EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN:
SCIENCE, IMAGINATION,
DISCOVERY
P oceedings o he III In e na ional Scien-
i ic and P ac ical Con e ence
23-24 Sep embe 2025
LISBON. PORTUGAL
2025
UDC 001.1
BBC 1
III In e na ional Scien i ic and P ac ical Con e ence «Explo ing he
unknown: science, imagina ion, disco e y», Sep embe 23-24, 2025,
Lisbon. Po ugal. 33 p.
ISBN 978-91-65424-39-5
DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17235753
Publishe : «SC. Scien i ic con e ences»
Main o ganiza ion:
Edi o : Hans Mulle
Layou : Ellen Schwimme
The con e ence ma e ials a e in he public domain unde he CC BY-
NC 4.0 In e na ional license.
The publishe is no esponsible o he ma e ials published in he col-
lec ion. All ma e ials a e p o ided in he au ho 's edi ion and exp ess
he pe sonal posi ion o he pa icipan o he con e ence.
The sample o he ci a ion o publica ion is Gugnin Aleksand ,
Lisnie ska Yuliia ANTI-ADVERTISING IN THE HOTEL BUSINESS // III In e na-
ional Scien i ic and P ac ical Con e ence «Explo ing he unknown:
science, imagina ion, disco e y», Sep embe 23-24sss, 2025, Lisbon.
Po ugal. Pp.9-11, URL: h ps://scon e ences.com
Con ac in o ma ion
Websi e: h ps://scon e ences.com
E-mail: in o@scon e ences.com
Con en
Ag icul u al sciences
Ül i Bilal Elçin oğlu
INCREASING EXPORT POTENTIAL AND INTEGRATION INTO INTERNATIONAL MARKETS AS A DIRECTION FOR EN-
HANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF FOOD PRODUCERS IN AZERBAIJAN
3
Economic sciences
Pula o a Nigo akhon Nu ullae na
THE IMPACT OF NEUROMARKETING ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
6
Geog aphical sciences
E iqad M. Bek ashi, Naile Z. Aliye a
THE GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL OF WATER RESERVOIRS IN THE NA-
KHCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC
8
Medical sciences
Andashe a Be me
THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF VARIOUS DISEASES
16
Poli ical sciences
Manana Da chash ili, Tamila Nipa ish ili
THE STATUS OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN GEORGIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY (ACCORDING TO
ARCHIL JORJADZE)
22
Technical sciences
C is ian Pu ece
SOFTWARE TOOL FOR SIMULATING THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID PV SYSTEMS WITH STORAGE
26
III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. LISBON. PORTUGAL. 23-24.09.2025
3
Ag icul u al sciences
In oduc ion
In he con ex o global economic in eg a ion and he expansion o in e na ional ade ela ions,
enhancing he compe i i eness o Aze baijan’s ood indus y holds s a egic impo ance. S eng hening
expo po en ial no only s imula es economic g ow h bu also con ibu es signi ican ly o ood secu i y,
he de elopmen o he non-oil sec o , and he inc ease o o eign cu ency e enues. In his ega d, mod-
e niza ion o p oduc ion in he ood indus y, alignmen o p oduc s wi h in e na ional quali y s anda ds,
and consolida ion o posi ions in o eign ma ke s a e conside ed among he p ima y objec i es.
Theo e ical Backg ound
Compe i i eness is a mul i ace ed concep in economic heo y and has been analyzed om a ious
pe spec i es by di e en schola s. M. Po e (1990) [6] emphasizes he ole o inno a ion and ma ke
condi ions in shaping compe i i e ad an ages. K ugman (1994) [5], on he o he hand, links he compe -
i i eness o na ional economies p ima ily o p oduc i i y. Local economis s [4;3] highligh ac o s such as
mode niza ion o p oduc ion echnologies, s a e suppo , and expansion o expo oppo uni ies as he
main de e minan s in shaping a compe i i e en i onmen in he ood indus y.
Cu en Si ua ion o he Food Indus y in Aze baijan
Acco ding o da a om he S a e S a is ical Commi ee o Aze baijan [1] and he In e na ional
T ade Cen e (ITC) [8], in ecen yea s he coun y’s ood expo s ha e demons a ed dynamic g ow h.
The changes in expo olumes and he dis ibu ion o p oduc g oups du ing he pe iod 2015–2023 a e
e lec ed in he ollowing ables and g aphs.
Table 1.
Aze baijan's ood expo s in 2015–2023 (million US dolla s).
Yea
Expo (million US dolla s)
2015
420
2016
460
2017
500
2018
530
2019
580
2020
620
2021
670
2022
710
2023
760
Sou ce: Aze baijan S a e S a is ical Commi ee ,ITC T ade Map.
INCREASING EXPORT POTENTIAL AND INTEGRATION INTO INTERNATIONAL MARKETS AS A DI-
RECTION FOR ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF FOOD PRODUCERS IN AZERBAIJAN
Ül i Bilal Elçin oğlu
Azə baycan Koope asiya Uni e si e i,
Dok o an
Abs ac
The a icle examines he enhancemen o expo po en ial in Aze baijan’s ood indus y, i s
in eg a ion in o in e na ional ma ke s, and he impac o hese p ocesses on compe i i eness.
Based on s a is ical da a, he dynamics o expo s, he sha e o p oduc g oups, and he pe o -
mance indica o s o majo p oduce s a e analyzed, while key challenges and u u e p ospec s a e
iden i ied. The indings e eal ha s eng hening compe i i eness is closely linked o inno a ion,
go e nmen suppo , di e si ica ion o expo ma ke s, and ins i u ional e o ms.
Keywo ds: ood indus y, expo po en ial, in e na ional ma ke s, ood p oduce s, compe i-
i eness, inno a ion, go e nmen suppo .
III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. LISBON. PORTUGAL. 23-24.09.2025
4
Figu e 1. Dynamics o Aze baijan's ood expo s by yea .
Sou ce: Aze baijan S a e S a is ical Commi ee ,ITC T ade Map
Figu e 2. Sha e o p oduc g oups in Aze baijan's ood expo s (2023).
Sou ce: Aze baijan S a e S a is ical Commi ee, ITC T ade Map.
Fac o s A ec ing Compe i i eness
The main ac o s in luencing he o ma ion o compe i i eness in Aze baijan’s ood indus y a e as
ollows:
- Mode niza ion o p oduc ion and echnological inno a ions;
- Compliance wi h quali y s anda ds and ce i ica ion;
- Di e si ica ion o expo ma ke s;
- Go e nmen suppo and incen i es;
- De elopmen o human capi al and managemen skills.
Each o hese ac o s con ibu es o s eng hening he compe i i e ad an ages o en e p ises in
he ood indus y, expanding access o in e na ional ma ke s, and inc easing expo po en ial.
Compa a i e Analysis
A compa a i e analysis o Aze baijan’s leading ood p oduce s – Aze sun, Milk-P o, A ena, and
Ag o i a – e eals di e ences in hei p oduc ion capaci ies, expo sha es, and inancial s abili y.
Table 2
Compa a i e indica o s o majo ood p oduce s.
En e p ise
P oduc ion capaci y ( housand ons)
Expo sha e (%)
Financial s abili y (1-5)
Aze sun
850
45
5
Milk-P o
320
18
4
A ena
400
22
4
Aq o i a
270
15
3
Sou ce: Aze baijan S a e S a is ical Commi ee, annual epo s o en e p ises.
III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. LISBON. PORTUGAL. 23-24.09.2025
5
Figu e 3. Compa ison o expo sha es o majo ood p oduce s.
Sou ce: Aze baijan S a e S a is ical Commi ee, annual epo s o en e p ises.
P oblems and Challenges
Despi e ce ain achie emen s in enhancing compe i i eness, Aze baijan’s ood indus y aces a
numbe o p oblems and challenges. P ima ily, in he p ocess o expanding posi ions in expo ma ke s,
non- a i ba ie s, high logis ics cos s, and he deg ee o compliance wi h in e na ional s anda ds pose
signi ican obs acles. In addi ion, domes ic p oduce s o en alloca e insu icien esou ces o inno a ion,
ace limi ed R &D capabili ies, and expe ience slow digi al ans o ma ion, all o which hinde he acqui-
si ion o compe i i e ad an ages. A he same ime, he low pa icipa ion o small and medium-sized
en e p ises (SMEs) in expo s p e en s he ull ealiza ion o he coun y’s expo po en ial.
Recommenda ions
Based on he conduc ed analysis, he ollowing ecommenda ions can be p oposed o s eng hen
he in e na ional compe i i eness o Aze baijan’s ood indus y:
1. Expand quali y ce i ica ion mechanisms and encou age he implemen a ion o in e na ional
s anda ds;
2. De elop expo logis ics in as uc u e and educe anspo a ion cos s;
3. Suppo R &D cen e s and inno a ion-o ien ed p oduc ion ini ia i es;
4. B oaden he adop ion o digi aliza ion echnologies (ERP, a i icial in elligence, big da a);
5. P omo e he pa icipa ion o SMEs in expo ac i i ies.
Conclusion
The s udy demons a es ha inc easing expo po en ial and in eg a ion in o in e na ional ma -
ke s is a decisi e ac o in enhancing he compe i i eness o Aze baijan’s ood indus y en e p ises. Ana-
ly ical indings indica e ha expo pe o mance and he implemen a ion o quali y s anda ds a e key
de e minan s o compe i i eness. Mo eo e , in es men s aimed a inno a ion and digi aliza ion play a
c ucial ole in ensu ing long- e m sus ainabili y. Fo s a egic de elopmen in he ood indus y, alongside
go e nmen suppo , ma ke -o ien ed app oaches by en e p ises hemsel es a e essen ial. Thus,
s eng hening an expo -o ien ed p oduc ion s a egy and ensu ing compliance wi h in e na ional s and-
a ds should be ega ded as p ima y objec i es o he u u e de elopmen o Aze baijan’s ood indus y
[6, s. 112; 4, s. 45; 7; 8; 2, s. 52; 9, s. 33].
Re e ences
1. Azə baycan Respublikası Dö lə S a is ika Komi əsi. (2024). Azə baycan Respublikasının sosial-
iq isadi gös ə icilə i. Bakı: ARDSK.
