Ectoparasites of Panama

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OF ILLINOIS.
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Biology

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ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA

ECTOPARASITES
OF PANAMA
RUPERT L. WENZEL
VERNON J. TIPTON
Editors
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
NOVEMBER 22, 1966

Published with the assistance of Grants DA-MD-49-193-63-G73, G9211
United States Army Medical Research and Development Command
As of March 1, 1966, Chicago Natural History Museum reas-
sumed its former name, Field Museum of Natural History.
As this volume was already in press, references to the museum
remain unchanged throughout the text.
Library of Congress Catalogue Card No. 64-25393
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

5-9
IT,
. JL
Contributors
ROBERT M. ALTMAN, Ph. D., Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps, Entomology
Consultant, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington,
D. C.; formerly Chief, Environmental Branch, Office of the Chief Surgeon, United
States Army, Caribbean, Fort Amador, Canal Zone.
ALFREDO BARRERA, Ph. D., Jefe, Laboratorio de Biologia Economica, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biologicas, Institute Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D. F.
JAMES M. BRENNAN, Ph. D., Research Entomologist (Medical), Department of Health,
Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Na-
tional Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory,
Hamilton, Montana, and Middle America Research Unit, Canal Zone.
K. C. EMERSON, Ph. D., Stillwater, Oklahoma; Research Associate, United States Na-
tional Museum, Washington, D. C.
GRAHAM B. FAIRCHILD, Ph. D., Medical Entomologist, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory,
Panama, Panama.
DEANE P. FURMAN, Ph. D., Professor of Parasitology and Chairman of Division, Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley.
LINDOLPHO R. GUIMARAES, Ph. D., Director (Retired), Departamento de Zoologia,
Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
CHARLES O. HANDLEY, JR., Ph. D., Associate Curator, Mammals, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C.
PHILIP HERSHKOVITZ, M. S., Research Curator, Division of Mammals, Chicago Natural
History Museum, Chicago, Illinois.
PHYLLIS T. JOHNSON, Ph. D., Assistant Research Pathobiologist, Division of Biological
Sciences, University of California at Irvine ; formerly with Gorgas Memorial Labora-
tory, Panama, Panama.
CHARLES M. KEENAN, B. G. S., Supervisory Biologist, Environmental Health Branch,
Office of the Chief Surgeon, United States Army Forces Southern Command, Fort
Amador, Canal Zone.
:V>ALICJA KIEWLICZ, B.Sc., Assistant, Division of Insects, Chicago Natural History Museum,
Chicago, Illinois.
GLEN M. KOHLS, M. S., Sanitarian Director, Department of Health, Education and Wel-
fare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Al-
lergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana.

EUSTORGIO MENDEZ, M. S., Medical Entomologist, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama,
Panama.
HAROLD D. NEWSON, Ph. D., Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps, Chief, Entomol-
ogy Research Section, United States Army Medical Research and Development Com-
mand, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.
FRANK J. RADOVSKY, Ph. D., Postgraduate Research Parasitologist, The George Williams
Hooper Foundation, San Francisco, California ; formerly Acting Assistant Professor,
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, University of California, Berkeley.
RUSSELL W. STRANDTMANN, Ph. D., Professor of Biology, Texas Technological College,
Lubbock.
VERNON J. TIPTON, Ph. D., Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps; Chief, Entomology
Branch, Medical Field Service School, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam
Houston, Texas; formerly Chief, Environmental Health Branch, Office of the Chief
Surgeon, United States Army Caribbean, Fort Amador, Canal Zone.
RUPERT L. WENZEL, Ph. D., Curator, Division of Insects, Chicago Natural History Mu-
seum, Chicago, Illinois; Lecturer, Department of Zoology, University of Chicago;
Research Associate, Department of Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois.
CONRAD E. YUNKER, Ph. D., Senior Scientist, Department of Health, Education and Wel-
fare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Al-
lergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and
Middle America Research Unit, Canal Zone.

" "
" "
ERRATA
ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
p. x, line 28 for "authorized" read: "authored"
p. 200, line 28 for "singe" read: "single"
p. 420, line 7 for "posterior" read: "proximal (anterior)"
" " 10 " "anterior" " "distal (posterior)"
1 A. " " " " "
30-31 " "posterior" " "proximal (anterior)"
p. 436, line 12 for "116" read: "96"
" 13 " "43" " "22"
p. 518, line 8 for "Almirante" read: "Changuinola"
p. 528, 9 of text ' "setae in dunni" read: "setae. In dunni"
p. 570, line 7 for "Playo" read: "Playa"
p. 575, line 16
p. 598, lineS for "1" read: "6"
p. 602, line 19 add: "Paratypes deposited in the collections listed on
p. 410."
p. 609, line 5 for "Guanote" read: "Guanota"
39 add: "Paratypes deposited in the collections of Field
Museum of Natural History, the United States
National Museum, Universidad Central de
Venezuela, and the Environmental Health
Branch, USAFSC, at Corozal (Canal Zone)."
p. 620, last line delete: "11 (1 bat) Juan Mina (Canal Zone), 28 July
1960"
p. 622, line 30 add: "Paratypes deposited in the collections listed on
p. 410."
p. 622, last line delete: "
. From Artibeus lituratus"
p. 623, line 1 for "2 August" read: "30 August"
p. 698, lines 13, 14 for "50" and " 300" read : "40" and " 200"
p. 709, lines 24, 25 for "III" and "IV", read: "IV and "III"
p. 716, line 40 for "50" and "300" read: "40" and "200"
p. 734, line 39 " " " " " " "
p. 797, line 21 for "Coleopterg" read: "Coleoptera"

Foreword
The well-known difficulties presented by malaria and yellow fever dur-
ing the construction of the Panama Canal served to focus the interest of
medical entomologists upon this area of the world. The continuing presence
of these and other arthropod-borne diseases has maintained this interest at
a high level in the years following the completion of the canal. Much of the
work in this interim period has been concerned with those aspects of tropical
diseases that are directly associated with the attempts of humans to estab-
lish and maintain a healthy environment in the tropics for themselves and
their domestic animals. As more information is obtained concerning the
natural ecology of arthropod-borne human and animal diseases in tropical
areas, however, the need for a more complete understanding of host-parasite
relationships becomes more apparent and the potential importance of both
vertebrates and invertebrates as vectors or reservoirs of disease is ap-
preciated more fully. The geographical location of the Panamanian Isthmus
has made it a region of interchange between the fauna of North and South
America as well as being a part of the area in which the autochthenous fauna
of Middle America has developed. The climate, geological history, and varied
physiography of Panama have combined to produce varied environments
having a rather rich ectoparasite fauna in which unique and complex host-
parasite relationships have developed. It is with these that the investiga-
tions reported here are concerned.
This volume presents the results of rather extensive studies concerning
ectoparasites of the vertebrate fauna of Panama, and to a lesser degree,
their hosts. While the results of these studies have indicated the variety of
ectoparasites to be found in this rather limited geographical area and some-
thing of the complexities of the host-parasite relationships that occur there,
it is recognized that the information available for some of the groups is
meager and incomplete. There still are remote areas of Panama in which
the ectoparasite fauna remains virtually unstudied and it is quite certain
that future work will result in additions being made to the species now
known to be present. It is the authors' hope that this publication will be use-
ful to those concerned with tropical environments and will stimulate other
investigators to continue to work toward a more complete understanding of
the many problems still remaining in these areas.
HAROLD D. NEWSON
Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps
United States Army Medical
Research and Development Command
Washington, D. C.
vii

Preface
This volume deals with major groups of ectoparasites of vertebrates,
primarily those of mammals, in Panama. The Mallophaga of birds, the
Analgesidae, and the smaller families of mites such as the Myobiidae,
Sarcoptidae, and Listrophoridae are not included. The Spelaeorhynchidae
(bat mites) and Polyctenidae (bat bugs), although not treated in separate
papers, have been identified to genus and included under their hosts in the
comprehensive host parasite list near the end of the volume. Records that
have been published for these in the past have also been included in the list.
The contributors are aware that many described and undescribed species
in the groups treated are yet to be collected in Panama and that many
taxonomic problems are yet to be solved. This work should not be considered
as a definitive treatise on the groups discussed, but rather as a starting point
for the study of the complex taxonomic, biological, and epidemiological prob-
lems that are encountered in this important area of the world.
In editing the book, a number of unique problems arose, chiefly because of
the diverse subject material and differing taxonomic formats used by the
various contributors, the use made of a complete volume as contrasted with
that of reprints, and because some of the papers had been prepared before
the decision was made to incorporate them in one volume. Thus, consistency
of treatment was not always possible.
Acknowledgments
The preparation of this volume has required the active participation and
cooperation of so many agencies and individuals that it would be difficult to
list them all here or to acknowledge and assess their individual contributions.
The role played by many of them is acknowledged by Dr. Fairchild and
others in the Introduction and elsewhere.
The field investigations and study of the material collected were effected
through the close collaboration of personnel of various federal agencies in
Panama, notably the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, the Middle America Re-
search Unit (National Institutes of Health), the United States Army, and
the Smithsonian Institution. The Army Transportation Corps provided
much of the transportation for collecting trips, some of them to remote and
virtually inaccessible areas. Some of the collaborating specialists not asso-
ciated with the above agencies also participated in field investigations. Spe-
ix

PREFACE
cial acknowledgment is due Mr. Charles M. Keenan of the Environmental
Health Branch, United States Army Caribbean, and Dr. Charles 0. Handley,
of the Smithsonian Institution, whose knowledge, field experience, and ener-
gies contributed greatly to the success of the field program ; and Mr. Pedro
Galindo of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory whose assistance in expediting
the field surveys was invaluable. The collaboration of Dr. Handley, who has
concurrently been preparing a monograph on the mammals of Panama, was
indispensable to many phases of the project.
The encouragement and support of Colonel Robert Traub, Medical Service
Corps (Retired) formerly Chief, Entomology Research Section, United
States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office of the
Surgeon General, Department of the Army and of his successor, Lieutenant
Colonel Harold D. Newson, Medical Service Corps, played a major role in
the realization of the volume.
Much of the field work of Lt. Col. Vernon J. Tipton, Charles M. Keenan,
and Charles O. Handley was made possible through a research grant to Lt.
Col. Tipton by the United States Army Medical Research and Development
Command. Publication costs were assisted by similar grants to the Chicago
Natural History Museum, with Rupert L. Wenzel as Principal Investigator
and Lt. Col. Tipton as Principal Professional Assistant.
The editorial work, too, required the active cooperation of many indi-
viduals. Grateful acknowledgment is given the following :
Dr. Graham B. Fairchild, who reviewed most of the manuscripts before
submitting them to be prepared for publication ; various of the staff of the
Division of Insects, Chicago Natural History Museum, including Miss Ella
Fojtik, former secretary, who retyped major parts of the manuscripts sub-
mitted for publication ; Mary Ryan Wenzel, who typed the index and all of
the manuscripts authorized jointly by the editors; and Alicja Kiewlicz My-
szkowski, technician, who carefully and painstakingly did a large part of the
indexing ; and especially Christina Johnson Fowler who was responsible for
much of the editing, proofreading, and make-up, and for the typographic de-
sign of the book. She also assisted in other phases of the work, including the
compilation of the comprehensive host-parasite list, a complex and difficult
task.
RUPERT L. WENZEL
VERNON J. TIPTON
Editors

Contents
FOREWARD Vii
by Harold D. Newson
PREFACE ix
by Rupert L. Wenzel and Vernon J. Tipton
INTRODUCTION 1
by Graham B. Fairchild
GAZETTEER OF COLLECTING LOCALITIES IN PANAMA 9
by Graham B. Fairchild and Charles O. Handley, Jr.
MITES OF THE SUBFAMILY LAELAPTINAE IN PANAMA (ACARINA: LAELAPTIDAE) 23
by Vernon J. Tipton, Robert M. Altman, and Charles M. Keenan
THE DERMANYSSID MITES OF PANAMA (ACARINA: DERMANYSSIDAE) 83
by Conrad E. Yunker and Frank J. Radovsky
THE GENUS Hirstionyssus FONSECA IN PANAMA (ACARINA: DERMANYSSIDAE) 105
by Russell W. Strandtmann and Conrad E. Yunker
THE SPINTURNICID MITES OF PANAMA (ACARINA: SPINTURNICIDAE) 125
by Deane P. Furman
THE TICKS OF PANAMA (ACARINA : IXODOIDEA) 167
by Graham B. Fairchild, Glen M. Kohls, and Vernon J. Tipton
THE CHIGGERS OF PANAMA (ACARINA: TROMBICULIDAE) 221
by James M. Brennan and Conrad E. Yunker
MALLOPHAGA OF THE MAMMALS OF PANAMA 267
by K. C. Emerson
CHECKLIST OF THE SUCKING LICE OF PANAMA (ANOPLURA) 273
by Rupert L. Wenzel and Phyllis T. Johnson
NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS Amblyopinus SOLSKY FROM PANAMA AND MEXICO
(COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) 281
by Alfredo Barrera
THE FLEAS ( SIPHONAPTERA) OF PANAMA 289
by Vernon J. Tipton and Eustorgio Mendez
xi

CONTENTS
CHECKLIST OF THE HIPPOBOSCIDAE OF PANAMA (DIPTERA: HIPPOBOSCIDAE) 387
by Graham B. Fairchild
NYCTEBIBIID BATFLIES FROM PANAMA (DIPTERA: NYCTERIBIIDAE) 393
by Lindolpho R. Guimaraes
THE STREBLID BATFLIES OF PANAMA (DIPTERA: STREBLIDAE) 405
by Rupert L. Wenzel, Vernon J. Tipton, and Alicja Kiewlicz
SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MAMMAL HOSTS AND THEIR ECTOPARASITES 677
by Rupert L. Wenzel and Vernon J. Tipton
MICE, LAND BRIDGES AND LATIN AMERICAN FAUNAL INTERCHANGE 725
by Philip Hershkovitz
CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF PANAMA 753
by Charles O. Handley, Jr.
APPENDIX. CLASSIFIED LIST OF HOSTS AND PARASITES 797
INDEX . . . 825
xii

Introduction
GRAHAM B. FAiRCHiLD 1
Study of the ectoparasites of vertebrates has been greatly intensified
since World War II, chiefly because of an increased interest in zoonoses,
diseases of animals communicable to man. Particular emphasis has been
placed on the underdeveloped areas of the world, including large parts of
tropical America, whose ectoparasite fauna is still poorly known. The ex-
perience of medical entomologists has shown that taxonomic and ecological
studies of animal reservoirs and vectors are essential to investigating the
epidemiology of arthropod-borne diseases and must precede any organized
effort to control them. The importance of ectoparasites in the epidemiology
of such diseases is aptly illustrated by the role of fleas in the transmission
of plague, of trombiculid mites in scrub typhus, of ticks in Rocky Mountain
spotted fever.
The attention of medical entomologists was first focused on Panama
by the classical work with yellow fever and malaria during the building
of the Canal. Through the control of these and other diseases, a safe and
sanitary environment was rapidly established in the Canal Zone, and shortly
thereafter in Panama. This enabled trained personnel to reside in the
area for long periods of time and to conduct extended field and laboratory
investigations of other arthropod-borne diseases and of the natural his-
tory and resources of Panama.
The providing of adequate facilities and of an atmosphere congenial to
research at the Board of Health Laboratory at Ancon, under the leader-
ship of research-minded Samuel Taylor Darling, directed the interest of
several persons toward medical entomology. Notable among them was
Lawrence H. Dunn, who produced the first work of any consequence on
the ectoparasites of Panama (1916, et seq.).
The initiation of biological surveys of the Canal Zone under the aus-
pices of the Smithsonian Institution further stimulated interest in the
1 Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama, Panama.
1

2 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
area and led to the publication of Goldman's Mammals of Panama in 1910
and Standley's Flora of the Panama Canal Zone in 1928. In this period,
too, the volumes by Meek and Hildebrand on the fishes of Panama, both
fresh water and marine, were published by the Field Museum (now the
Chicago Natural History Museum) . In 1924, the opening of the field lab-
oratory on Barro Colorado Island provided much-needed facilities for work
in the area. Many of the scientists who worked on the island collected
ectoparasites.
In 1929, the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory was established as a research
institute for tropical medicine. From its beginning, it was a center for
studies in medical entomology; staff members published papers on ecto-
parasites and furnished material for specialists elsewhere. In 1943, Fair-
child listed most of the then-known ectoparasites of Panama (excluding the
Mallophaga and the pupiparous Diptera) , a total of 63 species and subspecies
belonging to 21 genera. He also gave a partial bibliography of relevant
publications.
In 1956, a systematic survey of the ectoparasite fauna of Panama was
initiated by Major (now Lt. Colonel) Robert M. Altman. By 1959 a con-
siderable backlog of information and unworked material relating to Pan-
amanian ectoparasites had accumulated, both in Panama and in various
collections elsewhere. The fortuitous circumstances which brought to-
gether Drs. Conrad E. Yunker and James M. Brennan at the Middle
America Research Unit, Major Vernon J. Tipton with the Army Environ-
mental Health Branch, and Dr. Phyllis T. Johnson, Mr. Eustorgio Mendez,
and Dr. Graham B. Fairchild at the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, all in-
terested in ectoparasites, proved mutually stimulating. These workers con-
tinued the project begun by Major Altman.
Field work by Dr. Alexander Wetmore on the birds of Panama and by
Dr. Charles O. Handley on the mammals, together with field investigations
of arthropod-borne virus diseases that were being carried out by Mr. Pedro
Galindo of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, offered unrivaled opportunities
to make extensive collections in remote areas that would have otherwise
been difficult to reach. Thus, the ectoparasites of Panama have been more
thoroughly collected than those of any other area of comparable size in trop-
ical America.
In the course of this survey, over 360 species of blood-sucking ectopara-
sites, representing more than 120 genera were collected. Of these, 15 genera
and more than 115 species were new. As a consequence it became necessary
to enlist the aid of other specialists to study and report on the material
collected.
Because of the difficulties encountered in identifying the numerous
species in diverse groups and the widely scattered literature on the subject,
Major Vernon J. Tipton and Dr. Rupert L. Wenzel suggested the desir-
ability of bringing together the papers resulting from these studies and,
thus, to incorporate in one volume most of what is known about the ecto-
parasites of a single area. It seemed particularly appropriate that this
should be done for Panama because of its significance in the history of
medical entomology. The enthusiastic cooperation of the participating

FAIRCHILD: INTRODUCTION 3
specialists, the officials of the Chicago Natural History Museum, and the
United States Army (Medical Research and Development Command, Office
of the Surgeon General) made this possible.
The fauna of Panama is of special interest, because the isthmian region
is the only dry-land bridge between North and South America. Knowledge
of the present Panama fauna is of great importance in understanding the
movements and distribution of the animals of both continents. Further-
more, the relatively small land area, with its great diversity of habitats
and climatic zones, contains an unusually rich fauna of manageable size.
It is believed, therefore, that the following papers, although primarily
taxonomic in purpose, will prove of basic usefulness not only to those en-
gaged in studies of zoonoses in this area, but also those with broader
zoological interests.
The Republic of Panama occupies the isthmus between North and
South America. It is a roughly S-shaped area with its long axis running
approximately east and west. It lies between 7 09' and 9 37' North lati-
tude, and 77 09' and 85 01' West longitude, hence wholly within the trop-
ics and about 1200 miles directly south of Miami, Florida. It is bounded
on the west by the Republic of Costa Rica, on the north by the Caribbean
sea, on the east by the Republic of Colombia, and on the south by the
Pacific Ocean. It has a maximum east-west extension of about 475 miles,
and a north-south extension of about 225 miles, but because of its shape
no straight east-west line passes wholly over land and no point within the
country is much more than 30 miles from salt water. The exact area is
not known ; published figures vary from 28,000 to 33,000 square miles.
Physically the country is dominated by a backbone range of moun-
tains, the continental divide, consisting largely of igneous rocks and in-
cluding a number of now extinct volcanos. This range is highest in west-
ern Panama; elevations of over 11,000 feet are reached, the highest point
being El Baru (Volcan Chiriqui), at 11,410 feet. Eastward, the divide
drops to lower elevations ; the low point of 316 feet is reached at the Canal
Zone, whence the range continues at around 2500 feet to near the Col-
ombian border, where elevations of over 5000 feet are reached. For the
most part the continental divide is closer to the Caribbean coast than to
the Pacific, with the result that most of the agriculturally developed land
is on the Pacific side, as are all but one of the major rivers.
Geologically the underlying structure is complex, reflecting a history
of repeated changes, although at the present time the land is comparatively
stable, and no serious earthquakes have occurred in recent times. Sed-
imentary rocks of tertiary age alternate with igneous intrusions and flows
of lava and beds of ash. There is much folding and faulting. The soils
are in general rather acid clays of low fertility, although areas with com-
paratively good soils do exist, especially in Chiriqui Province and the low-
lands of Darien and Bocas del Toro Provinces. There are no large bodies
of fresh water except for the artificial Gatun and Madden Lakes in the
Canal Zone. Except for the lower reaches of the Tuira in Darien Province,
rivers are rapid and shallow and not navigable except by dugout canoe
and similar craft. There are extensive freshwater and tidal coastal swamps

4 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
on both coasts, especially at the mouths of the numerous rivers. On the
Pacific coast, notably within the Gulf of Panama, the tidal range is great,
reaching 18 feet or more, while on the Caribbean coast it is barely two
feet. Much of the coast line is rocky and precipitous or fringed with man-
grove swamp and mud flats, though sand beaches occur in favorable local-
ities on both coasts.
Originally most of the country was covered with forest, except for some
drier areas along the Pacific coast which appear to have been grassland
since prehistoric times. Man's agricultural activities in the past few cen-
turies have changed much of this, especially on the more densely populated
Pacific coastal plain, so that forest in this area is reduced to scrub on steep
hillsides and narrow gallery forest along streams. The predominant and
somewhat primitive agricultural practice consists of cutting and burning
forest in the dry season to plant a crop in the ashes. A new patch of forest
is destroyed each year, so that virgin forest in all accessible areas is rapidly
disappearing. Repeated burnings prevent reforestation. This results in
increasing areas of grassland, unsuitable for further agricultural use and
with very depauperate fauna.
Panama has a hot, tropical climate which is somewhat tempered by the
proximity of the sea. Temperatures at sea level in the Canal Zone area
seldom go below 70F. or above 90F. though extremes of about 60 and
96 are sometimes encountered. Information is scanty for many areas,
but in general extremes are slightly greater on the drier Pacific coast than
on the Caribbean, and lower temperatures prevail at higher elevations.
The diurnal temperature range is not great, seldom more than 10F. Hot
nights are rare. The year is divided into two climatic seasons, wet and dry,
which are much more pronounced on the Pacific side than on the Atlantic.
The wet or rainy season, known locally as invierno, or winter, generally
extends from about the middle of April to the middle of December, al-
though it varies greatly in duration and intensity locally and from year to
year. During the rainy season, rain is to be expected on any day, most often
in the afternoon and generally in the form of heavy local thunderstorms.
Occasionally there are widespread rains of long duration, especially from
October to December. Rainfall may be exceedingly heavy, up to 2.48 inches
in 5 minutes and over 10 inches in a single 24-hour period.
Annual average rainfall varies from year to year and place to place,
but it is generally heaviest along the Caribbean coast on the mountain
slopes and least along the Pacific coast west of the Canal Zone. As much
as 247 inches in a single year have been recorded from Porto Bello on the
Caribbean and as little as 25 inches at Naos Island at the Pacific entrance
of the Canal. Greater rainfall probably occurs in some mountain areas.
Relative humidity is generally high, seldom below 60 percent during the day
and almost always above 90 percent at night. During the dry season, the lo-
cal verano or summer, there may be no rain, at least on the Pacific side, for as
much as four months, and seldom is more than an inch a month recorded for
the months from January through March. The Caribbean slope and moun-
tains usually receive occasional showers, and in the wetter areas there is no
real dry season.

FAIRCHILD: INTRODUCTION 5
Winds are seldom strong, and windspeeds of over 30 m.p.h. are excep-
tional. Panama is outside the hurricane belt. During the rainy season light
and variable winds from the south are common or on occasion there may
be strong winds of short duration, accompanying thunderstorms. During
the dry season, the North East tradewinds may blow fairly steadily from
January through March.
Politically the country is divided into nine provinces and the Intendencia
of San Bias. Of these, Bocas del Toro, Colon, and San Bias lie wholly on
the Caribbean coast; Veraguas fronts on both coasts, and the remaining
provinces are wholly on the Pacific side of the continental divide. The
Canal Zone is a strip about 10 miles wide from coast to coast dividing
Colon and Panama provinces.
Detailed delineation of life zones in Panama has hardly begun. Gold-
man in his Mammals of Panama (1920) discusses the problem and gives
a provisional map. Standley in his Flora of the Panama Canal Zone (1928)
devotes several pages to general descriptions of the plant associations in
the Canal Zone. Holdridge and Budowski in a recent report (1955) discuss
life zones in more detail, giving a map showing four life zones : Tropical, up
to 600 meters altitude on the Atlantic coast, to 700 meters on the Pacific ;
Subtropical, from 600 or 700 to 1500 meters ; Lower Montane, up to 2600
meters and Montane, over 2600 meters. These zones are further divided
into dry, wet, and transition divisions. In general, the Tropical zone com-
prises 76 percent of the republic, the Subtropical about 18 percent, the
Lower Montane and Montane together about 5 percent, the last occurring
only on the highest mountains in Chiriqui Province. The classification is
based largely on considerations of temperature, precipitation and forest asso-
ciations. The mountainous nature of much of the country results in limited
areas of high rainfall with associated rain shadows. This, coupled with
edaphic and underlying geological features of circumscribed extent, cause
abrupt changes in the vegetation cover over relatively short distances and
render general statements subject to numerous exceptions. Thus, relatively
low hills within a few miles of each other may have quite different vegetation
and associated faunas. The same mountain may be clothed in grass and xero-
phytic scrub on its leeward side and dense fog forest on the windward side
with practically no zone of transition.
For present purposes, and until much more detailed information is
available, the country may be divided into three zones : below 1000 feet ; from
1000 to 5000 feet ; and over 5000 feet. These correspond very roughly to the
Tropical, Subtropical and combined Submontane and Montane zones of
Holdridge and Budowski. The collections reported in this group of papers
have come very largely from elevations below 5000 feet, with some rep-
resentation from areas in Chiriqui Province from above 10,000 ft. The ac-
companying map indicates these three zones.
A few collecting localities that are representative of these zones are
described below.
Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) is a small village located on the slopes of Volcan
Baru at an elevation of about 6000 feet. Extensive collections of mammals
and ectoparasites were made in this vicinity (Bambito, Finca Lara, Casa

6 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Tilley, Finca Martinz) at elevations of from 4800 feet to over 8000 feet.
Rainfall is moderately heavy, and the dry season is distinct though not
intense. The heavy forest is representative of the humid upper Tropical
Zone, with oaks and bamboo occurring at the higher levels. The area is
rapidly being cleared for coffee and vegetable crops.
Finca Lerida (Chiriqui) is a coffee farm between Boquete and Cerro
Punta on the slopes of Volcan Baru at an elevation of between 5000 and 6000
feet. An area of virgin forest near the farm was preserved until 1955, but
most of the adjacent area is now used for coffee and vegetable crops and
for pasture. The former owner and his wife, Mr. and Mrs. T. B. Monniche,
were interested in natural history, collected birds, and were hosts to many
visiting naturalists, a number of whom collected ectoparasites.
Almirante (Bocas del Toro) is the headquarters town for large banana
and cacao plantations operated by the Chiriqui Land Company. Extensive
collections were made from August 1951 through May 1953 at a camp es-
tablished about 12 miles southwest of the town for the study of sylvan
yellow fever. From 1959 to 1962, collections were made at several other
localities within a few miles of the town. All collecting localities are below
500 feet, and most are lower. They include virgin forest as well as swamp
forest, second growth, and land under cacao and banana cultivation. Pre-
cipitation is high throughout the area. There is no pronounced dry season
and no month regularly has less than three inches of rainfall. The town is
situated on the Chiriqui Lagoon. Isla Bastimentos and Cayo Agua (Water
Key) are islands in the Lagoon.
Rio Changena, lower camp (Bocas del Toro) was a temporary camp on
an eastern tributary of the Rio Changuinola, about 20 miles inland, at an
elevation of 2400 feet. The area is one of heavy tropical forest with continu-
ous high rainfall throughout the year. Collections were made during Sep-
tember 1961, within a radius of two miles of the camp, and up to eleva-
tions of 3000 feet. Rain fell on more than half the days during this time.
The ground was continuously wet, in degrees ranging from moist to sat-
urated.
Rio Changena, upper camp, or Rancho Mojica (Bocas del Toro), a small
coffee farm, is located about 10 miles from the continental divide on the
Atlantic side, at an elevation of 4800 feet. The collecting area is a tropical
rain forest surrounding a four or five acre plot, once cleared but now sup-
porting some secondary growth. A stream runs near the lower fringe of the
clearing. Collections were made along the stream and along a trail on a high
ridge ranging in elevation from 5000 to 5650 feet. The climate during the
collecting period seemed drier than that at the lower camp.
Cerro Hoya (Los Santos) is a mountain area behind Las Palmitas. The
higher elevations are heavily forested and appear to have abundant rain-
fall. Mammal and ectoparasite collections were made here from 11 January
1962 to 2 March 1962 at elevations between about 1000 and 3000 feet.
Las Palmitas (Los Santos) is a small settlement at the foot of Cerro
Hoya, near the Pacific coast. The area is relatively dry, with an intense dry
season. The land has been long under cultivation and little of the original
vegetation remains.

FAIRCHILD: INTRODUCTION 7
Canal Zone. Numerous collections, all at low elevations, have been
made on both sides of the isthmus in the Zone. Because of restrictions on
agricultural use of land within the Zone, there are many areas of nearly un-
disturbed forest. On the Caribbean coast, in the Camp Pina and Mohinga
Swamp areas, there are patches of virgin rain forest. Barro Colorado Is-
land and Madden Forest provide successively drier habitats. In general, the
rainfall pattern in this area is modified by the low elevation. The Caribbean
coast is somewhat drier than adjacent areas and the Pacific coast has a
less intense dry season than areas farther west. Considerable trapping was
done in and about townsites and military installations, in small patches of
second growth forest, scrub and grassland. Many collections have come
from animals found dead on highways and from bats taken in abandoned
buildings, road culverts, and old mine tunnels.
Cerro Pirre or upper Rio Seteganti (Darien) is the location of a tempo-
rary camp, used during January and February 1961. It was situated on the
western edge of a sloping valley or plateau, between the Cerro Pirre range
and Cerro Setetule, one mile south of the Rio Seteganti and 26 air miles to
the south of El Real. The elevation of this camp was about 1500 feet, in
an area of tropical rain forest broken by occasional marshy meadows and
fields of wild cane. Collections were made in the valley itself and along a
long, narrow, gently sloping spur, perpendicular to the Cerro Pirre range,
up to an elevation of 3500 feet. Except for occasional trails of rubber col-
lectors leading toward the nearby Colombian border, there is no evidence of
human habitation of this area since the nearby Cana mines were closed about
45 years ago.
Weather data for this area is fragmentary. Judging from the dearth of
deciduous trees and the abundance of surface water noted during the dry
season, this area is more like the modified rain forest of the Atlantic Coast
than the tropical wet and dry or Savanna Forest of the Pacific slopes.

References
FAIRCHILD, G. B.
1943. An annotated list of the bloodsucking insects, ticks and mites known from
Panama. Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), pp. 569-591.
GOLDMAN, E. A.
1920. Mammals of Panama. Smiths. Misc. Coll., 69, (5) , (Publ. 2498) , pp. 1-309, pis.
1-39, text figs. 1-24.
HOLDRIDGE, L. R., AND BUDOWSKI, G.
1955. Report of an ecological survey of the Republic of Panama. (Technical Coop-
eration program of the I.A.I.A.S. of the O.A.S.). Unpublished.
STANDLEY, P. C.
1928. Flora of the Panama Canal Zone. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., 27, pp. i-x, 1-416,
pis. 1-66, text figs. 1-7.

Gazetteer of Collecting Localities in Panama
GRAHAM B. FAIRCHILD l and CHARLES 0. HANDLEY, JR. 2
The Panamanian collecting localities mentioned in this volume are in-
dexed in this gazetteer. Section I is an index to province of all collecting lo-
calities. In Section II, the localities are arranged by province and have been
identified as precisely as possible, usually to the nearest minute of latitude
and longitude. 3 However, it should be realized that the exact collecting sites
in many instances may be miles away from the center of the town, or summit
of the mountain, or bank of the stream indexed. Names of mountains,
rivers, ranches, forts, islands, etc., are to be found under the specific name.
For example, Cerro Mali will be found under Mali, Cerro, and Rio Chagres
under Chagres, Rio.
Elevations in feet above sea level have been given for all collecting sites
above 1000 feet. In this instance the figures relate as nearly as possible to
the elevation of actual collecting sites rather than to the elevation of the town
or mountain indexed.
To facilitate rapid discovery of the general position of collecting locali-
ties, all localities have been related to 50 key localities which are identified
by number in the gazetteer and on the accompanying map. This map and
the gazetteer should be used in conjunction with more detailed maps, pref-
erably the one used as a basis for determining the coordinates (see foot-
note) or the Millionth Map of Hispanic America (American Geographical
Society, Publication No. 5). The Road Map of Canal Zone and Vicinity,
prepared by the Engineer Service (Corozal, Canal Zone), United States
Army Caribbean, is also very useful, though much less detailed.
The gazetteer was compiled after most other portions of the volume were
in galley proof. Consequently it is possible that some of the errors in spell-
ing or altitude that existed in the systematic reports may not have been
corrected. If any are discovered, or if additional localities can be more pre-
cisely identified, information on them will be received with thanks by the
compilers and the editors.
1 Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama, Panama.
- Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
3 The three part map of the Republic of Panama, scale 1:500,000, produced by
USARCARIB, was used as a base for the determination of all coordinates.

