1872.J
NOTICE ol!' TlIE MAMMALS .AND BIRDS iNli.A.BITING KA.cm ,
by DR. F. STOLICZKA..
[Recei ed. 28 h May, ead. 3 d. July, 18'72,]
211
The s udy o local aunas mus , o some ime a leas , con inue one o
he mos impo an means o leading o a ull unde s anding o Indian
Zoology. India combines such an eno mous a ie y o physical condi ions,
namely, di e ences in le el, clima e and ege a ion, all o which ha e o be
s udied in connec ion wi h he animal li e, ha one is almos los in he
chaos o in o ma ion equi ed, and is e y ap o o e look condi ions, which
may be essen ial o he explana ion no only o peculia i ies as ega ds dis
inc ions o species, bu also o hose ela ing o geog aphical dis ibu ion.
Resea ches limi ed o single dis ic s a e no necessa ily liable o hese
disad an ages, because hey can mo e easily command he smalle amoun
o obse a ions, and ob ain an acquain ance wi h he physical condi ions
which may lead o hei explana ion.
I is wi h his iew ha I ha e en u ed o place on eco d wha li le
I obse ed o he Zoology o Kachh. I sca cely need o add ha I g ea ly
eg e he incomple eness o he lis s, bu as he du ies o he geologis a e
en i ely di e en om hose o a zoologis , he can ha dly p e end o gi e
sa is ac ion o bo h. Du ing my a he hu ied isi , my a en ion was
chie ly di ec ed owa ds he Ve eb a a,* and in his b anch I a emp ed o
• In e eb a a a e also by compa a i ely small numbe s ep esen ed., as may be
ind.ica ed by he ollowing no ice :
O C us acea I ha e ob ained only wo. species in he s eams, a small Palcemon
which is ole ably common, and. a Ol i ocepho,7;us ( = B anchdpus, apud Milne
Ed.wa d.s) ; he la e only occu ed. in a sligh ly b aokish s eam wes o Bhuj. M .
Wood-Mason who examined he wo species ells me ha he la e p esen s a ema k
able mod.i lca ion o he an ennoo.-The A achnoid.a, which we e specially looked a e ,
did. no yield mo e han wen y species, chie ly o he amilies Epei id 11 and L Jcosid<i,
and a ew Sai icid 11. O Sco pions I go ou species; Scolopeno, a, h ee I J'uU wo o
h ee. 'l'he Ooleop e'l'a commonly seen mos ly belong o he B74Psidce, which o m an
impo nn a icle o ood o he hedgehog ; S.ca abceida, and Oa abidce a e compa a i ely
ew, and s ill a e o he kind o bee les. Bu e lies, on accoun o ' he almos con
s an s ong winds, a e e y a ely seen, indeed wi h he excep ion o a, ew small
Pie id B and Lyccenidce, and a numbe o Mic olepidop e a, I Iia e sca cely seen any
o he species. The Hymeiwp e a a e mos ly ep esen ed by Ichniewmonidce. An s a o
a eal pes in houses and in he camp, in spi e o he d yness o he clima e. O
Rhyncho a my collec ion ba ely con ains a dozen species, including he Nepce and
Oicadce, bu hey mus be mo e nume ous du ing he we season. O Libel/;ulida, I
ob ained abmi. en species, and no many mo e a e, I hink, p ocu able in win e .
Bla id e I ha e seen h ee, he mos common is Pe iplwne a ge maniica,. O Ac ididce
&o., abou a dozen o mo e species occu ed.
28
212 P. S oliczka-Mammals and Bi ds inlwbi ing Kachl1.
[No. 3,
no e down and o collec wha was possible, wi hou in e e ing wi h my
o he mo e impo an wo k. The lis o he mammals and bi ds will be
gi en in he ollowing pages ; on he ep iles and amphibians I ha e �l e�dy
epo ed, (sec P oc. A. S. B., o May, 1872, p. 71); and he examma ion
o he shes was kindly unde aken by Su geon Majo Day, whose pape
on he subjec ollows he p esen one. _ .
Howe e , be o e en e ing upon any de ails, i will be p obably desll'a
ble o say a ew wo ds ega ding he p incipal physical �ea u es o he c�un
y, pa icula ly in connec ion wi h he mammals and bi ds o be me wi h ;
only adding he e ha my ema ks solely apply o he aspec o he coun y
du in"' he cold and d y seaspn be ween No embe and Feb ua y.
The p o ince o Kachh ex ends o abou 150 m�es alo�g he T opic �
Cance , ha ing a b ead h o abou 40 miles on ei he side o i , and he Me i
dian o 70° eas e n longi ude passes h ough i a li le eas wa d o he cen e.
The main land s e ches · along he seacoas om he mos eas e n
b anch o he Indus o Ka hi a , om which i is sepa a ed by he Gul o
Kachh; o he No h and Eas i is en i ely isola ed om Sind and he
ea; e n Rajpu ana s a es by he so-called Ran, which was no do�b o me ly
an a m o he sea, bu is now e y much sil ed in. I has a a ied b ead h
om 40 o nea ly 100 miles. Du ing he d y ancl ho wea h� some P?
ions o i a e unde wa e and o he s a e so hickly co e ed wi h a salme
deposi , o almos pu e sal , ha he g ound becomes un o he suppo
o animal li e. · A wild ass may be seen in he dis ance, o a· dese -la k
(Ce liilauda dese o um) unning along he odden. ack, bu s?a cely any
o he animal exis s, unless a bi d may acciden ally mig a e om one place o
ano he . Du ing he ainy season by a he g ea es po ion o he Ran
is inunda ed, and a good numbe o he la ge wa e bi ds a e. sai�l o be seei�
on i . The sligh ly ele a ed g ound, which locally o i.µs s ips 11 he Ran·
p ope , suppo s a e y scan y ege a ion o ough g asses (C!
pe ac�aJ), an�
o a ew sca e ed bushes o ama isk &c. ; his pa is called he Bum and, i
he monsoons a e no hea y, i a o ds ich pas u e o ca le clm o?' ha
ime, bu in he d y season e en he nomadic Sindees a e o en obliged o
O eshwa e shells which, howe e , also occu in sligh ly b ackish s eams, I me
wi h he ollowinno : Plano bis e ous iis; Plan. n. sp., allied o Can o is ; Lymn<Ea T u eola,
and amygdalus, l;:, la e closely allied o acmnina a; Pal dina dissi1ni'.is: ( nielanas oma)
exac ly iden ical wi h Sou h Indian and Ceylon specimens;. By hinia pulchelU:, and
wo o he species o he same genus; lllelania ube cula a; Umo c e uleiis and leioina;
and a small ! o biciila, appa en ly e y a e.