2. Babae , A. (2021). Qida sənayesində inno asiya ə əqabə mühi i. İq isadi A aşdı mala Ju nalı,
8(2), 45-59.
3. Əliye , A. (2020). Azə baycanın qida sənayesində əqabə mühi i. Bakı: Elm ə Təhsil.
4. Məmmədo , R. (2020). Azə baycan sənayesinin əqabə qabiliyyə inin a ı ılması is iqamə lə i.
Bakı: Elm ə Təhsil.
5. K ugman, P. (1994). Compe i i eness: A dange ous obsession. Fo eign A ai s, 73(2), 28–44.
6. Po e , M. E. (1990). The Compe i i e Ad an age o Na ions. New Yo k: F ee P ess.
7. UN Com ade Da abase. (2023). In e na ional T ade S a is ics. Uni ed Na ions S a is ics Di i-
sion.
8. In e na ional T ade Cen e (ITC). (2023). T ade Map: T ade s a is ics o in e na ional business
de elopmen . h ps://www. ademap.o g
9. Wo ld Bank. (2022). Aze baijan Economic Upda e: Na iga ing Global Unce ain y. Washing on,
DC: Wo ld Bank G oup.
III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. LISBON. PORTUGAL. 23-24.09.2025
6
Economic sciences
The s udy o consume beha io has adi ionally elied on models g ounded in psychology, sociol-
ogy, and economics, emphasizing a ionali y, u ili y maximiza ion, and obse able ma ke p e e ences.
Howe e , con empo a y esea ch inc easingly demons a es ha a signi ican p opo ion o consume
choices a e no he p oduc o a ional calcula ion bu a e ins ead shaped by subconscious p ocesses,
emo ions, and neu ocogni i e esponses ha escape conscious awa eness. Neu oma ke ing has eme ged
as a mul idisciplina y ield a he in e sec ion o neu oscience, cogni i e psychology, and ma ke ing sci-
ence, wi h he explici aim o unco e ing hese hidden d i e s o consume decision-making.
This app oach is pa icula ly ele an in he con ex o mode n ma ke s, whe e consume s a e con-
inuously exposed o a as and highly compe i i e low o in o ma ion. T adi ional su eys, ocus g oups,
and sel - epo ing me hods o en ail o cap u e he implici biases and au oma ic eac ions ha unde lie
ac ual pu chasing beha io . Neu oma ke ing me hods such as elec oencephalog aphy (EEG), unc ional
magne ic esonance imaging ( MRI), eye- acking, and gal anic skin esponse analysis p o ide objec i e
measu es o a en ion, engagemen , and emo ional a ousal, allowing o a mo e accu a e p edic ion o
consume ac ions.
Recen empi ical s udies highligh he s a egic alue o neu oma ke ing applica ions o business.
Acco ding o he Nielsen Consume Neu oscience epo , ad e ising campaigns in o med by neu oma -
ke ing insigh s show up o a 23% highe e u n on in es men compa ed o hose based on con en ional
consume esea ch [1]. Simila ly, a Deloi e global su ey indica es ha companies in eg a ing neu ocog-
ni i e da a in o hei ma ke ing s a egies ou pe o m compe i o s in b and ecall and cus ome loyal y
indices by 15–20% [2]. These indings sugges ha neu oma ke ing is no me ely a supplemen a y ool
bu a ans o ma i e pa adigm in unde s anding and in luencing consume beha io .
Fu he mo e, neu oma ke ing con ibu es o he de elopmen o new heo e ical pe spec i es
wi hin beha io al economics and neu oeconomics. I expands he scope o consume esea ch by linking
physiological esponses, such as neu al ac i a ion in ewa d- ela ed b ain egions, wi h obse ed ma ke
beha io . Fo ins ance, ac i a ion o he nucleus accumbens, a neu al co ela e o ewa d an icipa ion,
has been shown o eliably p edic pu chase decisions, p o iding a neu obiological explana ion o phe-
nomena such as impulse buying and b and a achmen [3].
In he global con ex , he di usion o neu oma ke ing p ac ices illus a es bo h oppo uni ies and
challenges. While de eloped economies ha e es ablished obus in as uc u es o he applica ion o
neu oscience-based consume esea ch, de eloping coun ies a e inc easingly adop ing neu oma ke ing
in digi al comme ce, mobile ma ke ing, and social media campaigns. This e lec s a b oade end o in-
eg a ing a i icial in elligence, big da a analy ics, and machine lea ning wi h neu ocogni i e ools o
op imize consume engagemen and ma ke ou comes. A he same ime, e hical deba es conce ning
consume au onomy, da a p i acy, and po en ial manipula ion ha e become cen al o he academic and
policy discou se su ounding neu oma ke ing.
THE IMPACT OF NEUROMARKETING ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Pula o a Nigo akhon Nu ullae na
Lec u e a he Depa men o Media Managemen and Media Ma ke ing, Uni e si y o
Jou nalism and Mass Communica ions o Uzbekis an
Abs ac
This pape examines he ole o neu oma ke ing in shaping consume beha io , highligh ing
i s heo e ical ounda ions, me hodological app oaches, and p ac ical applica ions in mode n ma -
ke s. Neu oma ke ing in eg a es neu oscience, psychology, and ma ke ing science o be e unde -
s and unconscious decision-making p ocesses ha d i e consume choices. The s udy demon-
s a es ha neu oma ke ing echniques enhance he accu acy o consume esea ch, imp o e ma -
ke ing communica ion s a egies, and in luence pu chasing beha io by e ealing implici emo-
ional and cogni i e esponses.
Keywo ds: neu oma ke ing, consume beha io , decision-making, neu oscience, beha io al
economics.
III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. LISBON. PORTUGAL. 23-24.09.2025
7
Schola s such as A iely and Be ns emphasize ha adi ional consume esea ch me hods ail o
cap u e unconscious mo i es, leading o inaccu acies in p edic ing eal pu chasing beha io [2]. Resea ch
in beha io al economics and neu oscience highligh s ha b ain egions such as he p e on al co ex and
limbic sys em play c i ical oles in alua ion, emo ional p ocessing, and decision-making [3].
Neu oma ke ing s udies demons a e ha consume s’ physiological esponses o ad e isemen s
(e.g., changes in b ain ac i a ion pa e ns o pupil dila ion) o en p edic pu chasing in en ions mo e e-
liably han con en ional ma ke su eys [4]. Fo ins ance, MRI-based s udies e eal ha s ong ac i a-
ion in he nucleus accumbens co ela es wi h a highe p obabili y o p oduc pu chase [5].
Mo eo e , compa a i e s udies show ha neu oma ke ing can educe he disc epancy be ween
s a ed p e e ences and ac ual consume beha io by 25–30%, hus inc easing he eliabili y o ma ke ing
s a egies [6].
Table 1.
Neu oma ke ing echniques and hei applica ion in consume esea ch
Technique
Applica ion A ea
Impac on Consume Beha io
EEG
Measu es b ainwa e ac i i y
Iden i ies le els o a en ion and engagemen
MRI
Moni o s b ain ac i a ion pa e ns
Re eals emo ional esponses o ad e ising
Eye- acking
T acks isual a en ion
Op imizes ad design and p oduc placemen
Gal anic skin esponse
Measu es a ousal
De ec s in ensi y o emo ional in ol emen
Sou ce: De eloped by he au ho
The esul s sugges ha neu oma ke ing o e s signi ican ad an ages o analyzing and in luenc-
ing consume beha io . By unco e ing unconscious cogni i e and emo ional p ocesses, i enables ma ke -
e s o design mo e pe suasi e campaigns and build deepe b and-consume ela ionships. Howe e , i s
applica ion also aises e hical challenges ega ding consume au onomy, manipula ion isks, and da a
p i acy. Fo de eloping economies, adop ing neu oma ke ing may enhance compe i i eness bu equi es
ca e ul egula o y amewo ks.
Neu oma ke ing ep esen s a ans o ma i e app oach o unde s anding consume beha io . I s
in eg a ion in o co po a e s a egies enhances p edic i e accu acy, os e s s onge emo ional connec-
ions wi h consume s, and imp o es o e all ma ke ing e ec i eness. Ne e heless, he balance be ween
inno a ion and e hical esponsibili y emains c ucial. Fo u u e esea ch, he expansion o neu oma ke -
ing in o digi al en i onmen s, a i icial in elligence–d i en analysis, and c oss-cul u al s udies p omises
o u he deepen i s impac on global consume ma ke s.
Re e ences
1. Zu awicki L. Neu oma ke ing: Explo ing he B ain o he Consume . – Sp inge , 2010.
2. A iely D., Be ns G.S. Neu oma ke ing: The hope and hype o neu oimaging in business // Na u e
Re iews Neu oscience. – 2010. – Vol. 11, №4. – P. 284–292.
3. Came e C., Loewens ein G., P elec D. Neu oeconomics: How neu oscience can in o m eco-
nomics // Jou nal o Economic Li e a u e. – 2005. – Vol. 43, №1. – P. 9–64.
4. Mo in C. Neu oma ke ing: The new science o consume beha io // Socie y. – 2011. – Vol. 48,
№2. – P. 131–135.
5. Knu son B., Rick S., Wimme G. Neu al p edic o s o pu chases // Neu on. – 2007. – Vol. 53,
№1. – P. 147–156.
6. Smid s A. e al. Ad ancing consume neu oscience // Ma ke ing Le e s. – 2014. – Vol. 25, №3.
– P. 257–267.
III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. LISBON. PORTUGAL. 23-24.09.2025
8
Geog aphical sciences
In oduc ion: The Nakhchi an Au onomous Republic is one o he egions endowed wi h ich hy-
d ological po en ial. The a ious hyd ological ea u es p esen in he a ea—including mine al wa e s,
wa e alls, lakes, ma shes, and o he wa e sou ces—a e dis inguished by hei unique na u al and geo-
g aphical cha ac e is ics and hold signi ican impo ance om a ou ism pe spec i e.