10 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Section I. Index of Localities to Province
Achiote, Colon
Afuera, Isla, Veraguas
Agua, Cayo, Bocas del Toro
Aguadulce (15), Cocle
Aguas Buenas, Panama
Albrook Field, Canal Zone
Alhajuela, Canal Zone
Almijas, Isla, Chiriqui
Almirante (2), Bocas del Toro
Altos Cacao, Veraguas
Amador, Fort, Canal Zone
Amagal, Darien
Ancon, Canal Zone
Anton, Cocle
Armila (49), San Bias
Arraijan, Panama
Aruza, Darien
Aspinwall, Colon
Avaso, Rio, Panama
Azuero, Peninsula de, Herrera, Los Santos,
Veraguas
Azul, Cerro (37), Panama
Balboa, Canal Zone
Bambito, Chiriqui
Barro Colorado Island (29), Canal Zone
Baru, Cerro, Chiriqui
Bas Obispo, Canal Zone
Bastimentos, Isla, Bocas del Toro
Bayano, Rio, Panama
Bejuco, Panama
Boca de Cupe, Darien
Boca del Drago, Bocas del Toro
Bogavo, Chiriqui
Bohio, Canal Zone
Bonita, Quebrada, Colon
Boqueron, Chiriqui
Boquete (5), Chiriqui
Boquete-Volcan Trail, Chiriqui
Boracho, Loma, Canal Zone
Borinquen Road, Canal Zone
Brava, Isla, Chiriqui
Bruja, Cerro, Colon
Bubi, Rio, Veraguas
Buena Vista, Colon
Bugaba, Chiriqui
Burica, Punta, Chiriqui
Butz, Finca, Chiriqui
Caballero, Rancho, Bocas del Toro
Cabima, Panama
Cacao Plantation, Canal Zone
Calidonia, Panama
Calobre, Veraguas
Calovebora, Veraguas
Calzada Larga (26), Panama
Camoganti, Darien
Campana, Cerro, Panama
Cana, Darien
Cana, Loma, Darien
Canal de Afuera, Isla, Veraguas
Candela, Rio, Chiriqui
Candelaria Hydrographic Station, Panama
Cangandi, Rio, San Bias
Capeti, Darien
Capina, Herrera
Capira, Panama
Carasquilla, Panama
Cardenas, Canal Zone
Casa Larga (26), Panama
Casaya, Rio, Canal Zone
Casita, Darien
Casita Alta, Chiriqui
Cativa (or Catival), Colon
Cativo, Panama
Cebaco, Isla, Veraguas
Cement Plant, Colon
Cerro Punta (4), Chiriqui
Cerro Punta-Boquete Trail, Chiriqui
Chagres, Camp, Canal Zone
Chagres, Rio, Canal Zone
Chame (19), Panama
Changena, Rio (3), Bocas del Toro
Changuinola, Bocas del Toro
Changuinola, Rio, Bocas del Toro
Chapera, Isla, Panama
Charco del Toro, Panama
Chepigana, Darien
Chepo (40), Panama
Chico, Canal Zone
Chilibre, Panama
Chilibrillo Caves, Panama
Chiman (42), Panama
Chiriqui, Volcan de, Chiriqui
Chiriqui Viejo, Rio, Chiriqui
Chiriquicito, Bocas del Toro
Chiva Chiva, Canal Zone
Chucunaque, Rio, Darien
Cituro, Darien
Clayton, Fort (24), Canal Zone
Coco Solo, Canal Zone
Cocoli, Canal Zone
Cocos, Punta, Panama
Coiba, Isla (9), Veraguas
4 Section I is an index to province of all collecting localities. In Section II, the localities
are arranged by province.

FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY : GAZETTEER 11
Colon, Colon
Colon, Isla, Bocas del Toro
Colorado, Rio, Chiriqui
Concepcion (6), Chiriqui
Corozal, Canal Zone
Corte Culebra Road, Canal Zone
Cotito, Rio, Chiriqui
Goto Region, Chiriqui
Cristobal, Canal Zone
Culebra, Canal Zone
Curundu, Canal Zone
Cylindro, Bocas del Toro
Davala, Chiriqui
David (7), Chiriqui
Davis, Fort, Canal Zone
Divala, Chiriqui
Divisa, Herrera
Donoso, Colon
El Banco, Chiriqui
El Baru, Chiriqui
El Cope, Code
El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui
El Limon, Colon
El Potrero, Code
El Real (43), Darien
El Valle (18), Code
El Vijia, Canal Zone
El Volcan, Chiriqui
Emperador, Canal Zone
Empire, Canal Zone
Escobal (30), Colon
Escudo de Veraguas, Isla (1),
Bocas del Toro
Esnape, Rio (48), Darien
Farfan, Canal Zone
France Field, Canal Zone
Frijoles, Canal Zone
Frijolito, Rio, Colon
Galeta Island, Canal Zone
Galeta Point, Canal Zone
Gamboa (28), Canal Zone
Gariche, Rio, Chiriqui
Gatun, Canal Zone
Gobernadora, Isla, Veraguas
Goofy Lake, Panama
Guanico, Los Santos
Guayabalito, Colon
Guayabito, Panama
Guayabo, Darien
Gulick, Fort (33), Canal Zone
Howard Field, Canal Zone
Hoya, Cerro (12), Los Santos
Huile, Panama
Indio, Rio, Canal Zone
Insolita, Isla, Chiriqui
Jaque (47), Darien
Jefe, Cerro, Panama
Jesucito, Rio, Darien
Juan Diaz, Panama
Juan Mina, Canal Zone
Kobbe, Fort (22), Canal Zone
K-9 Road, Canal Zone
K-10 Road, Canal Zone
La Boca, Canal Zone
La Chorrera (20), Panama
La Concepcion, Chiriqui
La Laguna, Darien
La Palma, Darien
La Vaca, Rio de, Chiriqui
La Zumbadora, Panama
Lagartera, Canal Zone
Lara, Finca, Chiriqui
Las Cascadas, Canal Zone
Las Cruces, Canal Zone
Las Cruces Trail, Canal Zone
Las Cumbres, Panama
Las Palmitas, Los Santos
Lava Flow, Chiriqui
Lerida, Finca, Chiriqui
Lewis, Casa, Chiriqui
Limon, Rio, Darien
Lion Hill, Canal Zone
Llano Verde, Chiriqui
Madden Airstrip, Panama
Madden Dam (27), Canal Zone
Madden Forest (25), Canal Zone
Madden Road, Canal Zone
Madden Wye, Canal Zone
Maje, Rio, Panama
Mali, Cerro, Darien
Mamoni, Rio, Panama
Mandinga (38), San Bias
Mandinga, Rio, Canal Zone
Margarita, Canal Zone
Mariato, Rio, Veraguas
Marraganti, Darien
Martinz, Finca, Chiriqui
Martinz Dairy, Chiriqui
Maxon Ranch, Panama
Miraflores, Canal Zone
Mohinga Valley, Canal Zone
Moja Polla, Rio, Panama
Mojica, Rancho, Bocas del Toro
Mojinga, Rio, Canal Zone
Mono, Rio, Darien
Monte Obscuro, Panama
Mount Hope, Canal Zone

12 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Nueva Colonia, Chiriqui
Nueva Gorgona, Panama
Nuevo Emperador, Panama *
Nuevo Limon (34), Colon
Orchid Island, Canal Zone
Pacheca, Isla, Panama
Pacora (39), Panama
Paitilla, Punta, Panama
Paja, Panama
Palenque, Colon
Palo Santo, Chiriqui
Panama (23), Panama
Panama Viejo, Panama
Pando, Cerro, Chiriqui
Paracote, Veraguas
Paraiso, Canal Zone
Parida, Isla, Chiriqui
Parita (14), Herrera
Paya, Boca de Rio (44), Darien
Paya Village, Darien
Pearl Islands (41), Panama
Pedasi (13), Los Santos
Pedregal, Chiriqui
Pedro Gonzales, Isla, Panama
Pedro Miguel, Canal Zone
Pelado, Cerro, Canal Zone
Pelisa, Darien
Peluca, Rio, Panama
Pena, Punta de, Bocas del Toro
Penonome (16), Code
Pequeni, Rio (36), Panama
Perlas, Archipielago de las (41), Panama
Pese, Herrera
Pina (31), Colon
Pina, Camp, Canal Zone
Pina, Punta, Darien
Pinogana, Darien
Pirre, Cerro, Darien
Pital, Camp (6a), Chiriqui
Pito, Rio, San Bias
Porcada, Isla, Chiriqui
Portobelo (or Porto Bello) (35), Colon
Potuga, Herrera
Prominente, Cerro, Panama
Pucro, Rio, Darien
Pueblo Nuevo, Chiriqui
Pueblo Nuevo, Panama
Puente, Rio, Panama
Puerto Limon, Colon
Puerto Obaldia, San Bias
Puma Island, Canal Zone
Punusa, Boca de Rio, Darien
Quarry Heights, Canal Zone
Randolph, Fort, Canal Zone
Real de Santa Maria, Darien
Red Tank, Canal Zone
Remedies (8), Chiriqui
Represo, Canal Zone
Rey, Isla del, Panama
Rio Aba jo, Panama
Rio Chico Hydrographic Station, Panama
Rio Hato (17), Code
Risco, Boca de Rio, Bocas del Toro
Rodman Naval Station, Canal Zone
Sabanas, Panama
Saboga, Isla, Panama
Salamanca Hydrographic Station,
Canal Zone
Salto de Madrono, Panama
Salud, Colon
San Felix, Chiriqui
San Francisco de la Caleta, Panama
San Jose, Isla, Panama
San Juan, Canal Zone
San Lorenzo, Fort, Canal Zone
San Miguel, Panama
San Miguel, Isla, Panama
San Pablo, Canal Zone
Santa Clara, Chiriqui
Santa Clara, Code
Santa Clara, Quebrada, Chiriqui
Santa Clara, Rio, Chiriqui
Santa Cruz de Cana, Darien
Santa Fe (11), Veraguas
Santa Rosa, Colon
Santiago (10), Veraguas
Sapo, Cerro, Darien
Sereno, Chiriqui
Seteganti, Rio (46), Darien
Sevilla, Isla, Chiriqui
Sherman, Fort (32), Canal Zone
Sibube, Bocas del Toro
Siolo (or Siola), Chiriqui
Sona, Veraguas
Summit, Canal Zone
Tabernilla, Canal Zone
Taboga, Isla (21 ), Panama
Taboguilla, Isla, Panama
* Brennan and Yunker (see The Chiggers of Panama, elsewhere in this volume) refer
collections from Nuevo Emperador to the Canal Zone. These collections were made in the
Canal Zone near Nuevo Emperador.

FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY : GAZETTEER 13
Tacarcuna, Cerro, Darien Trinidad, Rio, Panama
Tacarcuna Casita, Darien Tuira, Rio, Darien
Tacarcuna Laguna, Darien
Tacarcuna Village (45), Darien Venado Beach, Canal Zone
Tacarcuna Yellow Fever Station, Darien Vieja, Punta, Bocas del Toro
Tapalisa, Darien Viejo, Cerro, Veraguas
Tapia, Panama Viejo, Rio, Veraguas
Terebe, Rio, Bocas del Toro Vijia, Canal Zone
Teribe, Rio, Bocas del Toro Villa Rosario, Panama
Tigre, Cerro, Canal Zone Vique, Punta, Panama
Tilley, Casa, Chiriqui
Timi de Boa, Rio Teribe, Bocas del Toro Wald, Chiriqui
Timishik, upper Rio Teribe, Bocas del Toro
Tocumen, Panama Yaviza, Darien
Section II. Index to Localities by Province
BOCAS DEL TORO
Agua, Cayo, 910'N-8202'W (near Almirante-2)
Almirante (2), 918'N-8224'W
Bastimentos, Isla, 919'N-8208'W (near Almirante-2)
Boca del Drago, 926'N-8220'W (near Almirante-2)
Caballero, Rancho, near 902'N-8241'W (near Rio Changena-3), 5000 feet
Changena, Rio (3), 906'N-8234'W, 2300-2600 feet
Changuinola, 927'N-8231'W (near Almirante-2)
Changuinola, Rio, 922'N-8231'W (near Almirante-2)
Chiriquicito, 857'N-8210'W (near Almirante-2)
Colon, Isla, 924'N-8216'W (near Almirante-2)
Cylindro (NE of Boquete on upper Caribbean slope, near Boquete-5), above 4000 feet
Escudo de Veraguas, Isla (1), 906'N-8133'W
Mojica, Rancho, near 902'N-8241'W (near Rio Changena-3), 4800-5600 feet
Pena, Punta de (a point on Laguna de Chiriqui?)
Risco, Boca de Rio, 916'N-8228'W (near Almirante-2)
Sibube, 936'N-8247'W (near Almirante-2)
Terebe, Rio (See: Rio Teribe)
Teribe, Rio (=Rio Terabe), 924'N-8233'W (near Almirante-2)
Timi de Boa, Rio Teribe (near Almirante-2)
Timishik, Upper Rio Teribe (near Almirante-2)
Vieja, Punta (=Punta Patino, 918'N-8204'W, or a point on Laguna de Chiriqui?)
CANAL ZONE
Albrook Field, 859'N-7934'W (near Fort Clayton-24)
Alhajuela, 911'N-7938'W (old hydrographic station between highway bridge and Mad-
den Dam-27)
Amador, Fort, 855'N-7933'W (near Panama-23)
Ancon, 857'N-7934'W (near Panama-23)
Balboa, 857'N-7935'W (near Panama-23)
Barro Colorado Island (29), 909'N-7951'W
Bas Obispo, 906'N-7942'W (old village, now abandoned, on Panama Railroad, near
Gamboa-28)
Bohio, 910'N-7951'W (old station on Panama Railroad, now under water, near Barro
Colorado Island-29)
Boracho, Loma, 917'N-7956'W (near Fort Sherman-32)

14 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Borinquen Road (=K-2 Road), west bank, Pacific Side (near Fort Kobbe-22)
Cacao Plantation, 906'N-7941'W (near Gamboa-28)
Cardenas, 859'N-7935'W (near Fort Clayton-24)
Casaya, Rio, 906'N-7941'W (near Gamboa-28)
Chagres, Camp, 913'N-7937'W (near Madden Dam-27; records of 20-30 years ago
may refer to a locality within Fort Sherman-32)
Chagres, Rio, 908'N-7941'W (near Gamboa-28)
Chico (probably Rio Chico Hydrographic Station, Panama, near Calzada Larga-26)
Chiva Chiva, 901'N-7935'W (near Fort Clayton-24)
Clayton, Fort (24), 859'N-7936'W
Coco Solo, 921'N-7954'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Cocoli, 858'N-7936'W (near Fort Kobbe-22)
Corozal, 858'N-7935'W (near Fort Clayton-24)
Corte Culebra Road
Cristobal, 920'N-7955'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Culebra, 903'N-7940'W (near Gamboa-28)
Curundu, 859'N-7933'W (near Fort Clayton-24)
Davis, Fort, 915'N-7956'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
El Vijia (=Vijia), 912'N-7936'W (village, now under water, near Madden Dam-27)
Emperador (See: Empire)
Empire (= Emperador), 903'N-7941'W (old administrative center of Canal, on west
bank, about halfway between Paraiso and Gamboa-28)
Farfan, 855'N-7936'W (Near Fort Kobbe-22)
France Field, 921'N-7953'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Frijoles, 910'N-7949'W (near Barro Colorado Island-29)
Galeta Island, 923'N-7953'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Galeta Point, 923'N-7952'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Gamboa (28), 906'N-7942'W
Gatun, 915'N-7956'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Gulick, Fort (33), 918'N-7953'W
Howard Field, 854'N-7937'W (near Fort Kobbe-22)
Indio, Rio, 915'N-7959'W (near Fort Sherman-32)
Juan Mina, 909'N-7940'W (near Gamboa-28)
Kobbe, Fort (22), 854'N-7936'W
K-9 Road (parallels south bank of Rio Cocoli for 3.3 mi. between K-2 and K-6 roads; near
Fort Kobbe-22)
K-10 Road (extends 6.6 mi. NW from Arraijan to head of Rio Mandinga; near Fort
Kobbe-22)
La Boca, 856'N-7934'W (near Panama-23)
Lagartera, 907'N-7958'W (village, now under water, near Escobal-30)
Las Cascadas, 905'N-7942'W (near Gamboa-28)
Las Cruces, 907'N-7941'W (village, now under water, near Gamboa-28)
Las Cruces Trail (extends from Rio Chagres, above mouth of Rio Casaya, through Mad-
den Forest, Chiva Chiva, Cardenas, and Curundu to Panama)
Lion Hill, 913'N-7954'W (now an island in Gatun Lake, near Barro Colorado Island-29)
Madden Dam (27), 913'N-7938'W
Madden Forest (25), 905'N-7938'W
Madden Road (=C-25 Road, extending between Paraiso and Madden Dam, and passing
through Madden Forest)
Madden Wye, 903'N-7939'W (near Madden Forest-25)
Mandinga, Rio, 905'N-7942'W (near Gamboa-28)
Margarita, 918'N-7954'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Miraflores, 859'N-7936'W (near Fort Clayton-24)
Mohinga Valley (=Rio Mojinga), 918'N-7959'W (near Fort Sherman-32)
Mojinga, Rio (See: Mohinga Valley)
Mount Hope, 919'N-7954'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Orchid Island, 910'N-7952'W (near Barro Colorado Island-29)

FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY : GAZETTEER 15
Paraiso, 902'N-7939'W (near Madden Forest-25)
Pedro Miguel, 901'N-7937'W (near Fort Clayton-24)
Pelado, Cerro, 907'N-7943'W (near Gamboa-28)
Pina, Camp, 916'N-8000'W (near Fort Sherman-32)
Puma Island, 913'N-7955'W (near Barro Colorado Island-29)
Quarry Heights, 857'N-7934'W (near Panama-23)
Randolph, Fort, 922'N-7954'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Red Tank, 900'N-7936'W (near Fort Clayton-24)
Represo (near Barro Colorado Island-29)
Rodman Naval Station, 856'N-7935'W (near Fort Kobbe-22)
Salamanca Hydrographic Station, 917'N-7936'W (near Rio Pequeni-36)
San Juan, 915'N-7936'W (village, now under water, near Madden Dam-27)
San Lorenzo, Fort, 918'N-8001'W (near Fort Sherman-32)
San Lorenzo Caves (See: Fort San Lorenzo)
San Pablo, 906'N-7948'W (old station on Panama Railroad, now under water, near
Barro Colorado Island-29)
Sherman, Fort (32), 921'N-7957'W
Summit, 903'N-7940'W (near Madden Forest-25)
Tabernilla, 907'N-7949'W (old station on Panama Railroad, now under water, near
Barro Colorado Island-29)
Tigre, Cerro, 904'N-7939'W (near Madden Forest-25)
Venado Beach, 853'N-7937'W (near Fort Kobbe-22)
Vijia (See: ElVijia)
CHIRIQUf
Almijas, Isla, 816'N-8224'W (near David-7)
Bambito, 815'N-8237'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5000-6000 feet
Baru, Cerro (See: Volcan de Chiriqui)
Bogavo (See: Bugaba)
Boqueron, 831'N-8234'W (near Concepcion-6)
Boquete (5), 847'N-8225'W, 2000-7500 feet
Boquete- Volcan Trail (near Boquete-5), above 6500 feet
Brava, Isla, 812'N-8216'W (near David-7)
Bugaba (=Bogavo), 829'N-8237'W (near Concepcion-6)
Burica, Punta, 802'N-8252'W (near Camp Pital-6a)
Butz, Finca, 850'N-8237'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5000 feet
Candela, Rio, 851'N-8249'W (near Cerro Punta-4), above 3500 feet
Casita Alta (See: Finca Lerida)
Cerro Punta (4), 853'N-8234'W, 5000-7800 feet
Cerro Punta-Boquete Trail (between Cerro Punta-4 and Boquete-5), 6800-7800 feet
Chiriqui, Volcan de (=Cerro Baru and El Baru), 849'N-8232'W (near Cerro Punta-4),
6000-11,400 feet
Chiriqui Viejo, Rio, 849'N-8240'W (near Cerro Punta-4), above 3000 feet
Colorado, Rio, 851'N-8244'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 4000 feet
Concepcion (=La Concepcion-6), 831'N-8237'W
Cotito, Rio, 851'N-8245'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 4900 feet
Goto Region (=Rio de la Vaca, base of Burica Peninsula, near Concepcion-6)
Davala (See: Divala)
David (7),826'N-8226'W
Divala (=Davala), 825'N-8243'W (near Concepcion-6)
El Banco, 842'N-8231'W (near Boquete-5), near 3500 feet
El Baru (See: Volcan de Chiriqui)
El Hato del Volcan (See: El Volcan)
El Volcan (=E1 Hato del Volcan and Lava Flow) , 847'N-8238'W (near Cerro Punta-4) ,
4000-6000 feet
Gariche, Rio, 844'N-8241'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 3200-5300 feet

16 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Insolita, Isla (=Isla Porcada), 808'N-8144'W (near Remedios-8)
La Concepcion (See: Concepcion)
La Vaca, Rio (See: Goto Region)
Lara, Finca, 851'N-8236'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5600-5800 feet
Lava Flow (See: El Volcan)
Lerida, Finca (=Casita Alta), 849'N-8229'W (near Boquete-5), 5000-7400 feet
Lewis, Casa, 852'N-8236'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5600-5700 feet
Llano Verde, 848'N-8237'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5000 feet
Martinz, Finca (=Martinz Dairy), 852'N-8234'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 6500-6800 feet
Martinz Dairy (See: Finca Martinz)
Nueva Colonia
Palo Santo, 849'N-8240'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 4200 feet
Pando, Cerro, 855'N-8243'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 3800-5600 feet
Parida, Isla, 807'N-8219'W (near David-7)
Pedregal, 822'N-8226'W (near David-7)
Pital, Camp (between Puerto Armuelles and Costa Rican Boundary-6a)
Porcada, Isla (See: Isla Insolita)
Pueblo Nuevo, 806'N-8142'W (near Remedios-8)
Remedies (8), 814'N-8150'W
San Felix, 819'N-8152'W (near Remedios-8)
Santa Clara (=Quebrada Santa Clara and Rio Santa Clara), 851'N-8246'W (near
Cerro Punta-4), 3600-4200 feet
Santa Clara, Quebrada (See: Santa Clara)
Santa Clara, Rio (See: Santa Clara)
Sereno, 851'N-8251'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 3600-3700 feet
Sevilla, Isla, 814'N-8223'W (near David-7)
Siolo (or Siola), 851'N-8244'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 4100-4300 feet
Tilley, Casa, 851'N-8236'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5300-5600 feet
Wald (Rio Chiriqui Viejo, near Cerro Punta-4), 3800 feet
COCLE
Aguadulce (15), 814'N-8033'W
Anton, 824'N-8016'W (near Rio Hato-17)
El Cope, 837'N-8035'W (near Penonome-16), 1500 feet
El Potrero, 832'N-8033'W (near Penonome-16)
El Valle (18), 836'N-8008'W, 2000-3000 feet
Penonome (16), 831'N-8022'W
RioHato (17), 822'N-8011'W
Santa Clara, 822'N-8007'W (near Rio Hato-17)
COL6N
Achiote, 912'N-8001'W (near Pina-31)
Aspinwall (See: Colon)
Bonita, Quebrada (on Transisthmian Highway; near Madden Dam-27)
Bruja, Cerro, 929'N-7934'W (near Portobelo-35), 1000-2000 feet
Buena Vista, 916'N-7942'W (near Madden Dam-27)
Cativa (or Catival), 921'N-7951'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Cement Plant, 915'N-7940'W (near Madden Dam-27)
Colon (=Aspinwall),9 21'N-7955'W (near Fort Gulick-33)
Donoso, 909'N-8019'W (near Pina-31)
El Limon (See: Nuevo Limon)
Escobal (30),908'N-7958'W
Frijolito, Rio, 912'N-7946'W (near Nuevo Limon-34)
Guayabalito, 911'N-7940'W (near Madden Dam-27)

FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY I GAZETTEER 17
Nuevo Limon (=E1 Limon and Puerto Limon) (34), 914'N-7949'W
Palenque, 942'N-7922'W (near Portobelo-35)
Pina (31),916'N-8003'W
Portobelo (or Porto Bello) (35), 941'N-7941'W
Puerto Limon (See: Nuevo Limon)
Salud, 912'N-8008'W (near Pina-31)
Santa Rosa, 910'N-7940'W (near Madden Dam-27)
DARIEN
Amagal, 724'N-7802'W (near Jaque-47), 1000 feet
Aruza, 802'N-7739'W (near El Real-43)
Boca de Cupe, 802'N-7736'W (near El Real-43)
Camoganti, 808'N-7754'W (near El Real-43)
Cana (=Santa Cruz de Cana), 747'N-7742'W (near Rio Setsganti-46), 1800-3500 feet
Cana, Loma (near Cerro Pirre and Rio Seteganti-46), 4900 feet
Capeti, 804'N-7733'W (near El Real-43)
Casita (=Tacarcuna Casita), 801'N-7722'W (near Tacarcuna Village-45), 1500 feet
Chepigana, 817'N-7804'W (near El Real-43)
Chucunaque, Rio, 823'N-7749'W (near El Real-43)
Cituro, 800'N-7736'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44)
El Real (=Real de Santa Maria) (43), 806'N-7745'W
Esnape, Rio (48), 805'N-7813'W
Guayabo, 723'N-7802'W (near Jaque-47)
Jaque (47) and Rio Jaque, 731'N-7810'W
Jesucito, Rio, 802'N-7818'W (near Rio Esnape-48)
La Laguna (=Tacarcuna Laguna), 804'N-7719'W (near Tacarcuna Villaga-45), 3200
feet
La Palma, 824'N-7809'W (near El Real-43)
Limon, Rio (between Cana and Cerro Pirre, near Rio Seteganti-46), 5100 feet
Mali, Cerro, 807'N-7714'W (near Tacarcuna Village-45) , 4100-4800 feet
Marraganti, 808'N-7744'W (near El Real-43)
Mono, Rio, 743'N-7733'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44)
Paya, Boca de Rio (44), 755'N-7731'W
Paya Village, 753'N-7724'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44)
Pelisa (on Rio Pavarando?)
Pina, Punta (or Pina Point), 734'N-7813'W (near Jaque-47)
Pinogana, 807'N-7741'W (near El Real-43)
Pirre, Cerro (or Mount Pirre), 751'N-7744'W (near Rio Seteganti-46), 4500-5300 feet
Pucro, Rio, 759'N-7734'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44)
Punusa, Boca de Rio, 748'N-7732'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44)
Real de Santa Maria (See: El Real)
Santa Cruz de Cana (See: Cana)
Sapo, Cerro (or Mount Sapo), 758'N-7822'W (near Rio Esnape-48), 1000-3000 feet
Seteganti, Rio (46), 746'N-7740'W, 1600-3000 feet
Tacarcuna, Cerro, 810'N-7718'W (near Tacarcuna Village-45), 4100-4800 feet (Note:
the "Mount Tacarcuna" of Anthony, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 35:357-376, 1916,
and Goldman, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 69, no. 5, 1920, is Cerro Mali)
Tacarcuna Casita (See: Casita)
Tacarcuna Laguna (See: La Laguna)
Tacarcuna Village (=Tacarcuna Yellow Fever Station) (45), 805'N-7717'W, 1800-3000
feet
Tacarcuna Yellow Fever Station (See: Tacarcuna Village)
Tapalisa (and Rio Tapalisa), 759'N-7726'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44)
Tuira, Rio (or Rio Tuyra), 808'N-7745'W (near El Real-43)
Yaviza (or Yavisa), 809'N-7742'W (near El Real-43)

18 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
HERRERA
Azuero, Peninsula de (Herrera and Los Santos and part of Veraguas provinces)
Capina, 753'N-8033'W (near Parita-14)
Divisa, 807'N-8042'W (near Parita-14)
Parita (14), 759'N-8032'W
Pese, 754'N-8038'W (near Parita-14)
Potuga, 804'N-8038'W (near Parita-14)
Los SANTOS
Azuero, Peninsula de (Herrera and Los Santos and part of Veraguas provinces)
Guanico (=Guanico Arriba and Las Palmitas), 72(XN-8030'W (near Cerro Hoya-12)
Hoya, Cerro (12), 718'N-8042'W, 1500-3200 feet
Las Palmitas (See: Guanico)
Pedasi (13), 732'N-8003'W
PANAMA
Aguas Buenas, 907'N-7937'W (near Madden Forest-25)
Arraijan, 857'N-7941'W (near Fort Kobbe-22)
Avaso, Rio (probably a misprint for Rio Abajo)
Azul, Cerro (37) (See: Cerro Prominente, Goofy Lake, and La Zumbadora)
Bayano, Rio, 906'N-7905'W (near Chepo-40)
Bejuco, 836'N-7954'W (near Chame-19)
Cabima, near 908'N-7934'W (near Calzada Larga-26)
Calidonia, 857'N-7932'W (near Panama-23)
Calzada Larga (=Casa Larga) (26), 910'N-7934'W
Campana, Cerro, 841'N-7956'W (near Chame-19)
Candelaria Hydrographic Station, 922'N-7932'W (near Rio Pequeni-36)
Capira, 845'N-7953'W (near La Chorrera-20)
Carasquilla (probably La Carasquilla, a suburb of Panama City;
Casa Larga (See: Calzada Larga)
Cativo, 910'N-7850'W (near Chepo-40)
Chame (19), 834'N-7954'W
Chapera, Isla, 834'N-7903'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41)
Charco del Toro (head of Rio Maje; near Chiman-42)
Chepo (40),910'N-7906'W
Chilibre, 908'N-7938'W (near Madden Dam-27)
Chilibrillo Caves (near Chilibre on Transisthmian Highway; near Madden Dam-27)
Chiman (42), 843'N-7837'W
Cocos, Punta, 812'N-7855'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41)
Goofy Lake ("Cerro Azul" of Environmental Health Branch, U. S. Army), 909'N-
7926'W (Cerro Azul-37), 750-2000 feet
Guayabito (probably a locality near Chorrera, formerly Los Guayabitos)
Huile, 901'N-7946'W (near La Chorrera-20)
Jefe, Cerro (See: La Zumbadora)
Juan Diaz, 902'N-7928'W (near Panama-23)
La Chorrera (20), 852'N-7948'W
La Zumbadora (="Cerro Azul" of Gorgas Memorial Laboratory and C. O. Handley, Jr.;
including Cerro Jefe), 914'N-7921'W (Cerro Azul-37), 850-3200 feet
Las Cumbres, 905'N-7933'W (near Panama-23)
Madden Airstrip, 910'N-7934'W (near Calzada Larga-26)
Maje, Rio, 840'N-7832'W (near Chiman-42)
Mamoni, Rio (See: Salto de Madrono)
Maxon Ranch (See: Rio Trinidad)

FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY : GAZETTEER 19
Moja Polla, Rio (Quebrada), 911'N-7939'W (near Madden Dam-27)
Monte Obscuro (suburb of Panama-23)
Nueva Gorgona, 833'N-7953'W (near Chame-19)
Nuevo Emperador (=Paja), 900'N-7945'W (near La Chorrera-20)
Pacheca, Isla, 839'N-7904'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41)
Pacora (39), 904'N-7918'W
Paitilla, 857'N-7932'W (suburb of Panama-23)
Paja (See: Nuevo Emperador)
Panama (=Panama City) (23), 858'N-7932'W
Panama Viejo, 859'N-7930'W (near Panama-23)
Pearl Islands (See: Archipielago de las Perlas)
Pedro Gonzales, Isla, 822'N-7907'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41)
Peluca, Rio, 922'N-7934'W
Pequeni, Rio (36), 922'N-7932'W
Perlas, Archipielago de las (=Pearl Islands) (41), 821'N-7900'W
Prominente, Cerro (="Cerro Azul" of E. A. Goldman), 913'N-7918'W (Cerro Azul-37) ,
500-2950 feet
Pueblo Nuevo, 901'N-7931'W (near Panama-23)
Puente, Rio, 911'N-7934'W (near Calzada Larga-26)
Rey, Isla del (=Isla San Miguel), 823'N-7856'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41)
Rio Abajo, 901'N-7931'W (near Panama-23)
Rio Chico Hydrographic Station, 915'N-7931'W (near Calzada Larga-26)
Sabanas (suburb of Panama-23)
Saboga, Isla, 836'N-7905'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41)
Salto de Madrono, Rio Mamoni (near Chepo-40)
San Francisco de la Caleta, 859'N-7930'W (near Panama-23)
San Jose, Isla, 815'N-7908'W (Archipielago ds las Perlas-41)
San Miguel, 826'N-7857'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41)
San Miguel, Isla (See: Isla del Rey)
Taboga, Isla (21), 847'N-7935'W
Taboguilla, Isla, 847'N-7932'W (near Isla Taboga-21)
Tapia, 901'N-7928'W (near Panama-23)
Tocumen, 904'N-7924'W (near Pacora-39)
Trinidad, Rio (=Maxon Ranch), 857'N-8000'W (near Escobal-30)
Villa Rosario, 846'N-7953'W (near La Chorrera-20)
Vique, Punta, 852'N-7940'W (near Fort Kobbe-22)
SAN BLAS
Armila (49) 840'N-7727'W
Cangandi, Rio, 926'N-7907'W (near Mandinga-38)
Mandinga (38), 929'N-7905'W
Pito, Rio, 842'N-7732'W (near Armila-49)
Puerto Obaldia, 840'N-7726'W (near Armila-49)
VERAGUAS
Afuera, Isla (See: Isla Canal de Afuera)
Altos Cacao, 739'N-8049'W (near Cerro Hoya-12) 1400 feet
Azuero, Peninsula ds (Herrera and Los Santos and part of Veraguas provinces)
Bubi, Rio, 800'N-8132'W (near Remedios-8)
Calobre, 819'N-8051'W (near Santiago-10)
Calovebora, 848'N-8112'W (near Santa Fe-11)
Canal de Afuera, Isla (=Isla Afuera), 741'N-8137'W (near Isla Coiba-9)
Cebaco, Isla, 731'N-8111'W (near Isla Coiba-9)
Coiba, Isla (9), 726'N-8145'W
Gobernadora, Isla, 733'N-8112'W (near Isla Coiba-9)

20 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Mariato, Rio, 740'N-8954'W (near Cerro Hoya-12)
Paracote, 740'N-8101'W (near Cerro Hoya-12)
Santa Fe (11), 831'N-8104'W
Santiago (10), 805'N-8059'W
Sona, 800'N-8119'W (near Santiago-10)
Viejo, Cerro, 738'N-8047'W (near Cerro Hoya-12), 2000-3300 feet
Viejo, Rio, 803'N-8134'W (near Remedios-8)

Mites of the Subfamily Laelaptinae in Panama
(Acarina: Laelaptidae)
VERNON J. TIPTON J
, ROBERT M. ALTMAN 2
, AND CHARLES M. KEENAN 3
During the past few years we have collected several hundred small mam-
mals in Panama. The ectoparasites removed from these animals form a
most interesting collection, of which the Acarina are by far the most numer-
ous. The present study is limited to mites of the subfamily Laelaptinae,
since the vast majority of the mesostigmatid mites collected belong to eight
genera of this subfamily. Of these, Laelaps Koch, Gigantolaelaps Fonseca,
Eubrachylaelaps Ewing, Echinolaelaps Ewing and Mysolaelaps Fonseca, are
most commonly associated with myomorph rodents ; TUT Baker and Wharton
with hystricomorph rodents; Steptolaelaps Furman with sciuromorph ro-
dents, and Haemolaelaps Berlese with both rodents and marsupials.
As Furman and Tipton (1961) point out, "The study of neotropical para-
sitic mites is of importance because they may fill key roles in epidemiological
patterns which for the moment are confusing." Because they are numerous
and widespread, it is possible that mites may figure prominently in the solu-
tion of some of our more perplexing epidemiological problems in the tropics.
We wish to acknowledge with gratitude the assistance given us by
Captain Wallace P. Murdoch and Major Gordon Field and their staff of
illustrators at the 406th Medical General Laboratory in Tokyo, Japan. All
of our illustrations were prepared by this group. Dr. Charles 0. Handley,
Smithsonian Institution, identified the host animals. Dr. Flavio da Fonseca,
Institute Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil, as always, has been very kind in as-
sisting us with information about species of the Laelaptinae in South
1 Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps, United States Army. The senior au-
thor assumes complete responsibility for the descriptions of new species in this paper.
For purposes of citation in subsequent publications, authorship of species described
herein should be attributed to him alone.
2 Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps, United States Army.
3 Environmental Health Branch, Preventive Medicine Division, Office of the Chief
Surgeon, United States Army Forces Southern Command, Fort Amador, Canal Zone.
23

24 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
America. We are especially indebted to Dr. Deane P. Furman, University of
California at Berkeley, as our format and some of our keys essentially follow
those of Furman and Tipton (1961) .
KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN GENERA OF LAELAPTINAE
FEMALES; FROM FURMAN AND TIPTON, 1961
1. Genito-ventral plate with one pair of setae 2
Genito-ventral plate with more than one pair of setae 4
2. Peritremalia produced posterior to stigmata; posterior seta of coxa II similar to
setae of other coxae 3
Peritremalia not produced posterior to stigmata; posterior seta of coxa II longer
than setae of other coxae Gigantolaelaps Fonseca
3. Spine-like seta on posterior margin of coxa III ; elongate setae on dorsal apices of
femur and genu I; tectum with three apical lobes Eubrachylaelaps Ewing
Coxa III without spine-like seta; femur and genu I without elongate setae; tectum
a single rounded lobe Haemolaelaps Berlese
4. Genito-ventral plate with three pairs of setae Steptolaelaps Furman
Genito-ventral plate with four pairs of setae 5
5. Central setae of dorsal plate minute; coxae without spiniform setae
Mysolaelaps Fonseca
Central setae of dorsal plate not minute; at least one pair of coxae with spini-
form setae 6
6. Large mites, over 1 mm. long; sternal plate as long or longer than wide
Echinolaelaps Ewing
Medium sized mites, less than 1 mm. long; sternal plate never as long as wide ... .7
7. Peritremal plate broad; epigynial and anal plates fused or in juxtaposition
Tur Baker and Wharton
Peritremal plate narrow; epigynial and anal plates not fused or in juxtaposition
Laelaps Koch
We prefer to summarize the morphological characteristics of the genera
in a tabular form (table 1) rather than treat each genus separately, since
Tipton (1960) and Furman and Tipton (1961) have recently discussed this
group of genera.
Some of the characters listed in table 1 are variable in occurrence in
certain genera. Thus, coarse dorsal setae occur consistently in species of
Echinolaelaps, Steptolaelaps and Tur, but only in some species of Eubrachy-
laelaps, Gigantolaelaps and Laelaps. There are numerous setae on the un-
armed portion of the venter in some species of Haemolaelaps but not in
others. The value of the tectum as a generic character has not been fully
investigated. In Tur anomalus n. sp., the tectum is very difficult to see, but
appears to be a single lobe ; it is trilobed in T. uniscutatus.
Genus Echinolaelaps Ewing
Macrolaelaps Ewing, 1929, Man. Ext. Parasites, p. 185.
Echinolaelaps Ewing, 1929, loc. cit., pp. 185-186.
Type-species : Laelaps echidninus Berlese, 1887.
This genus is represented in Panama by two species, one of them (E.
lowei n. sp.) known only from Panama.
Echinolaelaps echidninus (Berlese)
Laelaps echidninus Berlese, 1887, Acari, Myriap. Scorp. Italia, pt. 39, p. 157.
Echinolaelaps echidninus Ewing, 1929, Man. Ext. Parasites, p. 185.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 25
MATERIAL EXAMINED : 9 females from Rattus rattus, Arraijan (Panama) ,
5 April 1961, collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton.
REMARKS : Our Panamanian material differs very little from specimens
in our collections from other parts of the world. We have collected hundreds
of specimens of both R. rattus and R. norvegicus but have found only a single
rat infested with E. echidninus. However, Laelaps nuttalli was very abun-
dant.
TABLE 1. COMPARATIVE CHART OF PANAMANIAN GENERA OF LAELAPTINAE (FEMALES)
I
<s>
.3
Character
A
-o
s
Idiosoma

26 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
epigynial plate; 146 ^ long, 114 n wide; distance between anterior margin of plate and
anus much greater than length of anus; adanal setae 52 /j. long; postanal seta 104 ^ long.
Legs. Legs long and slender except for leg II, which is more robust. Setae of coxa
I piliform to setiform; a short, bulbous seta on coxa III. Dorsal apices of femur and genu
I with setae less robust than sternal setae.
Gnathosoma. Deutosternum with seven rows of two to five teeth per row. Gnathoso-
mal setae about one-half length of medial hypostomal setae. Chelae robust, both digits
toothed; fixed digit bearing long, bent seta. Hypopharyngeal processes prominent, fim-
briate epipharynx sublanceolate, covered with denticles. Tectum not apparent.
TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female from Nectomys alfari (host no. 4082) ,
Cerro Azul (Panama), 2 February 1958, collected by R. M. Altman and
C. M. Keenan. In the collection of the United States National Museum.
A paratype female, same data and repository as the holotype.
REMARKS: This species is named for Mr. Wilbur Lowe, a remarkable
technician and a tireless worker.
Genus Eubrachylaelaps Ewing
Eubrachylaelaps Ewing, 1929, Man. Ext. Parasites, p. 186. Furman, 1955a, Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer., 48, (1-2), pp. 51-59 (revision and key).
Cyclolaelaps Ewing, 1933, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 82, (30), p. 5.
Type-species: Laelaps hollisteri Ewing, 1925.
Only one species of this genus is recorded from Panama. It would be
unusual, however, if E. rotundus Fonseca is not collected in Panama in the
future ; it occurs in nearby Venezuela.
Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman. Plate 2.
Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman, 1955a, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 48, (1-2), pp.
52-54, figs: 1-4.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: 153 females from Peromyscus nudipes, Cerro
Punta; 83 females from P. nudipes from Rancho Mojica; 2 females from
Oryzomys fulvescens, Cerro Punta and Rancho Mojica; 1 female from
Reithrodontomys creper; 1 female from Heteromys desmarestianus, Cerro
Punta; and hundreds of specimens in alcohol from both localities, mostly
from P. nudipes; January 1960 to March 1962, collected by C. O. Handley,
C. M. Keenan, V. J. Tipton, and C. E. Yunker.
REMARKS : Our measurements of the dorsal and sternal plates of Panama
specimens are roughly comparable to those given by Furman (1955a) for
type material from Mexico. Specimens from Rancho Mojica are slightly
smaller (average length of dorsal plate for 10 specimens, 590 /*) , less heavily
sclerotized with the setae of the venter apparently a little more delicate than
specimens from Cerro Punta (average length of dorsal plate for 10 speci-
mens, 626 p.) . The average ratio of length to width of sternal plate is 2 to 1
for Rancho Mojica specimens and 2.1 to 1 for Cerro Punta specimens.
We must add that different mounting techniques were used for speci-
mens from these two localities. Additional recently collected specimens
from Cerro Punta were treated in much the same manner (using heat as a
part of the mounting technique) as the Rancho Mojica specimens and the
morphological differences were then not nearly as apparent.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 27
Genus Gigantolaelaps Fonseca
Gigantolaelaps Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 12 (transl., p. 61).
Type-species: Gigantolaelaps vitzthumi Fonseca, 1939.
The genus Gigantolaelaps Fonseca is well represented in Panama, both
by species and individuals. We have tentatively associated our Panamanian
specimens with five described species.
KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN SPECIES OF GIGANTOLAELAPS
FEMALES
1. Sternal plate with two to six (usually three) accessory setae
. G. oudemansi Fonseca
Sternal plate with no accessory setae 2
2. Proximal seta of coxa I longer than distal seta ; both setae spinif orm
G. goyanensis Fonseca
Proximal seta of coxa I not longer than distal seta; distal seta always piliform,
proximal seta usually piliform 3
3. Dorsal plate bearing approximately 400 setae; a relatively small species with
dorsal plate not over 1100 /j. long G. inca Fonseca
Dorsal plate bearing 86 setae; a relatively large species with dorsal plate over
1400 fi long 4
4. Antero-median projection of sternal plate scarcely produced beyond insertion of
first pair of setae. Small paired setae of posterior margin of dorsal plate reach
beyond margin for not more than one-fourth of their length. . . .G. gilmorei Fonseca
Antero-median projection of sternal plate produced far beyond insertion of first
pair of setae as a pronounced lobe. Small paired setae of posterior margin of
dorsal plate reach beyond margin for more than one-fourth of their length ....
G. wolffsohni (Oudemans)
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca. Plates 3 (figs. 4, 8) , 4.
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 22 (transl., p.
71), figs. 6-10 (Goyaz State, Brazil). Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc.
Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 175, 177, pis. 2 (fig. 9), 3 (figs. 1, 2), 4 (fig. 6), 5
(fig. 2), 6 (fig. 2).
MATERIAL EXAMINED : A total of 206 females and 1 male as follows : 179
females and 1 male from (35) Oryzomys capito; 27 females from (5) O.
alfaroi; 13 females from (2) O. bombycinus; 3 females from (1) O. caligino-
sus; 4 females from (1) Nectomys alfari; 3 females from (1) Sigmodon
hispidus; 1 female from (1) Reithrodontomys sumichrasti; 1 female from
(1) Zygodontomys microtinus; 1 female from (1) Proechimys semi-
spinosus.
Most specimens from O. capito and O. alfaroi were collected at Cerro
Hoya (Los Santos) by C. 0. Handley, February 1962. Most others were
collected at Cerro Azul (Panama) and Canal Zone, July 1956 to January
1962, by Robert M. Altman, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton.
REMARKS: G. gilmorei Fonseca is a large species (idiosoma well over
2000 /u, in length) , distinct from others of the genus in possessing the follow-
ing combination of characters : the bases of the first pair of sternal setae are
on or very near the anterior margin of the sternal plate ; both setae of coxa I
are piliform ; and the epigynial setae do not extend to the caudal margin of
the epigynial plate.

28 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
The majority of our specimens were collected from a group of closely
related species of the genus Oryzomys at localities of 2000-3000 feet eleva-
tion. They conform rather closely to the description and figures given by
Fonseca (1939a) except that the epigynial setae are shorter, the setae of the
venter are somewhat more sparse, and the anal and epigynial setae slightly
more delicate than indicated by Fonseca.
Gigantolaelaps goyanensis Fonseca. Plates 3 (figs. 1, 6) , 5.
Gigantolaelaps goyanensis Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 32 (transl.,
p. 81), figs. 15-18 (Brazil). Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat.
La Salle, 21, (60), p. 177, pis. 3 (fig. 3), 4 (fig. 5), 5 (fig. 8), 6 (fig. 3).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: 22 females and 2 males from (1) Zygodontomys
microtinus, Cerro Azul (Panama), 16 August 1956, collected by R. M. Alt-
man and C. M. Keenan.
REMARKS : G. goyanensis Fonseca is the only species of the genus thus far
recorded from Panama in which both setae of coxa I are robust and the
proximal seta is longer than the distal seta. A rather anomalous situation
exists with respect to this species in that we have collected it only once al-
though we have examined 74 specimens of Zygodontomys microtinus.
Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca. Plate 6.
Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca, 1960, Acarologia, 2, (1), pp. 11-14, figs. 1, 2 (Peru).
Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 182-184,
pis. 2 (fig. 7), 3 (figs. 7, 8), 4 (fig. 4), 5 (fig. 7), 6 (fig. 6).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: A total of 655 females and 2 males as follows:
568 females and 2 males from (25) Oryzomys albigularis ; 63 females from
(8) Oryzomys alfaroi; 11 females from (1) Peromyscus flavidus; 9 females
from (1) Didelphis marsupialis; 4 females from (1) Peromyscus nudipes;
all collected above 5000 feet elevation near Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) or Ran-
cho Mojica (Bocas del Toro) during January, February, and May, 1960,
September 1961 and March 1962 by C. O. Handley, C. M. Keenan and V. J.
Tipton.
REMARKS : In Panama, G. inca Fonseca apparently occurs only at eleva-
tions above 5000 feet. Like G. oudemansi Fonseca, it is a small species but
it lacks the accessory setae on the sternal plate and it has very dense setae
on the dorsal plate. Our specimens are not markedly different from those in
our collection from Venezuela nor from figures and description given by
Fonseca (1960) and Furman and Tipton (1961). The dorsal plates of our
specimens appear to cover a greater area in relation to the entire specimen
than do those from Venezuela and those from Peru as figured by Fonseca.
However, measurements of the dorsal plates conform closely to those given
by Fonseca and Furman and Tipton.
Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca. Plates 3 (figs. 2, 7), 7.
Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 15 (transl.,
p. 64), figs. 1-5 (Goyaz State, Brazil). Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc.
Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 173, 175, pis. 3 (figs. 5, 6), 4 (fig. 3), 5
(fig. 6), 6 (fig. 5).

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 29
MATERIAL EXAMINED: A total of 960 females and 7 males as follows:
791 females and 6 males from (48) Oryzomys capito; 73 females from (6)
O. alfaroi; 35 females from (2) O. bombycinus; 24 females from (2) O.
caliginosus; 7 females from (1) O. bicolor; 1 female from (1) O. fulvescens;
22 females from (1) Nectomys alfari; 4 females, 1 male from (1) Sig-
modon hispidus; 1 female from (1) Zygodontomys microtinus; 1 female
from (1) Peromyscus flavidus; 1 female from (1) Didelphis marsupialis;
from all of our collecting localities that were below 5000 feet elevation, July
1956 to February 1962, collected by R. M. Altman, C. O. Handley, C. M.
Keenan, V. J. Tipton and C. E. Yunker.
REMARKS : G. oudemansi Fonseca is the only known species of the genus
that has accessory setae on the sternal plate. We have collected G. oudemansi
from a number of species of hosts. There are some morphological characters
which vary according to host. Generally, there are three accessory setae on
the sternal plate but in several specimens from 0. capito there were four or
five accessory setae. Other measurable differences are presented in table
2, based on the same criteria used by Furman and Tipton (1961). Thus,
populations from different hosts and different geographic locations may be
compared.
Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans). Plates 3 (figs. 3, 5, 9, 10), 8-11.
Laelaps wolffsohni Oudemans, 1910, Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., 14: 147 (Chile).
Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni Morlan, 1951, Jour. Parasit., 37, (3), p. 273. Furman and
Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 179-181; pis. 3 (figs.
4, 9), 4 (figs. 1, 2), 5 (figs. 1, 3-5), 6 (figs. 1, 4).
Macrolaelaps peruvianus Ewing, 1933, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82, (30), p. 7 (Lima,
Peru).
Gigantolaelaps peruvianus Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 11 (transl.,
p. 60).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: 140 females from hosts and localities mentioned
below, collected from July 1956 to September 1961 by R. M. Altman, C. O.
Handley, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton.
REMARKS: Furman and Tipton (1961) have discussed the morphological
variation in 75 Venezuelan specimens of G. wolffsohni, the majority of which
were from eight identified host species. We have 140 Panamanian speci-
mens from six host species from six localities.
Specimens taken from Oryzomys fulvescens at Rancho Mojica (pi. 11)
are obviously quite different from those taken from O. caliginosus at Cerro
Campana (pi. 8). On the basis of size alone they would seem to represent
two distinct species, but in addition, the Cerro Campana specimens have ro-
bust setae on coxa I, and shorter penultimate setae on the dorsal plate. How-
ever, specimens from other hosts and other localities intergrade between
these two extremes and in spite of vast differences in total size, the ratio be-
tween plate sizes is essentially the same in all specimens. We have tended
to disregard differences in length of setae because they may be broken off
or may extend at an angle through a deep focal plane, rendering measure-
ments unreliable and bringing the factor of distortion into an already con-
fused picture.

30 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
F
GIGANTOLAELAPS
OU
DEM
AN
SI,
BY
HOST
SPECIES
OF
ORYZOMYS.
(in
microns)

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 31
Our specimens fall into four groups designated A, B, C, and D. GROUP
A (pi. 8), with 100 specimens from Oryzomys caliginosus, 2 specimens from
Nectomys alfari, 1 specimen from Zygodontomys microtinus, from Cerro
Azul, Cerro Campana, El Valle, and Bocas del Toro, is the largest of the four
groups. The length of the dorsal plate ranges from a minimum of 1612 /*
in the Bocas del Toro specimens to a maximum of 1956 p. in the Cerro Cam-
pana specimens. The length of the sternal plate ranges from a minimum
of 374 fj. in the Cerro Azul and Bocas del Toro specimens to a maximum
of 455 /A in the Cerro Campana specimens. The setae of coxa I are more
robust, the venter is more setose, and the epigynial plate is expanded
somewhat more than in Group B. Group A resembles Fonseca's G. vitz-
thumi.
GROUP B (pi. 9), 12 specimens from Oryzomys capito and 2 specimens
from O. fulvescens from El Valle, is characterized as follows : the length of
the dorsal plate varies from 1612 to 1664 /x and the sternal plate ranges from
270 to 312 /A in length; the anterior margin of the sternal plate is not pro-
jected forward as radically as in Group A ; the setae of coxa I are setiform,
and the setation of the venter is somewhat more sparse than in Group A.
GROUP C (pi. 10), 12 specimens from Sigmodon hispidus from Bocas del
Toro, differs little from the previous group except that the coxal setae are
very short and somewhat spiniform. The orientation of the coxae may ac-
count for this seeming difference. Also, the venter is more setose than in
Group B.
GROUP D (pi. 11), 8 specimens from 0. fulvescens from Cerro Punta
(Chiriqui) and 13 specimens from O. fulvescens from Rancho Mojica (Bocas
del Toro), differs from the other groups in the following characters: size
is small, the length of the dorsal plate varying from 1404 to 1580 p and that
of the sternal plate from 281 to 292 p. ; the setae of coxa I, especially the distal
seta, are pilif orm ; the penultimate setae of the dorsal plate extend beyond
the margin of the plate for more than one-half of their length and the
epigynial plate is expanded only slightly. This group appears to be Fon-
seca's G. ivolffsohni, s. str.
We have not overlooked the possibility that these four groups may repre-
sent four distinct species, but because of the gradation in size, shown in
table 3, we prefer to refer all of our specimens to one species, G. wolffsohni.
A detailed study of specimens from its entire range will be necessary before
the composition of this particular taxon is understood. However, for the mo-
ment we may say that G. wolffsohni, s. lot., is a highly variable species which
has both a wide geographical and ecological range.
Comments on the Genus Gigantolaelaps
Furman and Tipton (1961) have pointed out that the unusually high
degree of apparent variation in Gigantolaelaps "may be linked in part to the
evolutionary status of the host genera" as well as to a certain amount of dis-
tortion associated with the mounting technique used. We have several long
series each, from single host animals. The adults in these series apparently
are not all the same age ; in addition, it appears that not all have fed as adults.
It would be interesting and profitable to investigate the changes in total size

32 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
S
3?
Cq o
escens

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 33
and degree of sclerotization over the life span of adult mites of this genus.
It may be that plates and setae only appear to increase in size because of
changes in sclerotization as a result of aging.
Genus Haemolaelaps Berlese
Haemolaelaps Berlese, 1910, Redia, 6: 261.
Atricholaelaps Ewing, 1929, Man. Ext. Parasites, p. 186.
Ischnolaelaps Fonseca, 1935, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10: 19.
Type-species: Haemolaelaps marsupialis Berlese, 1910.
We have obtained specimens of this genus from nearly every species of
rodent we have collected, as well as from several marsupials. It appears that
almost all host species have a distinct population of Haemolaelaps and fur-
ther, that each host species has distinctive populations in each collecting lo-
cality. Either host specificity is very marked, with little individual varia-
tion in a population, or else host specificity is almost entirely lacking and
variation is much greater than is known for other laelaptine genera. If the
latter is true, then it may be that variation is inversely proportional to host
specificity.
The shape of the pilus dentilis frequently has been used as a specific
character. Allred (1958) has suggested that it would be better employed to
separate groups of species. This structure is delicate and is susceptible to
distortion which renders it of questionable taxonomic value. We have a
series in which the pilus dentilis is inflated in some specimens while in others
it appears to have burst during the mounting process. In another series
from Nyctomys sumichrasti (pi. 13) , the apical as well as the proximal por-
tion is swollen. Some of the specimens from Metachirus nudicaudatus are
similar to those from Nyctomys, while others have the pilus dentilis inflated
proximally only, as figured in plate 18.
Other characters too are variable within a series from a single host ani-
mal. Degree of sclerotization, length and number of setae (the latter may
be due in part to orientation of the mite on the slide) , and shape and size of
the anal plate vary considerably. On the other hand some characters are re-
markably constant, e.g., the shape of the sternal plate, the shape and length
of the setae of coxa I, and the relative length of the gnathosomal and hypo-
stomal setae.
We are referring most of our specimens to a single species, Haemolaelaps
glasgowi (Ewing), although it is evident that there are some extreme dif-
ferences among our specimens. Specimens collected from Peromyscus
nudipes and Reithrodontomys sumichrasti at high elevations conform more
closely to the figures and description given by Strandtmann (1949) than do
those collected at low elevations. Plates 12 to 23 show the range of varia-
tion.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing). Plates 12-23.
Laelaps glasgowi Ewing, 1925, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi Strandtmann, 1949, Jour. Pa
MATERIAL EXAMINED : 102 females from Peromyscus nudipes, 41 females
Laelaps glasgowi Ewing, 1925, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 27: 1-7 (Illinois, U.S.A.).
Haemolaelaps glasgowi Strandtmann, 1949, Jour. Parasit., 35, (3), pp. 325-352.

34 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
from Oryzomys fulvescens, 19 females from 0. albigularis, 14 females from
Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 12 females from R. sumichrasti, 17 females and
1 male from R. creper, 1 female from Scotinomys teguina, and 19 females
from S. xerampelinus, from Rancho Mojica, Cerro Punta or Boquete Trail;
49 females from Sigmodon hispidus, 14 females and 1 male from Oryzomys
capito, 1 female from O. fulvescens, 4 females from O. caliginosus, 6 females
from O. alfaroi, 1 female from O. bombycinus, 1 female from Tylomys pana-
mensis, 11 females from Nectomys alfari, 4 females from Nyctomys sumi-
chrasti, 3 females from Liomys adspersus, 4 females and 1 male from
Hoplomys gymnurus, 7 females from Rattus rattus, 9 females from Proe-
chimys semispinosus, 3 females from Heteromys desmarestianus, 2 females
from H. australis, 2 females from Zygodontomys microtinus, 26 females
from Sciurus granatensis, 47 females from Metachirus nudicaudatus, 8
females from Philander opossum, and 3 females from Didelphis marsupialis,
mostly from Cerro Azul (Panama) and Canal Zone.
REMARKS: Specimens from Rancho Mojica and Cerro Punta are more
nearly like figures and description given by Strandtmann (1949) than those
from Cerro Azul and the Canal Zone. Those from Hoplomys gymnurus are
the largest (dorsal plate over 800 /*, in length) and those from Sigmodon
hispidus the smallest (dorsal plate 572 /* in length) . The setae of the dorsal
plate are robust and uniform in size in specimens from marsupials (pi. 18) ,
while in specimens from oryzomine rodents (pi. 13) , the setae of the dorsal
plate are smaller and not uniform in size.
The pilosity of unarmed areas in specimens from Nyctomys sumichrasti
(pi. 13) is sparse whereas it is much denser in specimens from Metachirus
nudicaudatus. In considering these differences, especially the extremes in
the range of variation, it seemed advisable to describe several new species.
However, it was impossible to find a well delineated group of specimens that
did not merge into the next group.
The genus Haemolaelaps is badly in need of revision. For the Neotrop-
ical Region it will be necessary to study long series from many localities in
order to understand variation and geographical distribution. To describe
new species now would only add confusion to a problem which becomes even
more complex as additional material becomes available.
Genus Laelaps Koch
Laelaps Koch, 1836, Deutschl. Crust. Myriap. Arach., pt. 4, p. 19. Tipton, 1960,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 16, (6), pp. 260-262 (generic revision).
Type-species: Laelaps agilis Koch, 1836.
Several South American representatives of Laelaps occur in Panama.
This is not surprising since several of the host genera occur throughout
Central and South America.
KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN SPECIES OF LAELAPS
FEMALES
1. Gnathosomal setae at least twice as long as distal seta of coxa I
L. dearmasi Furman and Tipton
Gnathosomal setae not twice as long as distal seta of coxa I 2

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 35
2. Distance between fourth pair of genito-ventral setae approximately the same as
distance between first pair of genito-ventral s'etae L. nuttalli Hirst
Distance between fourth pair of genito-ventral setae much less than the distance
between first pair of genito-ventral setae 3
3. Distance between second pair of genito-ventral setae approximately four times
greater than distance between fourth pair of genito-ventral setae
L. paulistanensis Fonseca
Distance between second pair of genito-ventral setae not more than three times
greater than distance between fourth pair of genito-ventral setae 4
4. Proximal seta of coxa I at least three times as wide as distal seta 5
Proximal seta of coxa I les's than three times as wide as distal seta . . . L. thori Fonseca
5. Medial setae of the dorsal plate about 30 /* in length L. pilifer n. sp.
Medial setae of the dorsal plate about 52 /j, in length L. castroi Fonseca
Laelaps castroi Fonseca. Plate 24.
Laelaps castroi Fonseca, 1958, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 28: 116 (Pernambuco, Brazil).
MATERIAL EXAMINED : 64 females from O. alfaroi and 30 females from
O. fulvescens from Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) ; 13 females from O, fulvescens
and 1 female from Peromyscus nudipes from Rancho Mojica (Bocas del
Toro) , January 1960 to March 1962, collected by C. 0. Handley, C. M. Keenan
and V. J. Tipton.
REMARKS: L. castroi may be distinguished from other species of the
genus in Panama by the following combination of characters : short, robust
proximal seta and a longer piliform seta on coxa I, fairly robust setae on the
dorsal plate, and gnathosomal setae almost as long as the medial hypostomal
setae.
Our specimens are much smaller than those from Venezuela and are not
as heavily sclerotized. The length of the idiosoma as recorded by Fonseca is
670 /a, while our specimens are only 560 /*. The size and shape of the setae of
coxa I vary somewhat from the figures given by Fonseca but are of the same
general configuration.
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton. Plates 25, 26, 30 (figs. 4, 6, 7, 9) .
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21,
(60), pp. 187-191, pis. 8, 9.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: A total of 191 females and 7 males as follows:
139 females, 5 males from Zygodontomys microtinus, 20 females from
Proechimys semispinosus, 6 females and 1 male from Oryzomys capita, 1
female from O. caliginosus, 5 females from Rattus rattus, 19 females and 1
male from Sigmodon hispidus and 1 female from "rat" ; all from Canal Zone
(except 16 females from Cerro Azul) , July 1956 to September 1960, collected
by R. M. Altman, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton.
REMARKS : L. dearmasi is the only Panamanian species of Laelaps that
has long, robust gnathosomal setae which extend beyond the posterior mar-
gin of the gnathosoma. Panamanian specimens differ little from Venezuelan
material. The distal seta of coxa I is somewhat more robust in our speci-
mens.

