic asks:
• conduc pola scien i i c esea ch, includ-
ing uppe a mosphe ic physics, glaciol-
ogy, biology, and oceanog aphy;
• p o ide anspo a ion and logis ical sup-
po o he Chinese Na ional An a c ic/
A c ic Resea ch Expedi ions
(CHINARE), including unning he
Xuelong and he pola s a ions; and
• supply in o ma ional suppo o pola
science, including publishing a jou nal
(Chinese Jou nal o Pola Science) and
p o iding da a managemen , lib a y, and
a chi e se ices.
Fu u e Plans
Du ing A c ic Science Summi Week 2005,
hos ed by he Chinese A c ic and An a c ic
Adminis a ion, PRIC Di ec o Zhang
Zhanhai ga e an o e iew o u u e a c ic
esea ch in China. O e all aims include:
• de eloping and coo dina ing na ional
p og ams;
• de eloping new echnologies, equip-
men , and logis ical capabili ies;
• imp o ing obse a o ies and ca ying ou
long- e m moni o ing wo k in he A c ic
Ocean and Ny-Ålesund;
• enhancing in e na ional collabo a ion in
a c ic esea ch;
• cul i a ing he nex gene a ion o pola
scien is s, expe s, and logis ic manage s;
and
• ensu ing da a collec ion and sha ing.
The 167 m R/V Xuelong is in he
p ocess o being e u bished o become a
mode n esea ch pla o m suppo ing new
ins umen a ion, including:
• a hull-based acous ic ice moni o ing
sys em,
• a c ic ice buoys,
• unde -ice moo ings wi h au oma ed da a
ansmission,
• an unmanned ae ial ehicle o emo e
sensing (6 hou s endu ance, ange o 100
km), and
• high equency g ound wa e ada .
When he econs uc ion is comple ed
in Augus 2006, labo a o y space will
ha e inc eased o 300 m2 and he ship will
accommoda e wo helicop e s.
Zhang also ou lined plans o he A c ic
Change and Tele-Impac on Mid-La i udes
(ARCTIML, 2006–2010) p ojec , a majo
new Chinese e o o u he unde s and-
ing o a c ic change and i s esponse and
eedback o global clima e by add essing
he impac o a c ic change on mid-la i-
udes. The mul idisciplina y
CHINARE–2003 expedi ion o he Chuk-
chi Sea and Canadian Basin laid he oun-
da ion o ARCTIML. Ini ially, wo ARC-
TIML c uises a e planned. A c uise aboa d
R/V Xuelong is planned o 2008–2009,
du ing IPY, s a ing om China h ough
he Be ing S ai o he No h Pole, con-
inuing h ough he A lan ic Ocean o An -
a c ica. The R/V Xuelong can go h ough
1.2 m ice; he e o e, his c uise will equi e
coope a ion wi h an addi ional iceb eake .
China encou ages in e na ional coop-
e a ion in ARCTIML and in pola ac i i-
ies, and hopes o wo k wi h o he coun-
ies and in e na ional o ganiza ions and
p og ams on join c uises and i eld wo k as
well as oppo uni ies o sha ing esou ces
such as acili ies, essels, and s a ion da a.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he PRIC
websi e: www.p ic.go .cn, o con ac
Zhang Zhanhai ([email p o ec ed].
cn; +86-21-685-07533).
China Inc eases Pola Resea ch Budge as IPY Nea s
Na ions Launch Asian Fo um o Pola
Sciences
A a Council o Manage s o Na ional An a c ic P og ams (COMNAP) mee ing in
2003, he Asian na ions in ol ed in COMNAP discussed he inc easing need o
a egional g oup o acili a e p ac ical coope a ion among Asian neighbo coun ies in
pola esea ch and logis ics. Di ec o s o na ional pola esea ch ins i u es om China,
Japan, and Ko ea me in May 2004 o de elop a amewo k o an Asian Fo um o
Pola Sciences (AFOPS). In Sep embe 2004, AFOPS was o i cially inaugu a ed. India
and Malaysia a e now membe s as well.
Ko ea is se ing as he chai coun y o a wo-yea e m, and Kim Yeadong o he
Ko ea Pola Resea ch Ins i u e (KOPRI) is AFOPS chai man. The AFOPS Sec e a ia
is es ablished a KOPRI. Membe coun ies ha e ep esen a i es o each o he i e
AFOPS wo king g oups: Ea h science, li e science, plane a y science, enginee ing and
logis ics, and public ela ions and da a managemen .
Rep esen a i es o AFOPS me a he 2005 A c ic Science Summi Week, which
may become a egula AFOPS enue. AFOPS will make e o s o de elop and suppo
coope a i e p og ams on pola esea ch, con ene join symposia and wo kshops o
pola sciences, suppo Asian coun ies in de eloping hei na ional pola p og ams,
and p oduce join publica ions on pola sciences.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he AFOPS websi e: www.a ops.o g/.
