704
J.
M.
P.
Joss
and
J.
A.
Mina d
bi h
would
no
ha e
spe m
s o ed
and
would
equi e
a
sp ing
ma ing.
Al hough
he e
is
no
e
idence
om
his
s udy
ha
L.
delica a
p oduces
mo e
han
one
clu ch
pe
season
in
he
seasnnVT0"'
'lsue ldence
ha
youn8
™ale
L.
delica a
can
p oduce
a
clu ch
in
he
ason
ollowing
hei
bi h,
which
explains
why
he
males
o
bo h
species
a e
capable
o
Zdn ed
m
sPnng
and
la e
summe .
The
educ ion
o
he
numbe
o
clu ches
d o h *2
h
SeaSOn
y
gu,cheno i' om
w°
in
ihe
yea s
o
good
ain all
o
one
in
he
cons de ah 'e
TSS
l s.
ep oduc l e
po en ia'
down
o
ha
o
L.
delica a.
The e
is
now
S SS
'""d
am an
Ca"
a eC'
"Za d
ep oduc i°p
(«
"'e a.u e
ci ed
I
p °ducing
cha"ges
in
p oduc i i y
o
annual
ege a ion
and
liza ds
he
deZ
u"
Um
de,e mine
he
a ailabili y
o
ood
esou ces
o
he
ahe
clesh
a
c h'"
Tn
TT'dUnng
,Ms
S udy
appea ed
bp
insu icien
o
al e
he
es icula
cycles
o
he
males,
bu
ollicula
de elopmen
in
he
emales
in ol ing
as
"n ™
i ellogenesis,
did
show
conside able
a ia Ln
i om
me
yea s
o
good
o
ha
o
poo
ain all.
d yTseL' o T979 SsnWhlCh
Ca"
m
7™
35
a"
indlca io"
o
condi ion
o
he
liza ds
o e
he
by^dec eased^
Z
mL"T*""
"
'S
lhe
ema,es
which
a e
a ec ed
oy
dec eased
ood
supply.
In
ma u e
emales
li e
weigh s
ell
du ing
he
ea ly
se ine
as
ap dlyTlS aSnhbe weenWse'El: S
*°Se
"
Sp ing
a e
hpl
apiai>
ieii
again
be ween
Sep embe
and
No embe ,
p esumably
because
he
males
we e
eed ig'IThise^^
onowed'li0^UCI'0H
a°d
spcnd'ng
mo e
ime
in
ma in^beha imm
han
in
ep oduc
"4ly
.XeTThe
7
'"
°n
howi
*•**=»"'
and
L.
delica a
emain
in es iga ion.
Re e ences
(Else ie -No h
LLd
BicZs e LT
""
*
PP"
223"34"
"s7S:
o
communal
eg8"'ayin8
by
aad
° ^h
-
-***
-
<*
«•
Manusc ip
ecei ed
25
Oc obe
1984;
accep ed
9
Ap il
1985
Aus .
J.
ZooL
1985.
33.
705-13
Fo ag
g
Beha iou
o
he
Aus alian
Ghos
a ,
Mac ode ma
gigas
(Mic oehi op e a:
Megade ma idae)
C.
R.
Tidemann
D.
M.
P idde/B,
J.
E.
Nelsonc
and
J.
D.
Pe ig ewD
A
Depa men
o
Zoology,
Aus alian
Na ional
Uni e si y,
GPO
Box
4.
Canbe a
Ci y.
A.C.T.
2601.
B
School
o
Biological
Sciences,
Zoology
Building,
Uni e si y
o
Sydney,
N.S.W.
2006.
c
Depa men
o
Zoology,
Monash
Uni e si y,
Clay on,
Vic.
3168.
D
Depa men
o
Physiology
and
Pha macology.
Uni e si y
o
Queensland.
S
Lucia.
Qld
4067.
Abs ac
The
o aging
beha iou
o
Mac ode ma
gigas
was
in es iga ed
in
he
ield
by
adio- acking
o
agged
indi iduals
and
by
di ec
obse a ion
o
eeding
ba s
in
May 1983.
Fo aging
a eas
we e
cen ed,
on
a e age,
1
-9
km
om
he
day
oos .
The
mean
size
o
o aging
a eas
was
61
ha
and
agged
ba s
gene ally
e u ned
o
he
same
a eas
each
nigh .
Hun ing
beha iou
o
ba s
wi hin
o aging
a eas
consis ed
o
obse a ion
a an age
poin s,
wi h
b ie
sallies
o
cap u e
p ey,
mos ly
insec s
on
he
g ound,
al hough
hawking
o
lying
insec s
was
also
obse ed.