S udies on he ou ism and ec ea ional oppo uni ies o hyd ological ea u es indica e ha hey
p o ide a ou able condi ions o he de elopmen o bo h eco ou ism and leisu e ou ism. Mine al wa-
e s occupy a special place in heal h ou ism and he ope a ion o balneological cen es, while wa e alls
and moun ain i e s a e pa icula ly a ac i e loca ions o eco ou ism and ad en u e ou ism. Lakes
and ma shes, wi h hei biological di e si y and ecosys em se ices, also d aw a en ion wi hin he eco-
ou ism sec o .
Mo eo e , he close ela ionship be ween hyd ological ea u es and elie ac o s enhances hei
aes he ic alue o ou ism. Wa e alls cascading down moun ain slopes, lakes su ounded by di e se
elie o ms, and mine al sp ings cap i a e ou is s bo h isually and h ough hei ec ea ional po en ial.
O e all, he hyd ological ea u es o he Nakhchi an Au onomous Republic play a i al ole in di-
e si ying ou ism and p o ide a scien i ic basis o a b oade assessmen o he egion’s ou ism po en-
ial. Thei e alua ion using mode n me hods and e ec i e managemen can con ibu e in he u u e bo h
o en i onmen al p o ec ion and o he socio-economic de elopmen o he popula ion.
A signi ican po ion o he hyd ological ea u es in he Nakhchi an Au onomous Republic consis s
o ese oi s c ea ed o a ious pu poses. The A pachay, A az, Uzunoba, Neh am, Si ab, Khal-khal, and
o he ese oi s a e no only impo an om an economic and socio-economic s andpoin bu also dis in-
guished by hei ou ism and ec ea ional po en ial. These ese oi s ul il he egion’s wa e manage-
men needs while simul aneously p o iding ex ensi e oppo uni ies o o ganising ou ism ac i i ies.
The loca ion cha ac e is ics o he ese oi s and hei in e ac ion wi h he su ounding en i on-
men enhance hei sui abili y o di e en o ms o ou ism. Fo example, he A pachay ese oi o e s
a ou able condi ions o bo h eco ou ism and ishing ou ism, whe eas he Uzunoba and Neh am ese -
oi s a e p omising o leisu e ou ism and he de elopmen o beach zones. Addi ionally, small-scale
ese oi s loca ed in oo hill a eas may se e as a ac i e si es o ad en u e ou ism and spo ing ac i -
i ies.
The ec ea ional use o ese oi s is no limi ed o he de elopmen o he ou ism sec o alone bu
also con ibu es o he e ec i e o ganisa ion o he popula ion’s leisu e ime, p omo ion o a heal hy
THE GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL OF WATER RESERVOIRS IN
THE NAKHCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC
E iqad M. Bek ashi
Senio eache , Nakhchi an S a e Uni e si y
Naile Z. Aliye a
PhD s uden , Nakhchi an S a e Uni e si y
Abs ac
In ecen yea s, comp ehensi e measu es ha e been implemen ed a he s a e le el o os e
he de elopmen o he non-oil sec o in he Nakhchi an Au onomous Republic, wi h a se ies o
no ma i e-legal ac s adop ed o his end. Among he key a eas wi hin he non-oil sec o , he de-
elopmen o ou ism has been designa ed as a s a egic p io i y. Al hough ce ain ad ancemen s
ha e been made in his domain, he egion con inues o possess subs an ial un apped po en ial o
he holis ic de elopmen o all componen s o he ou ism indus y. Resea ch indica es ha na u-
al landma ks, in pa icula , hold signi ican appeal o ou is s. In his ega d, he scien i ic e alu-
a ion o he ou ism and ec ea ional po en ial o exis ing wa e ese oi s in he Nakhchi an Au-
onomous Republic ep esen s a highly ele an esea ch di ec ion, especially in he con ex o he
egion’s socio-economic de elopmen .
Keywo ds: wa e ese oi s, ou ism po en ial, ec ea ional po en ial, geog aphical analysis,
socio-economic de elopmen , sus ainable ou ism
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The mo phome ic and mo phological cha ac e is ics o he a ea, especially wa e bodies loca ed
in high and mid-moun ain zones (such as Ba aba , Blood lake, Sal a dı, e c.), c ea e a o able condi ions
o ou ism due o he aes he ic en i onmen , landscape di e si y, and he p esence o unique
hyd og aphic and geological ea u es. These lakes a e also si ua ed in ad an ageous geog aphical
loca ions o he de elopmen o moun ain ou ism and win e spo s. The p esence o long-las ing snow
co e in win e allows hese a eas o be conside ed as po en ial zones o skiing, snowboa ding, and o he
win e ac i i ies.
The s udy also e ealed ha ese oi s loca ed in he plains o Nakhchi an AR (such as Büyük A az,
A paçay, Vayxı , Yaycı, e c.) a e sui able o wa e spo s, ishing, bi dwa ching, and hun ing ac i i ies. In
hese a eas, mul i-pu pose ou ism ou es (including eco ou ism, spo s ou ism, u al ou ism, e c.) can
be es ablished o di e si y ou ism. Fu he mo e, hese ou es can con ibu e o he socio-economic
de elopmen o su ounding illages and dis ic s.
Conside ing all hese ac o s, i can be s a ed ha he ou ism and ec ea ional po en ial o he
exis ing ese oi s in he Nakhchi an Au onomous Republic has no ye been ully ealized. To add ess
his, he ollowing measu es a e ecommended:
• S eng hening he in as uc u e o ese oi s ( anspo a ion, communica ion, ca e ing
acili ies, e c.);
• Planning and p omo ing ou ism ou es a local and egional le els;
• O ganizing coo dina ed ac i i ies among he Minis ies o Cul u e, You h and Spo s, Tou ism,
and Ecology;
• In ol ing local communi ies in hese p ocesses and adhe ing o p inciples o ecological
sus ainabili y.
In conclusion, he ese oi s in he Nakhchi an Au onomous Republic should be ega ded no only
as in as uc u es ul illing echnical and ag icul u al needs bu also as economically iable ou ism si es
wi h b oad ec ea ional oppo uni ies. By implemen ing app op ia e s a egies o ha ness his po en ial,
he ou ism sec o in he egion can be de eloped, new jobs can be c ea ed, and sus ainable income
sou ces can be p o ided o local communi ies.
Re e ences
1. Bababəyli, N. S., Qu bano , Ə. K., & Məmmədo a, Y. F. (n.d.). Sal a dının öy ənilməmiş göllə i.
Azə baycan Coğ a iya Cəmiyyə i Əsə lə i, 10
2. Bababəyli, N. S., & Süleymano a, G. (2008). O dubad Göygölü. AMEA Naxçı an Bölməsi
Xəbə lə i, (2).
3. Babaye , N. S. (2004). A az çay sis eminin ekoloji ayonlaşmasına dai . In Naxçı an a ixi, maddi
ə mənə i mədəniyyə inin, əbii sə ə lə inin öy ənilməsi (pp. xx–xx). Bakı: Elm.
4. Babaye , S. Y. (1999). Naxçı an Mux a Respublikasının coğ a iyası. Bakı: Elm.
5. Zamano , X. C. (1969). Kiçik Qa qazın göllə i ə su anba la ının su balansı. Bakı: Elm.
6. Mi zəye , P. S. (1972). Naxçı an MSSR-nin aq oiqlim səciyyəsi. Bakı: Elm.
7. Məmmədo , M. (2002). Azə baycanın hid ologiyası. Bakı.
8. Rus əmo , S. H. (1960). Azə baycan SSR-nin çayla ı ə onla ın hid oloji xüsusiyyə lə i. Bakı.
9. Qu bano , Ə., & Süleymano a, G. (n.d.). Naxçı an MR-də çayla ın ənzimlənməsində su
anba la ının olu. In Naxçı an Mux a Respublikasının ya anması: Ta ix ə müasi lik (pp. xx–xx).
10. Qu bano , Ə., Mus a aye a, N., Bababəyli, N., & Bəki o a, M. (2013). A paçay su anba ının
ekocoğ a i xüsusiyyə lə i. NDU-nin Elmi Əsə lə i, 1(49).
11. Qu bano , Ə., Kul, H., & Abduləzizo a, N. (2013). "A az su qo şağı" su anba ının ekocoğ a i
şə ai inə dai . NDU-nin Elmi Əsə lə i, 1(49).
12. Bababəyli, N., Qu bano , Ə., & Bababəyli, Y. (2015). Naxçı ançayın bəzi hid oloji
xüsusiyyə lə inə dai . NDU-nin Elmi Əsə lə i, 7(72).
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Medical sciences
In oduc ion: O e he pas decades, i amin D has ceased o be pe cei ed solely as he “sunshine
i amin” o he “bone i amin.” Today, i is seen as a mul i unc ional egula o on which he heal h o a
numbe o body sys ems depends. The le el o i amin D in he blood depends no only on he s eng h
o bones, bu also he s a e o he immune sys em, he ca dio ascula sys em, psycho-emo ional balance
and e en p edisposi ion o oncological diseases. In e es in his nu ien has apidly inc eased in he 21s
cen u y, when i became ob ious ha i s de iciency is no local, bu a global p oblem a ec ing millions
o people a ound he wo ld [10, p. 75].
Agains he backd op o u baniza ion, seden a y li es yles and educed ime spen on sun Vi amin
D de iciency has become a majo public heal h challenge, especially du ing he pandemic COVID-19,
when nume ous s udies con i med he link be ween low i amin D le els and se e e disease. Vi amin D
hus became he symbol o a new app oach o disease p e en ion ha combines undamen al biochem-
ical mechanisms and s a egic asks o medicine o he u u e.
Vi amin D is one o he key mic onu ien s ha ensu es he no mal unc ioning o he human body.
I is in ol ed in many physiological p ocesses, including calcium-phospho us me abolism, main aining
bone s eng h, egula ing he unc ioning o he immune, ca dio ascula and endoc ine sys ems [1, [p.
267] Vi amin D de iciency is ecognized as a global p oblem: acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion,
mo e han 1 billion people wo ldwide su e om i [10, p. 75].
Mode n esea ch shows ha i amin D plays an impo an ole no only in he p e en ion o icke s
and os eopo osis, bu also in educing he isk o in ec ious, au oimmune and oncological diseases [2, p.
1110]. This de e mines he high ele ance o s udying i s ole in he p e en ion and ea men o a ious
pa hologies.
