Co esponding au ho : Njoku Oji I egwu
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Amelio a ing e ec o e hanolic lea ex ac o Ca ica papaya (PAWPAW) on he
his ology o he kidney o me hamphe amine-induced a s
Agbai Johnson Ukwa 1, Njoku Oji I egwu 2, *, Ebe echukwu Lolly Mbanaso 3, Cosmas Sopu uchi Agim 4, Kelechi
Uzoma Aka aobi 4, B igh Chimnagozim Ogbonna 1 and Okezie Aloy Ekeleme 5
1 Depa men o Ana omy, Facul y o Basic Medical Sciences, Abia S a e Uni e si y U u u, Abia S a e, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Communi y Heal h, School o Heal h Sciences, Abia S a e College o Heal h Sciences and Managemen
Technology Aba, Abia S a e, Nige ia.
3 Depa men o Physiology, Facul y o Basic Medical Sciences, Abia S a e Uni e si y U u u, Abia S a e, Nige ia.
4 Depa men o Medical Biochemis y, Facul y o Basic Medical Sciences, Abia S a e Uni e si y U u u, Abia S a e, Nige ia.
5 Depa men o Medical Labo a o y, School o Heal h Sciences, Abia S a e College o Heal h Sciences and Managemen
Technology Aba, Abia S a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 3591-3600
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 10 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 23 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 26 Ap il 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.1.1346
Abs ac
Objec i e: This esea ch s udy was ca ied ou o in es iga e he e ec o e hanolic lea ex ac o Ca ica papaya on he
his ology o kidney o me hamphe amine-induced a s.
Me hodology: Twen y- i e (25) male wis a a s weighing 120 g o 150 g we e p ocu ed and acclima ized o wo
weeks, a e which, hey we e di ided in o i e (5) g oups o i e (5) a s each, and we e housed in cages. The g oups
we e designa ed as g oups A - E. G oup A se ed as he con ol g oup and was no induced wi h me hamphe amine,
while G oups B – E we e induced. G oup A ecei ed dis illed wa e only, G oups B - E ecei ed Me hamphe amine only,
100 mg/kg o body weigh o e hanolic lea ex ac o Ca ica papaya, 200 mg/kg o body weigh o e hanolic lea ex ac
o Ca ica papaya, and 300 mg/kg o body weigh o e hanolic ex ac o Ca ica papaya espec i ely o 14 days h ough
o al ou e wi h he aid o o al gas ic ube. On he 15 h day, he animals we e weighed and sac i iced ia chlo o o m
inhala ion, and kidneys we e ha es ed om he a s o his ological s udy.
Resul s: His opa hological indings showed enal issue wi h mild healing wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), pykno ic
glome uli (PG) and ubula a ophy (TA) o animals in g oup A, mode a e degene a ion wi h mode a e a y changes
(FC), mode a e in a enal hemo hage (IRH), and mode a e enal in lamma ion (IRI) o animals in g oup B, mild
healing wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), pykno ic glome uli (PG) and ubula a ophy (TA) o animals in g oup C,
mild healing wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), pykno ic glome uli (PG) and in il a ion o in lamma o y cell (IIC) o
animals in g oup D, and mode a e healing wi h mild a y changes (FC) and in il a ion o in lamma o y cell (IIC) o
animals in g oup E.
Conclusion: E hanolic lea ex ac s o Ca ica papaya ha e amelio a ing e ec on he his ology on he kidney o
me hamphe amine-induced a s, and he amelio a ing e ec imp o es wi h inc ease in he dosages o he ex ac .
Keywo ds: Kidney disease; Me hamphe amine; Kidney; Ca ica papaya
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1. In oduc ion
Kidney disease a ec s app oxima ely 37 million Ame ican adul s [1]. I occu s when kidneys become damaged and
canno pe o m hei unc ion. Damage may be caused by diabe es, high blood p essu e, and a ious o he long- e m
(ch onic) condi ions, and may lead o o he heal h p oblems, including weak bones, ne e damage, and malnu i ion [1].
Kidney disease o enal disease echnically e e ed o as neph opa hy, is damage o o disease o a kidney which
usually causes a loss o kidney unc ion o some deg ee and can esul in kidney ailu e o he comple e loss o kidney
unc ion [1]. Ch onic kidney disease is as p olonged kidney abno mali ies ( unc ional and/o s uc u al in na u e) ha
las o mo e han h ee mon hs [2], while acu e kidney disease (acu e kidney inju y) is ma ked by he sudden educ ion
in kidney unc ion o e se en days [1]. Kidney ailu e is he end-s age o kidney disease, whe e dialysis o a kidney
ansplan is he only ea men op ion.
Acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion, kidney diseases ha e isen om he wo ld’s nine een h leading cause o
dea h o he nin h, wi h he numbe o dea hs inc easing by 95% be ween 2000 and 2021 [3]. In he Uni ed S a es,
p e alence has isen om abou one in eigh in 2007 [4], o one in se en in 2021 [5]. I s causes include deposi ion o he
Immunoglobulin A an ibodies in he glome ulus, adminis a ion o analgesics, xan hine oxidase de iciency, oxici y o
chemo he apy agen s, and a long- e m exposu e o lead o i s sal s [6]. Ch onic condi ions ha can p oduce neph opa hy
include sys emic lupus e y hema osus, diabe es melli us and high blood p essu e (hype ension), which lead o diabe ic
neph opa hy and hype ensi e neph opa hy, espec i ely [1].
Me hamphe amine (con ac ed om N-me hylamphe amine) [7] is a po en cen al ne ous sys em (CNS) s imulan ha
is mainly used as a ec ea ional o pe o mance-enhancing d ug and less commonly as a second-line ea men o
a en ion de ici hype ac i i y diso de (ADHD) [8]. Resea ch has shown i o be a po en ial d ug o he ea men o
auma ic b ain inju y [9]. I was disco e ed in 1893 and exis s as wo enan iome s: le o-me hamphe amine and dex o-
me hamphe amine [7]. Me hamphe amine is a ely p esc ibed o e conce ns in ol ing i s po en ial o ec ea ional use
as an aph odisiac and eupho ian , among o he conce ns, as well as he a ailabili y o sa e subs i u e d ugs wi h
compa able ea men e icacy such as Adde all and Vy anse [8]. In low o mode a e doses, me hamphe amine can
ele a e mood, inc ease ale ness, concen a ion and ene gy in a igued indi iduals, educe appe i e, and p omo e weigh
loss [7]. A e y high doses, i can induce psychosis, b eakdown o skele al muscle, seizu es, and bleeding in he b ain [7].
Ch onic high-dose use can p ecipi a e unp edic able and apid mood swings, s imulan psychosis (e.g., pa anoia,
hallucina ions, deli ium, and delusions), and iolen beha io [7]. Rec ea ionally, me hamphe amine's abili y o inc ease
ene gy has been epo ed o li mood and inc ease sexual desi e o such an ex en ha use s a e able o engage in sexual
ac i i y con inuously o se e al days while binging he d ug [9, 7].
I is known o possess a high addic ion liabili y (i.e., a high likelihood ha long- e m o high dose use will lead o
compulsi e d ug use) and high dependence liabili y (i.e., a high likelihood ha wi hd awal symp oms will occu when
me hamphe amine use ceases) [7]. Discon inuing me hamphe amine a e hea y use may lead o a pos -acu e-
wi hd awal synd ome, which can pe sis o mon hs beyond he ypical wi hd awal pe iod [7]. A high doses,
me hamphe amine is neu o oxic o human midb ain dopamine gic neu ons and, o a lesse ex en , se o one gic
neu ons [10, 11]. I s neu o oxici y causes ad e se changes in b ain s uc u e and unc ion, such as educ ions in g ey
ma e olume in se e al b ain egions, as well as ad e se changes in ma ke s o me abolic in eg i y [11]. Also, i s use
may esul s o immedia e nega i e heal h e ec s such as pa anoia, anxie y, apid hea a e, i egula hea bea , s oke,
inc eased blood p essu e, kidney damage, non a al o e dose (also called “o e amping”), o a al o e dose [12, 13, 14, 15, 16].
Acco ding o Mooney e al, [17], medical e ec s me hamphe amine use include ce eb al s oke, hemo hage, psychoses,
seizu es; in hea hese include myoca dial in a c ion, a hy hmias, ca diomyopa hy and en icula hype ophy; in
lung hese include pulmona y edema and hype ension; and in kidneys i includes acu e enal ailu e.