Van age
poin s
we e
changed
abou
e e y
15
min
du ing
o aging
pe iods.
The
mean
dis ance
be ween
hem
was
360
m.
Fo aging
a eas
we e
no
exclusi e,
he e
was
o e lap
be ween
he
anges
o
se e al
agged
indi iduals,
and
in
one
case
an
a ea
was
used
by
20
ba s.
In oduc ion
The
amily
Megade ma idae
con ains
i e
ex an
species;
La ia ons
and
Ca diode ma
co
in
cen al
A ica,
Megadenna
spasma
and
Me.
ly a
in
sou h-eas
Asia
and
Mac ode ma
gigas
in
no he n
Aus alia
(Co be
and
Hill
1980).
The e
is
a
conside able
size
ange,
om
La ia
weighing
23
g
o
Mac ode ma
weighing
120
g
(S ephan
e
a/.
1981),
bu
all
ha e
a
e y
simila
appea ance,
ypical
o
a
numbe
o
species
o
ba s
which
cap u e
hei
ood
by
gleaning:
e y
la ge
ea s,
la ge
eyes
and
a
simple
bu
p ominen
nose-lea .
I
is
known,
on
he
basis
o
di ec
obse a ion
o
he
analysis
o
die ,
ha
all
i e
species
o
megade ma ids
cap u e
a
la ge
p opo ion
o
hei
p ey
by
gleaning.
Those
which
ha e
been
obse ed
a e
unusual
among
gleaning
ba s
in
ha
hey
spend
e y
li le
ime
in
ligh .
Mos
o
hei
o aging
ime
is
spen
in
ca e ully
inspec ing
hei
su oundings
om
selec ed
an age
poin s;
ligh
is
es ic ed
o
b ie
sallies
o
cap u e
p ey
and
sho
mo emen s
o
new
an age
poin s.
Ca diode ma
hun s
by
hanging
in
he
low
b anches
o
ees
and
hen
swooping
o
he
g ound
o
ca ch
insec s,
which
a e
ca ied
back
o
he
pe ch
and
ea en
(Vaughan
1976).
La ia
uses
a
simila
o aging
echnique
o
sho
ligh s
om
a
an age
poin (Sho idge
1934;
Wickle and
Uh ig
1969;
Kingdon
1974).
Megade ma
ly a
and
Me.
spasma
ea
many
species
o
ligh less
animals
(B osse
1962;
Ad ani
1981;
Ad ani
and
Makwana
1981)
and
M.
ly a
loca es
li e
p ey
in
he
labo a o y
in
he
same
way
as
Ca diode ma
and
La ia
do
unde
na u al
condi ions
(Fiedle
1979).
Published
in o ma ion
sugges s
ha
Mac ode ma
also
is
likely
o
use
gleaning
as
one
means
o
ob aining
ood.
I
includes
in
i s
die
a
wide
a ie y
o
small
animals, many
o
which
a e
ligh less
(Douglas
1967;
Ves jens
and
Hall
1977).
The
b ain mo phology
o
Mac ode ma
sugges s
a
combined
subs a e
and
oliage
gleane
(S ephan
and
Nelson
1981)
and
in
he
labo a o y
i
loca es
p ey
by
he
'si
and
inspec '
echnique
used
by
Ca diode ma
and
La ia
(Kulze
e
al.
1984).
Howe e ,
li le
is
known
o
i s
o aging
beha iou
in
he
ield.
0004-959X/85/050705$0:
706
C.
R.
Tidemann
el
al.
The
pu pose
o
his
s udy
was
o
in es iga e
he
o aging
s a egy
employed
by
M.
gigas
unde
na u al
condi ions.
Ma e ials
and
Me hods
The
s udy
was
ca ied
ou
in
May
1983 on
a
colony
o
M.
gigas
day- oos ing
in
Kohinoo
Mine,
abou
1
km
sou h
o
Pine
C eek,
N.T.
(13°49'S„
13T49'E.).
This
disused
gold
mine
was
o iginally
exca a ed
in
he
1880s
and
used
in e mi en ly
un il
he
ea ly
1900s.
I
consis s
o
a
200-m
ho izon al
unnel
wi h
se e al
la e al
wo kings
and
a
numbe
o
en ances
and
en ila ion
sha s.
The
colony
o
Mac ode ma,
es ima ed
conse a i ely
o
numbe
450
ba s,
oos ed
mainly
along
he
la ges
la e al
wo king.
o
which
10
o
mo e
iangula ed
loca ions
we e
ob ained,
a e
shown,
oge he
wi h
he
es ima ed
cen e
o
each.