36 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Laelaps nuttalli Hirst
Laelaps nuttalli Hirst, 1915, Bull. Ent. Res., 6: 183 (Colombo, Ceylon).
Laelaps hawaiiensis Ewing, 1924, Bull. B. P. Bishop Mus. Honolulu, 98: 118.
Haemolaelaps nuttalli Turk, 1950, Parasitology, 40, (1-2), p. 67.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: 11 females from Rattus norvegicus, 6 females
from Proechimys semispinosus, plus hundreds of specimens in alcohol from
Rattus rattus; Canal Zone, July 1959 to December 1961, collected by C. M.
Keenan and V. J. Tipton.
REMARKS : L. nuttalli has a short, spinif orm distal seta and a longer pili-
form proximal seta on coxa I. The distance between the first pair of epigy-
nial setae is about the same as the distance between the fourth pair. Speci-
mens from Panama fall within the range of intra-specific variation for this
species and are very similar to specimens from the United States.
Laelaps paulistanensis Fonseca. Plate 27.
Laelaps paulistanensis Fonseca, 1935, XII Int. Congr. Zool., p. 1610.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: 6 females from Oryzomys alfaroi from Cerro
Punta (Chiriqui), January and February 1960, collected by C. M. Keenan
and V. J. Tipton.
REMARKS : L. paulistanensis is the largest of the Panamanian species and
as in L. dearmasi, its epigynial plate is greatly expanded so that the distance
between the second pair of setae is at least twice as great as the distance
between the fourth pair.
Our specimens are smaller (936 /* compared with 1030 ^ recorded by
Fonseca) , the anterior setae of the dorsal plate are longer, the anal plate is
broader in outline, and the anterior margin straighter than is described and
figured by Fonseca (1936). However, the measurements of the ventral
plates and setae and the coxal seate conform quite closely to Fonseca's de-
scription.
Laelaps pilifer Tipton, new species. Plates 28, 30 (figs. 5, 11) .
DIAGNOSIS : L. pilifer n. sp., belongs to a species complex which includes
L. paulistanensis Fonseca, L. differens Fonseca, L. castroi Fonseca, L.
oryzomydis Pratt and Lane, and L. manguinhosi Fonseca. L. paulistanensis
and L. pilifer have short delicate setae on the dorsal plate, a robust proximal
seta and a piliform distal seta on coxa I. L. paulistanensis is a larger species
(idiosoma over 1000 /* compared with 510 /*) and the distance between the
second pair of epigynial setae is four times the distance between the fourth
pair, while it is approximately three times in L. pilifer. In the latter species
the distal seta of coxa I is much more delicate and the proximal seta shorter
than in L. paulistanensis.
DESCRIPTION : Idiosoma. 510 /* long, by 322 M wide.
Dorsum. Dorsal plate elliptical, with prominent shoulders; 477 n long by 292 /t
wide; covers almost entire dorsum leaving only narrow, latero-posterior band of soft
integument. Setae of dorsal plate rather delicate, not reaching to bases of setae in
next row; 35 pairs; penultimate pair much smaller than medial setae; last pair longer
than others; one pair of round pores adjacent to penultimate setae, an additional pair
cephalad and laterad of these.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 37
Venter. Tritosternum bifurcate, pilose. Sternal plate 108 ^ wide by 86 /* long with
three pairs setae of about same length; two pairs slit-like pores. Endapodal plates rather
well defined; setae about same size as sternal setae. Epigynial plate expanded, with
four pairs setae; distance between first pair 80 p., second pair 145 /*, third pair 88 /x,
fourth pair 52 /*; surface of plate with transverse lines. Metapodal plates discrete.
Anal plate shield-like; 77 /j. wide by 58 /j. long (measured to base of postanal seta) ; adanal
setae originate cephalad of posterior margin of anus ; 31 /* long. Postanal seta 40 /* long.
Approximately 10 pairs setae on unarmed venter. Peritreme reaches beyond middle of
coxa II ; extends posterior of stigma.
Legs. Robust, with claws and caruncles. Leg IV longest, leg III shortest. Coxae
I, III with spiniform setae; proximal seta of coxa I short, spiniform; distal seta very
delicate, shorter than proximal seta. Dorsal apices of femur and genu I with setae no
stronger than dorsal setae.
Gnathosoma. Deutosternum with seven rows of two to five teeth per row. Gnatho-
somal setae slightly more than one-half length of medial hypostomal setae. Epipharynx
long, apex rounded. Hypostome bipartite, fimbriate. Chelae well developed, toothed;
fixed digit with long, slightly inflated seta. Tectum single, membranous flap; apex
rounded.
TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female from Oryzomys capita (field no. 7104) ,
Rio Seteganti (Darien), 5 February 1961, collected by C. M. Keenan, V. J.
Tipton and C. E. Yunker. In the collection of the United States National
Museum. Paratypes : 80 females from O. capita, 2 females from O. caligino-
sus and 1 female from 0. bombycinus, Cerro Azul ; 57 females from O. capita,
9 females from Proechimys semispinosus and 1 female from Didelphis
marsupialis, Camp Pina (Canal Zone) ; 10 females from O. capita, Rio
Seteganti (Darien) ; 8 females from O. capita, Cerro Hoya (Los Santos) ;
July 1956 to February 1962, collected by R. M. Altman, C. O. Handley, C. M.
Keenan and V. J. Tipton. In the collections of the Environmental Health
Branch, Canal Zone, and V. J. Tipton.
Laelaps thori Fonseca. Plates 29, 30 (figs. 1, 8).
Laelaps thori Fonseca, 1939b, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 111 (transl., p. 133), fig. 5.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: 14 females from Oryzomys albigularis and 2 fe-
males from Peromyscus flavidus, Rancho Mojica (Bocas del Toro) , Septem-
ber 1961, collected by V. J. Tipton; 3 females from O. albigularis, Cerro
Punta (Chiriqui), February 1960, collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tip-
ton ; 2 females from O. capita, Cerro Azul, July 1956, collected by R. M. Alt-
man and C. M. Keenan.
REMARKS: L. thori has delicate dorsal setae and the proximal seta of
coxa I is stout but not spiniform. A comparison of our specimens with fig-
ures given by Fonseca reveals some differences which may constitute spe-
cific characters. In our specimens the venter is more setose, the anal plate
appears to be wider, and the dorsal setae are shorter and more delicate. In
spite of these differences we are referring our specimens to this species.
In specimens from Cerro Azul (pi. 29) the proximal seta is shorter and
thicker than in those from Rancho Mojica, and there are two or three more
setae on the venter. Specimens from Cerro Punta are closer to Fonseca's
figures than those from Rancho Mojica and the Rancho Mojica specimens
are closer than those from Cerro Azul. This entire series is probably con-
specific and may even be an extension of the L. pilifer-castroi complex.

38 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Laelaps species. Plate 30 (figs. 2, 10) .
MATERIAL EXAMINED : A single female from Oryzomys bicolor, Camp
Pifia (Canal Zone), 29 August 1956, collected by R. M. Altman and C. M.
Keenan.
REMARKS : This specimen differs markedly from L. pilifer n. sp. in that
the gnathosomal setae are minute, the proximal seta of coxa I is setiform,
not spinif orm and the pilus dentilis is inflated as in Haemolaelaps. Although
it probably represents an undescribed species of Laelaps, we shall await fur-
ther material before making a decision as to its disposition.
Comments on the Genus Laelaps
We are not satisfied with this arrangement of the Laelaps species. It is
only tentative. We lack basic biological information e.g., on host specific-
ity, ecological and geographical patterns, and morphological changes in rela-
tion to age essential to an understanding of the systematics of a taxon.
Apparently the species of this genus have a wide geographic range.
Within a large group of specimens, the castroi-pilifer-thori complex,
there are several more or less distinct subgroups. The characters which
separate the species of the complex are not clearly defined and there is ex-
treme variation within a long series from the same host specimen. Charac-
ters thought to be constant in this genus, e.g., shape and size of coxal setae,
plate size and shape and details of the chelicerae, are variable even on the
same specimen. If one could obtain specimens from enough localities a few
miles apart, it is possible that one would find clines of characters throughout
Central and South America. Many species now regarded as distinct might
prove to represent population differences along these clines.
Genus Mysolaelaps Fonseca
Mysolaelaps Fonseca, 1935, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10: 17.
Type-species: Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca, 1935.
We have collected only one species of Mysolaelaps although a second is
probably present. Mysolaelaps heteronychus Fonseca occurs on a species of
Rhipidomys in Venezuela. We have been unable to collect this host in
Panama, although one species is represented in the fauna.
Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca. Plate 31.
Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca, 1936, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10: 17. (Sao Paulo,
Brazil).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: 2 females from Oryzomys capito, El Valle, 27
March 1957, and 3 females from O. fulvescens, Cerro Jeffe, 7 February 1958,
collected by R. M. Altman and C. M. Keenan.
REMARKS : Mysolaelaps parvispinosus is readily separated from the other
two neotropical species of Mysolaelaps. The genito-ventral setae of M.
heteronychus are minute and approximately equal in size, while in M. par-
vispinosus the first pair of genito-ventral setae are much smaller than the
last three pairs. The sternal setae of M. microspinosus are small and ap-

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 39
proximately equal in size whereas the first pair of sternal setae of M. par-
vispinosus are small, the second and third pairs are more robust and are
more than twice as long as the first pair.
The first pair of epigynial setae measure 68 to 80 /j, long whereas they
were only 57 //, long in specimens from Brazil and Venezuela. The fourth
pair of epigynial setae are more widely separated in our specimens (169-
198 /j.; mean of five specimens, 175 /x) than in Venezuelan specimens (130 to
156 ju,; mean of five specimens, 151 p.). Although our series is small there
appears to be considerable variation in this species.
Genus Steptolaelaps Furman
Steptolaelaps Furman, 1955b, Jour. Parasit., 41, (5), p. 519.
Type-species : Neolaelaps heteromys Fox.
Only one species of this genus has been collected in Panama.
Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox). Plates 32, 33.
Neolaelaps heteromys Fox, 1947, Zoologica, 32, (3), pp. 117-119 (Venezuela).
Steptolaelaps heteromydis Furman, 1955b, Jour. Parasit., 41, (5), p. 521.
Steptolaelaps heteromys Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle;
21, (60), p. 195.
MATERIAL EXAMINED : 7 males and 43 females from Heteromys desmares-
tianus; 23 males, 71 females and 2 nymphs from H. australis; 4 females from
Liomys adspersus; 2 females from Oryzomys sp. ; 1 female from Tylomys
panamensis ; from the Canal Zone, Rio Seteganti, Cerro Azul, and El Valle;
March 1957, January and February 1958, January and October 1960, col-
lected by R. M. Altman, C. M. Keenan, V. J. Tipton and C. E. Yunker.
REMARKS: S. heteromys is distinct from the only other species of the
genus, S. liomydis, in having long and tapering (rather than short)
gnathosomal setae and in details of the female chelicerae (Furman, 1955b) .
The adanal setae in our specimens appear to be slightly longer than in those
figured by Furman (1955b) . Otherwise, our specimens are remarkable for
their lack of variation.
These mites are most commonly associated with heteromyid rodents and
have been collected most frequently at elevations below 3000 feet. We have
collected 76 specimens of Heteromys desmarestianus at elevations above
3000 feet. None of them harbored S. heteromys.
Genus Tur Baker and Wharton
Protonyssus Turk, 1946, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 13:347.
Tur Baker and Wharton, 1952, Introd. Acar., p. 85 (new name for Protonyssus
Turk, not Protonyssus Trouessart, 1915). Furman and Tipton, 1958, Jour.
Parasit., 44, (5), pp. 541-7 (redescription of genus).
Type-species : by original designation and monotypy, Protonyssus uniscutatus Turk.
A new species, described below, possesses characteristics of both Laelaps
and Tur. This has raised serious doubts as to the validity of the genus Tur.
However, we choose to recognize it for the time being.

40 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Tur anomalus Tipton, new species. Plates 30 (figs. 3, 12), 34.
DIAGNOSIS: Tur anomalus n. sp., runs to T. lativentralis (Fonseca) in
the key provided by Furman and Tipton ( 1961 ) . It is similar to that species
in that the anal plate is separate from the epigynial plate and the gnathoso-
mal and hypostomal setae are reduced in both species. However, T. anoma-
lus is only 525 ^ long whereas T. lativentralis is more than 1000 /x. In addi-
tion, the setae of coxa I are very short and robust and the adanal setae do not
reach the base of the postanal seta in T, anomalus, while the setae of coxa I
are at least half the length of the coxa and the adanal setae reach beyond the
base of the postanal seta in T. lativentralis.
DESCRIPTION : Idiosoma. 525 /j. long by 309 /j. wide.
Dorsum. Dorsal plate strongly elliptical, with prominent shoulders; 504 p long
by 260 fj. wide; does not cover entire dorslim, with narrow postero-lateral band of soft
integument. Setae of dorsal plate in definite pattern; 39 pairs setae; some reticulation
adjacent to bases of setae.
Venter. Tritosternum pilose. Sternal plate 128 /* wide by 109 fj. long. Anterior
margin straight, posterior margin slightly convex; three pairs sternal setae of approxi-
mately same length; two pairs slit-like pores. Endapodal plates fairly well defined;
setae slightly longer than sternal setae. Metapodal plates elliptical. Epigynial plate
expanded; with four pairs of setae; distance between first pair of setae 62 /*, second
pair 108 /*, third pair 126 /*, fourth pair 92 M; posterior margin truncate, in juxta-
position with anal plate. Anal plate broadly triangular with straight anterior margin ;
92 fj. wide by 71 fj. long (measured to base of postanal seta) ; adanal setae with bases
cephalad of posterior margin of anus; 24 ^ long; postanal seta 28 /JL long. Approxi-
mately nine pairs of setae on unarmed portion of venter. Peritremalia posterior to
stigmata broad, lying in juxtaposition with parapodal plates which partially encircle
coxae IV; peritremes sinuate, reaching to anterior margin of coxae II.
Legs. Coxa I with two stout, striated, spiniform setae; proximal seta longer than
distal seta; spiniform setae on coxae II and III; femur I with strong spiniform seta
on ventral surface, two strong setae on dorsal surface. Legs I and II more robust than
other legs; leg IV longest, leg III shortest.
Gnathosoma. Deutosternum with usual rows of teeth. Gnathosomal setae slightly
coarser than medial hypostomal setae. Epipharynx tongue-like, with medial groove.
Details of the chelicerae not readily discernible but long seta at base of chela; chelae
toothed; pilus dentilis apparently absent.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female from Hoplomys gymnurus (field no.
4038), Cerro Azul (Panama), 29 January 1958, collected by R. M. Altman
and C. M. Keenan. In the collection of the United States National Museum.
Eleven paratype females, same data and repository as the holotype.
REMARKS: T. anomalus exhibits even more characteristics of Laelaps
than does T. lativentralis. The gnathosomal and hypostomal setae are re-
duced. The posterior margin of the sternal plate is not deeply invaginated
and the setae of the dorsal plate as well as of the venter are not robust as in
other species of the genus. The broad peritremalia, the anal plate lying in
juxtaposition with the epigynial plate and the details of the female chelicerae,
though not clearly visible, show some affinities with other species of Tur.
The discovery of this species emphasizes again (Furman and Tipton, 1961)
that the differences between Tur and Laelaps are not as marked as was first
supposed.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 41
Tur uniscutatus (Turk) . Plates 35, 36.
Protonyssus uniscutatus Turk, 1946, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 13: 347.
Tur uniscutatus Baker and Wharton, 1952, Introd. Acar., p. 85. Furman and Tipton,
1958, Jour. Parasit., 44 (5), pp. 541-547.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: 1228 females and 43 males from Proechimys
semispinosus from the Canal Zone ; 303 females from P. semispinosus from
Almirante (Bocas del Toro) and 21 females and 1 male from P. semispinosus
from Cerro Azul; 16 females from Didelphis marsupialis, 3 females from
Marmosa robinsoni, 1 female from Philander opossum and 1 female from
Heteromys desmarestianus , Camp Pina (Canal Zone) ; 13 females from
Nasua nasua, Gamboa (Canal Zone) ; 6 females from Hoplomys gymnurus,
Cerro Azul and Almirante ; 13 females from "rat", Barro Colorado Island ;
collected from July 1956 to July 1960 by R. M. Altman, C. 0. Handley, C. M.
Keenan and V. J. Tipton.
REMARKS: More than 95 percent of our 1649 specimens are from
Proechimys semispinosus. Although this represents a long series, the range
of variation is not as great as in species of other neotropical genera. Plates
35 and 36 show the extremes in variation, mostly differences in the diameter
of the gnathosomal setae, size and number of setae on the venter, and minor
differences in the details of the female chelicerae. Figures of Panamanian
specimens given by Furman and Tipton (1958) differ slightly from our il-
lustrations in these same characters. A study of all the specimens from
which the drawings were made reveals that the differences are not as great
as the illustrations indicate. However, specimens from Bocas del Toro do
have heavier body setae and the female holoventral plate is slightly more ex-
panded than in specimens from other localities.

42 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
HOST-PARASITE LIST
Class MAMMALIA
Order MARSUPIALIA
Family Didelphidae
Marmosa robinsoni
Tur uniscutatus (Turk)
Didelphis marsupialis
Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca
oudemansi Fonseca
Laelaps pilifer n. sp.
Tur uniscutatus (Turk)
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Philander opossum
Tur uniscutatus (Turk)
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Metachirus nudicaudatus
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Order RODENTIA
Suborder Sciuromorpha
Family Sciuridae
Sciurus granatensis
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Family Heteromyidae
Heteromys australis
Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox)
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Heteromys desmarestianus
Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox)
Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman
Tur uniscutatus (Turk)
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Liomys adspersus
Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox)
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Suborder Myomorpha
Family Cricetidae
Oryzomys albigularis
Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca
Laelaps thori Fonseca
Oryzomys alfaroi
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca
inca Fonseca
oudemansi Fonseca
Laelaps castroi Fonseca
" paulistanensis Fonseca
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Oryzomys bicolor
Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca
Laelaps sp.
Oryzomys bombycinus
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca
oudemansi Fonseca
Laelaps pilifer n. sp.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Oryzomys caliginosus
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca
oudemansi Fonseca
wolffsohni (Oudemans)
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton
pilifer n. sp.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Oryzomys capito
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca
oudemansi Fonseca
wolffsohni (Oudemans)
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton
pilifer n. sp.
" thori Fonseca
Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca
Oryzomys fulvescens
Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca
wolffsohni (Oudemans)
Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman
Laelaps castroi Fonseca
Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Oryzomys sp.
Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox)
Nectomys alfari
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca
oudemansi Fonseca
wolffsohni (Oudemans)
Echinolaelaps lowei n. sp.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Tylomys panamensis
Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox)
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Nyctomys sumichrasti
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Reithrodontomys creper
Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Reithrodontomys mexicanus
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 43
Reithrodontomys sumichrasti
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Peromyscus flavidus
Gigantolaelaps Inca Fonseca
oudemansi Fonseca
Laelaps thori Fonseca
Peromyscus nudipes
Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman
Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca
Laelaps castroi Fonseca
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Zygodontomys microtinus
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca
goyanensis Fonseca
oudemansi Fonseca
wolffsohni (Oudemans)
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Scotinomys teguina
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Scotinomys xerampelinus
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Sigmodon hispidus
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca
oudemansi Fonseca
wolffsohni (Oudemans)
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Family Muridae
Rattus norvegicus
Laelaps nuttalli Hirst
Rattus rattus
Echinolaelaps echidninus (Berlese)
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton
nuttalli Hirst
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Suborder Hystricomorpha
Family Echimyidae
Proechimys semispinosus
Tur uniscutatus (Turk)
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton
nuttalli Hirst
pilifer n. sp.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Hoplomys gymnurus
Tur uniscutatus (Turk)
anomalus n. sp.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)
Order CARNIVORA
Family Procyonidae
Nasua nasua
Tur uniscutatus (Turk)

References
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1958. Mites found on mice of the genus Peromyscus in Utah. IV. Families Lae-
laptidae and Phytoseiidae (Acarina). Pan-Pac. Ent., 34, (1): 17-32, pis. I-VI.
BAKER, E. W., AND WHARTON, G. W.
1952. An introduction to acarology. New York, Macmillan Co., xiii + 465 pp.,
377 figs.
BERLESE, A.
1882-1902. Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Portici et
Padua.
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Int. Congr. Zool., Lisboa, pp. 1597-1615, 1 fig.
1939a. Notas de Acareologia. XXV. Os Laelaptidae gigantes, parasitas de reodores
sul-americanos ; genero e especies' novos (Acari). Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 7-53,
figs. 1-30. (English translation, pp. 55-102).
1939b. Notas de Acareologia. XXVI. Novos estudos sobre o genero Laelaps Koch,
1836 (Acari. Laelaptidae). Loc. cit., pp. 103-123, figs. 1-9. (English transla-
tion, pp. 125-145).
1958. Notas de Acareologia. XLIV. Inquerito sobre a fauna acarologica de para-
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1947. Notes on ectoparasites from Venezuela (Siphonaptera and Acarina). Zoo-
logica, 32, (3), pp. 117-119, figs. 1-2.
44

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN I LAELAPTINE MITES 45
FURMAN, D. P.
1955a. Revision of the genus Eubr achy lae laps (Acarina: Laelaptidae) with the
descriptions of two new species from Mexico. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 48: 51-59,
pis. I-III.
1955b. Steptolaelaps, a new genus of mites parasitic on neotropical rodents. Jour.
Parasit., 41, (5), pp. 519-525, figs. 1-12.
FURMAN, D. P., AND TIPTON, V. J.
1958. Tur uniscutatus (Turk) 1946 (Acarina: Laelaptidae) from neotropical ro-
dents. Jour. Parasit., 44, (5), pp. 541-547, pis. I-II.
1961. Acaros parasites laelaptine (Acarina: Laelaptidae) de Venezuela. Mem. Soc.
Cienc. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 166-212, pis. I-XII.
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1960. The genus Laelaps with a review of the Laelaptinae and a new subfamily
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Ceylon. Parasitology, 40, (1-2), pp. 63-76, figs. 1-15.

PLATE 1. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Echinolaelaps lowei Tipton, new species, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3,
chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 2.
Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, anal
plate. 4, ventral view.

PLATE 3. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
A.MflAZOE
Coxa I and sternal plates. Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonesca (figs. 4, 8). G. goyanensis
Fonseca (figs. 1, 6). G. oudemansi Fonseca (figs. 2, 7). G. wolffsohni (Oudemans) (figs.
3, 5,9, 10).

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 4.
Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela.
4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 5. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Gigantolaelaps goyanensis Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, anal
plate. 4, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 6.
Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, chela. 3, gnathosoma. 4, anal
plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 7. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela.
4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 8.
Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans), female, group A, from Oryzomys caliginosus,
Cerro Campana. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral

PLATE 9. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans), female, group B, from Oryzomys capita
El Valle. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 10.
Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans), female, group C, from Sigmodon hispidus, Al-
mirante. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, ventral view.

PLATE 11. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans), female, group D, from Oryzomys fulvescens,
Rancho Mojica. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN I LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 12.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Peromyscus nudipes, Rancho Mojica, and
Reithrodontomys sumichrasti, Cerro Punta. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela.
4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 13. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Nyctomys sumichrasti, Cerro Azul.
1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 14.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Liomys adspersus, Canal Zone. 1, dorsal
view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 15. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Sigmodon hispidus, Canal Zone. 1, dorsal
view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 16.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) , female, from Oryzomys fulvescens, Canal Zone. 1, dor-
sal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 17. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Hoplomys gymnunis, Cerro Azul. 1, dor-
sal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 18.
50 NO be
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Philander opossum, Canal Zone. 1, dor-
sal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 19. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Sciurus granatensis, Canal Zone. 1, dor-
sal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN I LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 20.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Oryzomys capito, Cerro Azul. 1,
dorsal plate. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 21. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Nectomys alfari, Cerro Azul. 1, dorsal
view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 22.
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Metachirus nudicaudatus, Canal Zone.
1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 23. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Metachirus nudicaudatus, Cerro Azul.
1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN I LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 24.
Laelaps castroi Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, coxa I. 4, anal
plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 25. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela.
4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 26.
Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton, male. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela.
4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 27. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
r*"
Laelaps paulistanensis Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, chela. 3, gnathosoma. 4,
anal plate. 5, coxa I. 6, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 28.
sonobe.
Laelaps pilifer Tipton, new species, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela.
4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 29. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Laelaps thori Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate.
5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 30.
Coxa I and anal plate. Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton, female (figs. 4, 7), male
(figs. 6, 9). L. pilifer Tipton, new species, female (figs. 5, 11). L. thori Fonseca, female
(figs. 1, 8). Laelaps sp., female (figs. 2, 10). Tur anomalus Tipton, new species, female
(figs. 3, 12).

PLATE 31. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela.
4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 32.
Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox), female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4,
anal plate. 5, ventral view.

PLATE 33. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox), male. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal
plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 34.
Tur anomalus Tipton, new species, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, anal
plate. 4, ventral view. 5, chela (drawn from photograph).

PLATE 35. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Tur uniscutatus (Turk), female, from Proechimys semispinosus, Canal Zone. 1, dorsal
view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 36.
Tur uniscutatus (Turk), female, from Hoplomys gymnurus, Cerro Azul. 1, dorsal view.
2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view.

The Dermanyssid Mites of Panama
( Acarina : Dermanyssidae )
CONRAD E. YUNKER X AND FRANK J. RADOVSKY 2
The dermanyssid mites of Panama have previously been known only
from a single record of Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) , published by Ewing
(1922). Intensive sampling of these blood-sucking parasitic mites was ac-
complished by the senior author from 1960 to 1962 in conjunction with a
survey of acarine-borne diseases. Collections were made from over 3000
Panamanian vertebrates, mostly mammals. Hosts were collected by shoot-
ing or trapping. A large percentage of the bats were caught in mist nets.
Parasites were taken either by combing carcasses that had been kept over-
night in individual plastic bags, or from pans of water where they had
dropped from carcasses suspended overnight by strings above the pans.
Many hosts, but not all, were sampled for intranasal mites by a nasal wash-
ing technique (Yunker, 1961). As a result, 41 species of Dermanyssidae
were found. At least 11 of these are new species, of which only four are
described here. The remaining seven, all from bats, will be described in a
revision of world-wide species of bat-infesting dermanyssids (Radovsky,
in ms.) . A new genus is erected for one of the new species described here,
and Neoichoronyssus dentipes is transferred to another new genus. Keys
to the species from Panama and a host list are provided.
Of particular interest is the absence of dermanyssid mites from rice
rats (Oryzomys spp.). Over 100 rice rats representing at least seven spe-
cies were examined, but dermanyssid mites were never found. Neither do
Strandtmann and Wharton (1958) list dermanyssids for Oryzomys. Host
specificity may account for this lack of association. On the other hand,
1 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National
Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Middle
America Research Unit, Balboa Heights, Canal Zone, and Rocky Mountain Laboratory,
Hamilton, Montana.
2 Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley.
Present address: George Williams Hooper Foundation, The University of California
Medical Center, San Francisco.
83

84 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
infestation with dermanyssids may be precluded by the presence of species
of Gigantolaelaps, the predominant mesostigmate mites on Panamanian
Oryzomys.
The disease survey that permitted collateral collection of most of the
mites reported here was originated by Dr. James M. Brennan, Rocky Moun-
tain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. Dr. Alexis Shelokov, Chief, Labora-
tory of Tropical Virology and Dr. Henry Beye, Director, Middle America
Research Unit, provided administrative support for the survey. Maj.
Vernon J. Tipton and Mr. Charles M. Keenan, Environmental Health
Branch, United States Army Caribbean, generously facilitated our collect-
ing and on occasion provided field men, Pantaleon Sanchez, Vicente Alvarez,
Victor Barria, and Wilbur Lowe, who worked long and hard and took an
active interest in our program. Our own assistants, Belgica Rodriquez R.
and Angel Munoz, Middle America Research Unit, enthusiastically and care-
fully performed the laborious preparatory work involved in such a program.
Mammals were identified by Dr. Charles O. Handley, and Panamanian birds
by Dr. Alexander Wetmore, both of the United States National Museum.
Reptiles were identified by Mr. Hymen Marx, Chicago Natural History Mu-
seum. Dr. Edward W. Baker, United States National Museum, Dr. Gordon
M. Clark, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Mr. Pedro Galindo, Gorgas Memorial
Laboratory, and Dr. Jesse S. White, Delta State Teachers' College, Cleveland,
Miss., provided additional material for study. Dr. Joseph H. Camin, Uni-
versity of Kansas, Lawrence, examined Draconyssus belgicae and gave help-
ful advice. We are grateful to all of these persons.
KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN GENERA OF DERMANYSSIDAE
FEMALES
1. Dorsal shield divided; metasternal setae absent; on birds
Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker
Without this combination of characters 2
2. Always on bats 6
On rodents, birds, or reptiles ; never on bats 3
3. At least some coxae bearing non-setigerous ventral spurs 4
Coxae without ventral spurs or coxae I or III with a setigerous spur or pedicel 5
4. Spur of coxa I bifid and setigerous Acanthonyssus n. gen.
Spur of coxa I neither setigerous nor bifid Hirstionyssus Fonseca
5. With a single dorsal shield; on rodents, marsupials or birds. . . .Ornithonyssus Sambon
With an anterodorsal prosomal shield and a posterodorsal pygidial shield or cluster
of platelets; intranasal parasites of lizards Draconyssus n. gen.
6. Dorsal shield divided Steatonyssus Kolenati
With a single dorsal shield 7
7. Caudal setae peg-like and barbed; sternal plate with band-like posterior thicken-
ing; (protonymphs the stage most often collected differing from all others
on bats in having claws of leg II much larger than those on other legs)
Ichoronyssus Kolenati (group I)
All setae smooth ; sternal plate without posterior band 8
8. Anterior margin of coxa II bearing one bifid spur or two simple spurs
Radfordiella Fonseca
Anterior margin of coxa II with one simple spur 9
9. Legs' stout, leg I more so than leg II ; with ridge-like ventral elevations on coxae
I-IV ; palpal trochanter without process New genus no. 1

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 85
Legs moderate in thickness; leg I no stouter, usually more slender, than leg II ; with
ventral elevations on coxae II-IV but not on coxa I ; palpal trochanter with ven-
tral spur or ridge 10
10. Chelae edentate; palpal trochanter with ventral spur arising distally
Ichoronyssus Kolenati (group II)
Fixed chela with two slender, curved, ventral teeth; palpal trochanter with ridge-
like process arising along most of its length. . . .Ichoronyssus Kolenati (group III)
Genus Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker
Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker, 1956, Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash., 23:93.
Type-species: Pellonyssus passeri Clark and Yunker, 1956.
KEY TO NEW WORLD SPECIES
FEMALES
1. Peritreme long, reaching to mid-level of coxa I; anteromarginal spur of coxa II
absent P. marui n. sp.
Peritreme short, not reaching past mid-level of coxa II; anteromarginal spur of
coxa II present 2
2. First sternal setae short (<15 /j.) ; sternal plate crescentic, nine or 10 times wider
than long P. passeri Clark and Yunker
First sternal setae long ( >40 /*) ; sternal plate rectangular, not more than six times
wider than long P. gorgasi n. sp.
Pellonyssus marui, new species. Figure 1E-H.
DIAGNOSIS: Similar to P. passeri (fig. 1A-D) ; differing in size
(smaller), in having a relatively longer sternal plate, in lacking an antero-
marginal spur on coxa II and in the longer peritreme.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Partially engorged; body approximately 330 n wide
at stigmata, 510 /* long exclusive of gnathosoma; dark brown in life.
Venter. Tritosternum with two pilose laciniae. Sternal plate a short, wide band
about 20 fi long by 165 n wide. First pair of sternal setae about 19 /u. long, second pair
more than twice as long (45 fj.) and third pair nearly three times as long (58 /u). Sternal
plate with two pairs of slit-like pores. Third and fourth pairs of pores inserted on small
circular platelets on integument; the former near coxae II, the latter near coxae III.
Two similar pairs of pores on circular platelets seen ventrally on opisthosoma. Meta-
sternal s'etae absent. Epigynial plate pointed posteriorly, reaching past fourth coxae;
with a single pair of setae (26 /*) . Anal plate ovoid, with flat anterior margin. Anal
opening in anterior part of plate. Paired adanal setae (32 /u) arising on either side
of anal opening just posterior to its midpoint. Single postanal seta shorter than adanals
(20 /j.) and arising anterior to cribrum. Peritremal plate posteriorly embracing coxa
IV, anteriorly continuing on venter to humeral region, proceeding dorsally for a short
distance at level with coxa I. Peritreme about 230 p long, arising posteriorly in stigma
at level of coxa IV and terminating anteriorly at mid-level of coxa I. Postcoxal apodeme
III continuous with peritremal plate and extending into the lateral vaginal wall as spur-
shaped apodeme. Opisthosoma with 13 pairs of setai that increase in size posteriorly
(f^om 25 fj. at level of epigynial plate to 70 p. at end of idiosoma).
Dorsum. Dorsal shield divided, both segments large, covering most of idiosoma.
Anterior (prosomal) shield about 220 n wide at posterior end, 220 ^ long, roughly tri-
angular; posterior margin straight; surface reticulate, bearing nine pairs of setae: five
lateral and four submedian, the former about 23 /u. long, the latter about 17 /. long, and
a single pair of anterior, lyriform pores. A pair of minute vertical setae (5 n) on
integument just anterior to shield. Posterior shield slightly narrower than base of an-
terior shield, about 170 /u wide at anterior end, 260 /j, long. Anterior margin straight,
lateral margins tapering to a blunt point. Shield strongly reticulate, with six pairs

86 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
of setae: the three posterior pairs submarginal, increasing in size posteriorly (13 n-
17 /J.-26 /*) , the three anterior pairs submedian, about 15-17 /u long. Dorsal integu-
ment with 27-28 pairs of setae (including verticals), those posterior and lateral
heavier and longer (e.g., 48 /*) than those anterior and median (e.g., 19 /*).
Gnathosoma. Chelicerae with elongate, attenuate apical segment (210 //, long by
7-10 n wide), and shorter wider basal segment (93 /u, long by 14 // wide) ; terminating
in small, shear-like chelae. Chelae with two recurved teeth on movable digit, and a
membranous fringe on fixed digit.
Legs. All legs with caruncles and paired claws. Coxa II without obvious antero-
marginal spur.
MALE: Body approximately 270 ^ wide at stigmata, 430 //, long exclusive of gnatho-
soma. Holoventral plate irregular in outline, approximately parallel-sided between
coxae, widening slightly posterior to coxae IV, markedly constricted at beginning of
anal plate; surface reticulate, with six to eight pairs of setae in addition to three setae
on anal plate. First sternal seta3 approximately 5 /j. long, second and third approx-
imately 23 /j. long; metasternal setae absent; genital setae approximately 20 /* long;
two to four pairs of ventral integumental setae of size similar to that of genital setae;
paired adanal setae (30 /a) arising on either side of posterior of anal opening, shorter
(21 /j.) postanal seta arising anterior to cribrum. Ventral and ventrolateral aspects
of unsclerotized venter with eight to ten pairs of setae, the lateral and terminal setae
heavier and longer (e.g., 46 AC) than the ventral setae (e.g., 20 p) . Peritreme arising
at stigma located at level of coxa IV, curving regularly to anterior level of coxa II;
approximately 155 /u long. Tritosternum with two laciniae, pilose from base anteriorly.
Coxa II without obvious anterodorsal spur. Dorsal shield entire, elongate and narrow
(496 (j. long by 225 /* wide), tapering to blunt point, surface reticulate, with 12 pairs of
setae. Dorsum with 15-17 pairs of non-plate setae, of sizes similar to corresponding
setae on venter. Chelicerae shorter and stouter than in female, basal segment expanded,
remainder elongate and narrow, length of apical segment, including chelae, 130 //.. Sper-
matodactyl 19 /a long, bifurcate, with both members of nearly equal length, the thicker
member trough-like. Fixed chela shorter and narrower than spermatodactyl. Deuto-
sternum with eight teeth in single file.
PROTONYMPH (unfed) : Body approximately 296 /* long by 185 n wide. Sternal plate
oval, 111 ft, long by 93 /* wide; with three pairs of setae, each 25 ^ long. Anal plate
oval, 67 /j. long by 56 n wide, with a pair of adanal setae (37 /u) and a single postanal
seta (19 /n). Anus near anterior margin of plate. Five pairs of non-plate setae on
venter. Peritreme originating in stigma at level of coxa IV and extending anterior to
level of middle of coxa III, approximately 37 /a long. Coxa II without obvious antero-
marginal spur. Tritosternum with two indistinctly pilose laciniae. Dorsum with four
shields: one large prosomal (177 M long by 179 ^ wide), one smaller pygidial (37 /t long
by 92 /j. wide) and two minute irregular platelets (18 /u, diam.) just posterior to prosomal
plate. Prosomal shield with nine pairs of setae, each 10 /u long; a pair of minute verti-
cal setae on integument just anterior to shield. Pygidial shield with three pairs of
setae, the anteriormost pair minute (7 //. long), the other two pairs heavier and longer
(48 /it and 60 ^). Chelicera functional, similar in form to that of female. Apical seg-
ment, including chelae, approximately 150 /A long.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66608), 4 paratype
females, 1 paratype protonymph and 2 paratype males from nest of Cassidix
mexicanus, Ancon (Canal Zone), 10 May 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker
and N. Smith; 17 paratype females, 11 paratype protonymphs and 2 para-
type males from Vireo flavoviridis, and 7 paratype females from Turdus
grayi, Carrasquilla (Panama), 3 June 1961, collected by A. Munoz; 2
paratype females from Progne chalybea, Corozal ice plant (Canal Zone),
11 April 1961, collected by C. M. Keenan; 4 paratype females, 2 paratype
males and 1 paratype protonymph from nest and young of Columbigallina

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 87
talpacoti, Corozal (Canal Zone) , 26 June 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker and
A. Munoz.
Paratype specimens to be distributed among the collections of the fol-
lowing institutions : United States National Museum ; Chicago Natural His-
tory Museum ; British Museum (Natural History) , London ; Rocky Mountain
Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana; Institute of Acarology, Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus; Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley; Snow Entomological Museum, University of
Kansas, Lawrence ; South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannes-
burg.
Fig. 1. Pellonyssus passeri Clark and Yunker. A, female sternal plate. B, female
coxa II. C, female anal plate. D, male chelae. Pellonyssus marui, new species. E,
female sternal plate. F, female coxa II. G, female anal plate. H, male chelae.
Pellonyssus gorgasi, new species, female. I, sternal plate ; J, coxa II ; K, anal plate.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED : Pellonyssus marui was also seen from
neotropical areas other than Panama : 23 females and 1 male from Pitangus
sulfuratus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 29 December 1948, collected by H. W.
Krumm ; 3 females from "Gray kingbird," Little Inagua Island, British West
Indies, "8-5-30," collected by H. S. Peters ; 20 females, 42 protonymphs and
15 males from Coereba portoricensis, Mayaquez, Puerto Rico, 28 March
1948, collected by Virgilio Biaggi.