The kidneys a e bila e al bean-shaped o gans, eddish-b own in colou and loca ed in he pos e io abdomen [18]. Thei
main unc ions a e o il e and exc e e was e p oduc s om he blood, and a e also esponsible o wa e and elec oly e
balance in he body. Me abolic was e and excess elec oly es a e exc e ed by he kidneys o o m u ine which is
anspo ed om he kidneys o he bladde by he u e e s and lea es he body ia he u e h a, which opens ou in o
he pe ineum in he emale and passes h ough he penis in he male. Kidneys lie e ope i oneally in he abdomen, and
on ei he side o he e eb al column [18]. They ypically ex end om T12 o L3, al hough he igh kidney is o en
si ua ed sligh ly lowe due o he p esence o he li e . Each kidney is app oxima ely h ee e eb ae in leng h. The
kidneys a e encased in complex laye s o ascia and a , and a e a anged as ollows (deep o supe icial): - enal capsule,
pe i enal a , enal ascia and pa a enal a . In e nally, he kidneys ha e an in ica e and unique s uc u e. The enal
pa enchyma can be di ided in o wo main a eas – he ou e co ex and inne medulla [18]. The co ex ex ends in o he
medulla, di iding i in o iangula shapes known as enal py amids. The apex o a enal py amid is called a enal papilla.
Each enal papilla is associa ed wi h a s uc u e known as he mino calyx, which collec s u ine om he py amids.
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Se e al mino calices me ge o o m a majo calyx. U ine passes h ough he majo calices in o he enal pel is, a
la ened and unnel-shaped s uc u e. F om he enal pel is, u ine d ains in o he u e e , which anspo s i o he
bladde o s o age.
The medial ma gin o each kidney is ma ked by a deep issu e, known as he enal hilum which ac s as a ga eway o he
kidney – no mally he enal essels and u e e en e /exi he kidney ia his s uc u e. The kidneys a e supplied wi h
blood ia he enal a e ies, which a ise di ec ly om he abdominal ao a, immedia ely dis al o he o igin o
he supe io mesen e ic a e y. The enal a e y en e s he kidney ia he enal hilum. A he hilum le el, he enal a e y
o ms an an e io and a pos e io di ision, which ca y 75% and 25% o he blood supply o he kidney, espec i ely
[18]. The kidneys a e d ained o enous blood by he le and igh enal eins which lea e he enal hilum an e io ly o
he enal a e ies, and emp y di ec ly in o he in e io ena ca a [18]. Lymph om he kidney d ains in o he la e al ao ic
(o pa a-ao ic) lymph nodes, which a e loca ed a he o igin o he enal a e ies [18]. The neph on is he unc ional uni
o he kidney [19]. Each neph on consis s o one enal co puscle and i s associa ed ubule. The kidney as a whole consis s
o many neph ons (millions) wi h hei associa ed blood essels. The enal co puscles a e he si es whe e he p ocess
o u ine o ma ion begins wi h a il a e o blood plasma. Each enal co puscle consis s o an epi helial cup
called Bowman's capsule enclosing a kno o capilla ies called he glome ulus [19].
Ca ica papaya (pawpaw) is one he plan species o he 21 accep ed species in he genus Ca ica o he amily Ca icaceae
[20]. I is a small, spa sely b anched ee, usually wi h a single s em g owing om 5 o 10 m (16 o 33 ) all, wi h spi ally
a anged lea es con ined o he op o he unk [21]. I s lowe unk is conspicuously sca ed whe e lea es and ui
we e bo ne [21], while, i s lea es a e la ge, 50–70 cm (20–28 in) in diame e , deeply palma ely lobed, wi h se en lobes.
I s ui is known as pawpaw. I was i s domes ica ed in Mesoame ica, wi hin mode n-day sou he n Mexico and Cen al
Ame ica [22, 23] and is g own in se e al coun ies in egions wi h a opical clima e. In 2022, India p oduced 38% o he
wo ld's supply o papayas [21].
C. papaya is a powe house o nu ien s ha is ich in h ees sou ce o powe ul an ioxidan i amin C, i amin A and
i amin E; he mine als, magnesium and po assium; he B i amin pan o henic acid and ola e and ibe and is a ailable
all h ough he yea [24]. In addi ion o all his, i con ains diges i e enzyme-papain ha which e ec i ely ea s causes o
auma, alle gies and spo s inju ies [24]. Acco ding o A a ind e al, [24], all he nu ien s o papaya as a whole imp o e
ca dio ascula sys em, p o ec agains hea diseases, hea a acks, s okes and p e en colon cance . I s ui is an
excellen sou ce o be a ca o ene ha p e en s damage caused by ee adicals ha may cause some o ms o cance ,
and i has been epo ed ha i helps in he p e en ion o diabe ic hea disease [24]. C. papaya lowe s high choles e ol
le els as i is a good sou ce o ibe [24].