O landshells I ound Bulini-ns insiila1·is, B. abbysin-icus, B. punc a os, B. cwnopic us
aud wo o he Bulimi, allied o he las , one sligh ly and he o he e y much, hinne ,
almos cylind ical; Ennea bicolo1·( cylind ical and pe ec ly smoo h a ie y) ; . S eno�y a,
ymcilis; Jieli o allaciosa and T an-quebai·ica, Mac o�hlaniys 1ielli1ws, Su_ccmca i ea
and c assius nla. Wi h he excep ion o Biil, insulcwis none o he shells is oommon.
1872.] F. S oliczka-Mammals ancl lJi cls inkahi ing .Kaclzk, 218
: lea e i o wan o wa e . Whe e e in e cala ions-o clayey beds be ween
sandy laye s make a sligh accumula ion o esh wa e possible, Kunda
eele s (P osopis) g ow a he abundan ly and o m li le o es s some imes
o one o wo miles in leng h, bu gene ally e y na ow in b ead h. How.
e e , li le li e anima es hese isola ed ac s.
Among he Kunda S! l ia cu 1·uca, .Pk!Jlloscopus is is Lanius lak o a
and i a us, Saxicola dese o um (= a ogula is), Pw :W Oamba!Jensis,
lTpupa Oe! lonensis, A lwne b ama and pe haps a ew o he smalle hawks
and he ubiqui ous Sciui·us palma um a e almos all he bi ds and mammal�
o be obse ed, in addi ion o he usual camp ollowe s, ki es, c ows, pigeons,
&c.. . The he ds o ca le and sheep a e in a iably accompanied by JJic u us
albznc us, and m,l es, hy en e, and gene ally also a leopa d a e no a o .
On he woodless po ions o he Buni, almos he only bi ds o be seen a e
Spizalau la le a, Alau la 1·ibo1·k!Jncka, .P e oeles exus us, Ou so ius Jamesoni
( =? gallicus), Oke i1,Sia g ega ia, and one o wo o he s o he cu so ial ibe.
The li le islands in he Ran, called Bey s, a e nea ly qui e unin
habi ed, and on he sligh ly la ge ones a ha ie and a s onecha ( Oi cus
Swainsoni and Saxicola pica a), o pe haps locally a s ay do e, he pu
sue and he pu sued a e all ha an o dina y obse e would no ice o animal
li e. The mo e ele a ed g ound can be physically di ided in o h ee, ( o
pel11aps ou ) nea ly pa allel anges, ex ending almos due eas and wes .
Each o hese anges has an ab up decli i y on he no he n and a
e y g adual slope on he sou he n side. Thus he g ea es ele a ion in.
each ange lies nea he no he n edge, whe e p ecipi ous cli s and mo
de a ely hilly ac s occu ; bu as he g ea es heigh o any o he hills in
Kac�h d�es no exceed 1500 ee , and as he en i e b ead h o he hilly
po ions 1s a ely mo e han h ee o ou miles, hey a e no capable o
p oducing any essen ial e ec upon, o change in, he gene al clima al
condi ions. The hills a e as a ule only hinly co e ed wi h b ushwood
mos ly consis ing o lea ess and ho ny bushes, and o ene hey a e almos
en i ely ba e.
The s o he anges occupies Pacham, Ka i , Bela and a ew adjoin
ing small islands in he Ran ; hei no he n decli i ies a e o wan o wa e
en i ely uninhabi ed, bu each has a long and g adual, hough e y hinly po
pula ed, Slope o he sou h. On he eas e n and wes e n sides, he idge a
he ab up ly disappea s unde he Ran, o he sou h he slope g adually passes
in o he Buni, and Bela is sca cely sepa a ed om Wagu , which is he
mos eas e n dis ic , mode a ely bu e y in-egula ly hilly, composed o sho
anges and a ew isola ed basal hills ; and owa ds he wes connec ed by low,
mos ly cul i a ed, g ound wi h Kachh p ope . The second ( he Jo a-Hula
man) ange s e ches · along he no he n edge'. and he hi d, he Cha a
F. S oliczka-11: ammals and Bi ds inhabi ing Kacl k.
and Ka ol ange, nea ly h ough he cen e o he mainland o Kachh.
These wo anges mo e g adually dec ease.in heigh owa ds hei ends and
join each o he nea he wes e n ex emi ies, bu di e ge on 1ie eas e n sid?,
he o me passing in i s p olonga ion h ough ·w agu . The ou h ange is
_
he lowes , lying sou h only a sho dis ance om l�e C�ia a�-Ka ol :'ange, ·
and is some imes no e y dis inc ly sepa a ed om i ; i cn ll'cly consis s o
basal ic ap and is locally a he hickly co e ed wi h bushes an� �unda ..
As he con iO'u a ion o he g ouncl e y much c1cpemls upon i s li hologi
cal s uc u e, I i:ay no ice ha sandy o shalcy limes ones only occu �n he
axes o he i s and second anges, bu a mo e p e alen a e sands on?s
and shales. Solid basal and qua zi ic ocl s occu in isola ed hills, o m
dykes, ancl hei·e a e also a ew sho e ancllonge i�ges consis�ing o a�iec
ap- ocks which easily b eak up in agmen s and, i any mois u e e:x::.s�s,
eadily decompose. Decomposi ion goes on, howe e , a a much mc- e apid
pace in he so e ocks, namely, he sandy limes ones, sands ones and shales.
I is indeed o en no easy o mee o days wi h a ock, . ha would no
c umble almos uncle he nge s, unless i be acciden ally ha dened, by a
neighbou ing basal dyke,-o some o he causes p oducing disloca ions o
s a a, &c.