88 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Pellonyssus gorgasi, new species. Figure 1 I-K.
DIAGNOSIS : Differing from P. passeri and P. marui in possessing elongate
sternal setae I (nearly twice as long as plate) ; differing further from P.
marui in having an anteromarginal spur on coxae II and a short peritreme.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Damaged; body approximately 336 /a wide at stig-
mata, 580 fjL long exclusive of gnathosoma.
Venter. Tritosternum with two pilose laciniae. Sternal plate approximately rec-
tangular, about 20 /u long by 113 n wide. First pair of sternal setae 43 /j. long, second
pair 58 /j., and third pair 68 //.. Only the first pair of sternal pores evident on sternal
plate of the holotype, lyriform; second sternal pores not seen. Third pair of pores cir-
cular, on soft integument near coxae II; a fourth pair similar to third pair on soft
integument near coxae IV. Metasternal setae absent. Epigynial plate pointed poste-
riorly, reaching past fourth coxae; with a single pair of setae (35 /*). Anal plate
broadly ovoid, with a truncate anterior margin. Anal opening in anterior of plate;
paired adanal setae (26 /*) arising at level of posterior of anal opening. Single postanal
seta (23 /n) arising anterior to cribrum. Peritremal plate posteriorly embracing coxa
IV, anteriorly terminating at anterior level of coxa II. Peritreme about 154 /* long,
posteriorly arising in stigma between coxae III and IV and anteriorly terminating at
mid-level of coxa II. Postcoxal apodeme III continuous with peritremal plate and ex-
tending into lateral vaginal wall as spur-shaped apodeme. Opisthosoma with 22-24 pairs
of setae that increase in size posteriorly (from 34 n at level of epigynial plate to 50 fj.
at end of idiosoma).
Dorsum. Dorsal shield divided, both segments large, covering most of idiosoma.
Anterior (prosomal) shield 255 /* wide at posterior end, 280 /u long, roughly in the shape
of a triangle; posterior margin straight; surface reticulate, bearing nine pairs of setae:
five lateral and four submedian, the former 20-25 n long, the latter 10-15 /* long, and
one pair of anterior lyriform pores. A single pair of minute (<10 M) vertical setae on
integument just anterior to shield. Posterior shield slightly narrower than base of
anterior shield, about 220 ^ wide at anterior end, 270 /j. long. Anterior margin con-
cave. Posterior of shield terminating in blunt point; lateral margins not tapering
evenly to this point, but indented near posterior end. Shield reticulate, only five pairs
of setae visible (but pygidial area poorly cleared) : the two posterior pairs marginal,
the terminal pair longer (16 /*) than the subterminal (10 /*) ; the three anterior pairs
submedian, about 12 p long. Dorsal integument with 30-34 pairs of setae (including
verticals), those posterior and lateral heavier and longer (e.g., 50 /*) than those anterior
and sublateral (e.g., 18 /u).
Gnathosoma. Chelicerae with elongate, attenuate apical segment (233 /x long by
10 yu wide), and shorter, wider basal segment (18 /j. long by 20 /* wide). Chelae poorly
cleared ; shear-like and apparently edentate.
Legs. All legs with caruncles and paired claws. Coxa II with an elongate antero-
marginal spur.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66607) from Phae-
thornis guy, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), about 5200 feet elevation, 27 April
1961, collected by C. E. Yunker. Known only from the type specimen.
Genus Ornithonyssus Sambon
Ornithonyssus Sambon, 1928, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 22: 105.
Type-species: Dermanyssus sylviarum Canestrini and Fanzago, 1878.
KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES
FEMALES
1. Proximal seta of coxa I arising from a spur-like elevation. .. .O. wernecki (Fonseca)
Proximal seta of coxa I not pedicillate 2

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 89
2. Sternal plate with two pairs of setae 3
Sternal plate with three pairs of setae 4
3. Medial and sublateral setae of dorsal shield short, not over 25 p.; on birds
O. sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago)
All dorsal shield setae long, over 35 /*; on porcupines. . .Ornithonyssus coendou n. sp.
4. Setae of dorsal shield shorter than those on dorsal integument; on birds
O. bursa ( Berlese)
Setae of dorsal shield at least as long as those on dorsal integument ; on rodents ....
0. bacoti ( Hirst)
Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago)
Dermanyssus sylviarum Canestrini and Fanzago, 1878, Atti R. Istit. Veneto Sci.
Lett. Arti, (5), 4:124.
The northern fowl mite is a common, serious, blood-sucking parasite of
passeriform birds and domestic fowl in temperate regions throughout
the world. Thirteen females were taken from a toucan, Aulacorhynchus
prasinus, in Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), at approximately 5200 feet altitude.
This is apparently the southernmost New World record for O. sylviarum,
previously not recorded south of the United States. It is noteworthy, how-
ever, that it has not yet been found in the tropical lowlands. This parasite
should be searched for in other areas of Panama.
Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst)
Leiognathus bacoti Hirst, 1913, Bull. Ent. Res., 4: 122.
The tropical rat mite is a common blood-sucking parasite of many species
of rodents throughout the world, and is capable of attacking birds and many
mammals including man. In Panama, it was the most common dermanyssid
encountered and was taken during all months of the year. Preferred hosts
were Proechimys semispinosus and Sigmodon hispidus. In the higher ele-
vations of Chiriqui Province, it was collected only from Peromyscus nudipes.
Although taken on nine occasions from Liomys adspersus, a spiny pocket
mouse, it was never seen on Heteromys desmarestiamis, a closely related
rodent, despite extensive collection of the latter. Other infrequent hosts
were Zygodontomys microtinus and Rattus rattus. Localities involved were :
both Atlantic and Pacific sides of Canal Zone; Achiote (Colon) ; Las Palmi-
tas and Guanico (Los Santos) ; Cerro Punta, Bambito and El Hato (Chiri-
qui).
Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese)
Leiognathus bursa Berlese, 1888, Boll. Soc. Ent. Italiana, 20: 208.
The tropical fowl mite, common on many species of birds in warmer
climates of the world, was recorded by Ewing (1922) "on common hen" in
the Canal Zone. Subsequent records are lacking, and the species was not
encountered in this study. Here, however, birds were not frequently ex-
amined. We have seen specimens from domestic fowl in Costa Rica and the
species is recorded from Colombia ; there is no reason to doubt its presence
in Panama.

90 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Ornithonyssus coendou, new species. Figure 2.
DIAGNOSIS: Similar to O. sylviarum, differing: in size (larger), in pos-
session of long, subequal setae on dorsal shield, and in having adanal setae
that arise at posterior level of anal slit. Known only from the porcupine,
Coendou rothschildi.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Body approximately 425 M wide at stigmata, 670 /x
long exclusive of gnathosoma.
Venter. Tritosternum with two pilose laciniae. Sternal plate rectangular, about
36 /it long at mid-line by 92 n wide at sternal setae II ; with two pairs of setae and two
pairs of lyriform pores'; surface adjacent to setae ornamented with cell-like reticulations;
parts of these reticulate areas covered with punctations. Third sternal setae on integu-
ment between sternal plate and epigynial opening. Metasternal setae present, adjacent
to coxae III. Third sternal pores located between sternal setae III and metasternal
setae. Epigynial plate narrow, pointed posteriorly, broad and fan-shaped anteriorly,
with a pair of setae. A pair of circular pores on integument near genital setae. Anal
plate ovoid, with the usual three setae and posterior denticulate cribrum. Adanal setae
arising at a level with posterior of anus, slightly shorter than postanal seta. Stigma
large (21 fj. diam.) circular, located lateral and posterior to coxa III. Peritreme wide,
extending anteriorly, bending dorsally, and terminating over mid-region of coxa I.
Peritremal plate fusing with endopodal apodeme to nearly encircle coxa IV. Ventral
integument with about 30 pairs of non-plate setae, those anterior smallest (e.g., 33 p),
those lateral and posterior longest (e.g., 47 ^) All posteroventral setae distinctly ter-
minally branched (fig. 2B). A pair of narrow elongate platelets flanking posterior end
of epigynial shield. Metapodal platelets irregular, small, in lateral post-coxal area.
Dorsum. With a single, long shield having sinuous lateral margins and tapering
posteriorly to a narrow, rounded point. Shield with 17 pairs of setae, anteriormost pair
relatively minute, others elongate (about 40 /*) , terminally branched. Dorsal integument
with about 50 pairs of non-plate setae, all well developed, terminally branched and
elongate. Those lateral and posterior longest (e.g., 45 /u).
Legs. I and IV subequal in length, longer than II and III, which are also sub-
equal. Each leg with a pretarsus bearing ambulacral claws and a small membranous
caruncle. All segments without obvious spurs or protuberances, except coxa II, which
bears an anteromarginal spur. All but distal leg setae terminally branched, those
dorsal somewhat longer and thicker than those ventral, especially on legs I and II.
Gnathosoma. Internal hypostomal setae much longer than external and anterior
hypostomal setae and gnathosomal base setae. With nine or 10 deutosternal teeth ar-
ranged in a single file. Hypostomal processes elongate. Palpal trochanter with a small
ventral protuberance. Chelicerae chelate; chelae edentate, resembling those of other
species of Ornithonyssus.
MALE: Body approximately 278 ^ wide at stigmata, 450 /* long, exclusive of gnatho-
soma. Holoventral plate irregular in outline, with 21 setae (occasionally one member
of a pair off plate). With 10 pairs of ventral non-plate setae. Stigma as in female;
peritreme extending anteriorly, bending dorsally and terminating over anterior region
of coxa II. Dorsal shield broad, covering most of dorsum, tapering posteriorly to a
point; with 19-21 pairs of setae similar to those of female. Dorsum with nine or 10
pairs of non-plate setae. Coxa II with usual anteromarginal spur. Palpal femur with
a large ventral protuberance bearing a spiniform seta (fig. 2F). Chelicera as in female
except for chela, which bears a scapiform spermatodactyl (fig. 2G).
PROTONYMPH : Body approximately 520 n long by 325 ^ wide. Sternal plate shield-
shaped, with three pairs of setae. Anal plate oval, with three setae. Six pairs of non-
plate setae on venter. Peritremalia a short, lateral crescent. Coxa II with a small,
blunt anteromarginal spur. Dorsum with prosomal plate having 10 pairs of setae, a
pygidial plate having three pairs of setae, and two small, bare platelets just posterior
to prosomal plate. Eleven pairs of non-plate dorsal setae.

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 91
Fig. 2. Ornithonyssus coendou, new species. A, female venter. B, female dorsum. C,
female chelicera. D, female sternal and epigynial area. E, female anal plate. F, male
palpal trochanter. G, male chelae. H, male holoventral plate.

92 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66610), 1 paratype fe-
male and 2 paratype nymphs from Coendou rothschildi, near Pedro Miguel
River, Paraiso (Canal Zone), 21 February 1962, by J. M. Brennan and
C. E. Yunker, deposited in United States National Museum. Allotype male,
and 10 paratype nymphs, same data, but 12 March 1962, in United States
National Museum. One paratype female and 7 paratype nymphs, same
data, but 26 February to 20 March 1962, in collection of Rocky Mountain
Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana.
Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca)
Liponyssus wernecki Fonseca, 1935a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 9: 70, figs. 1-8.
This species is a common parasite of marsupials in Panama. Hosts from
which we collected it are Didelphis marsupialis, Marmosa robinsoni, Phi-
lander opossum and Metachirus nudicaudatus. Localities include France
Field, Fort Sherman and Fort Gulick (Atlantic side of Canal Zone) ; Cerro
Campana and Cerro Azul (Panama). Collected mainly during the drier
months, March and April, we also have a collection taken in November,
France Field (Canal Zone), from Didelphis marsupialis.
Acanthonyssus, new genus
Type-species : Ichoronyssus dentipes Strandtmann and Eads, 1947.
DIAGNOSIS: Macronyssinae ; all setae smooth; dorsal shield entire and
broadly rounded posteriorly; all coxae bearing one or more stout ventral
spurs; coxa II with one simple anterodorsal spur; outer ventral spur of
coxa I bifid and bearing proximal seta at furcation ; some middle segments
of legs II-IV bearing strong recurved spurs.
FEMALE: sternal plate short, without surface markings other than usual sculpturing
and pores; sternal setae II much closer to III than to I; epigynial plate cuneate, with
well-defined scale-like, anterior sculpturing; peritremes moderately broad, terminating
over coxa I; chelae simple, without setae, teeth or other processes; palpal trochanter
with distal ventral spur.
MALE: ventral armature entire; palpal trochanter without process.
REMARKS : Furman and Radovsky (1963) synonymized Neoichoronyssus
by transferring the type-species, N. ivernecki, to Ornithonyssus. In doing
so, they left the generic status of N. dentipes unresolved. This new genus is
proposed for N. dentipes.
Acanthonyssus dentipes (Strandtmann and Eads), new combination.
Ichoronyssus dentipes Strandtmann and Eads, 1947, Jour. Parasit., 33: 31, figs. 1-3.
Described from Sigmodon hispidus in Texas, this species was recovered
mainly from Proechimys semispinosus in the Canal Zone (Miraflores, Sum-
mit, Gamboa, Coco Solo, France Field and Fort Gulick) . It was taken only
during the drier months, December to May, 1960-1962. Two collections,
however, from Almirante (Bocas del Toro), August 1960, by P. Galindo
were from the type host, Sigmodon hispidus.
Some of the material from Proechimys showed various but not obviously
consistent morphological differences from specimens from the type host.

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 93
These variations were particularly noticeable in the dimensions of the ster-
nal plate (range = 23 p. long by 118 //, wide to 32 p. long by 112 p. wide) , the
degree of biconcavity of the lateral margins of the dorsal shield, and the
number and relative size of the ventral setae. It is possible that two species
are involved here.
Genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948
Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 118:266.
Type-species: Dermanyssus arcuatus Koch, 1839.
Seven species of Hirstionyssus are known from Panama. They are de-
scribed and keyed by Strandtmann and Yunker elsewhere in this volume.
Of these, all but one are from heteromyid and cricetid rodents. The excep-
tion is from squirrels. A list of the species and their hosts is included in
the host list of this paper.
Draconyssus, new genus
Type-species : Draconyssus belgicae, new species.
DIAGNOSIS: Dermanyssidae ; with two dorsal shields or with a single
prosomal shield and a cluster of pygidial platelets; second cheliceral seg-
ment extremely elongate, but not attenuate, at rest deeply withdrawn into
idiosoma ; sternal plate with two pairs of setae ; metasternal setae absent ;
epigynial setae off plate; peritreme extending to level of middle of coxa II.
Male unknown.
REMARKS : At this point we are unable to assign Draconyssus to a sub-
family within the Dermanyssidae. We suspect it to be macronyssid and to
have affinities with Ophionyssus and Sauronyssus. Cheliceral conformation
the sole basis for subfamilial placement is not applicable here. The
chelicerae of Draconyssus belgicae, n. sp., although extremely elongate and
withdrawn into the idiosoma as in the Dermanyssinae, are also strongly
chelate and definitely not attenuate, as in the Macronyssinae. A similar,
but not as pronounced, elongation of the chelicerae is seen in Pellonyssus
and Ophionyssus (Macronyssinae). Hystrichonyssus (Hystrichonyssinae)
shows elongate attenuate chelicerae, but here the proximal segment is elon-
gate whereas the second segment is normal. It has been obvious to us for
some time that cheliceral modifications are unsatisfactory indicators of phy-
logeny in this group. Until a better basis for classification is reached, Dra-
conyssus must remain as an unassigned genus of Dermanyssidae.
Draconyssus belgicae, new species. Figure 3.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Body approximately 405 /j, wide at stigmata, 668 /*
long exclusive of gnathosoma.
Venter. Tritosternum with two pilose laciniae and serrate lateral membranes. Ster-
nal plate roughly rectangular with irregular borders, about 54 fj. long at mid-line by
93 /j, wide at sternal setae II ; with two pairs of setae and two pairs of lyrif orm pores ;
surface densely covered by coarse punctations that become less dense posterior to
sternal setae II. Third sternal setae on integument between sternal plate and epigynial
opening. Metastrrnal setae absent. Epigynial setae on unsclerotized integument be-
tween lateral margins of epigynial plate and coxae IV. Sternal and epigynial setae

94 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
subequal in length. Third sternal pores circular, on integument just posterior to sternal
setae III, and overlapped by hyaline anterior margin of epigynial plate. A fourth pair
on unsclerotized integument just posterior of epigynial setae and three similar pairs
on hysterosoma. Epigynial plate narrow, pointed posteriorly, broad and fan-shaped
anteriorly, and biconcave laterally in region of coxae IV. Anal plate ovoid, with the
usual three setae and posterior denticulate cribrum; adanal setae arising at a level
with posterior of anus, subequal in length to postanal seta. Peritreme arising at stig-
mata located lateral to and between coxae III and IV, extending anteriorly and be-
coming dorsal at termination over mid-region of coxa II ; peritremal plate fusing with
endopodal apodeme to nearly encircle coxa IV. Ventral integument with 15 or 16
pairs of non-plate setae; those lateral and posterior longest (about 53 /j.) ; those medial
and anterior of anal plate shorter, subequal to sternal and epigynial setae (about 37 fi).
All ventral setae terminally branched. A pair of narrow elongate platelets flanking
posterior end of epigynial shield. Metapodal platelets irregular crescents, located in
lateral post-coxal area.
Dorsum. With two sclerotized shields. Propodosomal shield biconvex ; twice longer
than wide; with six pairs of setae. Pygidial shield minute, irregular in outline, with-
out setae. Dorsal integument with 25 or 26 pairs of non-plate setae, including verticals.
All dorsal setae well developed, terminally branched, and subequal (about 50 /j, long).
Two pairs of circular pores dorsal on hysterosoma.
Legs. I and IV subequal in length, longer than II and III, which are also sub-
equal. Each leg with a pretarsus bearing ambulacral claws and membranous caruncles.
All segments without obvious spurs or protuberances. Leg setae as in body setae, ter-
minally branched; those dorsal somewhat longer and thicker than those ventral, espe-
cially on legs I and II.
Gnathosoma. Internal hypostomal setae much longer than external and anterior
setae and gnathosomal base setae. With eight or nine deutosternal teeth arranged in
a single file. Hypostomal processes elongate, ensheathed by lateral folds of tectum.
Tectum forming an elongate tube, extending to level with base of palpal tarsi. Chelicerae
elongate and whip-like. Basal segment short (21 /j.) ; distal segment sinuous and elongate
(363 n). Chelae chelate and edentate, the movable digit somewhat shorter and stouter
than the fixed digit; the latter with a slight, recurved tip (fig. 3C).
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66609) intranasal in
Ameiva bifrontata, a teiid lizard, Nuevo Emperador (Canal Zone), 10 Au-
gust 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker and A. Mufioz. Three paratype females
bearing the same data as the holotype ; 3 paratype females intranasal in
Ameiva sp., K-9 Road (Pacific side of Canal Zone), 18 October 1961, col-
lected by C. E. Yunker and A. Mufioz. The holotype and a paratype will be
deposited in the United States National Museum ; remaining paratypes will
be distributed among the collections of Chicago Natural History Museum ;
Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana; Institute of Acarology,
Ohio State University, Columbus ; Snow Entomological Museum, University
of Kansas, Lawrence.
REMARKS: Variation was seen in the shapes of the dorsal shields and
ventral plates, which were often eroded and irregular. The pygidial shield
of certain specimens was represented only by a cluster of two or three ir-
regular platelets. The epigynial plate varied in outline from an irregular,
asymmetrical linguiform one, to one with perfectly parallel sides ending
posteriorly in a glans-shaped expansion. The outline of the dorsal shield
was occasionally irregular, and in one specimen it included the bases of two
lateral setae typically found on the bare integument. The sternal shield was
often seen to be eroded on its posterior margin.

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSS.ID MITES 95
Fig. 3. Draconyssus belgicae, new genus, new species, female. A, venter. B, dorsum.
C, chelicera. D, sternal plate.

96 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
The species is named for Miss Belgica E. Rodriquez R., Middle America
Research Unit, who first recovered specimens from nasal washings.
Genus Steatonyssus Kolenati
Steatonyssus Kolenati, 1858, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 2:6.
Type-species: Dermanyssus murinus Lucas, 1840 ( Dermanyssus periblepharus
Kolenati, 1858).
Steatonyssus occidentalis (Ewing)
Ceratonyssus occidentalis Ewing, 1933, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 82: 10, pi. 3 (fig.
5), pi. 4 (fig. 1).
This is the only species of this large, widely distributed genus taken in
Panama. It was recovered from an unidentified bat in El Valle (Code),
1 June 1961, collected by W. E. Woodcock. In North America, the usual
host is Eptesicus fuscus; the range of this bat includes Panama.
Genus Ichoronyssus Kolenati
Ichoronyssus Kolenati, 1858, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 2: 5.
Type-species: Ichoronyssus scutatus Kolenati, 1858.
The interpretation of Ichoronyssus followed in this paper is that of
Strandtmann and Wharton (1958). It will be reinterpreted in a revision
by the junior author (in manuscript) . The genus (sensu Strandtmann and
Wharton) is here divided into three groups of related species.
Group I
KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES
FEMALES
1. Third pair of sternal setae on platelets joined to sternal plate by thread-like connec-
tions /. robustipes ( Ewing)
At most, slight constrictions between portions bearing sternal setae III and re-
mainder of plate 2
2. Sternal plate without constrictions proximal to third pair of setae; anteromedial
setae on dorsal shield about 40 fj. or more 7. venezolanus (Vitzthum)
Sternal plate with slight constrictions proximal to third pair of setae; antero-
medial setae on dorsal shield about 25 ^ or less. . . ./. haematophagus (Fonseca)
PROTONYMPHS
1. Coxa I with blunt lateral spur /. venezolanus (Vitzthum)
Coxa I without lateral spur 2
2. Unarmed venter with five pairs of setae lateral or anterior to anal plate
/. haematophagus (Fonseca)
Unarmed venter with seven pairs of setae lateral or anterior to anal plate
7. robustipes ( Ewing)
Ichoronyssus robustipes (Ewing)
Liponyssus robustipes Ewing, 1925, Ent. News, 36: 20.
This species is a common parasite of Tadarida brasiliensis , a bat ranging
over much of North and South America and the West Indies. In Panama,
/. robustipes was thrice taken from this host in a cave in Cerro Punta

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 97
(Chiriqui), 3 April 1961, by C. E. Yunker. Several mites also were taken
from Myotis nigricans roosting in the same cave.
Ichoronyssus venezolanus (Vitzthum)
Liponyssus venezolanus Vitzthum, 1932, Zeitschr. Parasitenk., 4: 9, figs. 3-13.
Previously known from the type collection from Molossus nasutus in
Venezuela, protonymphs of I. venezolanus were collected from M. coibensis
and "molossid bats" in a church attic in Pacora (Panama), 6 June 1961, by
C. M. Keenan and C. E. Yunker.
Ichoronyssus haematophagus (Fonseca)
Liponyssus haematophagus Fonseca, 1935b, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10: 43, figs. 1-2.
Protonymphs of this species were taken from a molossid bat, probably
Molossus coibensis, in a church attic in Pacora (Panama), 6 June 1961, by
C. M. Keenan and C. E. Yunker. The type collection is from southern Bra-
zil, from Molossus rufus.
Group II
KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES
FEMALES
Sternal satae III arising from posterior angles of sternal shield, and shield with
slight, neck-like constrictions proximal to these setae; dorsal shield with 26 or 27
pairs of setae /. kochi Fonseca
Sternal setae III arising slightly anterior to posterior angles of shield, not set apart
by constrictions ; dorsal shield with 24 pairs of setae New species no. 1
Ichoronyssus kochi Fonseca
Ichoronyssus kochi Fonseca, 1948, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 118: 278, figs. 17-20.
The type host is Artibeus sp. from Brazil, and our records indicate that
Artibeus is the usual host genus. In Panama, /. kochi was taken from
Artibeus toltecus, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), April 1961, and Rio Changena
(Bocas del Toro), September 1961 ; from Artibeus jamaicensis, Juan Mina
(Canal Zone), June 1961, and Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), September
1961, by C. E Yunker.
Ichoronyssus (group II), new species no. 1
This species was found in Panama on Vampyrops vittatus. Collections
were made from several bats at Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro) , September
1961, by V. J. Tipton and C. E. Yunker and from a single bat at Cerro Punta
(Chiriqui) , February 1960, by V. J. Tipton.
Group III
KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES
FEMALES
Peritreme ending over coxa I; dorsal shield with longest anterolateral setae about
two or three times as long as shortest anteromedial setae
I. crosbyi (Ewing and Stover)
Peritreme ending over coxa II ; dorsal shield with longest anterolateral setae about
nine or ten times as long as shortest anteromedial setae New species no. 1

98 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Ichoronyssus crosbyi (Ewing and Stover)
Liponyssus crosbyi Ewing and Stover, 1915, Ent. News, 26: 112, pi. 4, fig. 3.
In Panama, 7. crosbyi was recovered from Myotis chiloensis and from a
mixed lot of M. chiloensis and Myotis nigricans roosting in a cave in Cerro
Punta (Chiriqui), 5 May 1961, by C. E. Yunker. At least one bat was in-
fested with this species and with Ichoronyssus (group III), n. sp. no. 1.
The latter parasite was far more numerous at this site. In the United
States, 7. crosbyi is known from several other Myotis species.
Ichoronyssus (group III), new species no. 1
Large numbers of this species were found on many individual Myotis
nigricans in a cave in Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) , 5 May 1961, by C. E. Yunker.
In the same cave, it was taken on a few specimens of Myotis chiloensis. A
single collection was taken on M. nigricans in Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), in
March 1962, by V. J. Tipton.
Genus Radfordiella Fonseca
Radfordiella Fonseca, 1948, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 118: 270.
Type-species: Radfordiella oudemansi Fonseca, 1948.
KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES
FEMALES
1. Spur on anterior margin of coxa II bifid; sternal shield short (length at mid-line
about 25 /t), with strongly arched posterior margin R. oudemansi Fonseca
Coxa II with two simple spurs on anterior margin ; sternal shield length at mid-line
over 50 /j. 2
2. Dorsal shield length over 410 /u and usually more than 430 p.; sternal shield with
moderately arched posterior margin reaching slightly beyond level of tricho-
pores of sternal setae III New species no. 1
Dorsal shield length under 410 M; sternal shield with weakly arched posterior
margin rarely reaching beyond level of pores of sternal setae III . . New species no. 2
Radfordiella oudemansi Fonseca
Radfordiella oudemansi Fonseca, 1948, loc. cit., 118: 274, figs. 45-48.
R. oudemansi has not been collected in Panama, but it probably occurs
there and hence is included in the key. The type material was taken on
Desmodus rotundus in Brazil.
Radfordiella, new species no. 1
The common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, appears to be the normal
host. Mites were taken in Panama from a number of individuals of D.
rotundus at Las Palmitas (Los Santos), January 1962, by C. 0. Handley
and F. Greenwell. We have seen material from the same host in Guatemala
and Trinidad.
Radfordiella, new species no. 2
This species was collected in Panama as follows: from Carollia per-
spicillata, Sardanillo, Summit (Canal Zone), 12 August 1961; in a mixed
collection of C. perspicillata and Lonchorhina aurita, same locality and date ;

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 99
from C. perspicillata, Juan Mina (Canal Zone) , 30 June 1961 ; from Carollia
castanea, Cerro Pirre (Darien), 3 February 1961, by C. E. Yunker. Only
the first of these collections contained more than one specimen.
New Genus no. 1
Three undescribed species belonging to to this genus were found in
Panama. All of these were taken from phyllostomid bats, as follows : n. sp.
no. 1 from Glossophaga soricina, Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), 19 Sep-
tember 1961, by C. E. Yunker; n. sp. no. 2 from Sturnira ludovici same
data; n. sp. no. 3 from Carollia, perspicillata, Juan Mina (Canal Zone), 20
June 1961, by C. E. Yunker. We also have specimens of n. sp. no. 1 from a
phyllostomid bat collected in Costa Rica by J. S. White.
Species inquirendae
Ten collections, consisting solely of protonymphs or males were seen.
Due to the existing lack of knowledge concerning immature and male meso-
stigmates they are not fully identifiable. Two of these, from rodents, are
not referable to any of the species known from Panama. They are : Sub-
family Dermanyssinae, 2 protonymphs from Hoplomys gymnurus, Cerro
Azul (Panama), 17 March 1961; Subfamily Macronyssinae, 4 protonymphs
of Ornithonyssus sp. from Dasypus novemcinctus, near Pedro Miguel River,
Paraiso, (Canal Zone) , 27 February 1962.
The remaining eight collections, all macronyssines from bats, are refer-
able to Radfordiella, Ichoronyssus (group II), new genus no. 1, and an un-
known genus. These probably all represent new species, but material is
inadequate for treatment.
Addenda
Since this paper was set in type, Till (1964: 90, 92) has synonymized Pellonyssus
passeri Clark and Yunker, the type-species of Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker, under
Steatonyssus reedi Zumpt and Patterson (1952: 163, fig. 3).
A summary reclassification (Radovsky, 1966a), including the bat-parasitizing Der-
manyssidae referred to here, has been in press at the same time as the present paper.
The subfamily Macronyssinae is treated as a separate family, Macronyssidae, which
would include nearly all of the Panamanian Dermanyssidae given in this paper (excep-
tion: Dermanyssinae incertae sedis off Hoplomys gymnurus). Ichoronyssus (group I)
is interpreted as Chiroptonyssus Augustson. Ichoronyssus (group II) is placed in a
new genus. Ichoronyssus (group III) is included in Macronyssus Kolenati. New genus
No. 1 is described, with its new species No. 1 described and designated as type-species
of the genus. Descriptions of the six other new species off bats, referred to here by
code numbers, are included in a fuller revisionary work (Radovsky, 1966b) to be pub-
lished soon.
Abstract
Forty-one species of Dermanyssidae were collected from Panamanian vertebrates,
mostly mammals. Of these, at least 11 are new species; the remainder are new records
for Panama. Described here are: Ornithonyssus coendou n. sp. from Coendou roths-
childi; Draconyssus belgicae n. gen., n. sp. from Ameiva bifrontata; Pellonyssus marui
n. sp. from Cassidix mexicanus; Pellonyssus gorgasi n. sp. from Phaethornis guy. The
remaining seven new species, from bats, are not described here. Acanthonyssus n. gen. is
erected for Neoichoronyssus dentipes Strandtmann and Eads. Keys to the genera and
species and a host list are provided.