I s lea con ains ac i e componen s such as alkaloids, glycosides, annins, saponins, and la onoids, which a e
esponsible o i s medicinal ac i i y and i s lea juice inc eases pla ele coun s in people su e ing om dengue e e
[25]. C. papaya ep esen s a p omising na u al sou ce o an i i al agen s due o i s ich ese oi o bioac i e seconda y
me aboli es, including la onoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and p o eoly ic enzymes [26]. These seconda y
me aboli es o e immense he apeu ic po en ial, and he unde s anding o hei dual oles in bo h healing and ha m is
c i ical o hei e ec i e u iliza ion in medical science, leading o inno a i e ea men s o some o he mos
challenging diseases as hese compounds exhibi mul i ace ed an i i al mechanisms, such as inhibi ing i al eplica ion,
blocking i al en y, modula ing hos immuni y, mi iga ing in lamma ion, minimizing he isk o esis ance
de elopmen , and being used as adjunc he apies [26]. I s lea ex ac possess po en an imic obial, an i i al, an icance ,
hypoglycaemic, and an i-in lamma o y e ec s [27]. Also, he lea ex ac media es se e al bene i s ela ed o dengue
p e en ion by boos ing pla ele coun , lowe ing oxida i e s ess, and egula ing immunological esponse [28]. Las ly, C.
papaya lea ex ac can been used o ea a ious illnesses such as dengue (a i al disease), e e , as hma, colic, be ibe i,
and jaundice [25]. In adi ional medicine, i can also been used as a he apeu ic agen due o i s wound healing, an i-
cance , hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic p ope ies [25]; and o he ea men o diges i e diso de s, a h i is,
ingwo m, and hype ension [29].
Because kidney disease can ha e se ious consequences i i is no being con olled e ec i ely, and i s p og ession is
om mild o se ious, hen la e kidney ailu e, i he e o e becomes necessa y o in es iga e on medicinal plan s ha
will be easily accessed in he de eloping wo ld whe e mos people do no ha e access o syn he ic d ugs o enal
diseases due o lack o insu icien und. The e o e, his s udy will help o educa e he public on he amelio a ing e ec
o e hanolic ex ac o Ca ica papaya on he his ology o kidney o me hamphe amine-induced a s he eby encou ages
i s consump ion especially by pa ien s who a e su e ing om kidney diseases.
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2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. Animal p ocu emen , ca e and ea men
Twen y- i e (25) male wis a a s weighing be ween 120 g o150 g we e p ocu ed and housed a he Animal house o
Ana omy Depa men , Abia S a e Uni e si y; U u u wi h wi e gauze cages in a well- en ila ed a ea, we e main ained
unde s anda d labo a o y condi ions o empe a u e (22+2 ℃), ela i e humidi y (55-65 %) and 12 hou s ligh /da k
cycle. They we e ed wi h s anda d comme cial pelle die and wa e ad libi um and we e also acclima ized o wo
weeks be o e he expe imen . Thei heal h s a uses we e closely moni o ed be o e and du ing he expe imen . All
p ocedu es we e ca ied ou in s ic acco dance wi h he Ins i u ional guidelines on he ca e and use o expe imen al
animals.
2.2. Collec ion, iden i ica ion and p epa a ion o plan ma e ial
Ca ica papaya lea es we e pu chased om a local ma ke in U u u in Abia S a e, and we e au hen ica ed a He ba ium
uni , Bo any Depa men , Abia S a e Uni e si y, U u u, Abia S a e wi h he He ba ium numbe
ABSU/ANA/HERB/25/002. The Ca ica papaya lea es we e washed peeled and c ushed using labo a o y blende o
ob ain esh juice. Ex ac ions we e done using e hanol. The c ude e hanol ex ac s we e kep in an ai - igh con aine
and s o ed in a e ige a o a 4 0C un il ime o use. A he ime o use, he e hanol ex ac s we e il e ed in o a s ainless
basin wi h a whi e clo h and placed in a wa e ba h so as o d y up he e hanol. 250 mg o hese ex ac s /kg body weigh s
we e dissol ed in 10 mls o dis illed wa e and we e adminis e ed o he animals.