Vi amin D is a a -soluble i amin-like ho mone and exis s in wo main o ms:
● D₂ (e gocalci e ol) - en e s he body wi h plan p oduc s;
THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF VARIOUS DISEASES
Andashe a Be me
S uden , I.K. Akhunbae Ky gyz S a e Medical Academy,
Facul y o Medicine
Bishkek, Ky gyzs an
Abs ac
The a icle examines he ole o i amin D as one o he mos signi ican mic onu ien s a -
ec ing a wide ange o physiological p ocesses in he human body. Pa icula a en ion is paid o
i s pa icipa ion in he egula ion o calcium-phospho us me abolism, main enance o bone issue,
unc ioning o he immune, ca dio ascula , endoc ine and ne ous sys ems. The causes o i amin
D de iciency a e analyzed in de ail, including insu icien sun exposu e, unbalanced die , obesi y,
ch onic li e and kidney diseases, as well as gas oin es inal ac pa hologies. The a icle p esen s
cu en da a on he consequences o hypo i aminosis o child en and adul s: he de elopmen o
icke s, os eomalacia, os eopo osis, inc eased isk o in ec ious, au oimmune and psychoneu olog-
ical diseases.
Pa icula a en ion is paid o he “non-classical” e ec s o i amin D: i s ole in he p e en-
ion o cance , ype 1 and 2 diabe es, ca dio ascula disease pa hologies and cogni i e impai men .
The apeu ic app oaches a e conside ed, including he combined use o i amin D wi h calcium and
o he d ugs, as well as he p ospec s o pe sonalized medicine ha akes in o accoun gene ic
ac o s. The impo ance o op imizing daily in ake a es and moni o ing le els is emphasized.
25(OH)D in he blood.
Thus, i amin D appea s no only as a “bone i amin”, bu also as a uni e sal egula o o
many body sys ems, playing a key ole in he p e en ion and ea men o a wide ange o diseases
and opening up p ospec s o u he in e disciplina y esea ch.
Keywo ds: au oimmune diseases, immuni y, os eopo osis, p e en ion, ca dio ascula dis-
eases
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● D₃ (cholecalci e ol) - is syn hesized in he skin unde he in luence o ul a iole adia ion ays and is
con ained in p oduc s o animal o igin [6, p. 1690].
The main sou ce o i amin D o humans is sola adia ion. Unde he in luence o ul a iole ays,
p o i amin D₃ is o med om 7-dehyd ocholes e ol in he skin, which is hen con e ed in o cholecalci -
e ol. In he li e , hyd oxyla ion o 25-hyd oxy i amin D, he main bioma ke o i amin D s a us in he
body, and in he kidneys he ac i e o m is o med - 1,25-dihyd oxy i amin D (calci iol) [4, p. 1035].
Die a y sou ces o i amin D include a y ish, eggs, and dai y p oduc s, bu i s con en in ood is
ela i ely low, making cu aneous syn hesis he main ou e o p o iding he body wi h his nu ien [5, p.
1808].
The main unc ions o i amin D can be di ided in o se e al a eas:
1. Regula ion o calcium-phospho us me abolism- p omo es he abso p ion o calcium and
phospho us in he in es ines, egula es bone mine aliza ion.
2. Main enance o he skele al sys em- p e en s he de elopmen o icke s in child en and
os eopo osis in adul s.
3. Endoc ine egula ion- a ec s he unc ion o he pa a hy oid glands, insulin sec e ion and
glucose me abolism.
4. Neu op o ec ion- educes he isk o dep ession and cogni i e impai men .
5. Ca diop o ec ion— imp o es he unc ioning o he ca dio ascula sys em, educes blood
p essu e and he se e i y o in lamma o y p ocesses [3, p. 977].
Thus, i amin D plays a complex, mul i ac o ial ole ha goes a beyond bone me abolism.
The main causes o i amin D de iciency include:
● lack o sun exposu e (u ban li es yle, use o sunsc een);
● low i amin D le els in he die ;
● obesi y, in which he i amin is deposi ed in adipose issue;
● ch onic kidney and li e diseases ha dis up he p ocess o o ma ion o ac i e me aboli es;
● gas oin es inal ac pa hologies (celiac disease, malabso p ion synd ome) [7, p. 755].
In child en, i amin D de iciency leads o he de elopmen o icke s and s un ed physical g ow h,
and in adul s, o os eomalacia and os eopo osis [4, p. 1038]. De iciency o his nu ien is also associa ed
wi h an inc eased isk o diabe es, dep ession, ca dio ascula diseases and in ec ious pa hologies [7, p.
753].
The p e en i e ole o i amin D is a ied and co e s di e en le els unc ioning o he body. Fi s
o all, i is necessa y o he no mal o ma ion and main enance o he skele al sys em. In child en, su i-
cien le els o i amin p e en icke s, and in adul s i educes he isk o os eopo osis and ac u es [5,
p. 1810]. This is o pa icula impo ance in old age, when he e iciency o i amin D syn hesis in he skin
dec eases, and he likelihood o alls and inju ies inc eases signi ican ly. Addi ional p o ision o he body
wi h i amin D in his age g oup is conside ed a ac o ha educes mo ali y and imp o es quali y o
li e.
F om he poin o iew o in ec ious pa hology, i amin D plays a undamen al ole in he ac i a ion
o inna e immuni y. I s imula es he wo k o mac ophages and p omo es he p oduc ion o an imic obial
pep ides - ca helicidins and de ensins, which ha e an i i al and an ibac e ial ac ion [8, p. 2504]. La ge
s udies ha e shown ha people wi h adequa e le els o i amin D ha e a educed incidence o acu e
espi a o y in ec ions and ube culosis. This was especially e iden du ing he COVID-19 pandemic: pa-
ien s wi h i amin D de iciency had a mo e se e e cou se o he disease, which a ac ed he a en ion
o esea che s o i s immunomodula o y po en ial [9].
In addi ion o i s e ec on inna e immuni y, i amin D is in ol ed in modula ing he adap i e im-
mune esponse. I helps main ain a balance be ween p o-in lamma o y and an i-in lamma o y mecha-
nisms, educing he isk o au oimmune diseases.
I has been es ablished ha in egions wi h low insola ion, mul iple scle osis is mo e equen ly
egis e ed, and he isk o de eloping ype 1 diabe es is also highe , which is associa ed wi h he in luence
o i amin D on he unc ion o T-lymphocy es and he sec e ion o insulin by he panc eas [3, p. 982].
O pa icula in e es is cance p e en ion. A numbe o epidemiological s udies ha e shown ha
main aining op imal i amin D le els is associa ed wi h a lowe isk o malignancies, including colon,
b eas , and p os a e cance [2, p. 1112]. P oposed mechanisms include egula ion cell cycle, induc ion o
apop osis and inhibi ion o angiogenesis in umo issues.
The he apeu ic alue o i amin D goes a beyond he skele al sys em. In complex he apy o
os eopo osis, i is used oge he wi h calcium and bisphosphona es, helping o imp o e bone mine al
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densi y and educe he isk o ac u es [1, p. 270]. In os eoa h i is, i amin D is in ol ed in main aining
ca ilage issue me abolism.
Ca dio ascula diseases a e also closely linked o i amin D le els. I in luences blood p essu e eg-
ula ion h ough he enin-angio ensin sys em and educes in lamma ion o he ascula wall. Vi amin D
de iciency is associa ed wi h an inc eased isk o a he oscle osis and co ona y hea disease [6, p. 1692].
In endoc inology, i amin D is conside ed a ac o ha inc eases issue sensi i i y o insulin. In pa-
ien s wi h ype 2 diabe es, i s use imp o es glycemic con ol, especially when combined wi h die a y
modi ica ion and egula physical ac i i y [5, p. 1815]. Thus, i amin D is an impo an elemen o he
complex p e en ion o me abolic synd ome.
In psychia y and neu ology, he e is accumula ed da a showing ha pa ien s wi h low le els Vi a-
min D is mo e likely o su e om dep ession and cogni i e impai men . In a numbe o clinical s udies,
adding he i amin o he apy imp o ed mood and educed se e i y o dep essi e symp oms [3, p. 983].
Ac i e esea ch is unde way in o i s ole in he p e en ion o neu odegene a i e diseases, including Alz-
heime 's disease. In addi ion, in in ec ious diseases, i amin D is conside ed as adjunc i e he apy. A me a-
analysis has shown ha egula in ake o i amin D educes he isk o de eloping acu e espi a o y in-
ec ions [9]. Al hough COVID-19 Vi amin D is no a medicine; main aining i s op imal le el helps o make
he disease milde and educe he isk o complica ions.
Daily in ake o i amin D depends on age, physiological condi ion and body cha ac e is ics. Acco d-
ing o he ecommenda ions o he Wo ld O ganiza ion heal h and na ional clinical guidelines [10, p.
150], he op imal doses a e:
● child en unde 1 yea — 400–600 IU;
● child en o e one yea old and adul s— 600–800 IU;
● elde ly people and p egnan women— up o 1000–2000 IU.
In coun ies wi h no he n la i udes, he p ac ice o manda o y o i ica ion o ood p oduc s ( o
example, milk and in an o mula) wi h i amin D is widely used. This s a egy has p o en e ec i e in
educing he p e alence o i s de iciency and is ecognized as a signi ican public heal h measu e [5, p.
1812].
Howe e , i is impo an o conside he isk o o e dose. Excessi e consump ion o i amin D can
lead o hype calcemia, accompanied by nausea, hea hy hm dis u bances, and kidney damage. In his
ega d, wi h long- e m use o d ugs, egula moni o ing o he le el o 25(OH)D in he blood is necessa y
[7, p. 756].
Mode n esea ch pays special a en ion o he so-called “non-classical” e ec s o i amin D. In ad-
di ion o pa icipa ing in he egula ion o calcium-phospho us me abolism, i associa ed wi h he p e-
en ion o oncological, psychoneu ological and me abolic diseases [2, p. 1115]. Mo e and mo e da a in-
dica e i s impo ance o ep oduc i e heal h, as well as o educing he isk o p egnancy complica ions.