On accoun o his apidi y wi h which he disin eg a ion o �he ocks has
been going on om ime immemo ial, all he dep ession_s be ween ?e hi?s,
he a ines and i e cou ses, had been deeply illed up wi h sand, which wi h
equal acili y also sp ead in o lie longi udinal alleys sepa a ing he p inci
pal an(l'cs. Thus ins eac1 o e ile alleys, we mee wi h ex ensi e sandy
plains, � hich a e capable o suppo ing only a e y_ scan y cge a i?n, and
he mono ony o which is me ely in e up ed by an iso:a ed basal hill, � a
ap o qua z dJke o a ew miles in leng h. The e exis s so�e. geological
e idence which indica es, ha a leas along he no he n pi:ecipi ous slopes
o l1e anges locally a e y la ge accumula ion o wa e� had aken p�ace in
compa a i ely ecen geological ime, and hen. mois u e, ege a 10n and
animal li e migh no doub ha e in equal p opo ion been g ea e and mo e .
p ospe ous. I was p obably ·also a ha somewh� emo e i�e, w�en he
g ea and deep a ines had locally been cu , he exi�e�ce o whi�h, wi!h he
p esen compa a i ely insigni ican wa e supply, i is almos impossible o
explain. ]3u now he ine wa e shee s ha�e gi en w�y o dese g ound,
011 which he sand is shi ed abou a he will o he agi a ed a mosphe e.
The p e ailing, and usually hea y, winds wi hin he g ea e pa o he
yea , appea q come om Sou h--Wes o Wes , al hough_ du ing he �old
season No h-eas winds a e by no means uncommon. Bu ms ead o b mg
ing any mois u e om he sea side, hey seem o ake away he li le which
exis s.
The g ounc1 is so d ead ully hea ed unde l n powe ul gla e o a
n ely co e ed sky, ha i seems en i ely o p e en e en he app oach o
1872.]
F. S 01iczka-.Mammals ood Bi ds inhabi ing Kackk.
215
mois u e, unless he a mosphe e be nea he poin o sa u a ion • and his
seems indeed o be o e y a e occu ence.
'
¥ , Wynne, in whose Memoi on he Geology o Kachh* he physical
geog a1,hy o he p o ince is b ie ly e e ed o, s a es ha he a e age ain
all o l1e las wen y-one yea s up o 1809 was only 14·3 inches ; wi hin
he h ee pas yea s he annual all sca cely exceeded en inches. Some ac s
o he coun y had ac ually ba ely _a d op o ain du ing he whole yea , and
hese had o be dese ed du ing he d y season by he inhabi an s, who
gene ally on such occasions be ake hemsel es wi h l1ei ca le o Sind e-
u ning o hei homes du ing he ollowing ainy season.
'
This s a e o a ai s is no in any way mi iga ed by a ma ked change in
he gene al empe a u e o he ai . Ice is appa en ly qui e unknown in
Kachh. On e y cold mo nings in Decembe and Janua y, I occasionally
saw lie he mome e as low as 35,0 bu i ne e sank o eezin"' poin and •
ha c_ompa a � ely low empe a u e was obse ed only along he Ran, �he e
he wind blowmg ac oss he we Ran was cooled down. E en in hose wo
mon hs he_ hennome e� was m ely unde 80° o 90° a e midday in he
shade, and m Feb ua y, i gene ally ose · o abou 100.0 In he sun I
ha e no seen i a single day unde 100 deg ees.
In consequence o his sca ci y o ain, on accoun o he g ea hea ,
�d u he �n accoun o he abundance o supe icial sandy deposi s, la ge
n e s a e en 1 ely unknown, a leas du ing he g ea e pa o he yea .
The � le wa e , which is supplied by a ew sp ings in he hills, is gene ally
los m he sand be o e i eaches he dese plain, o i accumula es in o
small pools �nd hollows in sui able places, whe e clayey beds e a d o s op
he pe cola ion h ough he sand. Bu in slowly passing h ough he sand,
he wa e becomes mo e o less sa u a ed wi h a ious sal s, he consequence
being ha , i any unning wa e a all is "o be me wi h in a s eam, i is in
nine cases ou o en b ackish,-no wholesome o beas s and deadly o men.
Bu e en in he wells, which he people sink o pu poses o aisin"'
wa e , o i iga ion, his is o en b ackish, and i is some imes wi h h:
g ea es di icul y ha pe ec ly esh wa e can a all be ob ained nea a
illage. '.l'he simple ecollec ion o he . oul and di y uid, ha one is oc
casionally obliged 9 accep in o de o quench his hi s , is enough o make
one shudde .
All hese elemen s o physical condi ion, o which I ha e b ie ly e e
ed, end owa ds making he coun y a e a lwspi ibus m·ox, an exp ession
o en epea ed o wan o a mo e sui able one, o , as an ea ly a elle ex
p essed himsel , a coun y i only o a geologis o a el in. The gene al
esul o hose un a ou able physical condi ions is, ha we ha e be o e us a
ew anges o low hills o 80 o 100 miles in leng h, a ying in heigh om
• Mem. Geel. Su ey o India, ol. IX, p. 12 e seq •
21G F. S oliczlm-Mammals and Bi1·ils i'nluibi ing E.ackk. [No. 8,
abou 300 o 1400 ee , ei he ba e, o co e ed wi h scan y g ass o low
ho ny bushes, anc in e sec ed by cl y a ines llecl wi h cleb is and sand.
Excep along hei edges hese hilly ac s a e sca cely a all inhabi ed. ' he
<lep e�sions sepa a ing he lon6 i udinal anges mo e esemble in he a e age
ime o he yea a cese han a hahi able coun y. The g ound is mos ly
e y sandy, ancl al hough na u ally no unp oduc i e, i is s e ile o wan
o mois u e. Eno mous bushes o E1 plwi·bia ne ii olia ake he place o wha
elsewhe e migh be a o es , o a leas a hick jungle. A ew ig- ees nea
he illages is all ha may clese e i1e name o a ee, ancl e en hese a e by no
means plen i ul. Du ing a ole ably good ainy season, he elds gene ally
yield a c op o ei he ba ley o whea , o o he seasonal ui s ; du ing he
cold wea he , howe e , sca cely any hing bu a e y in e io c op o co on can
l)c ea necl ; and l1is only locally. A ai c op is, howe e , gene ally possible,
whe e e he people a e able o ob ain a su icien quan i y o wa e om
he wells o i iga ion. In his hey o en succeed bes in hose locali ies
which lie along, o no a om, a aul ·in he ocks, because his usually
s ops he escape o wa e . "Wha e e mischie he nume ous ap-dykes and
basal ic e up ions migh ha e p oducecl a no e y dis an geological pe iod,
i is e y o una e o he coun y, ha hey a e so nume ous ; o I would
sca cely hesi a e o say ha wi hou hem by a he g ea e pa o Kachh
woulcl long ago ha e become a pe ec dese . Each illage h_as, i is ue,
i s small ank, bu unless he e en ion o wa e is acili a ecl by some na
u al cause, i is su e o ha e· d ied ou abou he middle o he colcl season.