The
sex
o
hese
indi iduals
and
he
size
o
hei
o aging
anges
a e
gi en
in
Table
1.
The
a ea
su ounding
he
mine
includes
a
se ies
o
small
hilly
idges
ising
up
o
70
m
abo e
ex ensi e
la
plains.
Vege a ion
is
woodland
o
open
woodland,
domina ed
by
Eucalyp us
ec i ica,
E.
alba,
E.
e odon a,
E.
la i olia
and
E.
apodophylla.
The
unde s o ey
is
p edominan ly
g asses:
Cymbopogon
bombycinus,
A is ida
la i olia,
Themeda
aus alis,
Plec achnesp.
and
E iachne
sp.
(Wood
1977).
The
clima e
o
he
egion
is
cha ac e ized
by
dis inc
we
and
d y
seasons.
Mean
annual
ain all
a
Pine
C eek
is
1200
mm,
o
which
1100
mm
alls
in
he
we
season
om
Decembe
o
Ma ch.
Twel e
adul
M.
gigas
(se en
male
and
i e
emale)
we e
caugh
wi hin
he
mine
wi h
hand
ne s
and
mis
ne s.
These
indi iduals
we e
i ed
wi h
adio
ansmi e s
(150
MHz)
and
immedia ely
eleased.
Fo aging
Beha iou
o
Ghos
Ba
707
Thei
mo emen s
du ing
he
nex
h e
nigh s
we e
moni o ed
om
a
ne wo k o
h ee
wo
ypes
o
ansmi e
we e
used:
wo
Aus ee
KG80
and
»
*
by
E e eady
CR2032
li hium
cells
and
we e
h ed
w,20-cm*
e e
a ached
0
he
lowe
(1982)
J
na e
acked^e e al
species
o
small
espe ihomds
ca ying
25%
o meT body
weigh
wi h
no
appa en
ill
e ec ^
h
a ached
ansmi e s
caused
li le
P e ous
obse a ions
o
wo
cap i eM
nd ^ M^
^
he
cap i e
anunals
a e
4
and
discom o io losso manoeu eabih y.The ansmme
^ibSKbU^m2)
on
Rhnolophm-T^
Tdays,
lea ing ba e
pa eheso sk osimda o hosedescnbe^
y^
^
^
^
^
, acked
om
Aus ec
ansmi e s
had
a
maximum
ang
,„ inn
was
dis ances
o e
8
km.
-d
nea by
he
mine
(Fig.
1)-
Eac
s
Th ee
acking
s a ions
we e
cons uc ed
o
g
,
n
yagi
an enna
o
a null-peak
.
equipped
wi h
a
Telonics
TR2
ecei e
a*^^
deduced
om
he
nangula ion
o beanngs
o
wo
ou -elemen
Yag s.
The
loca ion
o
^^^^guia ion
o
h ee
beanngs
y dds
oe
eco ded
concu en ly
om
he
h ee
acking
^"ons i
%
inge
1979).
I
he
ana
o
h s
e io
disc e e
in e cep s
which
o m
he
e ices
o :ani
e o
^
leng h
o
one
side
o
o
m o
iangle
was
g ea e
han
2
•
0
km
he
mad
^eanngsjas
^
^
o
^
ba
was
uken
as
he
mangle
was
less
han
hal
he
leng h
o
was
aken
as
he a i hme ic
cm
o*
midpoin
o
he
sho es
side.
,
™ se
hmoca ion n
du ing
selec ed
pe iods
be ween
900
e o
iangle.
Each
agged
ba
was
adio acked
e e y
k„„a ions
one
day
and
0700
h
o
he
nex .
adio- acking
was
used
o
guide
isua
o
,
In o ma ion
gamed
abou
o aging
™
scopes
(Ja elin:
Smi h:
and
Wesmnk
o
o aging
beha iou .
Ba s
we e
obse ed
h oughni^
q
^
male
No.
712.
Much
o
he
g ound
Mos
o
hese
obse a ions
we e
made
inAJ
0'
and
he
g ound
was
ba e
excep
o
em
Resul s
Fa e
o
Tagged
Ba s
Fi e
ansmi e s
we e
e ne ed
T ansmi e s
emained
a ached
o
ba s
o
up
'
a e
a achmen
(mean
om
wi hin
he
mine
a e
hey
Q
J*
seen
in
cap i e
animals
5
days).
Th ee
ba s
wi h
ba e
pa ches
in
hei
,
^
^
^
^
Kohmoo
Mine
which
had
shed
ansmi e s,
we e
seen
lying.