Pa icula a en ion is paid o gene ic aspec s. Polymo phisms o he i amin D ecep o (VDR) gene
can de e mine indi idual di e ences in i s abso p ion and biological ac ion [3, p. 985]. This opens he
way o he de elopmen o pe sonalized medicine, when p e en ion and he apy will be selec ed aking
in o accoun he gene ic cha ac e is ics o he pa ien .
Thus, in he u u e, i amin D can be conside ed no only as a p e en i e measu e, bu also as an
elemen o a ge ed he apy o a wide ange o diseases. Today, i ac s as a uni e sal egula o o many
body sys ems, going a beyond he usual concep o a “bone i amin” [1, p. 268].
Vi amin D de iciency emains a global p oblem associa ed wi h an inc eased isk o de eloping nu-
me ous pa hologies. P o iding he body wi h a su icien amoun o his nu ien is o undamen al im-
po ance o bo h he p e en ion and ea men o a ious diseases [5, p. 1809]. P ospec s o u he
esea ch include expanding he clinical use o i amin D, de eloping pe sonalized p e en ion egimens,
and in eg a ing i in o public heal h p og ams a he in e na ional le el [10, p. 150].
In ecen yea s, a en ion o i amin D as a heal h ac o has inc eased signi ican ly. Scien is s ha e
conduc ed a numbe o la ge s udies o de e mine how i a ec s a ious body sys ems. One o he mos
signi ican is he VITAL S udy, conduc ed in he Uni ed S a es. I in ol ed mo e han 25,000 people who
ecei ed i amin D and omega-3 o se e al yea s. The main goal was o e alua e i s e ec on ca dio as-
cula diseases and cance . The esul s showed ha in he gene al popula ion, i amin D did no change
he isk o de eloping hese pa hologies, bu in people wi h an ini ial de iciency, he e was a no iceable
dec ease in se e e cance ou comes and o e all mo ali y [2, p. 1113].
Ano he impo an s udy was he D2d S udy, which ocused on he p e en ion o ype 2 diabe es.
I assessed whe he i amin D could educe he likelihood o p ediabe es u ning in o diabe es. I was
shown ha pa icipan s wi h low le els o he i amin had a signi ican ly lowe isk o disease
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p og ession, which con i ms i s ole in egula ing ca bohyd a e me abolism and inc easing issue sensi-
i i y o insulin [3, p. 982].
Signi ican da a we e also ob ained as a esul o a me a-analysis published in BMJ (2017), which
showed ha in people wi h i amin D de iciency, egula supplemen a ion educes he isk o acu e es-
pi a o y in ec ions, including in luenza and colds. The e ec was especially p onounced in hose who had
p e iously ecei ed i ually no i amin D [9].
These s udies demons a e ha i amin D canno be conside ed a “mi acle cu e.” Howe e , main-
aining adequa e le els does imp o e heal h, especially in people wi h an ini ial de iciency [7, p. 754].
The physiological e ec o i amin D is explained by he p esence o speci ic ecep o s (VDR), which
a e p esen in almos all issues o he body. The ac i e o m o he i amin binds o hese ecep o s and
egula es he exp ession o hund eds o genes in ol ed in a ious p ocesses. Thus, in bone issue, i amin
D s imula es he syn hesis o os eocalcin and egula es mine aliza ion p ocesses [6, p. 1693]. In he im-
mune sys em, i ac i a es mac ophages and s imula es he p oduc ion o an imic obial pep ides - ca heli-
cidins and de ensins, which inc ease he body's esis ance o i al and bac e ial in ec ions [8, p. 2506].
In he endoc ine sys em, i amin D imp o es he unc ioning o he β-cells o he panc eas, suppo -
ing insulin sec e ion and glucose me abolism [3, p. 983]. In he ca dio ascula sys em, i a ec s he enin-
angio ensin sys em, helping o lowe blood p essu e and educe in lamma o y p ocesses in he ascula
wall [6, p. 1695].
Mode n esea ch shows ha i amin D should be conside ed no jus as a i amin, bu as a s e oid
ho mone wi h sys emic ac ion. This explains i s mul i ace ed impac on heal h and opens up new p o-
spec s o i s use in he p e en ion and ea men o a wide ange o diseases [2, p. 1114].
Neu ology and psychia y. Vi amin D is ac i ely in ol ed in he egula ion o neu o ophic ac o s,
main ains neu onal heal h and educes he le el o neu oin lamma ion. Low se um i amin D le els a e
associa ed wi h dep ession, anxie y diso de s and cogni i e decline [3, p. 982]. Clinical s udies show ha
in olde people, main aining adequa e i amin D le els slows down age- ela ed decline in memo y and
cogni i e abili ies, imp o es concen a ion and o e all psychoemo ional s a e [9].
Oncology. Vi amin D is conside ed as an auxilia y elemen in he p e en ion and he apy o malig-
nan neoplasms, including b eas , colon and p os a e cance . I s p o ec i e e ec is associa ed wi h pa -
icipa ion in he egula ion o he cell cycle, ac i a ion o apop osis, inhibi ion o angiogenesis and sup-
p ession o uncon olled cell p oli e a ion [2, p. 1114].
Gene ics. Polymo phisms o he i amin D ecep o gene (VDR) explain indi idual di e ences in he
abso p ion and me abolism o he i amin. This opens up p ospec s o pe sonalized medicine, when p e-
en ion and he apy o de iciency a e selec ed aking in o accoun he gene ic cha ac e is ics o a pa -
icula pa ien [3, p. 985].
Combined app oaches. A p omising di ec ion is he s udy o he combined use o i amin D wi h
omega-3 a y acids, an ioxidan s, p obio ics and mine als. Clinical da a con i m ha he complex e ec
has a mo e p onounced e ec compa ed o he isola ed in ake o i amin D [8, p. 2508].
These ends con i m ha i amin D is going beyond he “classical” unde s anding and is becoming
he objec o in e disciplina y esea ch.
Rep oduc i e heal h. Vi amin D de iciency has a nega i e impac on he ep oduc i e sys em. In
women, i can lead o mens ual i egula i ies, inc ease he isk o polycys ic o a y synd ome, educe
e ili y, and inc ease he likelihood o p egnancy complica ions, including p eeclampsia, ges a ional di-
abe es, and p ema u e bi h [5, p. 1811]. Vi amin D is c i ical o he e us: i is in ol ed in he o ma ion
o he bone and ne ous sys ems, as well as in he de elopmen o immuni y. De iciency in he mo he is
associa ed wi h low bi h weigh , a high isk o icke s, and delayed de elopmen . In men, i amin D
main ains no mal es os e one le els, imp o es spe m quali y, including hei mo ili y and iabili y, which
ul ima ely con ibu es o success ul concep ion [7, p. 755].
P e en ion and public heal h. Vi amin D de iciency is a global p oblem, a ec ing e en coun ies
wi h su icien sunligh . The elde ly, child en, p egnan women and socially ulne able g oups a e pa ic-
ula ly ulne able. P e en ion measu es include:
o i ica ion o ood p oduc s (milk, yoghu s, ma ga ine, ege able oils). The expe ience o Finland
and Canada demons a es ha such p og ams can signi ican ly educe he incidence o icke s and os e-
opo osis [4, p. 1037];
egula sc eening and moni o ing o 25(OH)D le els in child en, p egnan women and he elde ly;
educa ional wo k aimed a in o ming he popula ion abou he impo ance o sunligh , heal hy
ea ing and he need o p e en i e supplemen s.
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These measu es no only educe medical isks, bu also dec ease he numbe o hospi aliza ions,
ac u es and ch onic complica ions, which ul ima ely educes he economic bu den on he heal hca e
sys em [10, p. 210].
Neu opsychia ic aspec . Vi amin D ecep o s a e ound in he hippocampus, ce eb al co ex and
o he s uc u es esponsible o cogni i e unc ions and emo ional s a e. Vi amin de iciency is associa ed
wi h dep ession, anxie y, dec eased concen a ion and cogni i e abili ies [3, p. 983]. Clinical s udies show
ha eplenishing he de iciency imp o es he emo ional s a e, educes he se e i y o dep essi e symp-
oms and imp o es he quali y o li e o pa ien s. This p e en ion is especially impo an o esiden s o
no he n egions and people leading a seden a y li es yle, whe e access o sunligh is limi ed [9].
In addi ion, i amin D plays an impo an ole in he p e en ion o neu odegene a i e diseases, in-
cluding Alzheime 's disease and Pa kinson's disease. I s imula es he syn hesis o neu o ophic ac o s,
main ains he heal h o neu ons and p o ec s hem om in lamma o y damage [3, p. 983]. This makes
i amin D an impo an elemen in main aining cogni i e unc ions and educing he isk o age- ela ed
diso de s o he cen al ne ous sys em.
The p e alence o i amin D de iciency has no only medical bu also se ious economic conse-
quences. Vi amin de iciency inc eases he cos s o ea ing os eopo osis, ac u es, ch onic in ec ions and
associa ed diseases. I is es ima ed ha in Eu ope, he annual cos s o ea ing and ea ing os eopo osis
amoun o billions o eu os, while a signi ican pa o hese cos s could be p e en ed h ough imely
p e en ion [5, p. 1812].
One o he mos e ec i e measu es is he en ichmen o ood p oduc s wi h i amin D. Fo i ica ion
o milk, ma ga ine and ege able oils, implemen ed in Finland, Canada and he USA, has made i possible
o signi ican ly educe he p e alence o de iciency among he popula ion wi hou he need o mass
in ake o die a y supplemen s [4, p. 1037].
Pa icula ly ulne able g oups emain he elde ly, mig an s, and socially and economically disad-
an aged g oups. I is among hem ha cases o se e e i amin D de iciency a e mos o en eco ded.
S a e p e en i e p og ams and educa ional campaigns help educe he incidence o he disease, inc ease
awa eness, and help main ain he abili y o wo k o a signi ican pa o socie y [10, p. 208].
P ac ical ecommenda ions include he ollowing measu es:
1. Sunligh .Spend 15-20 minu es ou doo s daily wi hou using sunsc een (depending on he season
and la i ude).
2. Nu i ion.Regula ly include a y ish, eggs, dai y p oduc s and oods o i ied wi h i amin D in
you die .