1Vhc e e a ank wi h good cleep wa e exis s by he end o Feb ua y, i is
almos ce ain o ha e been washecl ou in a hollow o clayey beds, o i
es s owa ds a aul o he ocks, o a qua zi e o ap-dyke. . In some
cases men migh ha e aken ad an age o he na u al si ua ion; ancl assis ed
he ese oi by an embankmen , bu as a ule, he Kachh people seem o be
a he indi e en o his necessi y o human and animal com o , and in his
special ease, one migh jus ly say, he necessi y o li e.
Ou o he g ea numbe o anks, which a e, s ic ly speaking, he only
wa e ese oi s, e o si a e age a mile, o a li le mo e, in leng h,. and
mio•h dese e he name o small lakes. In o he pa s o India hey would
0
p obably be li le hough o , bu in a d y coun y, such as Kachh is, hey
a e o no small impo ance. In he monsoon ime hey a e o cou se o
g ea e ex en , bu eYen a he g ea es heigh o he wa e supply, he low
si ua ion o hese ese oi s, some imes in deep hollows, p eclucles he use o
he wa e o pu poses o i iga ion ; hey a e, howe e , du ing he cold
season he only places o which a la ge numbe o wa e owl o all kinds
eso .
I a ipg hus become aequnin ecl wi h an ou line o he physical ea u es
o Kachh, we may be e be able o unde s and l1e associa ion o he mam-
F. S oliezka-Mammals and Bi ds inhabi ing Kacli!,,. 217
mals and bi ds which I shall enume a e in he ollowing pages. O cou s�
judging om bo h he uni o mi y, as well as he sca ci y, o a ou able na u al
oondi ions, one could a pi·ioi·i only expec a e y poo auna and lo a. The
ege :i, ion o he coun y in gene al, se ing aside ha o he cul i a ed
ac s, may indeed be ega ded as a pic u e o s e ili y. Ve y ew lowe ing
plan s a e o be seen in he cl y season. Among he he baceous plan s*
hose g owing ·on sandy o saline ,g ound na u ally .p e ail o e o he s, and
hei lea es a e o en lea he y and hick, o some imes ecluced o spines and
ho ns. Among saline plan s he mos common a e 8 a ice 8 oclcsii, 8olanu11i
iloba um, and a Pluchea. O o he mo e common species o he baceous
plan s I may no ice : P iehodesina indieiem, Helio opiw111, supinum and
s igoswm, 8olanum nig mn, O o ala ia Bu kia, 01'/ gia decumbens, Pkalan
gium g amini oliwm, Val lia iscosa, Sal ia <B !! p iaca, Oon ol ulusplu icaulis,
O essa O e ica, Pol!Jgala Vakliana, Glinus mollugo, Pol!Jgonum plebejum,
Euplioi·bia kymi olia and E. il aeuneuloides, E ol ulus alsinoides, .A. is ida
depi·essa, .iE a Ja anica, Ve nonia eine ea, P ian kemum c ys allinum and
T.decand wn, ancl o he s. M . Ku z . de e mined abou one huncl ed
species ou o a small collec ion I made ; a ew appea o be new. The low
j;ungles ba ely clese e his name, o hey a e almos en i ely composed o
ho ny bushes (Oappa is apliylla) wi h li le o sca cely any oliage. Among
o he s I may men ion Painm-ia: o ien alis, Oelas us senegalensis, wo species
o G ewia, ancl O a ie a Roxbu ghii, he las g owing in o a ee, also Kunda
(P1·osopis spicigm·a,) is locally nume ous, bu sca cely mo e gene ally
dis ibu ecl han he Cac us like Eupl o bia ne ii olia, which o en o miles
supp esses all o he semia bo eal ege a ion. The only ine ees o be occa
sionally seen a e Ficus 1·eligiosa and 1 . Bengalensis, in he neighbou
hood o illages o nea wells, whe e hey a e plan ed as a shel e agains i
he hea o he day.
Ex ensi e o es s a e, as al eady obse ed, unknown, and, na u ally,
we woulcl look in ain o any o he la ge Ca ni o a, (excep as
me e s aggle s), and he exis ence o la ge Pachyde ms o Ruminan s is
inade en i ely impossible. Equally so we almos en i ely miss he ue
o es denizens o he ea he ecl ibe, such as he Bucm·o idm, Picidm, Oe
hiidm, 8i� idm,Pliasianid<B; a ew o he Eas e n ype o bi ds like he Eu1Y
laimidm o 'l! e onid((} a e also en i ely absen , hei geog aphical dis ibu
ion being a he limi ed. Bu o he amilies, which migh be expec ed o
* I am indeb ed o ll . S. Kn z o he names o he plan s.
Too much impo 0noe is, I hink, occasionally a ibu ed o he §O-called laws
o geog aphical dis ibu ion, independen ly o o he agencies, as i hese IawB we e
inna e o he animal. When speaking o he geog aphical dis ibu ion o a species,
one is ap o o ge , ha hese geog aphical limi s a e mainl,y dependen upon he
physical condi ions, equi ed o , and sui able o, he exis ence o a ce ain species.
218
}'. S oliczka-Mamnials and Bi ds inhabi ing Kachli.
[No. 8,
o�u , likewise shew e y ew ep esen an s, such as he lliuseieapidce, Am�
pellidm, JJ' ingillidm, Co1• iclm, &c.
Among he b ushwoocls he common bi ds a e Pgenono us eh yso hoides
O oeampsa leueo is, Lanius i a us, Io a Zeglaniea, Sgl ia eu l'uea, Munia
]Ialabai·iea, &c., less nume ous a e Pl1yllopneus e ama, Pe ic oeo i s pe e
.' l'inus, O hoclomz s longicauclus, D gmoipus Je doni, Phglloseopus is is,
:l'eph1'0Clo nis, Pondice iana ancl a. ew o he s, while Panes nuel1alis o Leu
coee ea au eola a e g ea · a i ies. Hun ing be ween he bushes on he
g om1el, we mee wi h Tl amnobia Cambayensis, Ci inella Hu oni and Oka
od1ea cauda a, always in company wi h F anklinia Buehanani, and on s ill
mo e open g ound Saxieola piea a and dese i ( = a ogula is). The abo e
a e �c ually he only e y common bi ds, and i e o each may a any· ime
be Geen o e e y one o any o he kind ..