100 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
HOST-PARASITE LIST
Class REPTILIA
Order SQUAMATA
Family Teiidae
Ameiva bifrontata
Draconyssus belgicae n. sp.
Ameiva sp.
Draconyssus belgicae n. sp.
Class AVES
Order GALLIFORMES
Family Phasianidae
"common hen"
Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese)
Order COLUMBIFORMES
Family Columbidae
Columbigallina talpacoti
Pellonyssus marui n. sp.
Order APODIFORMES
Family Trochilidae
Phaethornis guy
Pellonyssus gorgasi n. sp.
Order PICIFORMES
Family Ramphastidae
Aulacorhynchus prasinus
Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini
and Fanzago)
Order PASSERIFORMES
Family Hirundinidae
Progne chalybea
Pellonyssus marui n. sp.
Family Turdidae
Turdus grayi
Pellonyssus marui n. sp.
Family Vireonidae
Vireo flavoviridis
Pellonyssus marui n. sp.
Family Icteridae
Cassidix mexicanus
Pellonyssus marui n. sp.
Class MAMMALIA
Order MARSUPIALIA
Family Didelphidae
Marmosa robinsoni
Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca)
Philander opossum
Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca)
Metachirus nudicaudatus
Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca)
Didelphis marsupialis
Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca)
Order CHIROPTERA
Family Phyllostomidae
Glossophaga soricina
New genus n. sp. no. 1
Carollia castanea
Radfordiella n. sp. no. 2
Carollia perspicillata
Radfordiella n. sp. no. 2
New genus n. sp. no. 3
Sturnira ludovici
New genus n. sp. no. 2
Vampyrops vittatus
Ichoronyssus (group II) n. sp.
Artibeus jamaicensis
Ichoronyssus kochi Fonseca
Artibeus toltecus
Ichoronyssus kochi Fonseca
mixed collection of
Carollia perspicillata and
Lonchorhina aurita
Radfordiella n. sp. no. 2
phyllostomid bat
New genus n. sp. no. 1

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 101
Family Desmodidae
Desmodus rotundus
Radfordiella n. sp. no. 1
Family Vespertilionidae
Myotis chiloensis
Ichoronyssus crosbyi (Ewing and
Stover)
(group III) n. sp. no. 1
Myotis nigricans
Ichoronyssus robustipes (Ewing)
(group III) n. sp. no. 1
Mixed lots of Myotis nigricans and
Myotis chiloensis
Ichoronyssus crosbyi (Ewing and
Stover)
Family Molossidae
Tadarida brasiliensis
Ichoronyssus robustipes (Ewing)
Molossus coibensis
Ichoronyssus venezolanus (Vitzthum)
molossid bat
Ichoronyssus haematophagus (Fonseca)
Family unknown
bat
Steatonyssus occidentalis (Ewing)
Ichoronyssus venezolanus (Vitzthum)
Order RODENTIA
Family Sciuridae
Sciurus granatensis
Hirstionyssus keenani n. sp.
Sciurus variegatoides
Hirstionyssus keenani n. sp.
Family Heteromyidae
Liomys adspersus
Hirstionyssus microchelae n. sp.
Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst)
Heteromys desmarestianus
Hirstionyssus heteromydis n. sp.
panamensis n. sp.
minutus n. sp.
microchelae n. sp.
lunatus n. sp.
Family Cricetidae
Peromyscus nudipes
Hirstionyssus galindoi n. sp.
Zygodontomys microtinus
Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst)
Scotinomys xerampelinus
Hirstionyssus galindoi n. sp.
Sigmodon hispidus
Acanthonyssus dentipes ( Strandtmann
and Eads)
Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst)
Family Muridae
Rattus rattus
Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst)
Family Erethizontidae
Coendou rothschildi
Ornithonyssus coendou n. sp.
Family Echimyidae
Proechimys semispinosus
Acanthonyssus dentipes (Strandtmann
and Eads)
Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst)
Hoplomys gymnurus
Ornithonyssus sp.

References
BERLESE, A.
1888. Acari austro-americani collegit Alloysius Balzan et illustravit Antonio Berlese.
Boll. Soc. Ent. Italiana, 20: 171-222, 13 pis.
CANESTRINI, G., AND FANZAGO, F.
1878. Intorno agli Acari Italiani. Atti R. Istit. Veneto Sci. Lett, ed Arti, (5),
4: 69-208.
CLARK, G. M., AND YUNKER, C. E.
1956. A new genus and species of Dermanyssidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from
the English Sparrow, with observations on its life cycle. Proc. Helminth. Soc.
Wash., 23: (2), pp. 93-101, 3 pis.
EWING, H. E.
1922. The dermanyssid mites of North America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 62: 1-26,
pis. 1, 2.
1925. New mites of the family Dermanyssidae. Ent. News, 36: 18-22.
1933. New genera and species of parasitic mites of the superfamily Parasitoidea.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82; art. 30, pp. 1-14, 4 pis.
EWING, H. E. AND STOVER, A. J.
1915. New parasitic mites (Acarina). Ent. News, 26: 109-114, 1 pi., 1 text fig.
FONSECA, F. DA
1935a. Notas de Acareologia. XIII. Novas especies sul-americanas de parasites
de genera Liponyssus Kolenati, 1858 (Acarina: Liponissidae). Mem. Inst.
Butantan, 9: 69-98, 17 text figs. (English Translation, pp. 99-114).
1935b. Notas de Acareologia. XXII. Liponyssus haematophagus, sp. n. (Acari:
Liponissidae). Ibidem, 10: 43-46, 2 text figs.
1948. A monograph of the genera and species of Macronyssidae Oudemans, 1936
(synom. : Liponissidae Vitzthum, 1931) (Acari). Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. London,
118:249-334, 52 text figs.
FURMAN, D. P., and RADOVSKY, F. J.
1963. A new species of Ornithonyssus from the white-tailed antelope squirrel,
with a rediagnosis of the genus Ornithonyssus (Acarina: Dermanyssidae). Pan-
Pacific Ent. 39: 89-98, 7 text figs.
HIRST, S.
1913. On three new species of gamasid mites found on rats. Bull. Ent. Res., 4:
119-124, 4 text figs.
KOCH, C. L.
1839. Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Archniden. Ein Beitrag zur
deutschen Fauna. Part 24.
102

YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 103
KOLENATI, F.
1858. Synopsis prodroma der auf Chiroptern als Epizoen vorkommenden Lausmil-
ben, Carida Kolenati. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 2: 47.
LUCAS, P. H.
1840. Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides, et des Myriapodes. Pt. 1.
600 pp., 46 pis.
RADOVSKY, F. J.
1966a. Revision of the macronyssid and laelapid mites of bats: Outline of classifica-
tion with descriptions of new genera and new type species. Jour. Med. Ent., 3, (1) .
[In press].
1966b. The Macronyssidae and Laelapidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) parasitic on
bats. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. [In press].
SAMBON, W. L.
1928. The parasitic Acarians of animals and the part they play in the causation
of the Eruptive Fevers and other diseases of man. Preliminary considerations
based upon an ecological study of Typhus Fever. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 22:
67-132, 19 text figs.
STRANDTMANN, R. W., AND EADS, R. B.
1947. A new species of mite, Ichoronyssus dentipes (Acarina: Liponyssinae), from
the cotton rat. Jour. Parasit., 33: 51-56, figs. 1-3.
STRANDTMANN, R. W., AND WHARTON, G. W.
1958. A manual of mesostigmatid mites parasitic on vertebrates. Contr. No. 4,
Institute of Acarology, Univ. Md., College Park, xi + 330 pp., 96 figs, on 69 pp.
STRANDTMANN, R. W., AND YUNKER, C. E.
1964. The genus Hirstionyssus (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in Panama. [This
volume, pp. 105-124].
TILL, W. M.
1964. A revision of the genus Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker (Acari: Mesostig-
mata). Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 45, (304), pp. 85-102. 39 text figs.
VITZTHUM, H. G.
1931. Neue parasitische Fledermausmilben aus Venezuela. Zeitschr. Parasitenk.,
4, (1), pp. 1-47, 28 text figs.
YUNKER, C. E.
1961. A sampling technique for intranasal chiggers. (Trombiculidae) . Jour. Parasit.
47:720.
ZUMPT, F., AND PATTERSON, P. M.
1952. Three new species of parasitic mites from the Ethiopian Region. Jour. Ent.
Soc. S. Africa, 15, (2), pp. 159-164, figs. 1-3.

The Genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca in Panama
(Acarina: Dermanyssidae)
RUSSELL W. STRANDTMANN 1 AND CONRAD E. YuNKER 2
Seventeen species of the relatively large genus Hirstionyssus are known
from the New World. With the exception of H. butantanensis (Fonseca,
1932) from Brazil, all of these records are North American. A recent col-
lection from Panamanian rodents contained seven new species, described
below. Six (H. heteromydis, panamensis, minutus, galindoi, lunatus, and
microchelae) are from heteromyid and cricetid rodents, and one (H.
keenani) is from squirrels. Three (H. heteromydis, panamensis, and mi-
nutus) form a closely related group. A key to the females of Hirstionyssus
of Panama is included.
The authors are grateful to Lieutenant Colonel Vernon J. Tipton, Medi-
cal Service Corps, United States Army, formerly Chief, Environmental
Health Branch, United States Army Caribbean, and Dr. Nathan B. Gale,
Division of Veterinary Medicine, Panama Canal Company, for aid in collect-
ing the hosts, and to Dr. Charles 0. Handley, Division of Mammals, United
States National Museum, for identifying them.
Genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca
Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 118: 226.
Type-species: Dermanyssus arcuatus C. L. Koch, 1839.
Hirstionyssus heteromydis, new species. Figures 4, 5.
DIAGNOSIS: The female is 700 ^ long and one-half as wide. Its sternal
plate is rectangular and not quite twice as wide as long ; its epigynial plate
narrowly linguiform, and its anal plate elliptical. The movable chela is about
1 Department of Biology, Texas Technological College, Lubbock.
2 U.S. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Middle America Research Unit, Balboa Heights, Canal
Zone, and Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana.
105

106 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
one-half the length of the second cheliceral segment. The coxal spur formula
is 0-2-2-0. Tarsus II is without apical claw-like spurs.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE : Idiosoma. 767 fi long by 378 /* wide.
Venter (fig. 4D). With 20-25 pairs of subequal and rather delicate opisthosomal
setae. Sternal plate (fig. 4F) rectangular, sides slightly concave, posterior margin
straight, anterior angles projected between coxae I and II, posterior angles broadly
truncate; with three pairs of setae and two pairs of circular pores; first sternal setae
just off the plate; entire plate lightly stippled, with very faint reticulations. Presternal
area sclerotized and reticulated. Tritosternum (fig. 4F) without hyaline margins; basal
portion lightly wrinkled ; with two laciniae, weakly plumose at tips. Metasternal seta and
pore present but metasternal plate absent. A narrow endopodal apodeme present be-
tween coxae III and IV. Epigynial plate slender, linguiform, obtusely pointed posteriorly,
surface punctate with two median, longitudinal, slightly divergent lines; with a single
pair of setae; membranous anterior portion partly overlapping sternal plate. A pore
each side on soft integument near genital setae. Anal plate about twice as long as wide,
elliptical; with a pair of small, circular marginal pores (generally more marginal than
shown) ; paired adanal setae at the anterior margin of the anus; anal setae slightly
smaller than the ventral setae. All coxae with pilif orm setae ; small fimbria present on
anterior peripheral margins of coxae. Coxa I with two setae. (Both coxae I of the
holotype have a noticeable longitudinal furrow adjacent to the proximal seta as in fig.
4D. This is seen as a shallow depression in some paratypes and is not evident at all
in others.) Coxa II with two setae; anterior marginal spur prominent; posterior margin
sharply angulate; the single ventral spur low, broad and dolabrate. Coxa III with two
setae, a blunt ventral spur and a slender, sharp, posterior marginal spur. Coxa IV with
a single seta; without spur. Stigma ventral, appearing between femora III and IV;
peritremalia narrow and curving posterior to coxa IV : Peritreme bending dorsally before
coxa II and terminating at a point level with middle of coxa I ; peritremal plate narrow,
widening at level of seta L2, continuing forward to anterior margin of coxa I.
Dorsum (fig. 4E). Dorsal plate with straight or slightly convex sides, tapering
posteriorly to a point; with a pair of slit-like pores at anterior margin and at least eight
pairs of small circular pores scattered over remainder of plate; with about 25 pairs of
small, widely separated setae, those anterior about twice the size of the others. Some
27 pairs of small setae on unarmored dorsum. (Under oil-immersion magnification the
posterior setae may be seen to have one or two small barbs.)
Gnathosoma (figs. 4A-C). With 16-18 rows of one or two deutosternal teeth per
row; hypostomal processes drawn out into two, long indistinct lacinae; corniculi lacking
or not visibly defined (as is true of all Dermanyssidae), tectum a transparent, flaccid
membrane with a transverse, blunt, denticulate anterior margin; chela slender, edentate
and very long, making up almost one-half of the length of the second cheliceral segment ;
setae of gnathosoma slender; of the two apical setae on dorsal side of pedipalp, the inner
is blunt and a bit heavier than the outer.
Legs. Setation as shown ; without unusual modifications ; femora I and II each with
three setae more robust than others ; all ventral setae longer than dorsal setae and espe-
cially long on tarsus where there are two ventral whip-like setae as long as the segment ;
without clawlike setae or spurs at apex of tarsus II.
Measurements of sample. Ten female specimens were measured. The numbers are
averages. Idiosoma, length (exclusive of gnathosoma) 700 n; width 355 /*. Dorsal
shield, length 600 /*; width 300 /*. Sternal plate, length (at midline) 70 n; width (at
bases of second sternal setae) 127 p. Epigynial plate, length 240 /*; width (just posterior
to genital setae) 75 M. Anal plate, length (anterior border to base of postanal seta)
85 n; width 60 /*. Legs (including coxa but excluding pretarsus) : I, 410 /JL; II, 335 /*;
III, 320 /i; IV, 390 M .
ALLOTYPE MALE (figs. 5B-D) : Length 460 ft,; width 270 /n. Legs: I, 330 n; II, 260 M;
III, 260 n; IV, 330 /*. Coxae I-III are as in female; coxa IV has a sharply pointed
posterior marginal spur, and tarsus II has two apical claw-like setae ventrally. The
holoventral plate is slightly more heavily sclerotized in the region of the genital pore

STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HirstionyssUS 107
FIG. 4. Hirstionyssus heteromydis, new species, female. A, palp. B, chelicera. C,
gnathosoma, ventral view. D, venter. E, dorsum. F, sternal plate and tritosternum.

108 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
than elsewhere. The sternal pores are circular, as in the female. The dorsal plate
tapers less than in the female and covers almost all of the dorsum.
DEUTONYMPH (figs. 5E-H) : Length 490 M (480-550). Legs: I, 330 /*; II, 280 M; HI,
270 ft; IV, 310 /*. The three pairs of terminal setae on the dorsal plate are progressively
larger toward the end, and are faintly serrate (the terminal pair, which is twice as
long as the subterminal pair, is shown greatly enlarged in fig. 5F).
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2817) and 10 paratype
females from Heteromys desmarestianus , Pifia (Canal Zone), 20 December
1960, collected by C. E. Yunker, in the United States National Museum.
Allotype male, same data but 13 December 1960, in the United States Na-
tional Museum. Remainder of material, including 26 paratype females, 3
paratype males and 5 paratype nymphs, same data but 13-20 December 1960,
distributed among the collections of Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton,
Montana; Texas Technological College, Lubbock; Institute of Acarology,
Agriculture Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio ; Snow Entomological Mu-
seum, University of Kansas, Lawrence; British Museum (Natural His-
tory), London; Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of
Agriculture, Ottawa; Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R.,
Leningrad; Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg ; Musee National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris ; Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelle de Belgique, Brus-
sels ; and Institute Butantan, Sao Paulo.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: 19 females of H. heteromydis from
Heteromys desmarestianus, from Pifia (Canal Zone), 6-21 December 1960;
10 females from same host, from Fort Gulick (Canal Zone), 1 February
1961; a single female from same host, Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), at
lower camp, approx. 22 miles WSW of Almirante, 9 September 1961; all
collected by C. E. Yunker.
REMARKS : Very little variation was seen in the sample. The denticulation
on the distal margin of the coxae, however, was quite variable, and in addi-
tion, it could not always be established clearly that coxa III had two spurs.
The first sternal setae do not always appear to be off the plate, but are some-
times seen to be connected to the plate by indistinct sclerotized bridges.
Hirstionyssus panamensis, new species. Figure 6.
DIAGNOSIS: The female is slightly less than 600 //, long and is one-half
as wide. Its sternal plate is rectangular, three times wider than long, its
genitoventral plate linguiform, and its anal plate oval. The movable chela
is one-third the length of second cheliceral segment. The coxal spur formula
is 0-2-2-1. Tarsus II is without apical claw-like spurs.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Idiosoma. 537 fi long by 310 . wide.
Venter (fig. 6A). With 18-21 pairs of short, piliform opisthosomal setae. Sternal
plate rectangular, anterior margin and sides nearly straight, posterior margin concave,
anterior angles acute, posterior angles rounded; nearly three times wider than long;
with three pairs of setae, first pair on anterior margin of plate; with two pairs of slit-
like sternal pores; anterolaterally with reticulations. Presternal area sclerotized and
reticulated. Tritosternum similar to that of H. heteromydis. A. pair of metasternal
setae and a circular pore present on soft integument adjacent to coxa III. Epigynial
plate linguiform, not greatly constricted in middle; rounded posteriorly; surface punc-

STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER I Hirstionyssus 109
A
FIG. 5. Hirstionyssus heteromydis, new species, female (A), male (B-D), deutonymph
(E-H). A, coxae I and II. B, venter. C, chelicera. D, tarsus II, ventral view. E,
dorsum. F, terminal seta of dorsal shield. G, venter. H, chelicera.

110 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
tate ; membranous anterior portion slightly overlapping sternal plate. A circular pore on
soft integument either side of plate. Anal plate broadly oval, about three-fourths as wide
as long; paired marginal pores appearing as minute punctations; anus in anterior of
plate; adanal setae arising at a level with middle of anus. Coxa I with two piliform
setae; coxa II with two piliform setae, a sharp anterior marginal spur, a broad dolabrate
ventral spur and a sharply angulate posterior margin; coxae III with two piliform
setae, a broad sharp ventral spur, and a slender, sharp, posterior marginal spur; coxa
IV with a single piliform seta and a small, ventral, posterior marginal spur. Stigma
ventral, appearing between femora III and IV; peritremalia narrow and curving posterior
to coxa IV. Peritreme bending dorsally in area of coxa II and terminating at a point
level with middle of coxa I. Peritremal plate narrow, widening at level of seta L2,
continuing forward to anterior margin of coxa I.
Dorsum (fig. 6B). Dorsal plate with straight sides, tapering posteriorly to a point,
with at least 25 pairs of piliform setae, those anterior longest, those posterior slightly
shorter than the 16-20 pairs of setae on adjacent soft integument.
Gnathosoma (fig. 6C E). Similar to that of H, heteromydis except that the movable
chela forms no more than one-third of the total length of the chelicera. Deutosternal
teeth not seen.
Legs. Not significantly different from those of H. heteromydis except femora I and
II without robust setae and tarsus II without whiplike setae (fig. 6F).
Measurements of sample. Four females were measured. The numbers are averages.
Idiosoma, length (exclusive of gnathosoma) 590 /j,; width 300 /*. Dorsal shield, length
540 n; width 260 /i. Sternal plate, length (at midline) 40 /*; width (at bases of second
sternal setae) 115 /*. Epigynial plate, length 200 /u; width 80 /JL. Anal plate, length
(anterior border to base of postanal seta) 65 /j.; width 50 /*. Legs: I, 310 /j.; II, 240 /*;
III, 225 p; IV, 290 p.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2818) from Heteromys
desmarestianus, Pina (Canal Zone), 20 December 1960, collected by C. E.
Yunker, in the United States National Museum. Three paratype females,
same data but 13 December 1960, distributed among the collections of United
States National Museum ; Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana ;
and Texas Technological College, Lubbock.
REMARKS: H. panamensis is similar to H. heteromydis in the tectum,
tritosternum, hypostomal processes, and ventral spur on coxa II. It differs
in many ways from the latter. In panamensis the sternal plate is much wider
and shorter, has rounded posterolateral angles, and possesses slit-like pores.
In addition, its epigynial plate is broad in relation to length, and is rounded
posteriorly. Its adanal setae originate at a point level with the middle of the
anus. The movable chela forms less than one-third the length of the second
cheliceral segment. The peritremalia is relatively wide posterior to the
stigma. Tarsus II has only short setae.
None of the material before us offered a distinct view of the complete
peritremalia, the deutosternum or the dorsal plate. It is probable that a pair
of anterior pores are present on the dorsal plate, as well as more small pores
and setae than we show. Some paratypes showed small barbs on the pos-
terior dorsal setae.
Hirstionyssus minutus, new species. Figure 7.
DIAGNOSIS: This is a small species. The female is 400 ^ long and the
male 280 ^. The female sternal plate is rectangular, about twice wider than
long. Its epigynial plate is linguiform and perceptibly broader in the post-

STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HirstiomjSSUS 111
FIG. 6. Hirstionyssus panamensis, new species, female. A, venter. B, dorsum. C,
gnathosoma, dorsal view. D, chelicera. E, gnathosoma, ventral view, and tritosternum.
F, tarsus II, ventral view.

112 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
coxal area than in the intercoxal area. The movable chela is more than one-
half the length of the second cheliceral segment. The coxal spur formula is
0-2-1-1. Tarsus II is without apical claw-like setae.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE : Idiosoma. 425 n long by 242 ft. wide.
Venter (fig. 7A). With 12-17 pairs of short, piliform opisthosomal setae, that be-
come progressively shorter posteriorly. Sternal shield rectangular, anterior margin
straight, lateral and posterior margins concave; with three pairs of setae and two pairs
of pores; first sternal setae on anterior margin of plate; surface of plate with indistinct
longitudinal wrinkles, anterolateral corners and presternal area reticulate. Tritosternum
as in H. heteromydis. Metasternal seta and pore present but metasternal plate absent.
A narrow endopodal apodeme between coxae III and IV. Epigynial plate linguiform,
relatively broad in postcoxal area; bluntly rounded caudally; anteriorly overlapping
part of sternal plate; with a pair of setae; surface densely covered with minute puncta-
tions. Anal plate a rounded oval, nearly as wide as long; with a pair of minute marginal
pores ; paired adanal setae at anterior margin of anus. Coxa I with two piliform setae ;
coxa II with two piliform setae, a sharp anterior marginal spur, a broad, dolabrate, ven-
tral spur and a sharply angulate posterior margin; coxa III with two robust setae and a
sharp ventral spur, coxa IV with a single piliform seta and a small, sharp posterior
marginal spur. Stigma ventral, appearing between femora III and IV; peritremalia
narrow and curving posterior to coxa IV; peritreme bending dorsally in region of coxa
II, terminating at a point level with middle of coxa I; peritremal plate narrow.
Dorsum (fig. 7B). Dorsal plate oval, broadly rounded caudally, covering most of
dorsum; with 27-30 pairs of small setae and many small circular pores; anteriormost
pair and posteriormost pair of setae 6 or 7 /j. long, remainder extremely minute (less
than 3 M). About eight pairs of minute setae on unsclerotized dorsum.
Gnathosoma (figs. 7C-F). Similar to that of H. heteromydis but movable chela
slightly more than one-half length of second cheliceral segment, and a mediodorsal, apical,
tarsal seta is markedly thick and blunt.
Legs. Similar to those of H. heteromydis: ventral setae generally longer and more
robust than dorsal setae, except on femora I and II where reverse is true; tarsus II with
some moderately long ventral setae.
Measurements of sample. Four females were measured. The numbers are averages.
Length (exclusive of gnathosoma) 400 /*; width 230 /j.. Dorsal shield, length, 382 /*;
width 205 p. Sternal plats, length (at mid-line) 45 /*.; width (at basees of second sternal
setae) 95 /*. Epigynial plate, length 177 M; width (at widest point) 75 /*. Anal plate,
length (to base of postanal seta) 39 M; width 46 /j.. Legs: I, 260 /*; II, 195 /*; III, 170
M; IV, 225 ^
ALLOTYPE MALE (figs. 7G-J) : Length, 296 /*; width, 180 /j.. Legs: I, 236 ,u; II, 180 /u;
III, 130 /a; IV, 210 fj.; coxae as in female; tarsus II with two blunt claw-like setae ventrally.
Holoventral plate expanded posterior to coxae; fused with anal plate; with nine pairs of
setae plus the single postanal seta; with five pairs of pores; the first sternal pores slit-
like, the rest circular. Dorsal plate similar to that of female.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2819), paratype female
and allotype male from Heteromys desmarestianus, Pifia (Canal Zone), 20
December 1960, collected by C. E. Yunker, in the United States National
Museum. A paratype female, same data, in collection of Rocky Mountain
Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and another, same data, in collection of
Institute of Acarology, Agriculture Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. A
paratype male and female, same data, but 7 December 1960, in collection of
Texas Technological College, Lubbock.
REMARKS: H. minutus resembles H. heteromydis in the tectum, trito-
sternum, hypostomal processes, chelicerae and leg setation. It differs from
the latter in size, by having only one spur on coxa III, by having less than

STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HlTStlOnySSUS 113
FIG. 7. Hirstionyssus minutus, new species, female (A-F), male (G-J). A, venter. B,
dorsum. C, palpal tarsus, dorsal view. D, gnathosoma, ventral view, and tritosternum.
E, tectum and palp, dorsal view. F, chelicera. G, venter (one adanal seta omitted). H,
gnathosoma, ventral view. I, tectum and palp, dorsal view. J, chelicera.

114 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
17 pairs of opisthosomal setae, and by having many minute dorsal shield
setae. In addition, shapes of the body plates are typical. The dorsal shield,
epigynial plate and posterolateral angles of H. minutus are broadly rounded
posteriorly ; the epigynial plate is relatively expanded posterior to coxae IV
and the anal plate is almost circular.
It differs from H. panamensis in chela/chelicera length-ratio, by adanal
setae that arise at the anterior margin of the anus ; by a longer sternal plate,
by having only one spur on coxa III, by the minute dorsal setae, and by the
robust, blunt mediodorsal seta of the palpal tarsus.
The dorsal setae are so small that it is difficult to distinguish between a
setal base and a pore.
Hirstionyssus microchelae, new species. Figure 8A-D.
DIAGNOSIS : The female is 620 //, long and 440 ^ wide at its greatest width.
Its sternal plate is rectangular and three times wider than long. Its epigynial
plate is linguiform and truncate, and its anal plate circular. Its chelicerae
are slender and the movable chelae are small, each less than one-seventh the
length of the second cheliceral segment. The coxal spur formula is
0-2 (3?) -2-1. Tarsus II is without apical claw-like setae. The posterior dorsal
setae are serrate.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Idiosoma. 590 n long by 384 fj. wide.
Venter (fig. 8A) With about 22-25 pairs of opisthosomal setae. Sternal plate
rectangular, with straight anterior and lateral margins and a slightly convex posterior
margin; nearly three times wider than long; with three pairs of setae and two pairs of
slit-like pores ; first sternal setae on anterior margin of plate ; anterolateral corners and
presternal area reticulate. Tritosternum as in H. heteromydis. Metasternal seta and
pore present, but metasternal plate absent. A narrow endopodal apodeme between coxae
III and IV. Epigynial plate linguiform, not greatly widened in postcoxal area; bluntly
rounded caudally; anteriorly overlapping part of sternal plate; with a pair of setae;
surface densely punctate. Anal plate circular; with a pair of minute marginal pores;
paired adanal setae at a level with posterior of anus. Coxa I with two piliform setae,
its peripheral margins fimbriate; coxa II with two piliform setae, a large, sharp anterior
marginal spur, a small blunt ventral spur, and a sharp, angulate posterior dorsal margin
that may be spur-like; coxa III with two piliform setae, a blunt ventral spur, and a sharp
posterior dorsal spur; coxa IV with one piliform seta and a small, sharp posterior
marginal spur. Stigma ventral, appearing between femora III and IV; peritremalia
narrow and curving posterior to coxa IV; peritreme bending dorsally in region of coxa
II, terminating at a point level with middle of coxa I; peritremal plate visible on either
side of peritreme, widening abruptly in anterior third, terminating adjacent to paired,
slit-like, dorsal shield pores.
Dorsum (fig. 8B). Dorsal shield elliptical, sides slightly convex, tapering caudally
to a blunt point; with 26 pairs of short setae, those posterior serrate; with 19 or 20 pairs
of small circular pores and a pair of large, slit-like, anterior pores. With 40-50 pairs
of setae on adjacent soft integument.
Gnathosoma (fig. 8C). Similar to that of H. panamensis, except that the chelicerae
are relatively narrow and elongate. The movable chela is less than one-sixth the length
of the second cheliceral segment (fig. 8D).
Legs. Not significantly different from those of H. panamensis.
Measurements of sample. Three females were measured. The numbers are averages.
Idiosoma, length 572 n; width 378 p.. Dorsal shield, length 500 /JL; width 290 M- Sternal
plate, length (at mid-line) 41 ft; width (at bases of second sternal setae) 122 p. Epigynial

STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : Hirstionyssus 115
FIG. 8. Hirstionyssus microchelae, new species, female. A, venter. B, dorsum and
peritremalia. C, gnathosoma and tritosternum, oblique view. D, chelicerae. Hirs-
tionyssus keenani, new species, female. E, chelae. F, tarsus II, ventral view.

116 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
plate, length 220 n; width 100 /u. Anal plate, length (to base of postanal seta) 70 /*;
width 80 fj..
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2820) and 4 paratype
females from Heteromys desmarestianics, Pina (Canal Zone), 13 December
1960, collected by C. E. Yunker, in the United States National Museum. Six
paratype females, same data, distributed among the collections of Rocky
Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana; Texas Technological College,
Lubbock ; Institute of Acarology, Agriculture Experiment Station, Wooster,
Ohio ; and British Museum (Natural History) , London.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: Two females from type host and lo-
cality, but 29 December 1961 ; 1 female from Liomys adspersus, Guanico,
Las Palmitas (Los Santos), 10 February 1962, collected by C. 0. Handley
and F. Green well; 2 females from type host, Almirante (Bocas del Toro),
7 September 1960, collected by P. Galindo; 7 females from type host, Rio
Changena (Bocas del Toro), at lower camp, 22 miles WSW of Almirante,
elevation about 2800 feet, 17 September 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker.
REMARKS : H. microchelae is easily distinguished from other Panamanian
species by the chela/chelicera length-ratio and the circular anal plate. In
addition, crushed specimens reveal a pair of circular pores on the medial
aspect of the peritremal plate anterior to the stigma. These are closely as-
sociated with a pair of square, cell-like depressions or muscle-scars (fig.
8B). Variation was apparent in the shape of the posterior margin of coxa
II. In some specimens this margin was angulate and distinctly spur-like ; in
others, including the holotype, no such modification could be seen. It is pos-
sible that this difference is an artifact of mounting.
The type specimens were taken from a host that was simultaneously in-
fested with heteromydis, panamensis and minutus. All females of micro-
chelae appeared to be engorged on blood, whereas none of the other species
did.
Hirstionyssus keenani, new species. Figures 8E-F, 9.
DIAGNOSIS: This is a typical Hirstionyssus species, characterized by a
female sternal plate that is deeply concave at its posterior margin and acute,
elongate coxal spurs. The female is SOOju long 30 ^, and approximately one-
half as wide. The coxal spur formula is 0-2-2-1, tarsus II lacks claw-like setae,
and the dorsal shield setae are noticeably shorter than the ventral setae.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE : Idiosoma. 513 fj. long by 325 IJL wide.
Venter (fig. 9A). With 20-24 pairs of setae. Sternal plate deeply emarginate
posteriorly, seven times wider than long; with three pairs of approximately equal setae,
and two pairs of circular pores; first sternal setae on anterior margin of plate; an-
terolateral corners and presternal areas reticulate. Tritosternal base punctate; laciniae
weakly ciliate. Metasternal setae and pore present, but metasternal plate absent. A
narrow endopodal apodeme present between coxae III and IV. Epigynial plate lingui-
form, not greatly widened posterior to coxae, rounded caudally; surface densely covered
with minute punctae; with a single pair of setae. A circular pore on each side near
genital setae. Anal plate oval; surface punctate; anus in anterior third of plate; paired
adanal setae arising at a level with middle of anus. Coxa I with two piliform setae, the
distal one longer and heavier than the proximal one; coxa II with two piliform setae, a
sharp anterior marginal spur and an acute, elongate ventral spur; coxa III with two pili-

STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : Hirstionyssus 117
FIG. 9. Hirstionyssus keenani, new species, female (A-E), deutonymph (?) (F, G). A,
venter. B, coxa IV. C, tritosternum. D, dorsum. E, coxae II and III. F, coxae and
holoventral plate. G, dorsal shield and peritremalia.