PP
d
Tw0
o he s
we e
lying
wi h
One
ba
was
ecap u ed
wi h
he
no
ecap u ed,
ansmi e s
s ill
in
place
7
days
a e
a
,
ansmi e .
Despi e
a
b ie
pos -mo em
One
ba
died
a
ew
hou s
a e
a achmen
I
is
p0Ssible
ha
he
ba
sus ained
examina ion,
he
cause
o
dea h
could
no be>
^
used
0
a ach
he
ansmi e .
The
inju y
du ing
cap u e
o
inges ed
some
o
h
d
bim
h ough
o e loading
was
ac
ha
he
animal
died
so
soon
a e
cap u e
sugges s
an
unlikely
cause
o
dea h.
Timing
o
Ac i i y
£
app oxima ely
Du ing
he
s udy
pe iod
sun ise
was
and
e u ned
sho ly
be o e
1825
h.
Al hough
mos
ba s
le
he
mine
sh
^
^
be ween
indi iduals,
sun ise,
he
imes
o
exi
and
pa icuia ly
-
£
was
1951
h
±
11
mm
(SE)
( ange
708
C.
R.
Tidemann
el
al.
ea ly
as
0330
h
and
did
no
e-eme ge.
The
la es
e u n
o
any
agged
ba
was
0617
h,
bu
un agged
ba s
we e
seen
o
e u n
o
he
mine
up
un il
15
min
be o e
sun ise.
Repea ed
o ays
om
he
mine
du ing
a
single
nigh
we e
no
obse ed.
o*
*
A
O
790
Fig.
2.
Successi e
iangula ed
loca ions
o
wo M.
gigas,
790
(3)
and
712
(3).
o e
h ee
successi e
nigh s.
•
Loca ions
isi ed
on
nigh
1.
o
Nigh
2.
•
Nigh
3.
•
Kohinoo
Mine.
i
1
1
Km
o
°*
.
• •
• •
jp
•
*
•
712
A
A
A
o°
•
•
Fo aging
A eas
Upon
eme gence
agged
ba s
dispe sed
apidly
om
he
mine.
Following
hese
di ec
commu ing
ligh s
ba s
gene ally
emained
wi hin
ela i ely
small
indi idual
' o aging
a eas'
(Fig.
1)
o
which
hey
e u ned
on
consecu i e
nigh s
(Fig.
2).
Howe e ,
he e
we e
excep ions
o
his.
Fo
example,
a
emale
M.
gigas
(No.
976)
o aged
in
he
same
a ea
on
wo
consecu i e
nigh s,
bu
on
he
wo
subsequen
nigh s
i
was
loca ed
in
ano he
a ea
10-15
km
o
he
no h-wes
o
Kohinoo
Mine.
On
hese
la e
wo
nigh s
his
ba
did
no
e u n
o
Kohinoo ,
and
p esumably
oos ed
in
ano he
mine.
Jus
be o e
sun ise
on
he
ou h
nigh
i
en e ed
he
No h
En e p ise
Mine
1
km
no h
o
Kohinoo .
O e
he
i e
nigh s
o
adio- acking,
h ee
ba s
each
o aged
in
wo
sepa a e
a eas
and
on
wo
occasions
ba s
isi ed
wo
o aging
a eas
du ing
a
single
nigh
(Fig.
3).
Fo aging
a eas
we e
inspec ed
du ing
he
day,
and
a
numbe
o
ees
used
as
eeding
oos s
we e
ound
by
he
e idence
o
ba
aeces
and
he
disca ded
emnan s
o
p ey
benea h.
Food
deb is
was
almos
exclusi ely
emains
o
he
yellow-winged
locus ,
Gas ima gus
musicus,
which
was
ex emely
common
in
he
a ea
h oughou
he
s udy,
pa icula ly
in
bu n
a eas
whe e
g ass
shoo s
we e
eme ging.
O he
species
eco e ed
om
benea h
eeding
oos s
we e
ka ydids,
sca abaeid
bee les
and
la ge
mo hs,
and
in
he
mine
i sel
some
ea he s
we e
ound.
Howe e ,
i
is
no
known
i
hese
we e
o
ecen
o igin.
Plo s
o
all
o aging
a eas
we e
compa ed
wi h
ae ial
pho og aphs
and
opog aphic
maps.