In he sandy plains we mee wi h a g ea numbe o Gn.ALL.iE, pa icu
la ly O i idceandOha ad iilce. Among hese Ou so ius Jamesoni (?=
gallieus),
Che usia g egai·ia, Lobi anellus indicus, Sa eiophon s bilobus, G us
cine ea,
IIouba a JJiacquenii, a e cha ac e is ic o he coun y ; se e al o hese de
pa
clm-ing he summe , bu a e eplaced du ing he ains by he ilo ikan, Sypkeo
ides au i us, which is said o a i ce in la ge numbe s in he aii�y season.
The s a lings, g ey pa idges, pigeons, and do es keep, na u ally enough,
nea he illages. In he ields ew o he la ge bi ds excep Ge on ieus
papillosus ancl Buplms eo ommull s, and occasionally Gi·us an igone, a e o
be seen ; o smalle bii·ds . lg od oma eampes is and se e al species o la ks
a e common. Bo h G alla o es ancl N a a o es a e abundan on he small
lakes ancl anks.
Indeed sca cely a pool o wa e , i only hi y o o y
ee in leng h, will be me wi h wi hou some species o . le i is o To anus,
•
bu pa icula ly common a e Hiinan opus in e medius, Spa ula elypea a
and Que quedula c eeea. On he somewha la ge anks one is ce ain o
mee besides hese wi h he gad wall ( Cliaulelasmus s epenes), he pin ail
(Da ila acu a), he li le g ebe (Podieeps mino ), ancl also Liinosa cego
cepl ala ancl one o he o he o he whi e He odias. Na u ally in an open
coun y, whe e spo is compa a i ely easy, bi ds o p ey would no be wan
ii1g, and amongs hese Fclco ugge , Hypo io cl is cl ique a, Ag_i ila ul es-
A change in he physical condi ions o a coun y Will be apidly ollowed by a co o
sponding change in he auna, ei he dec easing o inc easing, and hus he geog a
phical limi s o a species become mainly dependen %pon physical con,li ions. To gi e
an example, I mean, ha i o ins ance one o b.e low hill' anges o Kachh,
a e aging a heigh o a ew hund ed ee , was eplaced by one o simila mine alogical
cha ac e and o an a e age heigh o 5000 ee , we would e y soon ind i wooded,
and hen inhabi ed by an abundance o Malaba o ms, al hough hese would be absen
in he in e ening dese coun y, An ac ual example o hia may be seen on Moun
Aboo, as known om D . King's lia o bi ds.
1872.]
F. S oliczka,-.Mammals an l Bi ils inhabi ing Kacl,,1,,,
219
c(Jns and Bu eo m·ox a el;o be seen almos e e ywhe e • many o he s a e
mo e local. '
. Pe haps a be e gene al idea o he cha ac e o he e eb a e auna
� ngh · be o med, when we inqui e wha he coun y is capable o suppo -
111� all he yea �ound, �nd � he same ime exclude hose animals, he
exiS e�ce 0: w�ich mamly, o en i ely, depends upon he p esence o man
and lns habi a 10ns.
�mong h� mammals we ind he Roden s mos p e alen ,-Ge billi s
e y li1 ou us, Seiu us palina uin, Lepus i icaudus,- h� i s being by a he
mos common, and nex come he Indian an elope and gazelle·. hus all
ege able eede s.
'
I we exclude om he 160 species o bi ds, whi�h I ob ained, he so-
called camp- ollowe s, we ind ha abou hal he emaind
·
h . i 1 . . . e a e mig a o y,
e1e_ o e me e y wm e 1S1 o s. And al hough some o he mig a o y bi ds
may m a a ou able ho season emain in he coun y o he s wh' h
11 • , 1c a e gen-
e a y conside ed as pe manen se le s o en pa ially mig a e o
·
bi 1 li i • I mo e su1 •
a _e _oca es m �dia. :Among hese I may men ion o ins ance Ce yle,
P1a z�eola, Oo aeias, P zonop ogne, Oap imulgus, Oi inella; The e o e, in
an o dma y summe season I ce ainly do no expec ha mo e han ab
one hund ed species o bi ds a e o be me wi h in Kachh, eally a e y s;:u
numbe , ':'hen compa ed wi h wha one is used o obse e on a simila !
la ge a ea m many o he pa s o India. y
O Rep ilia and Amphibia I ha e obse ed hl
· . d
al h h hi b .
y species ' an ,
oug s num e 1s decidedly la ge du ing he ains, no mo e han
hal a dozen o hem a e eally o common occu ence. (Comp p A S
B., May, 1sn, p. 7; ). · oe. · •
The esh-wa e shes, which I collec ed belong· acco ding· D
D
. h ,
'
' o . ay
o e1g een species ; he e is only one Silu oid among hem mos o h'
o he s belong o he 09p inidm, and one is a OlJp inodon he ' i s
• e
o h k • I d' : , species
e genus nown m n 1an esh-wa e s. Howe e small he numbe ma
a?pea o b1e, I almos doub i i could be much inc eased; o whe!
n e s ��e a mos unknow�, and whe e hal o he anks a e liab]e o disap
pe� o Se e al mon hs du mg each yea , and whe e besides such a numbe o
skil ul spe s* a e eage ly employed du ing a ime when he wa e is lowes
�sh ha e no much chance o p ospe . 1
*Abou o y species o G alla o es and Na a o es,
29
226 F. S oliczka-.Mammals ana B ils inhabi ing Kackk. (No. 3,
E?-inaceus (Hemiechi 11us} albulus, n. sp.
Snou o y long and poin ed, oa s modo a o, o a e a ip; spines i egula ly
placed, much as in pic os, bu compa a i ely longe and hicko ; each o hem is
dusky a he base, hen up o hal i s leng h pu ely whi e, ollowed by a blackish
b own ing, i s b ead h being only abou one h o he o al leng h, ip la gely whi e
and a he ab up ly poin ed, he esul being a p e alence o whi e colou on he uppe
su ace o he body. The e is no pe cep ible nude space be ween he ea s, and he spines
begin immedia ely on he hind neck, and he la ges on he back a e ully one inch
long. Each spine is su ounded by 24 o 26 ine longi udinal u ows, sepa a ed by
minu ely ube cnla ed idges, sca cely wide han he u ows. The ail is almos as
sho as in pic s.