118 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
form setae and two acute, elongate spurs ; coxa IV with a single pilif orm seta and a small,
sharp marginal spur. Stigma ventral almost marginal, appearing between femora III
and IV; peritreme bending dorsally in region of coxa II, continuing anteriorly as far
as anterior margin of coxa I; peritremal plate narrow.
Dorsum (fig. 9D). Dorsal shield elliptical with straight, parallel sides; tapering
caudally in a blunt point; with 26 pairs of pilif orm setae shorter than those on adjacent
soft integument; with 17 pairs of pores, the anteriormost pair slit-like, the remainder
circular. With 20-22 pairs of setae on adjacent soft integument, slightly shorter than
ventral setae.
Gnathosoma. With 12-14 deutosternal teeth arranged in an irregular file. Hy-
postomal processes drawn out into two long lacinae. Tectum a transparent, long mem-
brane with a truncate, fimbriate anterior margin. Movable chela elongate, about one-
third the length of the second cheliceral segment; with a transparent, triangular medial
tooth, and a ciliated basal lobe. Fixed chela with a hyaline, stellate, seta-like structure
arising opposite base of movable chela, adjacent to a small circular pore (fig. 8E).
Legs. Setation typical of Hirstionyssus spp. Femur I with two and femur II with
one robust dorsal setae. Tarsus II with some long, whip-like ventral setae (fig. 8F).
Tarsus IV with a terminal spur-like seta.
Measurements of sample. Five females were measured. The numbers are averages.
Idiosoma, length (exclusive of gnathosoma) 500 /*; greatest width 320 /JL. Dorsal shield,
length 450 n; greatest width 252 fj.. Sternal plate, length (at mid-line) 15 ^5 width (at
bases of second sternal setae) 126 /*. Epigynial plate, length 257 /*; width (just posterior
to genital setae) 93 /JL. Anal plate, length (anterior border to base of postanal setae) 63 /*;
width 63 M. Legs: I, 333 M ; II, 260 p; III, 245 p\ IV, 315 M-
TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2821) and two paratype
females from Sciurus variegatoides, Gamboa (Canal Zone), 4 December
1960, collected by C. E. Yunker, in the United States National Museum.
Three paratype females, same data, distributed among the collections of
Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and Texas Technological
College, Lubbock.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED : Two females and one deutonymph from
Sciurus granatensis chiriquensis, Martinz's dairy, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui),
elevation about 6800 feet, 2 May 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker. One female,
same type host and locality, but 12 March 1962, and one deutonymph, data
same as holotype (figs. 9F, G). Coxae III and IV of the nymph lack the
marginal spur seen in the female. The dorsal plate setae are similar to those
of the female, except that the terminal pair is long (a characteristic of im-
mature specimens of Hirstionyssus).
REMARKS : The combination of arcuate sternal plate, coxal spur formula
0-2-2-1, and lack of claw-like setae at the ventral apex of tarsus II is shared
by only one other species, H. neotomae Eads and Hightower, 1951. The latter,
however, has a sternal plate less deeply concave (length-width ratio is 1 :4.3,
as compared with 1 :7.4 for H. keenani) ; its coxal spurs are much smaller,
and the anterior dorsal setae are longer. In H. neotomae, the first three rows
of dorsal plate setae overlap, whereas in H. keenani none of the setae on the
dorsal plate are long enough to reach the bases of those in the succeeding
row. H. keenani also resembles H. isabellinus (Oudemans, 1913) , but in this
latter species the sternal plate is even less arcuate than in H. neotomae and
coxa IV lacks a spur.
H. keenani is named for Charles M. Keenan, Chief, Vector Control Sec-

STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HlTStionySSUS 119
tion, Environmental Health Branch, United States Army Caribbean, and
Canal Zone naturalist.
Hirstionyssus galindoi, new species. Figure 10.
DIAGNOSIS : The female sternal plate is about four times wider than long.
The chelae are one-half the length of the second cheliceral segment. The
FIG. 10. Hirstionyssus galindoi, new species, female. A, venter. B, dorsum. C, chelicera.
coxal spur formula is 0-1-2-1 or 0-2-2-1, coxa II sometimes having a small,
rounded ventral knob that might be taken for a spur. Tarsus II is without
claw-like setae.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE : Idiosoma. 462 fj. long by 326 n wide.
Venter (fig. 10A). Sternal plate short, about four times wider than long, deeply
and broadly concave posteriorly, anterior margin nearly straight; lightly reticulated
at sides; the three pairs of subequal sternal setae shorter than plate. Presternal area

120 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
lightly reticulated. Tritosternum without basal hyaline margins; laciniae ciliate and
extending nearly to the apical hypostomal setae. Metasternal setae subequal to sternals.
Without metasternal plates. Epigynial plate linguiform; genital and all ventral setae
subequal, longer than dorsals; one pair of ventrals on the posterior margin of the plate
or apparently so. Posterior ventral setae as well as smaller marginal and dorsal setae
weakly serrate on one side (fig. 10A). Anal plate broadly ovate; the three anal setae
slender, subequal, and shorter than anal slit. Adanal setae inserted opposite the middle
of the anal slit. With 15 or 16 pairs of ventral non-plate setae. Metapodal plates absent.
Peritreme ventrolateral, becoming dorsal over coxa II, and extending to level of middle
of coxa I ; surrounded by a narrow peritremal plate, which encircles coxa IV posteriorly.
Dorsum (fig. 10B). Dorsal shield with sides subparallel, tapering posteriorly to a
blunt wedge; with 26 pairs of short setae which are a bit longer anteriorly and
peripherally; lightly reticulated in scapular area. With 10-12 pairs of dorsal, non-plate
setae.
Gnathosoma. Setation weak; deutosternal teeth in a double file, with about 14-17
denticles. Malae internae long, slender; tectum truncate, with a deeply ciliated margin.
Chelicerae relatively short and heavy, the chelae (fig. IOC) forming one-half the length
of the second cheliceral segment. Palpal genu with a transverse dorsal pore near base
(fig. 10B).
Legs. Setae of legs slender and piliform; femora I and II each with two slightly
enlarged dorsal setae; femora III and IV each with one slightly enlarged dorsal seta.
Coxa I with two subequal piliform setae ; coxa II with an anteromarginal spur and a
small, rounded ventral boss; coxa III with a ventral and a posteromarginal spur, both
small and acute; coxa IV with one small, sharp marginal spur. Tarsus II without claw-
like subapical setae.
DEUTONYMPH : Length of idiosoma, 305 /JL. Sternal shield extending to level of posterior
margin of coxa IV, as is usual for deutonymphs of this family. The first four pairs
of setae are marginal, the fifth pair is off the margin near the posterior end. Coxa II
with a slight ventral elevation; coxa III with an acute ventral spur; coxa IV without a
spur but with small denticles on the posteroapical margin. Dorsal plate entire, bearing
two long, weakly barbed setae at posterior tip. Peritreme extending to level of posterior
margin of coxa I ; poststigmal plate lacking.
MALE: Unknown.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66415) and one para-
type female from Scotinomys xerampelinus, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), ele-
vation about 7000 feet, 14 March 1962, in the United States National Mus-
eum; three paratype females and 3 paratype nymphs from Peromyscus
nudipes, same data, but 9 to 14 March 1962; all collected by C. M. Keenan.
Paratypes distributed among collections of United States National Museum ;
Texas Technological College, Lubbock; and Rocky Mountain Laboratory,
Hamilton, Montana.
REMARKS : This species is closest to H . breviseta Strandtmann and Mor-
lan, 1953. The latter, however, is without ventral spurs or knobs on coxa II
and its first sternal setae are extremely close set ; in addition, the spurs of
coxa III are not as pronounced as in the present species. H. galindoi also re-
sembles H. transiliensis Bregetova, 1956, but in the latter species there are
no ventral non-plate setae so close to the epigynial plate as to appear to be
touching it. The ventral idiosomal setae of H. galindoi are long enough to
reach the bases of succeeding setae, while those of H. transiliensis are quite
short.
H. galindoi is named for Sr. Pedro Galindo V., Gorgas Memorial Labora-
tory, Panama, who kindly provided certain specimens examined in this study.

STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HirstlOmjSSUS 121
FIG. 11. Hirstionyssus lunatus, new species, female (A-C), male (D-F). A, venter.
B, chelicera. C, dorsum. D, chelicera. E, dorsum. F, venter.

122 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Hirstionyssus lunatus, new species. Figure 11.
DIAGNOSIS : This is a small species ; the female is 350 //. long and has short,
delicate setae. It is instantly recognizable by the unusual shape of the anal
plate and especially the wide cribrum, which subtends the plate as a semi-
circular crescent. The epigynial plate is uniquely scaly in appearance. The
coxal spur formula is 0-3-3-1, and trochanters III and IV each bear two
heavy apical spurs. Tarsus II is without claw-like apical setae.
DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE (figs. 11A-C). Idiosoma 340 fj, long by 238 fj. wide.
Venter (fig. 11A). Sternal plate slightly arched, smooth or only faintly lined; the
corners rounded, not noticeably projecting between the coxae. First sternal setae mesad
of first sternal pores ; second sternal pores well mesad of sternal setae 2 and 3. Sternal
pores small and circular. Sternal setae 2 and 3 close set. Sternal setae 1 slightly
shorter than 2 and 3. Presternal area not heavily sclerotized, very faintly lined.
Tritosternum weak, transparent; basal portion transversely wrinkled; laciniae finely
ciliated. Epigynial plate broad and anteriorly overlapping part of sternal plate; pos-
terior margin broad, slightly convex, with one pair of epigynial setae ; in addition a single
pair of setae arise from the posterolateral margins of the plate; entire plate reticulate
and scaly in appearance. Anal plate unusual for genus. Posterior margin broadly
flared; cribrum subtending posterior margin as a crescentic band. Anal opening near
anterior margin of plate. Adanal setae arising at anterior level of anal slit, and sub-
equal to it in length. Postanal seta well removed from anal slit ; near cribrum ; subequal
to adanals. From seven to 11 pairs of ventral non-plate setae which become shorter and
heavier laterally.
Dorsum (fig. 11C). Dorsal shield covering most of dorsum, straight sided, and
broadly rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. With 26 pairs of minute setae that are a bit
larger posteriorly. At least posteriormost of these slightly serrate on one side (fig.
11C). Stigma dorsolateral ; peritreme mostly dorsal; enclosed in a narrow plate that
attaches to dorsal shield over coxa II. Peritreme extending nearly to level of middle of
coxa I.
Legs. Majority of setae short and slender. Both setae of coxa I piliform, the
proximal somewhat longer. Coxa II with an anteromarginal spur, a ventral triangular
spur, and the posterior margin produced into a large, acute projection, here counted as
a spur; with two piliform setae. Coxa III with a ventral spur, a posteromarginal spur
and two setae ; the anteromarginal seta slender and spinif orm, the posteromarginal setae
piliform. Coxa IV with a marginal tooth and a single piliform seta. Anterior apical
margin of trochanters III and IV each with three sharp spurs or teeth. Femora I and
II with each a pair of enlarged dorsal setae. Tarsus II modified into a slight hook at apex
but without claw-like setae. One pair of slender, flagellif orm medioventral setae on tarsus
II. Inner margin of femora and genua III and IV slightly crenulated.
Gnathosoma. Setae small and slender. Hypostomal and gnathosomal setae small.
Malae internae long and slender. Tectum extending as far as level of middle of palpal
tibiae; with a ciliate margin. Chelicerae long and slender; chelae about one-fourth as
long as second cheliceral segment (fig. 11B).
MALE (figs. 11D-F) : Idiosoma. 275 /* long by 188 fj. wide.
Venter (fig. 11F). Holoventral plate slightly expanded behind coxa IV, with eight
pairs of setae, none of which quite reaches the base of the succeeding seta, plus three
smaller anal setae; the latter slender and shorter than anal slit. Anal plate wide, with
crescentic cribrum as in female.
Dorsum (fig. HE). Dorsal shield nearly covering dorsum; with 28 pairs of very
small setae that are slightly longer posteriorly. Peritreme extending nearly to level of
middle of coxa I. Stigma ventrolateral.
Legs. Tarsus II with two subapical clawlike setae, basad of these are two long
flagelliform setae. Trochanters II and III lack the marginal spurs of the female. Coxa

STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HirstiomjSSUS 123
IV with one or two anteromarginal teeth as well as the posteromarginal spur. The
coxal spurs are relatively smaller than those of the female.
Gnathosoma. Not significantly different from that of the female. Chelicerae slender,
chelae unmodified.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66611), three paratype
females and one allotype male from Heteromys desmarestianus, Rio Chan-
gena (Bocas del Toro), lower camp, approximately 22 miles WSW of Al-
mirante, elevation about 2800 feet, 27 September 1961, collected by C. E.
Yunker. Two paratype females from type host, Pina (Canal Zone), 13 De-
cember, 1960, collected by C. M. Keenan. Holotype female, allotype male and
one paratype female deposited in the United States National Museum. One
paratype female in the collection of Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton,
Montana, and one paratype female in the collection of Texas Technological
College, Lubbock.
KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN SPECIES OF H1RSTIONYSSUS
FEMALES
1. Epigynial plate with scalelike pattern and two pairs of setae; anal plate much
wider than long, laterally angulate; trochanters III and IV with large distal
marginal spurs H. lunatus n. sp.
Without this combination of characters 2
2. Sternal plate approximately rectangular; ventral spur of coxa II broad and
dolabrate, reduced, or absent, on heteromyid or cricetid rodents 3
Sternal plate arcuate, posterior border deeply emarginate; ventral spur of coxa
II acute and elongate ; on Sciurus H. keenani n. sp.
3. Chelicerae slender, long; movable chela at most one-sixth the length of second
cheliceral segment; anal plate circular H. microchelae n. sp.
Chelicerae normal; movable chela at least one-third as long as second cheliceral
segment 4
4. Dorsal shield setae normal or reduced but not minute; coxae III with two spurs 5
Dorsal shield setae extremely minute; coxa III with one spur; a small species
about 400 /j. long ; with less than 18 pairs of ventral opisthosomal setae
H. minutus n. sp.
5. Sternal plate at least three times wider than long; sternal pores slitlike; coxa IV
with one spur 6
Sternal plate not quite twice wider than long; sternal pores circular; coxa IV
without spurs H. heteromydis n. sp.
6. Sternal plate three times wider than long; movable chela one-third length of second
cheliceral segment H . panamensis n. sp.
Sternal plate four times wider than long; movable chela one-half length of second
cheliceral segment H . galindoi n. sp.

References
BREGATOVA, N. G.
1956. Gamasoidea. Tabl. anal. Faune U.S.S.R., no. 61. 247 pp., 563 figs. (In
Russian.)
FONSECA, F. DA
1932. Notas de Acareologia II. Ichoronyssus butantanensis sp. n. (Acarina: Der-
manyssidae). Mem. Inst. Butantan, 7: 135-138, 1 fig.
1948. A monograph of the genera and species of Macronyssidae Oudemans, 1936
(synom. : Liponyssidae Vitzthum, 1931). (Acari). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 118:
249-334, 52 figs.
KOCH, C. L.
1839. Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Ein Beitrag zur
deutschen Fauna. Pt. 24.
OUDEMANS, A. C.
1913. Acarologische Aanteekeningen. xlviii. Ent. Ber., 3: 384-387.
STRANDTMANN, R. W., AND MORLAN, H. B.
1953. New species of Hirstionyssus and a key to the known species of the world.
Texas Rep. Biol. Med., 11: 627-637, pis. 1-3.
124

The Spinturnicid Mites of Panama 1
(Acarina: Spinturnicidae)
DEANE P. FURMAN 2
In recent years, particularly extensive collections have been made of ecto-
parasites from Central American mammals and birds. These have chiefly
been obtained in the course of epidemiological investigations of arthropod-
borne diseases that are transmissible to man, or as a prerequisite to such in-
vestigations, because knowledge of the systematics and biology of ectopara-
ites is basic to understanding potential pathogen-vector relationships.
The present report on the Spinturnicidae, mites which are exclusively
parasitic on bats, deals with the Panamanian collections and, with few ex-
ceptions, those Trinidadian collections pertaining to new species that occur
in both Panama and Trinidad. The rich Panamanian collections were made
available to the author by Lt. Col. Vernon J. Tipton, then Chief, Environ-
mental Health Branch, Preventive Medicine Division, United States Army,
Caribbean. Concurrently, the author studied extensive collections of Trini-
dadian bat mites lent through the courtesy of Dr. Thomas H.G. Aitken of the
Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory of the Rockefeller Foundation at Port
of Spain. Trinidad collections will be dealt with in a separate paper. All
collecting localities mentioned in this paper are in Panama, unless otherwise
stated.
The author acknowledges with appreciation the loan of collections by Lt.
Col. Tipton and Dr. Aitken and staff of the Trinidad Regional Virus Labo-
ratory. Gratitude is expressed to Dr. Marc Andre for making available a
specimen of Periglischrus caligus identified by Kolenati, to E. P. Catts for
inking the drawings and to the several graduate students in parasitology
who helped with various phases of the work. To Mr. Arthur M. Greenhall
1 This investigation was supported in part by Research Grant E-1509 from the Na-
tional Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health,
Public Health Service.
2 Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley.
125

126 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
and Dr. Charles 0. Handley, grateful acknowledgment is expressed for aid
in problems of bat identification, but the author accepts responsibility for
accuracy of host names recorded here.
An excellent revision of the family Spinturnicidae was given by Rudnick
(1960) . The reader is referred to this publication for complete synonymical
lists, for details characteristic of the family and for a key to the genera of
Spinturnicidae.
Representatives of three genera from Panama are recorded here : Peri-
glischrus, Spinturnix, and Paraspinturnix. All Panamanian species key
out to the proper genus in Rudnick's (1960) key, except for a new species of
Periglischrus, the male of which has peritremes, vestigial to apparently
absent anterior to coxae III.
Genus Periglischrus Kolenati
Periglischrus Kolenati, 1857, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1, (2), p. 60. Rudnick, 1960,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 195 (complete bibliographical synonymy).
Type-species: Periglischrus caligus Kolenati, 1857, by subsequent designation (Oude-
mans, 1903, Tidschr. Ent., 45:135).
DIAGNOSIS (based on adults and modified from Rudnick, 1960) : Dorsum. Two
dorsal plates closely approximated, occupying greater part of podosoma in female, and
most of idiosoma of male; anterior plate much larger than posterior plate. Five pairs
setae bordering anterior dorsal shield anterior to stigmata. One pair setae slightly
posteromedial to stigmata. Peritreme completely dorsal, usually extending from level
of coxa IV to level of coxa I.
Venter. Lacking tritosternum. Female sternal plate with three pairs marginal
setae which may be set off plate. Male sternal plate with five pairs setae. Epigynial plate
reduced to narrow sclerotization with pair of small genital setae close to or on lateral
margins of plate near posterior tip. Opisthosoma of non-teneral females usually greatly
expanded to relatively flat, broad, fan-shaped appearance, with characteristically shaped
areas of heavy sclerotization. Opisthosoma of male reduced, scarcely projecting posterior
to level of coxae IV ; six to eight pairs setae, exclusive of adanal pair, ventrally posterior
to sternal plate. Anal plate in female small, subterminal, narrow, with pair adanal setae
and dorsal postanal seta ; anus terminal or dorsal. Male anal plate usually large, oc-
cupying much of area between coxae IV, with minute, dorsoterminal postanal seta.
Legs. Large caruncles and claws on all legs. Dorsal and lateral setae short to long.
Ventral setae usually short with exception of long, subterminal, tarsal trichobothria.
Tarsus I of males with two long, bluntly tipped dorsal sensory setae located respectively
at basal one-third and apical positions.
REMARKS : The previously known species of the genus Periglischrus were
recorded only from bats of the family Phyllostomidae. The major part of
the records of Periglischrus reported here are from the Phyllostomidae, but
several collections are from the Desmodidae of the same superfamily and
several are recorded from bats of the family Natalidae of the Vespertili-
onoidea. A single collection of several specimens is also recorded from a
bat of the family Noctilionidae, superfamily Emballonuroidea.
Various instars of Periglischrus species commonly are encountered on
their hosts. In common with other members of the family, species of this
genus pass the larval stage of development in the body of the female. The
first active stage seen is the protonymph which is characterized as follows :
three pairs sternal setae ; metasternal setae absent ; four pairs dorsal propo-
dosomal setae; peritreme short, extending barely, if at all, anterior to level

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 127
of posterior margin of coxa II. Female deutonymphs, as far as known, have
a pair of metasternal setae, five pairs dorsal propodosomal setae and a long,
dorsal peritreme extending to or near level of coxa I. Chelicerae as in adult
female. Male deutonymphs resemble female deutonymphs but differ in hav-
ing fewer setae ventrally between coxae IV, and these are arranged in the
adult male pattern.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PERIGLISCHRUS OF THE WORLD
FEMALES
1. Peritreme of normal size over coxa III, narrow and thread-like from coxa III to I ;
from Natahis mexicanus natali n. sp.
Peritreme of normal size throughout 2
2. Sternal plate about twice or more as wide as long; seven pairs of dorsal opistho-
somal setae 3
Sternal plate longer or approximately as long as wide; less than seven pairs of
dorsal opisthosomal setae 4
3. Sternal plate with broad, antero-median projection bearing first pair of setae;
anterior end of adanal plate flanked by pair of shell-like sclerotized areas ; four
pairs strong, prominently plumose setae on unsclerotized venter in addition to
normal setae; all legs with ventral broad, flat setae prominently fringed; com-
mon on Pteronotus parnellii fuscus elongatus n. sp.
Anterior margin of sternal plate slightly concave; adanal plate not flanked by
shell-like sclerotizations; opisthosoma lacking prominently plumose setae ven-
trally; ventral leg setae of normal shape and at most narrowly fringed; from
Mormoops spp strandtmanni Tibbetts
4. Several pairs of ventral body setae with grossly expanded bases and acuminate
tips; first and second pairs of dorsal propodosomal setae minute; from Phyl-
lostomus hastatus inflatiseta n. sp.
Ventral body setae simple, not with grossly expanded bases; first pair dorsal
propodosomal setae may or may not be reduced ; second pair not reduced 5
5. Femur, patella and tibia of legs III and IV each with an inflated, straight, blade-
like postero-ventral seta 6
Femur, patella and tibia of legs III and IV lacking straight, blade-like postero-
ventral setae ; leg IV with three apically recurved postero-ventral setae 7
6. First pair of dorsal propodosomal setae minute, usually embedded on margins of
anterior dorsal plate; ratio of distance between first pair of propodosomal
setae to that between first and second pairs less than 3:1; from numerous genera
of phyllostomid hosts, particularly Artibeus iheringi Oudemans
First pair of dorsal propodosomal setae well developed, inserted on unarmed
cuticula; ratio of distance between first pair of propodosomal setae to that be-
tween first and second pairs greater than 4:1; common hosts Sturnira spp.
aitkeni n. sp.
7. Dorsal propodosomal setae relatively long, the longest measuring over 60 n; tibia
and tarsus of legs I and II lacking inflated, recurved postero-ventral setae 8
Dorsal propodosomal setae relatively short, the longest measuring not over 50 /x;
tibia and tarsus of leg I and patella and tibia of II each with an inflated, re-
curved, postero-ventral seta, superficially appearing blunt 10
8. Femur II with only one of dorsal setae tiny; ratio of distance between first pair
of propodosomal setae to that between first and second pairs greater than 4:1;
common on Desmodus desmodi n. sp.
Femur II with two of dorsal setae tiny; ratio of distance between first pair of
propodosomal setae to that between first and second pairs less than 3:1 9
9. Palpal tibia with strong medio-distal lobe; leg IV with large, broadly inflated
scimitar-like postero-ventral setae; dorsal opisthosoma bearing four small
setae; from Glossophaga soricina caligus Kolenati

128 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Palpal tibia lacking medio-distal lobe; leg IV with elongate, setaceous, curved
postero-ventral setae; dorsal opisthosoma bearing six medium to large setae;
hosts: Anoura, Lonchoglossa, Trachops vargasi Hoffmann
10. Sternal plate broadly jug-shaped with short, narrow neck; anterior dorsal plate
longer than broad (320 // by 281 /it) ; coxa III with relatively large posterior
seta; anterior legs, exclusive of ambulacrum, over 500 /j, long; hosts : common on
Phyllostomus, Trachops tiptoni n. sp.
Sternal plate narrowly pear-shaped with eroded margins and a long neck ; anterior
dorsal plate about as broad as long measured on the mid-line (243 /a) ; coxa III
with very small posterior seta; anterior legs, exclusive of ambulacrum, less
than 400 /* long; common on Micronycteris micronycteridis n. sp.
MALES
1. Peritreme constricted and thread-like anterior to mid-level of coxa III. . .natali n. sp.
Peritreme of normal size throughout 2
2. Unarmed ventral cuticula of idiosoma with numerous minute, thornlike mam-
millations 3
Unarmed ventral cuticula of idiosoma lacking such mammillations 4
3. Coxa II with two long, subequal setae; distal seta of coxa I simple, setiform
elongatus n. sp.
Coxa II with posterior seta much larger than anterior seta; distal seta of coxa I
expanded, blade-like strandtmanni Tibbetts
4. Legs I and II with several blunt, fusiform setae; some ventral setae between
coxae IV inflated inflatiseta n. sp.
Not as above 5
5. Sternal plate setae short; anterior pair extending about one-half distance to
level of second pair 6
Sternal plate setae relatively long; anterior pair extending about four-fifths or
more of distance to level of second pair 7
6. A small mite with idiosoma less than 400 fj. long; posterior seta of coxa II about
50 n long; dorsal propodosomal setae short, not over 45 fj. long. .. .caligus Kolenati
Idiosoma over 500 /* long; posterior seta of coxa II about 130 /* long; longest dorsal
propodosomal setae over 65 /* long vargasi Hoffmann
7. Tarsi III and IV with coarsely barbed dorsal setae; ratio of length of posterior
seta to that of anterior seta of coxa II less than 2:1 tiptoni n. sp.
Tarsi III and IV superficially nude; ratio of length of posterior seta to that of
anterior seta of coxa II over 2:1 8
8. Anterior dorsal propodosomal setae relatively close together; ratio of distance
between bases of first pair of setae to that between bases of first and second
pairs about 2:1 iheringi Oudemans
Ratio of distance between bases of first pair of setae to that between bases of first
and second pairs about, or more than 4:1 9
9. Three pairs setae on unarmed dorsal opisthosoma ; ventral pair setae behind sternal
plate about three-fourths length of posterior setae of sternal plate, .desmodi n. sp.
One pair setae on unarmed dorsal opisthosoma; ventral pair setae behind sternal
plate minute 10
10. Relatively large mite with anterior legs, exclusive of ambulacra, over 500 /j. long;
spermatophoral process less than 100 /j. long, shaped as a shepherd's crook
aitkeni n. sp.
Relatively small mite, anterior legs about 400 ^ long exclusive of ambulacra;
spermatophoral process over 150 n long, extensively recurved . micronycteridis n. sp.
Periglischrus natali, new species. Plate 37.
Both sexes of this mite differ from other known species of the genus in
the sharp constriction of the peritremes to a thread-like appearance anterior
to the level of coxae III.

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 129
DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 37, figs. 1, 2) : A small mite for the genus, broadly rounded
anteriorly and posteriorly and with lateral margins constricted at level of anterior opistho-
soma. Idiosoma 486-540 /j. long by 280-380 /j. wide. Legs short, stout.
Dorsum. Overall outline of two dorsal plates ovate. Plates separated only by
lateral invaginations opposite stigmata, extending inward one-fourth width of plate, and
by a suture in mid-region. Anterior plate 209 /* long on mid-line by 209 /u. wide ; slightly
angulate shoulders at level of second pair propodosomal setae; with 10 pairs distinct
alveoli. Posterior plate 92 fj. long on mid-line by 148 /j. wide; with nine pairs alveoli; pair
minute setae in posterior pair alveoli. Anterior pair propodosomal setae 25 ^ long, others
progressively smaller proceeding posteriorly; ratio of distance between bases of first
pair propodosomal setae to that between first and second pairs 0.7:1. Peritremes of
normal length for genus but abruptly constricted and thread-like from mid-level of
coxae III to level of anterior margins of coxae II, of normal width at anterior tip and
posteriorly. Unarmed opisthosoma with six pairs minute setae. Posterior tip of anal
plate extending dorsally, with minute postanal seta dorsal.
Venter. Sternal plate broadly jug-shaped with short, anterior, "neck" ending bluntly ;
101 fj. long by 91 n wide; three pairs fine short (7 /j.) setae just off plate; two pairs pores
on plate. Pair metasternal setae subequal to sternals, located postero-lateral to plate.
Epigynial plate small, fan-shaped anteriorly, constricted centrally and slightly expanded
at posterior tip; pair genital setae subequal to sternals, inserted off plate opposite con-
striction. Pattern of opisthosomal sclerotized areas basically as in Periglischrus tiptoni,
but not visible in some specimens. Opisthosomal setae minute, slightly longer posteriorly ;
11 pairs excluding adanal pair; adanal pair longer, 18 /j., and set anterior to anal opening
on subterminal, pyriform anal plate.
Legs. Short, stout; leg I 286 /j. long exclusive of ambulacrum. All coxal setae deli-
cate, minute except for posterior one of coxa II which is strong and about 73 fj. long. Setae
of other leg segments relatively small for the genus, otherwise not strikingly modified.
Numbers of minute dorsal setae on femora I to IV respectively are 0, 1, 2, 2. Posterior
margin of femur, patella and tibia IV each with quite long, narrow, sickle-shaped seta.
Gnathosoma. Inner and outer hypostomal setae absent; distal hypostomal and
gnathosomal setae subequal, simple, about 11 /x long. Palpal tibia with slight medio-
distal lobe.
MALE (pi. 37, figs. 3, 4) : A relatively small, elliptical to ovoid mite with setation less
robust than is typical of the genus. Idiosoma 324 /JL long by 243 fj. wide.
Dorsum. Dorsal plates similar to those of female but fusion of anterior and pos-
terior plates more complete; combined plates cover all but narrow lateral margins of
idiosoma; anterior plate 211 /x long on mid-line by 178 /u wide; posterior plate 86 /JL long
by 119 /j. wide. Propodosomal setae relatively short, anterior two pairs about 24 /* long,
others slightly shorter; ratio of distance between bases of first pair to that between bases
of first and second pairs about 0.55:1. Unarmed opisthosoma bearing one pair of small
setae postero-laterally in addition to subequal postanal seta terminally. Peritreme more
reduced than in female, only the posterior extremity to the mid-level of coxa III of normal
width; constricted portion reduced to vestigial state and all but invisible even in stained
specimens.
Venter. Sternal plate longer than wide, modified cordate with relatively long antero-
median projection and prominent antero-lateral shoulders; four pairs marginal and one
pair submedian well developed, acicular setae; posterior pairs noticeably shorter than
anterior pair. Two pairs pores on plate. Pair of small setae just behind sternal plate
about one-third size of posterior sternal setae. Anal plate longer than broad with ir-
regular margins, extending from mid-level of coxae IV to posterior body margin, widest
at mid-level. Acicular setae on and around anal plate slightly smaller than posterior
sternal setae; one pair anterior to anal plate, one at level of anterior one-fifth of plate
and one pair opposite constriction of posterior one-third of plate; three pairs setae on
plate anterior to adanal pair of setae; latter smaller than other setae and situated just
anterior to anus. Anus terminal. Pair small adanal platelets flanking postero-lateral
margins of anal plate appearing typically as sinuous, longitudinally oriented bars.