The e
was
no
appa en
p e e ence
o
di e en
ypes o
woodland
o
opog aphic
ea u es;
Fo aging
Beha iou
o
Ghos
Ba
709
agged
ba s
appea ed
o
be
ando^^V
e/a/ °984)
made
by
his
o
de ec
he
p esence
o
un agged
an
^
also
indica ed
ha
M.
gigas
o aged
species
while
o aging.
The
dis iu
jcjni y
o
he
h ee
acking
s a ions.
Plo s
o
h oughou
he
s udy
a ea'
incl^d.1hna8
hese
couid
o e lap
( o
example,
ba s
No.
730
and
indi idual
o aging
a eas
showedd
2Q
M
gigas
in
close
p oximi y
o
811;
Fig.
1)
and
sigh
obse a ions
a
one
locamy
each
o he .
0045
0445
0515
Fig
3
Fo aging
beha iou
o
wo
M.
gigas
on
single
nigh s.
®°*^^yUa^ .7Times
a
he
beginning
wo'disc e e
o aging
a eas.
The
day
oos
(Kohinoo
Mme)«in^ca «iby£u
a
whjch
a
ba
was
loca ed
and
end
o
sequences
o
beha iou
a e
shown.
Each
spo
ep esen s
du ing
one
o
mo e
15-min
pe iods.
Whe e
10
o
mo e
loca ions
o
a
ba
could
be
Theo e ical
he
indi idual
was
calcula ed
by
he
mini™a"
8
m9)
we e
es ima ed,
and
he
dis-
cen es
o
ac i i y
wi hin
hese
o aging
a
(
(Kohinoo
Mine)
we e
calcula ed
ance
be ween
hese
cen es
o
ac i i y
and
he
day
dis ance
o
hei
(Table
1).
The
mean
size
o
he
^sepa a e
o aging
a eas,
he
cen es
om
he
day
oos
was
1
-
9
km.
Fo
ba s
whicn
use
es ima es
o
he
wo
a eas
we e
a e aged.
Fo aging
Beha iou
chn l
a e
All
agged
ba s
showed
simila
He e
hey
710
C.
R.
Tidemann
el
al.
mo e,
be o e
hey
esumed
o aging
in
he
ea ly
mo ning.
I
was
obse ed
ha
he
esump ion
o
eeding
ac i i y
by
agged
ba s
a e
inac i e
pe iods
was
o en
synch onous
wi h
a
enewed
chi ping
by
o he
ba s
in
he
icini y.
The
mo emen s
o
wo
indi iduals
du ing
one
nigh
a e
shown
in
Fig.
3.
Each
ba
used
wo
disc e e
o aging
a eas.
Ba
No.
976
( emale)
was
in
con inuous
adio
con ac
om
he
ime
o
eme gence
om
he
mine
a
2015
h
un il
0130
h.
Be ween
2030
h
and
2200
h
i
made
sho
ligh s
abou
e e y
15
min,
usually
o
less
han
1
min.
Du ing
hese
ligh less
pe iods
adio
con ac
was
o en
los
o
he
signal
s eng h
diminished.
Each
ime
adio
con ac
was
e-es ablished,
he
ba
was
s ill
in
he
same
loca ion.
Such
luc ua ions
in
signal
s eng h
indica ed
ha
pe ching
ba s
made
egula
o ays
on o
he
g ound,
p esumably
o
cap u e
p ey.
A e
o aging
o
abou
90
min,
No.
976
emained
s a iona y
a
a
nigh - oos
un il
2314
h,
a
which
ime
i
esumed
he
o aging
beha iou
obse ed
ea lie
in
he
nigh .
La e ,
a
0045
h,
he
ba
mo ed
di ec ly
3-5
km
o
a
second
a ea
whe e
i
ecommenced
sho
o aging
ligh s.
Con ac
was
discon inued
a
0130
h.
Table
1.
Sizes
o
o aging
a eas
and
dis ances
o
heo e ical
cen es
o
ac i i y
om
day
oos
o
i e
M.
gigas
The
numbe
o
loca ions
on
which
each
calcula ion
was
based
a e
shown;
alues
a e
gi en
only
o
hose indi iduals
o
which
10
o
mo e
loca ions
we e
ob ained
Indi idual
Sex
Size
o
Dis ance
om
day
No.
o
No.
o aging
oos
o
cen e
loca ions
a ea
(ha)
o
ac i i y
(km)
712
6
28-47
0-45
26
790
S
84-00
2-95
22
811
6
33-84
1-32
16
730
9
37-04
2-66
10
976
9
120-80
2-09
41
Mean
±
SE
60-83
±
18
0
1-89
±0-45
Ba
No.
811
(male)
eme ged
om
he
mine sho ly
be o e
2130
h.