Read en i ely n escen abo e and a he sides, excep uppe mandible owa ds
he angle o he mon h, his being w,i e; base o ea s also whi e, as well as he en i e
unde side, which is hickly se wi h long hai s, passing in o a sligh u escen shade
on he sides o he belly. Ea s, lowe po ions o on and hind ee and ail dusky
b ownish, being hickly in e mixed wi h sho , whi e hai s; mous ache b own, whi ish
owa ds he ip. Claws s ong, i e on each oo , e y pale b ownish.
The only specimen measu es e y nea ly se en inches ; he eo, sligh ly exceeds
one inch; dis ance om ip o snou o he angle o he mou h no qui e one, o he ea
sligh ly mo e han one and a hal inch. D . Hende son gi es he locali y, 'Langn
nea Sanju; Ya kand,' and he na i e name ' Keepa.'
The only known o m o which he p esen species is closely allied is E. !ybicus,
Eh enb., which has simila ly g oo ed and simila ly colou ed spines, bu hey a e de-
cidcdly sho e , and he colo a ion o he o he pa s o he body is di e en .
F om all he abo e no ed species which, as I s a ed, a e e e able o he sec ion
Hemiechinus, E. albi en is, Wagn., di e s by ha ing only ou oe·s on he hind ee ,
and he spines sulca ed and smoo hly idged. The ype specimen, which is 6·5
inches long, is belie ed o ha e come om he Eas Indies, bu i s p ecise locali y is
unknown; i js in he Be lin J .Iusenm., The dis inc i e cha ac e s no iced also occu
in he 1Egyp ien E. P une i, and Fi zinge sepa a es bo h as ' Pe oiichin1is.'
The ue E inacei ha e i e oes on each oo ancl smoo hly s ia ed spines. O
he i"."e species known only E. ei opa '8, namely he Sibe ian a ie y, may be ound
in he Himalayas.
Ca ni o a.
U sus labia us occasionally occu s in he Wagu dis ic , and I was old
o a specimen ha ing been sho on Bela, bu i is e iden ly only a e y a e
s aggle .
I ha e no on a single occasion seen ei he a ma en (.Ma es) o a weasel
(Jl us ella), hough I was old ha a leas one species o each does occu .
O he Felidm, bo h he lion ( F. leo) and he ige ( 1J'. ig is) ex emely .
a ely occu as. s aggle s om Ka hi a , hey had been o me ly sho in
Kachh e i o y, and a cen u y ago hey migh ha e been mo e common.
The la ge a ie y o he pa d (F.pa dus), usually called pan he , is up
o he p esen ime no uncommon in some dis ic s. I keeps o he hinly
wooded and ocky pa s o he coun y, and i s a ou i e spo cons i u es
a monopoly wi h he p esen Rao o Kachh.
:1.872.] F. S oliczka-.Mammals ana Ili ls in'/ealJi' ln9 Kacli,l,,. 227
The common jungle ca ( F. chaus) is he only ep esen an o he small
e Felid(lJ, and hough no abundan i is me wi h occasionally h oughou
he coun y.
' The ed lynx (J . ca acal) is, howe e , ce ainly a e, as i likewise is in
· o p.e pa s o India. I ha e only s!)en one animal sho some yea s ago by
he Rao o Kacl1h, bu I hea d o i in di e en pa s o he coun y. Like
he pa d, i seems o be e y ond o digging a e U omas ix Hw dwickii,
which in common wi h some o he inhabi an s i appea s o ind a e y
as y meal.
l . juba a, he hun ing leopa d, was seen by me only on one occasion
in he Wagu dis ic (no h o Chi o e), bu I could no ob ain any in
o ma ion as. o i s u he occu ence. I seems o be sca cely known in he
wes e n and sou he n pa1· s o Kachh.
The s iped hy ena (H. s ia a) also occasionally occu s in he eas e n
pa s o Kachh, and abou he Rann islands. I ha e, howe e , nowhe e
hea d o a single Vi e a o a Pa adoa:u us, which no doub p e e o es o
open coun y.
132. He pes es gi·iseus, called by Je don he' :Mad as ::Mangoos,' is
he only species o his genus, and gene ally dis ibu ed, hough no e y
common. Body o a male 18", ail 15" ; a emale which I sho was somewha
la ge . The.gene al colou o he u abo e is (in win e ) b own, g izzled
wi h whi e ; he longe hai s a e adp esscd and e y long, pa icula ly a he
sides, each wi h ou o i e da k b own ings, sepa a ed by pale whi e, he
wo colou s passing in o each o he by a u ous b own in , which, du ing
he summe , in some indi iduals a leas , appea s o p e ail g e he da k
b own, and when in olde skins he b own ades, he ings may be desc ibed
as u ous, bu hey ce ainly e no so in esh skins. The whi e ings
gene ally ha e ba ely a inge o .yellow, in some spec mens hey may be said
o be pale awn colou . The elonga ed hai s a he lowe side a e b oadly
ipped wi h ul ous awn, and hose a he end o he ail a e mos ly o ha
colou , which in so a may be said o be concolo ous wi h he body. The
sides o he snou , pa icula ly in on and abou he eyes, a e dis inc ly
. u ous, mo e so in he male han in he emale, and he en i e head is also
inged wi h mo e u ous, han any o he pa o he body. Ea s ligh b own,
hickly se wi h sho hai , mo e mixed wi h whi e in on han behind.
Gene al colou below awn, he ings on he hai being pale b own and on
many nea ly obsole e. Fee in on u ous b own, speckled wi h whi e ;
claws b own, pale owa ds he ips ; soles da k leshy b own ; muzzle
eddish b own.
The Indian Wol ( Oaiiis palUpes) is ole ably common in he W �"'U
dis ic and on he Rann, bu less so in Wes e n Kachh, while he jackal
(0. aw eus) abounds e e ywhe e. Pa iah dogs a e, as may be imagined-0om-
30
228 F. S oliczka-Mamnzals and Bi ds inl1abi i1ig KacM. [No. 8,
mon enough, and some e y much esemble in s uc u e and colou he
wild dog ( Cuon 1·u ilans), bu I ha e no hea d o he occu ence o his
la e in a wild s a e.
Bo h he Indian and he dese ox, Vulpes bengalensis and leucopus, he
la e gene ally called he sil e - ailed ox, occu ; he o me I ha e sho only
in he no h-eas e n dis ic s, bu he la e appea s o be mo e gene ally
dis ibu ed, hough no e y common.
Roden ia.
The homely Sciu us pabnm·um is he only species o squi els o be me
wi h bo h abou habi a ions and in he Kundu jungles.