2.3. Induc ion o Me hamphe amine
Me hamphe amine was pu chased a pha maceu ical shop a A ia ia Ma ke Aba, Abia S a e, Nige ia. The a s we e
adminis e ed wi h 0.5 mls o Me hamphe amine dissol ed in no mal saline, a 10 mg/kg body weigh , in ape i oneally
o 14 days [30] since he le hal dose (LD50) o me hanmphe amine wi h in ape i oneal (ip) adminis a ion is calcula ed
o be 55 and 57 mg/kg, in a and mouse, espec i ely [31, 32].
2.4. Expe imen al p o ocol
The animals we e g ouped in o i e (5) g oups o i e (5) a s each. Di e en doses o he e hanolic lea ex ac s o C.
papaya we e adminis e ed ia o al ou e wi h he aid o o al gas ic ube as shown below:
• G oup A: The con ol g oup + dis illed wa e .
• G oup B: Me hamphe amine only.
• G oup C: Me hamphe amine + 100 mg/kg o body weigh o e hanolic lea ex ac o Ca ica papaya.
• G oup D: Me hamphe amine + 200 mg/kg o body weigh o e hanolic lea ex ac o Ca ica papaya.
• G oup E: Me hamphe amine + 300 mg/kg o body weigh o e hanolic ex ac o Ca ica papaya.
2.5. Sample collec ion and analysis
The ex ac s we e adminis e ed o ou een (14) days. On he 15 h day, he animals we e sac i iced by anaes e hizing
unde chlo o o m apou and dissec ed. Kidneys we e ha es ed om he a s, weighed, and ixed in Bouin’s luid o
his ological analyses.
3. Resul s
3.1. His opa hological indings
The his opa hological indings o his esea ch wo k e eals as ollows: -
Mic og aph 1 is he esul o is he esul o he his ology o he kidneys (x400) (H/E) o he animals o g oup A (GPA)
con ol sec ion showing no mal enal a chi ec u e wi h glome uli (G), bowman space (BS), enal ubules (RT) wi h
dis ended ubula cell (TC).
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Mic og aph 2 is he esul o he his ology o he Kidneys (x400) (H/E) o he animals in g oup B (GPB) induced wi h
me hamphe amine and wi hou ea men showing mode a e degene a ion wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), mode a e
in a enal hemo hage (IRH) and mode a e enal in lamma ion (IRI).
Mic og aph 3 is a pho omic og aph o g oup C (GPC) sec ion o kidneys (x400) (H/E) induced wi h me hamphe amine
and ea ed wi h 100 mg/kg ex ac showing mild healing wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), pykno ic glome uli (PG)
and ubula a ophy (TA).
Mic og aph 4 is a pho omic og aph o g oup D (GPD) sec ion o kidneys (x400) (H/E) induced wi h me hamphe amine
and ea ed wi h 200 mg/kg ex ac showing mild healing wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), pykno ic glome uli (PG)
and in il a ion o in lamma o y cell (IIC).
Mic og aph 5 is a pho omic og aph o g oup E (GPE) sec ion o kidney (x400) (H/E) induced wi h me hamphe amine
and ea ed wi h 300 mg/kg ex ac showing mode a e healing wi h mild a y changes (FC) and in il a ion o
in lamma o y cell (IIC).