I
emained
wi hin
a
ew
hund ed
me es
o
he
mine,
making
pe iodic
sho
o aging
ligh s,
un il
con ac
was
discon inued
a
2245
h.
When
adio- acking
esumed
a
0230
h,
he
ba
was
s ill
close
o
he
mine.
A
ew
minu es
la e
i
lew
apidly
o
a
second
o aging
a ea
2
km
away
and
ecommenced
o aging
un il
0445
h.
By
0515
h
i
was
back
nea
he
mine
and
e en ually
en e ed
i
abou
an
hou
la e .
To
es ima e
he
a e age
leng h
o
ligh s
wi hin
o aging
a eas,
dis ances
be ween
consecu i e
iangula ed
loca ions
we e
calcula ed.
The
mean
dis ance
o
79
such
ligh s
was
360
m.
The
longes
imed
ligh
o
any
ba
was
3-5
km
in
10
min—an
a e age
ligh
speed
o
20-7
km
h-1.
Thus,
mos
ligh s
be ween
an age
poin s
would
ake
less
han
1
min.
Obse a ions
o
Fo aging
Obse a ions
h ough
nigh
ision
scopes
showed
ha
o aging
ba s
spen
mos
o
he
ime
hanging
om
small
b anches
o
he
main
unk
in
he
mid- o-uppe
canopy
o
eucalyp s
a
heigh s
up
o
3
m
om
he
g ound.
F om
hese
an age
poin s
hey
appea ed
o
inspec
hei
su oundings
wi h
equen
head
and
ea
mo emen s.
Chi p
calls
we e
p oduced
equen ly
in
associa ion
wi h
his
beha iou ,
al hough
i
was
di icul
o
asce ain
which
animal
had
made
a
pa icula
call
and
no
measu es
o
epe i ion
a e
we e
eco ded.
Fi een
ins ances
o
p ey
cap u e
we e
obse ed:
six
o
hese
in ol ed
lying
insec s:
on
he
o he
nine,
insec s
we e
caugh
on
he
g ound.
P ey
cap u e
was
apid
and
was
ne e
a
om
he
an age
poin .
Insec s
we e
seized
swi ly
and
ca ied
back
o
he
an age
poin
Fo aging
Beha iou
o
Ghos
Ba
711
whe e
hey
we e
consumed.
Po ions,
such
as
wings,
we e
disca ded
and
we e
allowed
o
he
g ound.
Discussion
.
,,
This
s udy
shows
ha
M.
g gas
uses
a
o aging
Za diode ma
and
La ia:
i
loca es
i s
p ey
y
®™ai
'cap u e
p ey
and
b ie
es ic s
i s
ligh
ac i i y
du ing
o aging
o
^.^^ally
no
a
apa
and
i
mo emen s
o
change
an age
poin s,
an
ag
Du ing
Ma
(end
o
he
we
obably
akes
less
han
1
min
o
a
ba
»
^"he
gmund
su ace,
al hough
h
season)
M.
gigas
was
beha ing
p ima ily
as
g
es ic ed
ange
o
p ey
ilso
caugh
some
p ey
in
mid-ai .
Howe e ,
i
was
eeding
on
a
his
ime.
Pn i el
emains
o
he
yellow-winged
Food
deb is
benea h
eeding
oos s
was
almos
en iy
in
Qc obe
1983
locus
G.
musicus.
Deb is
examined
benea h
a
majo
ole
(end
o
he
d y
season)
showed
ha
e eb a es,
p
consumed.
Food
emnan s
collec ed
in
he
die ,
al hough
some
in e eb a es
we e
s
1
11
.
daSyu ids,
some
skinks
in
Oc obe
con ained
nume ous
ea he s,
a
ew
sm^
Gas ima gus)
mo hs,
bee les
and
and
se e al
ba
wings.
Remains
o )La ge
gnasshopp Sn(^^ca ion)
I
is
e iden
also
om
cock oaches
we e
also
ound
(M.
Schulz
pe sona
animals
(Jones
1925:
Douglas
o he
s udies
ha
M.
gigas
eeds
on
a
wide
a ie y
o
small
animals
(Jones
1967;
Ves jens
and
Hall
1977)
mpgade na ids.
Ad ani
and
Makwana
Simila
di e si y
in
die
has
been
shownim
o he
^
yea
They
(1981)
ound
subs an ial
a ia ion
in
he
die
;
g
w
bm
ha
e eb a es
we e
concluded
ha
insec s
we e
ea en
whene e
h
insec s
we e
uncommon.
elied
upon
o
a
la ge
ex en
du ing
he
y
s
.