1
The g ound is claimed by he dese J e boa� a , which Je don iden i ied
wi h (No. 171) Ge billus* 01y h1·ou us, •G ay. I do no �hi� ha
he e is any o he animal equally common h oughou E:achh, as 1s his a ;
i does o cou se no equen s ony and hilly g ound, bu is mos abundan
in he sandy dis ic s be ween bushes, as well as be ween ields and on g assy
plains ; i s ba ows some imes ex en o e hund eds o squa e ee � h�u
in e up ion. The size and colou o Kachh specimens pe ec ly alhe� wi h
Je clon's desc ip ion. Nea habi a ions i usually comes ou only m he
mo ning ·and e ening o eed, bu a away om hem i is o be seen ou o
i s hole a all hou s o he day. As a ule, i eeds, I belie e, on oo s o
a ious he baceous plan s, and mp e a ely on seeds.
I ha dly need o men ion he occu ence o he b own a (Mus decu
manus) and o he common Indian mouse (M. u banus).
H
lJs ix Zeucu a is he common po cupine o he coun y ; i is usually
ound on highe undula ing dese g ound, hinly co e ed wi h jungle, o
on mo e ele a ed pla eaus whe e b ushwood occu s.
Lepus uji,cauda us is e y abundan h oughou Kachh. The e is, (a
leas in younge specimens) a conspicuous whi e band om he nos il
h ough he eye; he ea s a e lined in e nally wi h dull_whi e: �nd ex e nally
owa ds he ips wi h blackish b own o black ; he ail has m he young
only a sligh u ous inge abo e.
Ungula a.
· Eqims onage , he wild ass, is en i ely con ined o he mos uninhabi a- ·
ble and dese pa s o he coun y nea he Rann, o he Rann i sel wi h i s
small islands. I ha e seen i on wo o h ee occasions in c ossing he Rann;
bu an app oach o i e en wi hin hal a mile was ou o ques ion.
Sus indicus is gene ally dis ibu ed, and ine spo may be had in sui �
able, empo a ily swampy, locali ies, mos ly nea he Rann. Occasionally,
*l Ios na u alis s aooep o he A ica-Asia ic species he name Me io1ies.
Comp. Je don, Mamm. Appendix, p. III.
1872.] F. S oliczka-Mammals an i Bi ds inkabi in l Ka�hk. 229
I also me wi h soli a y specimens, o small amilies o young, wi hin he
hi.Us, as a J o a.
The common Indian an elope, .A.n ilope bezoa ica, is only ound in
he eas e n pa s o Kachh, owa ds Rajpu a.na, while he Indian gazelle,
·Gazella Benne i, occu s abundan ly h oughou he coun y. Je don
(Ind. Mamm. p. 281) says ha ' Gazella Ch is ii, G ay, om Sind and
Kachh, is said o be pale , and wi h he ho ns mo e slende , and smalle han
in he Indian gazelle, and wi h he ips ab up ly ben inwa ds.' I ha e seen
a g ea numbe o animals sho in di Fe en pa s o Kachh, and p ese ed
also a ew skins, bu hey do no exhibi he leas di e ence om he
' Chinka a' o Cen al and N o hem India.
AVES.
In he subjoined lis I ha e included only hose species o which I
p ocu ed specimens, and o he iden i y o which I had been able o sa is y
mysel . In addi ion o hes� I obse ed a small numbe o , o he s, and
al hough he iden i y o some o hem appea ed o me a ha ime ole
ably ce ain, I shall no e hem sepa a ely ; o wi h he numbei; o e y
closely allied o ms one canno be cau ious enough in a oiding mis akes in
de e mina ion. Among he species which I ha e no p ocu ed a e : .A.s ui·
palwmba ius which I saw on se e al occasions kep by alcone s, bu I could
no ob ain in o ma ion ha he specimens we e p ocu ed in Kacl1h. A
he beginning o No embe , I no iced on he Jo a hills a soli a y speci
men o a Oen opus, i was ei he u ipennis o i iais. Bo h, .A.la eaa
gulgula and c is a a, do, I belie e, occu , and I was unde he imp es
sion ha my shika1i secu ed specimens, bu on examina ion none we e e
p esen ed, Oa poaacus e l le inus was seen on wo occasions in Janua y.
I am also ole ably· ce ain o he occu ence o T in9a minu a, Nume
nius a qua a, He oaias alba, .A.nas boschas, Me gus cas o , Casa ca u il
la, Poaiceps c is a us, .A.nse inaicus and cine eus ; all hese, besides a
g ea numbe o o he wa e - owl, we e seen on he la ge lake a Bhimsi
nea he _Denodu hill, and also S. W. o Ba asi in he Cha a ange. A
he o me locali y I also obse ed one o wo species o Gallinula, and a
small Po zana. On wo occasions I saw i� he wes e n pa o Kachh
wha a he ime I ook o soli a y specimens o Ciconia alba, and on one
occasion a soli a y Cic. n� a. When c ossing he Rann om Kachh o
Pacham ea ly in No embe , I no iced se e al swan's, bu a oo a g ea
dis ance o i o be possible o o m an idea as o he species he bi ds
belonged o ; a la ge Cu so1·ial bi d was also a he common, bu I could no
ge a sho a him.' I had he appea ance o a gigan ic Ohe usia, being
abou double he size o Ok. g1·ega1'ia1 and somewha simila in colo a ion.
25G F. S oliczka-Mammals and Bi ds inl abi ing Kaalik. [No. 8,
971. Fuux* CRISTATA.. No common.
975. PomcEPS MiN0R? = P ILIPPENs s, Bonn. = mino , a . /3., Gm.
Ve y common.
Wing 4 o 4·25; a sus 1·8 o 1·4, mid oe wi h claw 2, bill a on
0·7 o 0·8, om gape 1·1 o 1·2 inch.
980. L. nus (CJino cocEPIIALus) llRUNICEPHA.LUs.
No common, excep along he coas and locally in he Rann. Th_e
espec i e measu emen s o wo specimens a e: wing 12·3 and 13·4,_ ail
4·4 and 4·8 • a sus 2 and 2·22; mid oe wi h claw l·G5 and 1·8; bill a
on 1·3 and 1·5; om gape 2·2 and 2·6 inch. The i is is cho_cola e b own,
bill yellowish, black owa ds ip; ee yellowish b own. The qmlls a e black;
excep owa ds he base, and beginning wi h he ou !1 all ha e a small
whi e ip, g adually inc easing in ex en on he succeedmg e� he s. B_o h
specimens, al hough somewha small in size, �g ee pe ec ly m c_ol01:� 10n,
which does no appea o di e om he wm e plumage , o lus bud, as
usually eco ded.