3. Supplemen s.I he e is insu icien in ake o i amin D om ood and sunligh , aking supple-
men s is ecommended, especially o isk g oups.
Daily in ake no ms:
• child en unde 1 yea - 400–600 IU;
• child en o e one yea old and adul s - 600–800 IU;
• elde ly and p egnan women - 1000–2000 IU [10, p. 150].
When aking supplemen s o a long ime, i is necessa y o moni o he le el o 25(OH)D in he
blood o a oid hype calcemia and o he complica ions. I is impo an o combine p e en ion wi h phys-
ical ac i i y and a balanced die , which enhances he o e all heal h e ec .
The implemen a ion o hese measu es will educe he isk o diseases associa ed wi h i amin D
de iciency, imp o e he quali y o li e o he popula ion and educe he economic bu den on he
heal hca e sys em [7, p. 756].
Conclusion
Vi amin D is a unique biologically ac i e compound ha plays a key ole in main aining human
heal h a all s ages o li e. I s impo ance goes a beyond he adi ional concep o he "bone i amin".
Mode n esea ch has con incingly p o en ha i amin D has a mul i ace ed e ec on a ious body sys-
ems - immune, ca dio ascula , endoc ine, ne ous and ep oduc i e. De iciency o his nu ien is asso-
cia ed no only wi h classic mani es a ions - icke s in child en o os eopo osis in adul s - bu also wi h a
wide ange o ch onic and acu e diseases, including dep essi e diso de s, me abolic synd ome, au oim-
mune and in ec ious diseases, as well as oncological pa hologies.
The biochemical ac ion o i amin D is ealized h ough he ac i a ion o VDR ecep o s, which
egula e he exp ession o hund eds o genes ha con ol he p ocesses o he cell cycle, apop osis and
he syn hesis o biologically ac i e pep ides. These mechanisms allow us o conside i no jus as a nu i-
en , bu as a ho mone-like egula o necessa y o he no mal unc ioning o he body.
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Vi amin D de iciency is o pa icula impo ance in isk g oups: child en, p egnan women, he el-
de ly, and hose wi h limi ed exposu e o sunligh and ch onic diseases. Vi amin de iciency wo sens qual-
i y o li e and inc eases he economic bu den on he heal h ca e sys em due o inc eased cos s o he
ea men o ac u es, in ec ions, and ch onic complica ions. E ec i e measu es include go e nmen
ood o i ica ion p og ams, mass sc eening, and educa ional campaigns, which ha e p o en hei abili y
o educe he p e alence o de iciency a he popula ion le el.
The complex ac ion o i amin D co e s all he main aspec s o human heal h: i s eng hens he
immune sys em, educes he isk o in ec ious diseases, ensu es he no mal de elopmen o he skele al
and muscula sys ems, suppo s cogni i e unc ions and men al well-being, a ec s ep oduc i e p o-
cesses and educes he likelihood o de eloping ch onic pa hologies.
In he u u e, pe sonalized medicine will be o pa icula impo ance: s udying gene ic polymo -
phisms o i amin D ecep o s and indi idual me abolic cha ac e is ics will allow us o de elop mo e p e-
cise p e en ion and ea men plans. This opens up new ho izons in clinical p ac ice and public heal h,
inc easing he e ec i eness o in e en ions and educing he isk o side e ec s.
Thus, i amin D should be conside ed as a uni e sal biological egula o , he mos impo an ac o
in he p e en ion and he apy o a wide ange o diseases. Ensu ing an op imal le el o i amin D is no
only a medical, bu also a social, economic and s a egic ask. An in eg a ed app oach - a ional nu i ion,
mode a e sun exposu e, he use o supplemen s when necessa y and s a e o i ica ion measu es - can
signi ican ly educe he consequences o de iciency and imp o e he quali y o li e o he popula ion. In
he u u e, i amin D, due o i s "non-classical" e ec s, may ake a cen al place in he s a egy o p e-
en i e and pe sonalized medicine, helping o main ain heal h and p olong ac i e longe i y.
Re e ences
1. Bouillon R., Ma cocci C., Ca melie G., e al. Skele al and ex askele al ac ions o i amin D:
cu en e idence and ou s anding ques ions // Endoc ine Re iews. 2019. Vol. 40, no. 4. P. 1109–1151.
2. Cashman KD, Dowling KG, Šk abáko á Z., e al. Vi amin D de iciency in Eu ope:
pandemic? // Ame ican Jou nal o Clinical Nu i ion. 2016. Vol. 103, no. 4. P. 1033–1044.
3. DeLuca HF O e iew o gene al physiological ea u es and unc ions o i amin D // Ame ican
Jou nal o Clinical Nu i ion. 2004. Vol. 80, no. 6 Suppl. P. 1689S–1696S.
4. Holick MF Vi amin D de iciency // New England Jou nal o Medicine. 2007. Vol. 357, no.
3. P. 266–281.
5. Kennel KA, D ake MT, Hu ley DL Vi amin D de iciency in adul s: when o es and how o ea
// Mayo Clinic P oceedings. 2010. Vol. 85, no. 8. P. 752–758.
6. Ma ineau AR, Jolli e DA, Hoope RL, e al. Vi amin D supplemen a ion o p e en acu e
espi a o y ac in ec ions: sys ema ic e iew and me a-analysis o indi idual pa icipan da a // BMJ.
2017. Vol. 356. P. i6583.
7. Mi hal A, Wahl DA, Bonjou JP, e al. Global i amin D s a us and de e minan s o
hypo i aminosis D // Os eopo osis In e na ional. 2009. Vol. 20, no. 11. P. 1807–1820.
8. Pludowski P., Holick MF, Pilz S., e al. Vi amin D e ec s on musculoskele al heal h, immuni y,
au oimmuni y, ca dio ascula disease, cance , e ili y, p egnancy, demen ia and mo ali y - a e iew o
ecen e idence // Au oimmuni y Re iews. 2013. Vol. 12, no. 10. P. 976–989.
9. P ie l B., T eibe G., Piebe TR, Am ein K. Vi amin D and immune unc ion // Nu ien s. 2013.
Vol. 5, no. 7. P. 2502–2521.
10. Ross AC, Taylo CL, Yak ine AL, Del Valle HB (eds.). Die a y Re e ence In akes o Calcium and
Vi amin D. Washing on, DC: Na ional Academies P ess, 2011. 1115 p.
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Poli ical sciences
In Geo gia, du ing he pe iod o he Fi s Democ a ic Republic, which, al hough i exis ed o a sho
ime (1918-1921), le an indelible ma k on he coun y's his o y, because hese h ee yea s le behind
a model o a model s a e, whe e he ci il and poli ical igh s o all ci izens we e equally ensu ed, ega d-
less o na ionali y and gende .
Acco dingly, despi e he in e es in he issue and poli ical he i age om he beginning o he las
cen u y, he cu en si ua ion is no e y a o able. In o de o imp o e women's igh s and in ol emen
in poli ics, as many esea che s belie e, s udying/sha ing pas expe iences is e y ele an .
In addi ion, a numbe o ac s con i m ha his is one o he issues ha is conside ed a p e equisi e
o a democ a ic socie y. The pu pose o he p esen ed wo k is o pose a p oblem ha exis ed in he pas ,
wi h he co ec poli ical unde s anding, and o p esen he possibili y o sol ing i , which is o o e a
ce ain oppo uni y o he u u e gene a ions o he coun y o build a democ a ic, such a s a e whe e
he e will be a g ea e o o ully p o ec he igh s o each ci izen, ega dless o language, gende ,
eligion. In addi ion, e e yone will ha e he oppo uni y o de elop. A Jo jadze's poli ical hough is one
o he bes examples o his.
In oduc ion
The heo y o he de elopmen o gende inequali y begins wi h he hypo hesis ha adi ional
socie y is cha ac e ized by sha ply di e en ia ed gende oles, which p e en women om wo king ou -
side he home (Uni ed Na ions, 2010). Va ious demog aphic, sociological, an h opological and social psy-
chological s udies demons a e ha gende oles change wi h he mode niza ion o socie y (Gh inian-
idze, Menabde, 2014).
A he cu en s age, when we o en hea abou he ac i e in ol emen o women in poli ical li e.
We canno calmly ace he ac ha Geo gia is among he coun ies wi h he lowes a e o women's
ep esen a ion in he Geo gian Pa liamen and ha he inadequa e ep esen a ion o women poses a
se ious h ea o he democ a ic de elopmen o socie y, while he sys ema ic in ol emen o women
con ibu es o he s eng hening o poli ical e iciency and he expansion o he poli ical agenda. This
has been epea edly men ioned a he e en s o a numbe o in e na ional and local o ganiza ions, which
se es o elimina e he sho comings exis ing in he Geo gian poli ical space.
When discussing hese issues, i was na u al o us o ecall he expe ience o ou poli ical li e. The
ac ha long be o e he legisla ion o a numbe o mode n de eloped coun ies allowed women o o e,
om which we, o cou se, oday gladly accep ecommenda ions and coope a e in hei implemen a ion,
almos a cen u y ago we had emale ep esen a i es in he Cons i uen Assembly o Geo gia (1919). This
gi es us he igh o be mo e demanding o ou sel es. Le us emembe and lea n om ou wo hy ances-
o s wha was an example o o he coun ies a ha ime.
I is a ac ha he issue o equali y has been a subjec o public judgmen in Geo gia since he 70s
o he nine een h cen u y. The e was a wide polemic in pe iodicals on he "mo he 's ques ion".
THE STATUS OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN GEORGIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY (AC-
CORDING TO ARCHIL JORJADZE)
Manana Da chash ili
Resea che a he Ins i u e o Poli ical Science,
Ilia S a e Uni e si y
Tamila Nipa ish ili
Assis an Resea che a he Ins i u e o Poli ical Science,
Ilia S a e Uni e si y
Abs ac
A he cu en s age, he discussion o women's igh s has a uni e sal cha ac e , which o
some ex en s ems om he exis ing di icul backg ound. The si ua ion is agg a a ed by da a on
iola ions o women's igh s by s a e. Among hem, in Geo gia, domes ic iolence agains women,
ba ie s o economic and ca ee ad ancemen , legal p o ec ion o women, imp o ing access o
poli ical pa icipa ion, and o he s s ill emain challenges.