25
In e na ional News
The A c ic Council is an in e go -
e nmen al o um ha add esses
en i onmen al p o ec ion and sus ain-
able de elopmen issues and challenges
aced by a c ic go e nmen s and people
(see Wi ness Win e 2004/2005). Council
delibe a ions a e conduc ed a he minis e-
ial le el be ween he eigh a c ic s a es and
pe manen pa icipan s ( ep esen ing a c ic
indigenous g oups). Be ween hese mee -
ings, which occu e e y wo yea s, he chai
o he Council, cu en ly Russia, leads he
Senio A c ic O i cials in he wo k o he
Council. Fi e expe wo king g oups ocus
on issues such as moni o ing, assessing, and
p e en ing pollu ion in he A c ic, clima e
change, biodi e si y conse a ion and sus-
ainable use, eme gency p epa edness and
p e en ion, and li ing condi ions o a c ic
esiden s.
The P o ec ion o he A c ic Ma ine
En i onmen (PAME) wo king g oup was
es ablished by a c ic minis e s in 1993 o
add ess policy, pollu ion p e en ion, and
con ol measu es ela ed o p o ec ion o
he a c ic ma ine en i onmen om land
and sea-based ac i i ies. In 2004, he min-
is e s eques ed ha he PAME wo king
g oup conduc a comp ehensi e A c ic
Ma ine Shipping Assessmen (AMSA).
The h ee-yea assessmen began in
Feb ua y 2005 and is a di ec ollow-up o
he Council’s 2004 A c ic Ma ine S a egic
Plan and A c ic Clima e Impac Assess-
men (ACIA). In pa icula , ACIA Key
Finding #6, s a ing ha “ educed sea ice
is e y likely o inc ease ma ine anspo
and access o esou ces,” guided he e o-
lu ion o AMSA. Mos obse e s o he
A c ic belie e i highly plausible ha sea
ice educ ions will has en inc eased ma ine
access h oughou he A c ic Ocean and
likely leng hen he na iga ion season in all
egions.
The assessmen is unde he gene al
guidance o h ee lead coun ies: Canada,
Finland, and he U.S. As pa o he ini ial
wo k o AMSA, su eys ha e been sen o
each o he a c ic s a es eques ing all a c ic
shipping da a o 2004. Ship ypes ha a e
pa o he assessmen include anke s, bulk
ca ie s, con aine ships, ug-ba ge combi-
na ions, i shing essels, e ies, c uise ships,
esea ch essels, iceb eake s, and o sho e
supply essels. In eg a ion o he 2004 da a
will p oduce a his o ic “pic u e” o le els
o ma ine ac i i y in he A c ic Ocean a
he beginning o he 21s cen u y. Analyses
will be conduc ed o de e mine he social,
en i onmen al, and economic impac o
shipping oday. E alua ion o he impac s
o a c ic shipping on la ge ma ine ecosys-
ems will be included in AMSA as well. In
he second phase o AMSA, p ojec ed and
plausible le els o shipping o 2020 and
2050 will be de e mined based on scena ios
o he u u e, de i ed om ACIA sea ice
and clima e in o ma ion and egional a c ic
economic analyses. The impac s o hese
u u e ma ine ac i i y le els will also be
de e mined.
AMSA should yield key i ndings ha
will be ele an o he a c ic s a es, pe ma-
nen pa icipan s, all a c ic s akeholde s,
and he global ma i ime communi y. Once
he i ndings a e a ailable, PAME will wo k
wi h he Senio A c ic O i cials o de elop
ecommenda ions o conside a ion by he
A c ic Council minis e s. A i nal epo
will be p esen ed a he 6 h A c ic Council
Minis e ial Mee ing, which will be held in
No way in au umn 2008.
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he PAME
websi e: www.pame.is, o con ac Lawson
B igham a he U.S. A c ic Resea ch Com-
mission ([email p o ec ed]; 907-271-
4576).
Assessmen o E alua e Impac s o A c ic Ma ine Ac i i y
This map indica es key ma ine ou es in he A c ic Ocean
and coas al sub-a c ic ha will be e iewed as pa o he
A c ic Ma ine Shipping Assessmen . Th ee pola iceb eake
oyages in he cen al A c ic Ocean a e illus a ed: he i s
su ace ship oyage o he No h Pole by he So ie nuclea
iceb eake A k ika in Augus 1977; he ou is oyage by he
So ie nuclea iceb eake So e skiy Soyuz in Augus 1991;
and he his o ic scien i i c ansec by he pola iceb eake s
Pola Sea (USA) and Louis S. S -Lau en (Canada) in
summe 1994. The iceb eake s Healy (USA) and Oden
(Sweden) conduc ed a simila scien i i c c ossing o he A c ic
Ocean in 2005. Also shown is he minimum ex en o a c ic
sea ice on 16 Sep embe 2002 de i ed om sa elli e passi e
mic owa e obse a ions. No able o his da e a e la ge, ice-
ee a eas no h o he Russian A c ic coas al seas; a his o ic
ice edge e ea in he Beau o Sea; and an ice edge well
no h o S alba d. Map cou esy o Lawson B igham.