Figu e 1 Mic og aph 1 is showing no mal enal a chi ec u e wi h glome uli (G), bowman space (BS), and enal
ubules (RT) wi h dis ended ubula cell (TC)
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Figu e 2 Mic og aph 2 is showing mode a e degene a ion wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), mode a e in a enal
hemo hage (IRH), and mode a e enal in lamma ion (IRI)
Figu e 3 Mic og aph 3 is showing mild healing wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), pykno ic glome uli (PG) and ubula
a ophy (TA)
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Figu e 4 Mic og aph 4 is showing mild healing wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), pykno ic glome uli (PG) and
in il a ion o in lamma o y cell (IIC)
Figu e 5 Mic og aph 5 is showing mode a e healing wi h mild a y changes (FC) and in il a ion o in lamma o y cell
(IIC)
4. Discussion
Me hamphe amine is an ex emely powe ul s imulan , which can be smoked, injec ed, sno ed, o ea en o p oduces a
apid and in ense high ha ’s b ie enough o keep use s coming back o mo e, hus, esul ing o a s ong addic ion and
days-long binges, hus, encou aging he de elopmen o ole ance ha makes me hamphe amine use s equi e mo e
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and mo e o he d ug o e ime. This highly addic i e d ug also poses a hea y isk o damaging one’s heal h in a a ie y
o ways. I s e ec s can impac se e al c ucial o gan sys ems and cause long- e m ha m o he body as me hamphe amine
use s ace an ele a ed isk o hea disease, s oke, li e damage, immune supp ession, and e en Pa kinson’s disease
[33]. Thus, he aim o his esea ch s udy is o in es iga e he amelio a ing e ec o e hanolic lea ex ac o C. papaya on
he kidney o me hamphe amine induced a s.
The his opa hological inding o his p esen s udy o he kidney o he animals in g oup A (GPA) (x400) (H/E) o
Mic og aph 1 ( igu e 1) showed no mal enal a chi ec u e wi h glome uli (G), bowman space (BS), enal ubules (RT)
wi h dis ended ubula cell (TC). This is in line wi h he no mal s uc u e o a neph on which is he unc ional uni o
he kidney which consis s o one enal co puscle and i s associa ed ubule [19].
While, he his opa hological esul o he his ology o he kidneys o he animals in g oup B (GPB) induced wi h
me hamphe amine only (x400) (H/E) o Mic og aph 2 ( igu e 2) showed mode a e degene a ion wi h mode a e a y
changes (FC), mode a e in a enal hemo hage (IRH), and mode a e enal in lamma ion (IRI). This could be due o he
oxins p esen in me hamphe amine, as s udy has shown ha oxins in me hamphe amine which a e sec e ed
h oughou he body exace ba es he damage done o he b ain, skin, in e nal o gans and immune sys em [34]. Also
i has been shown ha blood essel cons ic ion caused by me hamphe amine use can cu o blood low o he bowel,
po en ially leading o he dea h [33].
The esul o he his ology o he kidneys o he animals in g oup C (GPC) induced wi h me hamphe amine (x400) (H/E)
and ea ed wi h 100 mg/kg o body weigh o e hanolic lea ex ac o C. papaya o mic og aph 3 ( igu e 3) showed mild
healing wi h mode a e a y changes (FC), pykno ic glome uli (PG) and ubula a ophy (TA); in mic og aph 4 ( igu e 4)
he esul o he his ology o he kidneys o he animals in g oup D (GPD) induced wi h me hamphe amine (x400) (H/E)
and ea ed wi h 200 mg/kg o body weigh o e hanolic lea ex ac o C. papaya showed mild healing wi h mode a e
a y changes (FC), pykno ic glome uli (PG) and in il a ion o in lamma o y cell (IIC); while ha o mic og aph 5 ( igu e
5) induced wi h me hamphe amine (x400) (H/E) and ea ed wi h 300 mg/kg o body weigh o e hanol lea ex ac o
C. papaya showed mode a e healing wi h mild a y changes (FC) and in il a ion o in lamma o y cell (IIC). These
posi i e esul s could be due o he amelio a ing e ec o C. papaya which inc eases wi h he inc ease in he lea ex ac
dosages. This could be due o he abili y o he e hanolic lea ex ac o C. papaya o de oxi y he oxins p esen in
me hamphe amine he eby educing ma ke s o oxida i e s ess ha could ha e caused he damages in mic og aph 2
( igu e 2) ha ecei ed no he lea ex ac a all.
5. Conclusion
The e o e, he e hanolic lea ex ac s o Ca ica papaya ha e amelio a ing e ec on he his ology o me hamphe amine-
induced kidneys o male wis a a s, and he amelio a ing e ec is dose-dependen , and imp o es be e wi h inc ease
in dosages o he ex ac .
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
We wish o hank he Depa men o Ana omy, Facul y o Basic Medical Sciences, Abia S a e Uni e si y U u u, o he
suppo and assis ance p o ided du ing he en i e s udy.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es .
S a emen o e hical app o al
This esea ch wo k was app o ed by he E hical App o al Commi ee, Facul y o Basic Medical Sciences, Abia S a e
Uni e si y, U u u, Abia S a e, Nige ia.
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