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Tha is why we will now discuss A chil Jo jadze, one o he wo hy ep esen a i es o Geo gian
poli ical hough a he end o he 19 h and beginning o he 20 h cen u ies and a mamulish ili, in ela-
ion o women's igh s. Mo eo e , his iews ha e no los hei ele ance e en oday and espond o mo-
de ni y. Al hough many esea che s ha e exp essed hei own opinions on his issue (Lobzhanidze, 1989),
we conside i desi able o discuss i , gi en he ele ance o he issue and he gene al scope o ou e-
sea ch in e es s.
The aim o he pape is o p esen a gene al pic u e o he iews on he igh s o women in Geo gia
a he beginning o he 20 h cen u y, by discussing he opinions o A. Jo jadze, and o de e mine whe he
he cu en si ua ion p ac ically co esponded o he exis ing poli ical p o isions ega ding equali y.
Mo eo e , a he mode n s age, he ac ha equali y is one o he impo an p e equisi es o he es ab-
lishmen o democ acy and is also an obliga ion unde a numbe o local and in e na ional documen s
no longe needs o be p o en (Chan u idze, S.,2018).
The s a us o women's igh s in Geo gia a he beginning o he 20 h cen u y
Women's in ol emen in public/poli ical ac i i ies in Geo gia exis ed be o e he Democ a ic Repub-
lic o Geo gia. A clea p oo o his is he ac i e wo k o women in he "Socie y o P omo ing Li e acy
among Geo gians", some o whom we e also hono a y membe s o his socie y (1879-1927). They we e
in ol ed in he newly o med na ional educa ional sys em in Geo gia a ha ime, namely in lib a ies,
schools, and a ious ins i u ions, hus lea ing an indelible ma k on bo h he cul u al-educa ional and
poli ical a enas o he coun y (Abdaladze, 2020).
A he end o he 19 h cen u y and he beginning o he 20 h cen u y, A chil Jo jadze did no shy
away om ac i ely discussing he decline o Geo gian socie y. He published a numbe o in e es ing le -
e s in he Geo gian p ess and la e in his wo ks ( olumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), whe e he main place was de o ed
o he g ow h o na ional-poli ical sel -consciousness. “In he cou se o he 20 h cen u y, i will inally be
clea whe he he Geo gian people will su i e o no and whe he he Geo gian in elligen sia will eme ge
as he gua dian-gua dian o he “ igh o he na ion” and he “uni y o democ acy,” w o e A chil Jo jadze
(Jo jadze, 1911,3).
I is impo an ha A chil Jo jadze ealis ically assessed he impac o he cu en poli ical si ua ion
on women. In pa icula , in he a icle “Musai i” (“Woman-Man?!”, 1910), he discussed he digni ied be-
ha io and s ong cha ac e o Geo gian women who had sac i iced hemsel es o he na ion in he pas ,
and hen con eyed o us he bi e in luence o he poli ical “ egime” on hem, which p esen ed women
as ic ims o eali y. In he language o a iend, he lamen ed ha “Geo gian women a e ashamed o he
Geo gian language, al hough many o hem a e no longe able o speak i , bu i is no hey who a e
ashamed, bu hose who speak Geo gian and ha e no ye o go en i ” (Jo jadze, 1911, 234). Na u ally,
he was oubled by eali y, based on his na ional iews, because due o he poli ical si ua ion in Geo gia,
he local Geo gian language was eplaced by Russian, which, un o una ely, had become a pa o Geo -
gian li e. In he amily, his was done p ecisely h ough he woman, who was con inced ha Geo gian
was comple ely incompa ible wi h he happy u u e o he child en (Jo jadze, 1911, 237)
A chil Jo jadze, in his essay “Economic Isola ion and Na ional Uni y” (Janua y 1902), discussed he
nega i e impac o “economic isola ion” exis ing in he li e o he na ion on he in eg i y o he na ion,
poin ed ou i s icious in luence on he iola ion o women’s igh s, and also no ed he se e e, limi ed
igh s o women caused by he social sys em. In pa icula , he no ed: “In addi ion o o he expenses and
expenses ha he peasan incu ed o he bene i o his mas e , he was no ee in his p i a e li e ei he ...
In o de o a peasan ’s widow o ge ma ied, she had o gi e money o he husband’s mas e , as much
as possible, up o 10-50 ubles (“widow”). In addi ion, he had o pay he peasan money a he ime o he
ma iage (“sachekme”)”( Jo jadze, 1911,197).
A chil Jo jadze suppo ed all he opinions exp essed ega ding he imp o emen o he s a us o
women and he expansion o hei igh s, which we e ac i ely published in he Geo gian p ess a ha
ime. In his le e - “The Six ies” he discussed N. Nikoladze’s op imis ic le e s owa ds women, as well as
ansla ions by Geo gian women, he le e o he young w i e N. Inash ili - “The Libe a ion o Women”
and his ansla ion wi h he same i le (“The Libe a ion o Women”, 1869, magazine “Mna obi”, le e
om John S ua Mill’s wi e). A chil Jo jadze, a e discussing N. Inash ili’s le e , which s a ed: “Socie y
should no c ea e obs acles o women in hei de elopmen and hey should be gi en he same eedom
as men” (Jo jadze, 1914,138). In his le e , he no ed ha he ully ag eed wi h he au ho and he eminis
mo emen as a whole in many ways. Mo eo e , conside ing equal igh s o men and women and p o id-
ing hem wi h ce ain condi ions o ecei ing an educa ion o be an u gen need, she added: “I is neces-
sa y o open he doo o he sphe e o ci il and poli ical li e o women. This is an indispu able u h,
which he wen ie h cen u y shame ully opposes” (Jo jadze, 1914,140).
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His le e “Woman’s So ow” published in 1911 is impo an . In i , he au ho welcomed he ecen
ad ancemen o women’s issues and he ac i a ion o women in gene al, no ing ha i p e iously you
could coun he numbe o Geo gian women s udying a highe educa ion ins i u ions on you inge s,
now hei numbe has no iceably inc eased. In his le e , he discussed Ibsen’s “The Sea Woman,” whe e
he c i icized he amily, which was p esen ed as an a ena o debauche y wi hou lo e (Jo jadze,
1911,112).
A chil Jo jadze opposed he mode n amily, whe e he conside ed he dis ibu ion o be unequal in
e e y way om a legal poin o iew: “Today’s amily is a union whe e legal, poli ical, and ma e ial ad-
an ages a e no dis ibu ed equally. This inequali y became pa icula ly acu e du ing he nine een h
cen u y, when he impo ance o p ope y ose no iceably and i s place in he social s uggle became
isible. The “owne s” became he mas e s o his coun y, and women, dep i ed o p ope y and econom-
ically ensla ed, we e c ea ed as he p ope y o he same owne .
"This happened in he uppe s a a o socie y, while in wo king-class ci cles he in luence o capi al
on he amily and he a e o women was s onge . In he o m o a ac o y, i b oke up he amily and
ook possession o bo h husband and wi e sepa a ely" ((Jo jadze, 1911, 118]. The e o e, he linked he
women's ques ion wi h he social ques ion and conside ed he socialis sys em as a means o esol ing
he issue. In addi ion, he belie ed ha he en i onmen was p ecisely he de e mining ac o in he in-
c ease in he numbe o eminis women.
A chil Jo jadze ied o o mula e he “mo he hough , he ein o he women's issue”, he e he
saw h ee ways o women's emancipa ion: “1. The acquisi ion o a masculine pe sonali y and in ellec ual
cul u e. This is how he eminis mo emen will mo e o wa d. The e should be no di e ence be ween
women and men. The equali y o he sexes is an ideal. Bu he d eam o eminism has no basis, he equal-
i y o igh s does no lead o he equali y o pe sonali ies, as I said, i is p e en ed by he di e ence in
sexual o ganiza ion and psyche, since in ellec ual ac i i y and sexual passi i y con adic each o he . 2.
Deepening he eminine pe sonali y and sea ching o he quali y o sel -de e mina ion in i , walking his
pa h does no gi e a woman he powe o an independen pe sonali y, because he e oo he empe amen
and passi i y o a woman emain unchanged, and he e o e he in ellec ual empe amen will emain
unchanged. This does no sol e he issue o women's libe a ion, he e o e i is necessa y o ind and s udy
a hi d pa h: 3. O e coming sexuali y and con olling sexuali y. This is a me aphysical- eligious solu ion
o he p oblem. This canno be implemen ed in empi ical eali y, and he ic o y o his philosophy will
he ald he dea h o physical li e. This solu ion o he p oblem is possible only o eligious and me aphys-
ical hinking and spi i ual disposi ion, and o hose who a e no imbued wi h his wo ld iew, e e y wo d
and pa icipa ion in his philosophy is li eless and dead” (Jo jadze, 1911, 132). He hough ha due o
he complexi y o he p oblem, his easoning migh no ha e shed ligh on i , bu he ied o con ey he
complexi y o he issue and ha a supe icial a i ude owa ds his issue was ha m ul, bo h o women
and o he de elopmen o cul u e.
F om he end o xIx cen u y and beginings o xx amous Geo gian deba e and pa io A chil Jo -
jadze“s iews abou women igh s , ne e has los ed i s popula i y.
A chil Jo jadze among his li e was alking and deba ing abou women”s igh ul place in ou com-
muni y and equili y. He was c i isizing poli ics o i s disbalance be ween men and women. He was
desci bing a new ace o woman asa ci izen and mo he .
Conclusion
F om a numbe o ma e ials discussed in he pape , i can be seen ha a he beginning o he 20 h
cen u y, poli ical and public opinion in Geo gia was al eady qui e well p epa ed o pu he issue o he
need o imp o e women's igh s on he agenda, which was la e e lec ed in legal ac s and he cons i u-
ion, in he de elopmen o which women hemsel es we e in ol ed.
The ac is ha a he u n o he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies, A Jo jadze ac i ely aised he issue o
women's emancipa ion; he epea edly ouched upon he need o imp o e he igh s o women; he sup-
po ed and welcomed he ac i a ion o he issue o women's educa ion; he c i icized he bi e in luence
o he poli ical egime on Geo gian women, as well as he lack o igh s o women es ablished by he
social o de ; he saw he igh way o egula e he issue in he need o change he social en i onmen .