'...
»
-s
^Hed
a
making
ae ial
Ca diode ma
modi ies
i s
die
acco ding
o
p e>
a^
.
D
so - hewe season;
a
o he
cap u es
o insec s
and
uses
his
echnique
ex ensi e
y
season
i
eeds
almos
imes
i
cap u es
p ey
by
gleaning
om
an
nh ig
(1969)
obse ed
La ia
o
eed
en i ely
om
he
g ound
(Vaughan
1976).
W ei ld
°bse
ound
^
ed
exclusi ely
on
lying
insec s,
whe eas
Sho ndge
(1934)
and
Kmgao
Smagade ma ids
ha e
a
hey
can
employ
o
cap u e
many
nQ
known.
Vaughan
(1976)
hough
si -and-wai
me hod
o
p ey
loca ion
in
all
si
P hnd
bu
B osse
(1962)
eco ded
ha
Ca diode ma
loca ed
i s
p ey
uni e ^Hy„
he
walls
o
ha
Me.
ly a
and
Me.
spasma
hun ed
by
lying
pnuen l
by
a
si -and-wai
he
cli s'.
I
is
e y
unlikely
ha
diu nal1
bi
s
wou
e
c
^
^
^
(1977)
speCula ed
app oach,
unless
hey
we e
cap u ed
a
dus
o
a
-
Ja
numbe s
o
diu nal
ha
Vampy um,
a
ca ni o ous
phyllos oma id,
which
labo a o y,
M.
bi ds
yea - ound,
ac i ely
sough
ou
i s
p ey
by
(Kulzc
gigas
did
no
de ec
silen
and
mo ionless
mice,
e en
de ec ion
by
his
species.
1984)
seems
o
p eclude
he
use
o
smell
as
a
L
i s
I espec i e
o
he
me hod
by
which
M.
gigas
is
subs an ially
di e en
om
ha
o aging
beha iou
when
i
is
eeding
mainly
on
bi ds
is
subs an
iall>
di e e
obse ed
du ing
his
s udy,
when
i
was
eeding
main
omoa ed
o
hose
co e ed
1,
o ,1...
0.2
»,
-o,h
.h..
=
-
'J«
712
C.
R.
Tidemann
el
al.
o
sugges
om
he
p esen
s udy
ha
M.
gigas
is
e i o ial
in
i s
o aging
beha iou .
On
he
con a y,
he
eeding
anges
o
se e al
agged
ba s
o e lapped
and
a
loose
g oup
o
0
indi iduals
was
obse ed
in
he
eeding
a ea
o
one
agged
male^
A
calcula ionhe
mean
size
o
o aging
a eas
(61
ha)
and
he
mean
dis ance
o
he
oos
(1-9
km)
sugges s
also
ha
i
is unlikely
ha
his
species
de ends
eeding
a eas
(450
indi iduals
in
n>£).
Simila ly,
B osse
(1962)
es ima ed
om
he
dis ibu ion
o
eeding
oos s
ha
o aging
indi iduals
om
a
colony
o
abou
1500
Me.
ly a
sp ead
ou
only
abo
T e
signi ican
o
he
chi p
call
o
M.
gigas
is
unclea .
I
is
loud
and
has
audible
componen
ha
can
be
de ec ed
by
humans
o e 100
^
away
_
The
^ong
o
Ca diode ma
is
simila
in
hese
espec s,
bu
in
ha
species
i
se es
a
e n
onal
unc ionm
he
es ablishmen
o
exclusi e
o aging
a eas
(Vaughan
1976).
Qui e
dea ly,
no
exclude
o he s
om
i s
o aging
a eas.
Howe e ,
i
was
appa en
om_
obse a
ions
made
du ing
his
s udy
ha
o aging
ac i i y
in
he
ield
was
almos
in a iably
associa ed
w h
equen
chi ping.
In
he
labo a o y
Kulze
«
al.
(1984)
eco ded
"
emi ed
chi ps
a
egula
in e als,
and
on
se e al
occasions
one
ba
eac ed
o
nea by
ligh
o
ano he
wi h
a
se ies
o
chi ps.
Wha e e
he
unc ion
o
he
call,
i
seems>
one
o
i s
e ec s
would
be
o
enable
o aging
indi iduals
o
main ain
^
o he ,
and
possibly
he eby
o
achie e
spacing
app opna e
o
pa icula
p ey
species
densi ies.
Acknowledgmen s
We
a e
indeb ed
o
he
many
people
who
p o ided
assis ance
'wi h
he
ield
wo k:
B
Bake
D
Bake -Gabb,
G.