983. GELICIIELIDO:S- NILOTICA, Hasselq., = angliaa, Mon .
Local, and no common, excep on o along he Rann. A e age measu e
men s o h ee bi ds, wi h he lo eal egion blackish, he occipu and op o
head ashy whi e, and he g ey p ima ies ex e nally ipped da ke an bo:h webs :
win"' 11·2 o 11·8 • ail 4·5 o 4·8.; a sus 1·3 o 1·35; mid oe wi h claw
1 ·15; bill a on i
•35 o 1 ·5 inch. I is, ee and bill en i ely black.
984. HYDROCIIELIDON INDICA.. .
I saw a conside able numbe o hese bi ds on he anks m he Rann
islands, Pacham and Kha i , bu sca cely any on he an�s. in Kachh p ope .
I is and bill in, esh specimens black ; ee blackish b own.
1005. GRA.CULUS CARDO. No uncommon on he la ge lakes.
1007. GR.A.CULUS (MICROCA.RBO) MELAN0GNA.TIIUS, B and .
G. R. G ay (Handl., III, 129) gi es ja aniaus o Ho _s ield as _a syno
nym o he abo e, bu he allows nige , Vieillo , as a dis mc species om
'S. Asia.'
1008. PLOl'US MELAN0GA.STER .
I me wi h only soli a y specimens o bo h his and he p eceding
species.
* Fulix, Sunde ., 1835 = Fuligula,, Seph., ex pa e; ide G. R. G ay, Hand!.,
III, 86. . .
Goulc1 has besic1es his and iclib1mdus a new spe�ies, _named Tibe o.nus.
: In c1 iec1 specimens he bill has dis inc ly a eclcl nh mge.
, 1872.J F. S oliczka-Mammals and Bi -as inhabi ing Kackk. 257
Pos sc i
p .
While he p eceding pages we e passing h ough he p ess, I ecei ed
om D . W. de Ta ham a · Bh( j a ew addi ional specimens o mammals
and o oises, o which I had no been able o ob ain examples a he ime
o my isi . 'Jlhey a e:-,-
. P m·opus 1nedius, men ioned a p. 228. The specimen sen . ag ees in
all essen ial poin s o s i-uc u e and colo a ion wi h hose om o he pa s
o India ; i has a o al leng h o abou 11 ;5 inches, which is e y nea ly
he leng h o he middle inge ; he ea s a e 1·2 inch long and only
0·7 inch b oad, while in o he specimens oom India he ea s gene ally ha e a
g ea e b ead h. Mos o he Indian specimens also ha e a conside ably
longe middle inge .
E1·inaaeus pia us, see p. 223. ·An adul specimen o his species is
6·5 inches long; in colo a ion i exac ly ag ees wi h he hal g own one
om which my desc ip ion was aken, excep ha he lowe belly is less
b own, he whi e ex ending o nea ly wi hin . he in e emo al space, In he
younge specimen he den i ion is no mal, ag eeing ( acco ding �o Owen's
Compa a i e Ana . and Phys., III, P: 308) wi h ha o E. eu1·op<.eus, he
3·3 l·l 8 3 8·3
o �ula being i. 3.3 + c. O·O + p. 2'2 + m. 3 3 = 86. The wo an e-
io inciso s a e e y a apa and ha e he o m o canines o Oa ni o a, he
hi d on each side is e y much la ge han he second, which again is con
side ably sm;ille in he uppe han in he lowe jaw. Wha is conside ed
as a canine in he uppe jaw, is by o he Os eologis s o en accep ed as . he
i s p emola . The ue s p emola in he uppe jaw is smalle han
he canine, he second p emola is minu e, and in he adul specimen i is
al oge he absen , i has p obably become obsole e; he las p emola is
icuspid in uppe and bicuspid in lowe jaw ; he o mula o he adul
8·3 l·l 2'2 3·3
den i ion would, he e o e, appea o be 88 + o-o + 2"2 + 8.8 = 84,
bu he e is a sho space isible be ween he wo p emola s in he uppe jaw,
while he i s p emola is e y close o he canine.
O o oises D . Ta ham sen me a specimen o he Tes uao, men ioned
in my no ice* on he Rep iles o Kachh ; i p o ed o be T. elegans, Schoe ,
as eco ded by Gun he , o Pel as es ·s ella us, (Schweig.), acco ding o G ay.
(Suppl. o Ca . o Shield Rep ., 1870, p. 8).
The Emg la e e ed o in he same no ice is, D . Ande son in o ms me,
* P oceedings o May, p. 72. By an e o , I s a ed ha he species, which was
desc ibed o me by a na i e, is like T. Gmyi, which speci ic name should be Lei hii
o Gun he .
208 F. DiLy-No ca on ll'isk om I{aclik. [No. 8,
mos p obably i a a o Pe e s. He sen a d awing o a middle-aged
specimen o P o . Pe e s, who says ha he e is Iio dis inc ion aceable
be ween he igu e o he Kachh specimen and he ype o i a a. The
head, abo e, is spo ed wi h da k, ancl he en i e ca apace is ma ked wi h
e y nume ous i egula ly adia ing da k s eaks. The g anula ion .:.o he
ca apace becomes appa en a e he epide mis has d ied up, in esh specimens
no ace o i is o be seen. Young specim�ns a e a he la , bu in old
ones he con exi y o he ca apace is e y oonsiclo ablo, aml he shell is
somewha dep essed along he cen e. The species is common bo h in i e s
and anks, and is o en me wi h c awling om one pool o wa e o ano he ;
I ha e seen specimens up o a leng h o 15 inches. One, ecen ly ecei ed,
has he ca apace 10·5 inches long, and 7·7 b oad ac oss he abdomen; and
he o al heigh is nea ly 3·5 inches. The, odd osseous an e o-cen al pla e
o he s e num is b oadly ounded, somewha na owe in on han behind,
1·3 inch long and 1·5 inch b oad; he wo pos e io pla es o m a su u e,
2·3 inch long, hey a e pe ec ly uni ecl, as in E. Oe!llonensis, which has a
qui e simila oolo a ion, and o which i a a is un� ed by G ay in Shield
Hcp ., 1870, p. 117.