Re e ences
1. Abdaladze, L., (2020). The me i s o Geo gian Sain s o “The Socie y o he sp eading o
Li e acy among Geo gians “, h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/344570360_The_me -
i s_o _Geo gian_Sain s_ o _The_Socie y_ o _ he_sp eading_o _Li e acy_among_Geo gians
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CASE STUDIES OF ELECTRICITY STORAGE
Ho nsdale Powe Rese e – Aus alia (Li-ion ba e ies) [3]
• Technology: Li hium-ion ba e y (Tesla, so wa e by Neoen)
• Capaci y: 150 MW / 194 MWh
• Loca ion: Sou h Aus alia
• Pu pose: G id s abiliza ion and peak ene gy supply
• Resul s:
- Reduced g id balancing cos s by ens o millions o USD annually
- Response ime in he o de o milliseconds
- Became a benchma k model o na ional-scale ba e y in eg a ion
Ba h Coun y Pumped S o age S a ion – USA (pumped hyd o s o age) [4]
• Technology: Pumped hyd o s o age
• Capaci y: 3,003 MW (la ges wo ldwide)
• Loca ion: Vi ginia, USA
• Pu pose: Long- e m s o age and load egula ion
• Resul s:
- P o ides balancing o millions o households
- Ope a ing since 1985 wi h high e iciency (~80%)
Moss Landing Ene gy S o age – Cali o nia, USA [5]
• Technology: Li hium-ion ba e ies (Vis a Ene gy)
• Capaci y: 400 MW / 1,600 MWh (unde expansion)
• Loca ion: Cali o nia, USA
• Pu pose: S o e su plus enewable ene gy, supply du ing peak demand
• Resul s:
- Helps manage excess sola ene gy du ing he day
- Reduces eliance on gas- i ed plan s
Goldis hal Pumped S o age – Ge many [6]
• Technology: Pumped hyd o s o age
• Capaci y: 1,060 MW
• Loca ion: Thu ingia, Ge many
• Pu pose: G id suppo and wind ene gy in eg a ion
• Resul s:
- Pa o Ge many’s Ene giewende (ene gy ansi ion)
- P o ides high lexibili y in equency egula ion
Tesla Powe wall – Residen ial Applica ions [7]
• Technology: Li hium-ion
• Capaci y: ~13.5 kWh pe uni
• Use s: Indi idual consume s (households, small businesses)
• Pu pose: Sel -consump ion, backup, ene gy independence
• Resul s:
- Widely deployed in he USA, Aus alia, Ge many, and beyond
- Enables o -g id ope a ion and lowe elec ici y bills
Monsson – 2 GWh P ojec in Cons anța, Romania [8]
• Desc ip ion: Romanian enewable ene gy de elope Monsson p oposed a 2,016 MWh ba e y
s o age p ojec in Cons anța Coun y.
• Technology: Ba e y Ene gy S o age Sys em (BESS) wi h p op ie a y wa e -cooling solu ion.
• S a us: Unde en i onmen al pe mi ing.
• Pu pose: Renewable in eg a ion and g id balancing.
Hid oelec ica – 72 MWh P ojec a C ucea No d, Romania [9]
• Desc ip ion: Hid oelec ica, Romania’s la ges enewable ene gy p oduce , launched i s i s
ba e y s o age p ojec (72 MWh) a he C ucea No d wind a m in Cons anța Coun y.
• Technology: Li hium-ion ba e ies supplied by P ime Ba e ies Technology.
• Objec i e: Enhance g id lexibili y and in eg a e enewable ene gy e icien ly.
204 MW Ba e y S o age P ojec – Sa u Ma e, Romania [10]
• Desc ip ion: A 204 MW ba e y s o age p ojec is planned nea Roșio i, Sa u Ma e Coun y.
• S a us: App o ed by he Na ional En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency, wi h no en i onmen al
impac assessmen equi ed.
III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. LISBON. PORTUGAL. 23-24.09.2025
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• Pu pose: Suppo deca boniza ion and enewable in eg a ion.
Ta nița-Lăpuș eș i – 1,000 MW Pumped Hyd o P ojec , Romania [11]
• Desc ip ion: Planned as Romania’s la ges pumped hyd o powe plan , wi h a capaci y be ween
500 MW and 1,000 MW.
• Loca ion: Someșul Cald Ri e , Cluj Coun y.
• S a us: In easibili y s udy and in es men phase.
• Pu pose: Na ional g id balancing and in eg a ion o in e mi en enewable sou ces.
Romania–USA Collabo a ion on Pumped Hyd o S o age [12]
• Desc ip ion: Romania’s Minis y o Ene gy signed a memo andum wi h he U.S. Na ional
Renewable Ene gy Labo a o y (NREL) o coope a e on pumped hyd o s o age p ojec s.
• Objec i e: De elop p e easibili y and easibili y s udies o p ojec s in he Ca pa hian Moun ains
wi h U.S. suppo .
Conclusions
This a icle p esen ed so wa e simula ions conduc ed in Ma lab o an 18 kW pho o ol aic (PV)
sys em connec ed o di e en ypes o ene gy s o age: Li-ion ba e y, Pb ba e y, VRB ba e y, and
PEMFC s o age sys em, designed o co e a daily consump ion o 70 kWh.
The simula ions e ealed ha he Li-ion ba e y p o ides a longe discha ge pe iod compa ed o
he o he s o age ypes, a lowe dep h o discha ge (up o 20% s. up o 50% o he o he s), highe
e iciency (a leas 90%), and o e s a good balance be ween e iciency and eliabili y.
F om Figu es 1, 2, and 3, i can be obse ed ha he Li-ion ba e y achie es highe SOC alues and
o e all be e pe o mance han he Pb ba e y, VRB ba e y, and PEMFC s o age sys em.
KEY FINDINGS ON ELECTRICITY STORAGE
Essen ial o he ene gy ansi ion: Elec ici y s o age is i al o in eg a ing enewable sou ces
such as sola and wind, which a e in e mi en and unp edic able.
G id s abiliza ion: S o age echnologies balance supply and demand, ensu ing s able ol age and
equency in he powe g id.
Technological di e si y: Mul iple s o age op ions exis (Li-ion ba e ies, pumped hyd o s o age,
he mal s o age, supe capaci o s, e c.), each wi h ad an ages and limi a ions depending on applica ion,
du a ion, and capaci y.
E iciency and cos s: Al hough e iciency is imp o ing, cos s emain a limi ing ac o . Howe e , he
con inuous decline in ba e y p ices and echnological inno a ions a e making s o age inc easingly
a o dable.
Wide applica ions: S o age is used bo h a la ge scale (na ional g ids) and a consume le el
( esiden ial ba e ies and elec ic ehicles).
Sus ainabili y and ecycling: A majo challenge is ensu ing long- e m sus ainabili y h ough
ecyclable ma e ials and e icien ba e y ecycling sys ems.
U ban impo ance: In u ban a eas, s o age p o ides no only au onomy bu also:
- Reduced ene gy bills (op imized consump ion)
- P o ec ion agains ou ages (o -g id backup)
- Pa icipa ion in p osume p og ams ( eeding elec ici y in o he g id and d awing om i wi h
economic balancing).
NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENERGY STORAGE
S o age a ge s: Romania aims o each an elec ici y s o age capaci y o a leas 2.5 GW by he
end o 2025 and o e 5 GW by 2026, acco ding o s a emen s om he Minis y o Ene gy.
Financing: The Romanian go e nmen has alloca ed €150 million om he Mode niza ion Fund o
suppo he de elopmen o ba e y-based ene gy s o age sys ems, bo h s andalone and in eg a ed wi h
enewable sou ces.
Ene gy s a egy: Na ional ene gy plans o esee he de elopmen o 2 GW o pumped hyd o s o age
capaci y by 2035, wi h he goal o eplacing pollu ing gene a ion capaci ies and inc easing lexibili y in
he ene gy sec o .
Acknowledgemen
This wo k was ca ied ou h ough he Co e P og am wi hin he Na ional Resea ch De elopmen
and Inno a ion Plan 2022-2027, ca ied ou wi h he suppo o MEC-ANC, p ojec no. PN 23140103.
III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. LISBON. PORTUGAL. 23-24.09.2025
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Re e ences
1. Rahman M. M., Oni A. O., Gemechu E., Kuma A. - Assessmen o ene gy s o age echnologies: a
e iew. Ene gy Con e s. Manag. 223, 113295, 2020.
2. Răduca M. - Con ibuţii la iden i ica ea, modela ea şi simula ea sis emelo de izolaţie ale
hid ogene a oa elo . Edi u a Poli ehnica, Timişoa a, 2007.
3. h ps://ho nsdalepowe ese e.com.au/
4. h ps://www.syl aina enel. /ETLV/pumped%20s o age/documen s/Plan 1_Ba h.pd
5. h ps://www. eadymon e eycoun y.o g/ eco e /moss-landing-ba e y- acili y- eco e y-
dashboa d-2025
6. h ps://powe plan s. a en all.com/goldis hal
7. h ps://sola plus. o/sis emul- esla-powewall-3-un-ma e-pas-inain e/?s sl id=A mBOopo
Cki3YuUN4JqbR7ZK6aFIiPaw MwU297E aOajFL3Hpowb2Im
8. h ps://www.ene gy-s o age.news/ipp-monsson-p oposes-2gwh-bess-p ojec -in- omania-wi h-
own-s o age-solu ion
9. h ps://innoene gy.com/news- esou ces/p ime-ba e ies- echnology- o-deli e -72-mwh-
s o age-sys em- o -hid oelec ic as- i s -ba e y-p ojec -in- omania
10. h ps://www.ene gy-s o age.news/de elope -planning-204mw-p ojec -in- omania-wi h-
huawei-bess-and-pcs
11. h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Ta ni%C8%9Ba_%E2%80%93_L%C4%83pu% C8%
C8%99 e%99 i_Hyd oelec ic_Powe _S a ion?u m
12. h ps://balkang eenene gynews.com/us-in e es ed-in-pumped-s o age-hyd opowe -p ojec s-
in- omania-bulga ia