Ba e s ock,
R.
Coles,
L.
Conole,
S.
Chu chill
P.
Dabd,
C
Ellis,
K.
Fi zhe be ,
E.
Gano,
A.
Guppy,
L.
Hall,
P.
Helman
L.
Hodges,
I-
Puls o d
G
Richa ds
and
M.
Schulz;
he
s udy
could
no
ha e
been
accomplished
wi hou
hem
The
Conseiwa ion
Commiss.on
o
he
No he n
Te i o y
p o ided
^
p ojec
and
logis ical
suppo
in
he
ield.
To
Russell
Dann
o
Gold ieW
Explo abon
En e p ises
we
a e
g a e ul
o
in o ma ion
on
he
loca ion
o
mine
en ances.
Pu chase
o
eleme y
equipmen
was
suppo ed
by
an
A.R.G.S.
g an
o
J.D.P.
and
a
G an
om
he
Conse a ion
Fund
o
he
Sou h
Aus alian
Depa men
o
En i onmen
and
pla™in§
C
R
T
We
hank
he
New
Sou h
Wales
Na ional
Pa ks
and
Wildli e
Se ice
o
he
loan
o
elemeU
equipmen .
The
cons uc i e
c i icisms
o
wo
e e ees
a e
g a e ully
acknowledged.
Re e ences
Ad ani.
R.
(1981).
Seasonal
luc ua ions
in
he
eeding
ecology
o
he
Indian
aBe ampi e
Megade ma
ly a
ly a
(Chi op e a:
Megade ma idae)
in
Rajas han,
India.
Z.
Saeuge ie kd.
,
•
Ad ani
R„
and
Makwana,
S.
C.
(1981).
Composi ion
and
seasonal
occu ence
o ammal
emams
oos ing
habi a
o
Megade ma
ly a
ly a
in
Rajas han
India.
Angew.
Zool.
68
75
B ande
R
B
and
Coch an.
W. W.
(1969).
Radio-loca ion
eleme y.
In
Wildli e
Managemen
Tp h'ninues'
(Ed.
R.
H.
Giles.)
pp.
95-103.
(Wildli e
Socie y:
Washing on,
D.C.)
B osse ,
A.
(1962).
The
ba s
o
cen al
and
wes e n
India.
Pa
2.
J.
Bombay
Na .
His .
Soc.
59,
Co be .
G.V
and
Hill,
J.
E.
(1980).
'A
Wo ld
Lis
o
Mammalian
Species.'
(Coms ock
Publishing
Doug as.C
A^M967)!
The
na u al
his o y
o
he
Ghos
Ba
(Mac ode ma
gigas)
(Mic ochi op e a:
Megade ma idae)
in
Wes e n
Aus alia.
Wes .
Aus .
Na .
10,
125-38.
*m«i p
Fiedle .
J.
(1979).
P ey
ca ching
wi h
and
wih ou echoloca ion
in
he
Indian
False
ampi e
(Megade ma
ly a).
Beha .
Ecol.
Sociobiol.
6,
155-60.
Hayne
D
W
(1949).
Calcula ion
o size
o
home
ange.
J.
Mammal.
30,
1
18-
Jones,
F.
W.
(1925).
'The
Mammals
o
Sou h
Aus alia.'
(Go e nmen
P in e :
Adelaide.)
Fo aging
Beha iou
o
Ghos
Ba
713
lc
olume
IT
Pa
A
Insec i o es
and
Ba s.'
(Academic
Kingdon,
J.
(1974).
'Eas
A ican
Mammals.
Volume
,
P ess:
London.)
F
p
(1984).
P e -ca ching
beha iou
and
Kulze ,
E„
Nelson,
J.
E„
McKean,
J.
L'^Mac ode ma
gigas
(Mic ochi op e a:Megade ma idae).
echoloca ion
in
he
Aus alian
ghos
ba ,
Mac ode ma
gigus
Aus .
Mammal.
7,
37-50.
annlica ions
and
limi a ions.
In
'Animal
Ma king:
Macdonald,
D.
W.
(1978).
^1°- ^in|S°® chPP(Ed
B.
S onehouse.)
pp.
194-204.
(MacmiUan:
Recogni ion
Ma king
o
Animals
in
Resea cn.
(
London.)
.
n(.W ,L
Ame ican
small
mammals.
Am.
Midi.
Moh ,
C.
O.
(1947).
Table
o
equi alen
popula ions
o
No h
Ame ican
sma
Na .
25,
196-233.
-
,
Vol
j
(Heinemann:
London.)
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