130 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Legs. Leg I of allotype 297 /* long exclusive of ambulacrum. Proximal seta of
coxa I and anterior seta of coxa III very small, others relatively long; posterior seta of
coxa II longest, 56 p., over twice as long as next longest coxal seta. Ventral leg setae
small, acicular. Dorsal leg setae acicular, nude or very minutely and sparsely barbed;
few long setae, majority small to minute; one minute seta each on femora II, III and IV,
none on femur I.
Gnathosoma. Pair gnathosomal setae 12 /u, long, slightly longer than distal hypo-
stomal pair. Inner and outer hypostomal setae absent. Hypostomal processes elongate
with membranous expansion. Usual pair of blunt, sinuous setae on tip of tibia very
strongly developed. Chelicerae normal, each with spermatophoral process tubular, re-
curved, about 96 n long. Tectum a simple lobe with narrowly rounded apex and broad
base with slight proximal constriction.
MALE DEUTONYMPH : Characteristic of the genus except that peritreme is abruptly
constricted over anterior one-third of coxa III and continued anteriorly as thread-like,
sinuous, dorsal line to posterior level of coxa I.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female and allotype male, together with 2
female, 2 male and 1 deutonymphal paratypes (host no. 6729) collected by
C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton from Natalus stramineus mexicanus at San
Lorenzo Caves, Fort Sherman (Canal Zone), 15 March 1961. Five para-
types including 3 females, 1 male and 1 protonymph with same collection
data as type but taken as a separate collection. Holotype, allotype and 2
paratypes in the United States National Museum; 2 paratypes, male and
female, Chicago Natural History Museum; 1 male paratype, Trinidad
Regional Virus Laboratory ; remaining paratypes in collection of author.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED : 1 female, same data as the type, and
4 males from Natalus tumidirostris haymani, Mount Tamana Caves, Trini-
dad, by T. H. G. Aitken, 20 November 1957.
REMARKS : This is the only spinturnicid collected from bats of the genus
Natalus. Goodwin and Greenhall (1961) recorded Natalus tumidirostris
haymani in Trinidad roosting in caves in association with several other
species of bats, which are recorded in the present paper as hosts of five other
distinct species of Periglischrus. In view of the apparent opportunity for
transfer of mites from host to host under such conditions, failure to find any
evidence of such transfer indicates a rather strict host specificity of P. natali
to bats of the genus Natalus.
Periglischrus elongatus, new species. Plate 38.
Females of Periglischrus elongatus are characterized by a sternal plate
which is broader than long and with the first pair of setae on a broad anterior
projection of the plate ; the legs bear numerous ventral, prominent, flattened,
bipectinate setae. Both sexes, in common with Periglischrus strandtmanni,
have numerous minute, ventral, thorn-like mammillations. Males differ
from the latter species in having a long, typically setiform, distal seta on
coxa I and in having two long, subequal setae on coxa II.
DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 38, figs. 1, 2) : An elongate mite with relatively short, stout
legs. Idiosoma 1000 fj. long by 405 //, wide at level of coxae IV.
Dorsum. Plates relatively small ; larger anterior one 250 /j. long by 232 p wide, with-
out pronounced shoulders of Periglischrus strandtmanni; with 11 pairs circular alveoli,
at least two pairs with minute setae. Small posterior plate 69 p. long by 110 n wide, with
seven pairs alveoli, posterior pair bearing minute setae. First pair propodosomal setae

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 131
about one-half length of remaining four pairs which measure up to 55 /u long; ratio of
distance between bases of first pair to that between first and second pairs 1.8 :1. Opistho-
soma with seven pairs well developed setae. Peritreme normal. Anal opening dorsal,
subterminal; sclerotized rim of anus subcircular; postanal sclerotization anterior to anus
in form of inverted U with slightly serrated inner rim ; minute postanal seta centered on
inner rim of postanal sclerotization.
Venter. Sternal plate shorter than broad, 61 /* long on mid-line by 128 n wide, with
broad anteromedian projection bearing first pair setae; posterior margin slightly con-
cave in middle; three pairs sternal setae subequal, approximately 28 /JL long; second and
third pairs located on posterior margin of plate; two pairs rounded pores on plate. Pair
metasternal setae about one-half length of sternal setae, located midway between sternal
and epigynial plates. Genital opening a small transverse slit in mid-line at level of pos-
terior margins of coxae III. Epigynial plate a narrow longitudinal strip 67 /JL long by
9 /j. wide bearing two prominent, lightly pilose, long setae, 61 /JL long, on posterior margin.
Adanal pair setae similar to genital setae but somewhat shorter, arising from posterior
margin of ventral platelet which is a narrow, elongate bar, slightly enlarged posteriorly
and widely separated from dorsally situated anus ; anterior end of platelet in a cavity
bordered by two lateral shell-like sclerotized areas. Opisthosomal cuticula minutely
striated, bearing nine pairs setae; pair larger setae anterior to adanal setae and two
pairs on postero-lateral margins prominently bipectinate; other setae smaller and most
arising from cup-shaped alveoli as illustrated. Podosomal cuticula in region of sternal
plate furnished with numerous minute, thorn-like mammillations.
Legs. Relatively short and stout; legs I 383 LL long exclusive of ambulacrum; pos-
terior seta of coxa II modified to appearance reminiscent of palmate hairs of Anopheles
mosquito larvae, with enlarged, flattened basal section gradually tapering toward apex
and bipectinate throughout; distal seta coxa I slightly shorter than posterior seta of II,
typically setiform, sparsely and minutely barbed; anterior setae of II and III similar but
smaller; other coxal setae simple, short. Coxa II with antero-dorsal marginal spur and
coxa III with posterior marginal spur. Prominent palmate setae similar to that of coxa II
present on ventral side of most other leg segments distal to coxae, in addition to unmodi-
fied setae, several of which are slightly pectinate. Dorsal setae well developed, simple;
long setae very minutely and sparsely barbed ; no minute setae on femora.
Gnathosoma. Pair distal hypostomal setae 16 M long, somewhat longer than gnatho-
somal pair. Inner hypostomal setae absent; outer hypostomal pair represented only by
pair of small alveoli. Palpi unmodified except for sclerotized ventro-medial, bidentate
to tridentate flange on each trochanter, flanking mouthparts. Chelicerae normal.
MALE (pi. 38, figs. 3-5) : A relatively long-legged mite with ovoid body 350 /JL long by
285 n wide in allotype. Other specimens up to 430 /* long.
Dorsum. Dorsal plates closely approximated and covering all but narrow margin
of idiosoma. Anterior plate 226 /JL long by 235 /JL wide, with narrowly rounded anterior
margin, moderate shoulders over coxae I and widest at level between coxae II-III;
posterior margin truncate and angularly concave; surface with 12 pairs alveoli. Pos-
terior plate 75 /JL long by 104 n wide; subtriangular ; surface with seven pairs alveoli,
posterior pair bearing minute setae. Propodosomal setae all of moderate length, up to
34 fj. long; ratio of distance between bases of first pair to that between first and second
pairs 1.7-2.4:1 based on four specimens. Peritremes normal for genus except that they
bend laterad markedly between coxae II and III and dip to ventral surface at this point
on some specimens. Unarmed opisthosoma lacking setae.
Venter. Sternal plate broadly flask-shaped with long anterior neck, 151 /JL long on
mid-line by 140 /JL wide at level of second pair setae; with four pairs marginal and one
pair post-centrally located setae; anterior pair 33 /* long, others subequal or slightly
shorter; surface with pattern of transverse lines. Pair submedial setae posterior to
sternal plate three-fourths length of posterior sternal setae. Five pairs simple setae,
subequal to posterior sternals, located between coxae IV on unarmed cuticula; adanal
setae stouter and longer and located on small anal plate just anterior to terminal anus;
anal plate small with ill-defined margins. Postanal seta minute and dorsal. Ventral
cuticula of idiosoma furnished with minute thorn-like mammillations as illustrated.

132 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Legs. Relatively long ; leg I 470 /u long exclusive of ambulacrum. Coxal setae simple,
well developed; anterior and posterior setae of coxae II subequal, other segments ven-
trally with setae normal, relatively short. Coxa II with antero-dorsal marginal spur and
coxa III with posterior marginal spur. Dorsal setation normal for genus with all setae
essentially nude.
Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae simple, small, subequal.
Outer hypostomal setae vestigial, set in relatively prominent alveoli. Inner hypostomal
setae absent. Hypostomal processes long, elliptical, each with membranous, blade-like
expansion. Palpi relatively long, thin. Chelicerae each with short, recurved spermato-
phoral process about 55 fi long.
FEMALE DEUTONYMPH : Idiosoma shape similar to that of male, 432 fj. long by 356 ^
wide, but legs relatively stout in relation to length; leg I 443 /u long exclusive of ambu-
lacrum. Peritreme extending only to level of posterior one-fifth of coxa II, posterolaterad
of dorsal propodosomal seta IV. Dorsal plates as in male. Venter with angulate mam-
millations as in male. Sternal plate subcircular with anterior margin slightly projected;
surface with transverse lines; three pairs setae on plate. Two pairs setae in space be-
tween sternal plate and level of anterior margin of coxae IV. Unarmed cuticula between
coxae IV and anterior to anal plate with seven pairs simple setae. Three pairs minute
peg-like setae lateral to anal plate. Anal plate ovate, broader posteriorly, terminal, with
pair well developed adanal setae.
MALE DEUTONYMPH : Idiosomal shape as in female deutonymph but legs not as stout
in relation to length. Dorsum as in female deutonymph; typical specimen appears to
have narrower margin of body unprotected by dorsal plates. Sternal plate with antero-
median lobe more pronounced than in female deutonymph; three pairs setae on plate
and three pairs immediately posterior to it. Unarmed cuticula between coxae IV and
anterior to anal plate with five pairs simple setae; lacking three pairs peg-like setae
lateral to anal plate. Angulate mammillations and other ventral features as in female
deutonymph.
PROTONYMPH : A broadly elliptical mite with short, stout legs bearing rather delicate
setae. Idiosoma 395 /* long by 319 /JL wide. Leg I 405 ,u long exclusive of ambulacrum.
Dorsal plates as in male. Only four pairs propodosomal setae similar in size to those of
male. Peritreme dorsal, extending anteriorly only to space between coxae II and III,
ending on lateral margin of body or even ventro-laterally. Sternal plate margins in-
distinct, with three pairs well developed, simple setae and two pairs pores ; surface trans-
versely sculptured. Ventral area between coxae IV and anterior to anal plate with four
pairs simple setae. Leg setae simple, nude. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae
relatively longer than in male. Outer hypostomal setae small but distinct, much larger
than in male.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (colln. no. T275) together with para-
type female collected by W. G. Downs from "Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca"
at Mt. Tamana Caves, Trinidad, 12 June 1956. Allotype male and one para-
type male (colln. no. T269) with same collection data as type. Other para-
types include 2 protonymphs with same data as type; 13 males, 1 female
deutonymph and 1 protonymph from same host and locality taken by T. H. G.
Aitken, 20 November 1957 ; 2 males from same host at Heights of Guanapo,
Trinidad, by T. H. G. Aitken, 19 May 1957, and 1 female, 5 males and 3 proto-
nymphs with same data but collected 1 October 1957 ; 6 females, 31 males,
3 female deutonymphs, 4 male deutonymphs and 8 protonymphs from same
host species taken at Paraiso (Canal Zone), by C. M. Keenan and V. J.
Tipton, 24 July 1959.
Holotype, allotype and 9 paratypes, including 4 males, 1 female, 2 proto-
nymphs and 2 deutonymphs (male and female), in the United States Na-
tional Museum ; 8 paratypes, including all stages, Chicago Natural History

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 133
Museum; 4 paratypes (males and females), Trinidad Regional Virus Labo-
ratory ; remaining material in the collection of the author.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: From Pteronotus parnellii fuscus:
Paraiso (Canal Zone) , 16 September 1959 ; Madden Air Field (Canal Zone) ,
23 May and 3 October 1961; Chilibrillo Caves (Panama), 2 August 1960;
Bocas del Toro Province, 1 February 1960; Cerro Hoya (Los Santos), 18
February 1962. From Pteronotus suapurensis, a single collection of 3 males,
Chilibrillo Caves (Panama), collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton,
8 March 1960.
REMARKS : Periglischrus elongatus is most closely related to Periglischrus
strandtmanni Tibbetts, which also occurs on chilonycterine bats, but of the
genus Mormoops.
The question of degree of intraspecific variation in Periglischrus elon-
gatus is still open. Two abnormal female specimens are at hand from
Pteronotus parnellii fuscus taken in Peninsula de Azuero (Los Santos Prov-
ince), 24 February 1962. In these the characteristics of the species are
for the most part greatly exaggerated. The legs are stouter and more
heavily sclerotized, and more of the ventral setae are modified into heavily
fringed "palmate" setae. More striking is the presence of a strong, deep
camerostome bordered posteriorly by the sternal plate and laterally by
heavily sclerotized margins. The dorsal propodosomal setae are modified
into short, stout, blunt spines. Whether these two specimens represent
genetic freaks or are actually representative of a distinct population is un-
known. The single male at hand from this area is apparently normal.
Periglischrus strandtmanni Tibbetts
Periglischrus strandtmanni Tibbetts, 1957, Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 30, (1), p. 14,
pis. 1-3 United States National Museum, Washington (Frio Cave, Uvalde
County, Texas, from Mormoops megalophylla senicula). Rudnick, 1960, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 199.
This mite has been recorded previously only from the type collection,
from Texas, and while it has not been collected in Panama, a recent collection
from Trinidad indicates its probable occurrence in Panama.
Comparison of a female specimen from Trinidad with Tibbetts' descrip-
tion and figures demonstrates close agreement. However, the "Y"-shaped
anal plate with two long posterior setae described by Tibbetts as dorsal in po-
sition is actually ventral just as in the new species, P. elongatus, described in
the present publication; the two long setae are adanal setae. Tibbetts'
species lacks the pair of adanal, shell-like sclerotized platelets flanking the
anal plate of P. elongatus. The anal opening and minute postanal seta are
dorsal in position and appear just as described for P. elongatus. Many of
the ventral leg setae are sparsely bipectinate, but none show the inflated
"palmate" appearance characteristic of P. elongatus. Other differential
characters are given in the discussion of the latter species.
The specimen recorded here is a female taken from Mormoops mega-
lophylla tumidiceps Miller, at Mount Tamana Caves, Trinidad, by T. H. G.
Aitken, 20 November 1957.

134 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Periglischrus inflatiseta, new species. Plate 39.
The female of Periglischrus inflatiseta differs from all other members
of the genus in possessing characteristically inflated setae on the venter.
The male is very similar to Periglischrus tiptoni from which it differs in its
smaller size, its much shorter and broader, blunt, ventral setae on legs I and
II, shorter anterior legs, and in the absence of strongly serrated setae on
tarsus III.
DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 39, figs. 1, 2) : A relatively small mite for the genus with
idiosoma of gravid specimens broadly rounded anteriorly and opisthosoma moderately
flared in fan shape. Idiosoma of type specimen 760 fj, long by 454 p wide.
Dorsum. Overall outline of two dorsal plates ovate with broad end anterior. An-
terior plate 230 fj, long on mid-line by 244 jj, wide; broadest at level of coxae II; with 10
pairs of obvious alveoli, some bearing microsetae; a longitudinal median slit seen in all
mounted specimens may represent merely a zone of weakness resulting in an artifact;
posterior margin truncate and bridged to posterior plate by two small, submedian lobes.
Posterior plate approximately triangular with posterior apex rounded; 83 fj. long by
151 fj. wide; seven pairs alveoli of which subterminal pair bear microsetae. Propodosomal
setae minute, especially first two pairs; ratio distance between bases first pair setae to
that between first and second pairs approximately 2:1. Pair of minute metapodosomal
setae mesad of stigmata. Four pair minute setae on opisthosoma. Minute postanal seta
subterminal. Peritremes extend almost to level of second pair propodosomal setae.
Venter. Sternal plate longer (100 /j.) than wide (98 /j.) , pentagonal with rounded
corners, concave antero-lateral margins, and straight to concave posterior margin ; three
pairs short simple setae on margins, first pair 18 fj. long, others 26 n long. Pair meta-
sternal setae lateral to posterior corners sternal plate, strongly sclerotized, flattened and
broadly fusiform basally, abruptly acuminate distally, 39 n long by 15 /u. wide. Pair
epigynial setae similar to metasternals but smaller, arising from small, poorly sclerotized
epigynial platelet behind transverse genital slit; small, fan-shaped pattern of striae on
cuticula anterior to genital slit. Opisthosomal pattern of sclerotization similar to that
of P. Iheringi. Opisthosoma with 10 pairs setae in addition to adanal pair: pair small,
normal, submedian setae on anterior of opisthosoma followed in diverging rows posteriorly
by two pairs prominent inflated setae of same type as metasternals but larger; smaller
inflated pair submedian setae at mid-opisthosomal level; remaining setae on posterior
half of opisthosoma normal, slightly fusiform, arranged as in P. tiptoni. Anal plate as
described for P. tiptoni.
Legs. Short, stout; leg I 405 /j. long exclusive of ambulacrum. Coxal setae well
developed: I with two acicular setae, basal slightly longer than distal; anterior seta of
II fusiform, posterior one longer than others (72 /*), minutely barbed; anterior seta of
III small, normal, posterior one large, 34 ^ long, broadly fusiform, similar to metasternals ;
seta of IV well developed, normally setiform with slightly fusiform base. Ventrally
trochanter, femur and tarsus I and segments of II exclusive of coxa, each with one or
more prominent, short, stout, blunt, flattened setae with tendency toward slight barbs on
one edge; III and IV with several strong postero-ventral setae, fusiform basally, acutely
tipped. Dorsally setal vestiture normal for genus with long setae minutely barbed;
femora I and II each with minute antero-basal seta; III and IV each with two small basal
setae.
Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal setae small, acicular ; distal hypostomal pair similar, but
twice as long; outer hypostomal pair vestigial; inner pair absent. Palpal tibia with very
slight medio-distal lobe; trochanter with blunt, ventral, flap-like emargination distally.
Chelicerae normal for genus.
MALE (pi. 39, figs. 3, 4) : Idiosoma broadly ovoid, widest at level of coxae II-III;
405 fj. long by 356 /j, wide. Opisthosoma rudimentary.
Dorsum. Dorsal plates as in Periglischrus tiptoni but smaller; anterior plate 246 n
long by 246 n. wide; posterior plate 120 /j. long by 148 /j. wide. Propodosomal setae short,

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 135
subequal, 16-20 fj, long; ratio of distance between first pair of setal bases to that between
first and second pairs approximately 2:1. Unarmed opisthosoma bearing one pair small
setae.
Venter. As described for Periglischrus tiptoni with following exception: first and
third pair of large setae in space between coxae IV basally inflated.
Legs. Leg I 440 ^ long exclusive of ambulacrum. Coxae with relatively long setae ;
posterior seta of II 59 p. long, that of III 48 ^ long. Ventrally trochanter and femur I
each with two prominent, blunt, broadly fusiform, short setae; similar though less prom-
inent setae on patella and tibia; tarsus I with short, broad fusiform seta proximal to
mid-level. Ventrally leg II with short, broad fusiform setae on all segments but coxa.
Ventral setae of III and IV tend to be basally inflated and terminate in acute tips. Tarsi
III and IV ventrally each with one proximal and a pair of short, subapical, bluntly con-
ical, stout setae in addition to others. Dorsally femur I with one to two minute setae,
femur II with one, femur III with two, and femur IV with one minute setae. Tarsus IV
with pair strongly serrate dorsobasal setae; tarsus III lacking serrate setae.
Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae subequal, 17 fj. long; outer
hypostomal setae minute; inner hypostomals absent. Similar in general appearance to
P. tiptoni but lateral seta of palpal femur not prominently serrated, and two stout apical
setae of tibia are particularly well developed in P. inflatiseta.
TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female, allotype male, and 5 paratypes includ-
ing 3 females, 1 male and 1 female deutonymph (host no. 43065) collected
by V. J. Tipton from Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis at Panama City
(Panama) , June 1961. Paratype series also includes the following : 1 female
from Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis, Chepo Road (Panama), C. M.
Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 8 October 1959. From Phyllostomus hastatus
hastatus, 1 female and 2 males, Heights of Guanapo, Trinidad, T. H. G.
Aitken, 19 May 1958 ; a female, male and protonymph, at Heights of
Guanapo, Trinidad, W. G. Downs, 7 November 1956 ; 3 females and 1 male
from same location, T. H. G. Aitken, 11 August 1957.
Holotype, allotype and 2 paratypes, male and female, in the United States
National Museum ; 2 paratypes (male and female) , Chicago Natural History
Museum and Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory; remaining material in
the collection of the author.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: In addition to the paratypes listed above,
1 male and 2 females were taken from (2) Phyllostomus hastatus by K. von
Sneidern at La Macarena, Rio Guapaya, Colombia, 14 March 1957.
REMARKS : Periglischrus inflatiseta is usually found in association with
Periglischrus tiptoni on subspecies of Phyllostomus hastatus, but the more
common tiptoni apparently occurs on a wider range of host species.
Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans
Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans, 1902, Ent. Ber., 1, (6), p. 38 Rijksmuseum fur
Naturlijke Historic, Leiden (Sao Paulo, Brazil, from Vampyrops lineatus). Rud-
nick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 197, pi. 30.
This species was adequately redescribed by Rudnick (1960) . Specimens
identified as this species in the current study agree closely with Rudnick's
description. Slight intraspecific differences appear in some characters such
as the length of the small antero-basal seta on the dorsal aspect of femur II
of the female. For example, in specimens from Artibeus lituratus pal-
marum this seta is consistently larger than in specimens from Artibeus j.

136 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
jamaicensis; in Rudnick's (1960) figure of this species he has omitted the
small, dorsal, antero-basal seta of femur II. On some females three pairs
of ventral alveoli can be seen, arranged in two diverging rows between and
posterior to coxae IV ; minute setae are visible in the alveoli on some well-
mounted specimens.
The female may be distinguished from other species by the following
combination of characters : A large mite with expansile, fan-shaped opis-
thosoma. Palpal tibia lacking prominent subapical lobe. Anterior pair
dorsal propodosomal setae tiny, usually inserted on dorsal plate; other
propodosomal setae long (up to 67 ^} . Ratio of distance between bases of
first pair propodosomal setae to that between bases of first and second pairs
less than 3 :1. Posterior seta coxa II much longer than other coxal setae,
minutely barbed ; posterior seta coxa III approximately 55 ^ long, inflated,
blade-like; postero-ventral margins legs III and IV with several straight,
blade-like setae. Proximal dorsal seta of femur, genu and tibia II long.
The male of Periglischrus iheringi resembles that of the new species
Periglischrus aitkeni. It may be differentiated by the longer, dorsal, pro-
podosomal setae (up to 73 //. long), by the longer spermatophoral processes
(198 //, long) and by the position of the anterior pair of dorsal propodosomal
setae which are more closely approximated ; the ratio of the distance between
the bases of the first pair of propodosomal setae to that between the first and
second pair ranges from 1.7 :1 to 2.2 :1 (19 specimens measured) ; this com-
pares to a ratio of 5.5 :1 for P. aitkeni. From the closely related Periglischrus
vargasi, males of P. iheringi may be distinguished by the presence of, at
most, one small to medium-sized dorsal seta on femur II, in contrast to two
minute to small setae in this position on P. vargasi.
Periglischrus iheringi is the most commonly encountered spinturnicid in
collections seen from Panama. Not only does it occur in considerable num-
bers on its hosts, but it infests an unusually large number of bat genera of
the family Phyllostomidae, and even extends to the Desmodidae.
MATERIAL EXAMINED : The following new distribution records represent
collections made by V. J. Tipton alone or with C. M. Keenan. Each collection
was from a single bat. From Uroderma b. bilobatum: Summit Gardens
(Canal Zone) , 3 collections of 1 female, of 1 male, and of 4 females, 2 males
and 1 nymph, 11 September 1959; Bocas del Toro Province, 3 females, 5
February 1960; Escobal (Colon), 1 female, 28 September 1960; Rodman
Dispensary (Canal Zone), 5 females, 2 males and 3 nymphs, 27 April 1961.
From Vampyrops vittatus: Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), 2 females, 2 males, 2
nymphs, 5 February 1960; Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), 3 females, 4
males, 1 nymph, 24 September 1961, and 2 males, 1 nymph, 20 September
1961. From Vampyrops helleri: Fort Sherman (Canal Zone), male and
nymph, 2 December 1959; Almirante (Bocas del Toro), 2 collections of 2
males and of a female, male, 2 nymphs, 23 January 1960, and of a female and
2 males, 24 January 1960; Cerro Hoya (Los Santos), 1 male, 10 February
1962, 1 male on 13 February 1962 and 1 female on 24 February 1962. From
Vampyressa pusilla: from Cerro Hoya, two collections of 1 female and of
1 nymph on 10 February 1962, 3 females and 1 male on 22 February 1962
and 2 females on 24 February 1962. From Vampyrodes major: Bocas del

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 137
Toro Province, 1 male, 25 January 1960; Pena Point (Darien), two collec-
tions comprised of 3 females, 3 males, 2 nymphs, 24 March 1960 ; Rio Sete-
ganti (Darien), 1 female and 1 male on 1 February 1961, 1 male on 23 Sep-
tember 1961 and 2 females, 1 male and 2 nymphs on 24 September 1961.
From Chiroderma salvini: Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), 1 male, 22 Sep-
tember 1961. From Artibeus toltecus: Casa Lewis, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) ,
two collections of 1 female and 1 nymph and of 1 female on 5 February 1960,
and of 1 male on 3 February 1960 ; Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro) , two col-
lections of 1 female each, 20 September 1961. From Artibeus j. jamaicensis:
Fort Kobbe (Canal Zone), numerous specimens, 13 October 1960, and 1
male and a nymph on 24 July 1959 ; Bocas del Toro Province, 4 collections of
1 male, of 6 females, of 1 female and of 2 females, 1 male and 1 nymph on
23 January 1960 ; other collections from the same area are 3 collections of
several specimens on 24 January 1960, two collections totaling 5 specimens
on 25 January 1960, 1 female on 26 January 1960, one to several specimens
from single collections on 27, 28 and 30 January 1960 and 1 February 1960 ;
Pena Point (Darien), female and nymph, 24 March 1960; Fort Clayton
(Canal Zone), 3 females, 19 October 1960; Rio Seteganti (Darien), 8 col-
lections of from 1 to 5 specimens each from 1 to 5 February 1961, and 2
collections of several specimens each on 17 and 20 September 1961. From
Artibeus j, jamaicensis: Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), female, 2 males
and nymph on 21 September 1961, 1 male and nymph on 22 September 1961
and 1 female on 23 September 1961. From Artibeus lituratus palmarum:
Paraiso (Canal Zone) , male, 5 November 1959 ; Fort Sherman (Canal Zone) ,
male and nymph, 4 December 1959; Fort Clayton (Canal Zone), several,
19 October 1960; Bocas del Toro Province, male, 24 January 1960; Rio
Seteganti (Darien) , 7 collections from 1 to 5 February 1961, each containing
from one to several mites ; Juan Mina (Canal Zone) , female, 29 June 1961 ;
from Cerro Hoya, one female, 21 February 1962. From Artibeus cinereus:
Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro) , 4 collections, 18 to 24 September 1961, each
containing from one to several mites ; from Cerro Hoya, one female, 12 Feb-
ruary 1962. From Artibeus aztecus: Chiriqui Province, 2 collections of 1
female and 2 females, 2 March 1962. From Artibeus species : Rio Changena
(Bocas del Toro), several specimens, 24 September 1961. From Enchis-
thenes harti: Cerro Hoya (Los Santos), 3 females, 5 males, 8 March 1962;
from same locality, 4 collections of 1 to 3 mites each, 9 to 18 February 1962.
From Desmodus rotundus murinus: Bocas del Toro Province, female and
male, 23 January 1960, and 2 males, 25 January 1960; Cerro Punta (Chi-
riqui), 2 females, 5 February 1960.
Periglischrus aitkeni, new species. Plate 40.
Periglischrus aitkeni resembles Periglischrus iheringi, from which fe-
males may be distinguished in having the first pair of dorsal propodosomal
setae well developed and inserted very near the bases of the second pair of
propodosomal setae. Males differ in having a relatively short spermato-
phoral process, less than 100 /x long, and in having the anterior, dorsal pro-
podosomal setae displaced far laterad.

138 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 40, figs. 1, 2) : A large, typical number of the genus with
idiosoma broadly rounded anteriorly and opisthosoma moderately flared. Idiosoma 1134 /*
long by 594 /u, wide.
Dorsum. Anterior plate approximately 310 /j long on mid-line by 275 fj. wide, with
broadly rounded anteromedial projection, and pronounced shoulders; sides slightly con-
cave anteriorly and slightly convex posteriorly; posterior margin truncate, slightly con-
cave and joined to posterior plate by two submedian lobules; 11 pairs alveoli in pattern
similar to that in Periglischrus iheringi. Posterior plate bluntly triangular, 130 ^ long
by 190 /j. wide, widest anteriorly and terminating in broadly rounded posterior margin;
bearing five pairs prominent alveoli, the posterior pair bearing microsetae. Propodosomal
setae all moderately developed, second pair 45-50 /* long, others obviously shorter; ratio
of distance between bases of first pair to that between first and second pairs approxi-
mately 5:1. Unarmed opisthosoma with four pairs small setae. Postanal seta minute,
subterminal.
Venter. Sternal plate as broad as long, 146 n, outline that of broadly rounded penta-
gon with narrowest angle anterior; three pairs small sternal setae located just off margins
of plate; two pairs pores on plate, in some specimens serving as foci for invaginations
of eroded plate margins. Epigynial platelet a small, narrow, longitudinal sclerite with
membranous posterior enlargement; pair small genital setae located off plate anterior
to posterior lobe. Pattern of sclerotized opisthosomal areas and opisthosomal setation
as in P. tiptoni and P. iheringi, but anterior three pairs setae vestigial or absent and
represented only by alveoli; other setae small. Anal plate as described for P. tiptoni,
but adanal setae 33 n long, over twice as long as other opisthosomal setae.
Legs. Well developed, stout; leg I 545 fj, long exclusive of ambulacrum. Posterior
seta coxa II 195 n long, minutely barbed; posterior seta coxa III 39 /j. long, broadly blade-
like; other coxal setae much smaller, acicular. Other ventral leg segments with mostly
short, simple setae, usually with inapparent, minute barbs on longer setae; several pos-
terior setae of legs III and IV expanded, blade-like. Longer dorsal setae minutely barbed.
Dorsal surfaces of femora with a minute seta only on legs II and III.
Gnathosoma. Distal hypostomal setae 22 /* long, about twice as long as gnathosomal
pair. Inner and outer hypostomal setae apparently absent. Palpal tibia lacking pro-
nounced medio-distal lobe; trochanter with blunt, ventral, flap-like emargination distally.
Chelicerae normal for genus.
MALE (pi. 40, figs. 3-5) : Idiosoma ovoid, widest at level of coxae II-III; 600-620 M
long by 488-513 /j. wide. Legs stout, of moderate length.
Dorsum. Shape of dorsal plates and alveolar pattern similar to those of Periglis-
chrus iheringi; some of alveoli bearing microsetae as illustrated. Propodosomal setae
well developed, setiform, measuring 49-55 n long; ratio distance between bases of first
pair to that between first and second pairs approximately 5.5:1. Unarmed opisthosoma
with pair of short (18 /j.) setae subterminally. Postanal seta minute, dorsoterminal.
Venter. Sternal plate longer than wide, modified cordate with pronounced medial
anterior projection and prominent shoulders; with five pairs well developed acicular
setae, anterior-most of which extend to level of imaginary line projected between bases
of second pair; pair of minute setae behind sternal plate. Anal plate large, elongate,
occupying most of space between coxae IV, truncate anteriorly with sides constricted
slightly just anterior to adanal setae; adanal setae inserted just anterior to anus; three
other pairs subequal setae anteriorly on anal plate and three pairs bordering plate.
Pair of subterminal accessory platelets bordering posterior end of anal plate.
Legs. Well-developed, stout; leg I approximately 540 /* long exclusive of ambula-
crum. Coxal setae all well developed, typically setiform; posterior seta of coxa II over
twice as long as other coxal setae, approximately 165 /j. long; anterior seta of coxa III
shortest, 30 /j. long. Other leg segments ventrally with short but strong simple setae;
ventro-lateral setae of legs III and IV longer and minutely barbed; pair of short sub-
terminal setae of tarsus II spine-like. Long dorsal setae minutely barbed and notched
apically. Femur II with only one of dorsal setae minute; no minute setae on other
femora.

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 139
Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae subequal, well developed,
28 PL long. Inner hypostomal setae absent ; outer hypostomals vestigial but alveoli easily
observed. Palpi normal for genus. Spermatophoral process a strong tubular structure
recurved in shallow hook distally, short for the genus, measuring approximately 80 /j,
long in allotype.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female and allotype male (colln. no. T60) to-
gether with 3 paratype females collected by T. H. G. Aitken from Sturnira
lilium lilium, at the 15% mile mark on Churchill-Roosevelt Highway, Trini-
dad, 17 June 1958. Other paratypes are as follows : 3 females from Sturnira
lilium parvidens, at the Rio Mandinga (San Bias), V. J. Tipton, 27 May
1957 ; 5 females from Sturnira lilium, at Rancho Grande, Venezuela, C. O.
Handley, 30 March 1960 ; 3 females and 1 protonymph from the same host,
Los Santos Province, V. J. Tipton, 24 February 1962; one female from
Sturnira ludovici, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), Republic of Panama, C. M.
Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 30 April 1961. Holotype, allotype and 3 female
paratypes, in the United States National Museum; 2 paratypes (male and
female) , Chicago Natural History Museum and Trinidad Virus Laboratory ;
remaining material in the collection of the author.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED : From Sturnira lilium, Bocas del Toro Prov-
ince, 1 female, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 23 January 1960; from
Sturnira ludovici, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) , C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 1
male and 1 female deutonymph on 2 February 1960, 1 female, 1 male and
1 male deutonymph on 3 February 1960, 2 females on 3 February 1960, 1
male deutonymph on 3 February 1960, 1 male and 1 protonymph on 15 Feb-
ruary 1960, 1 female, 1 May 1960, and 1 male on 1 May 1960 ; from the same
host, Chiriqui Province, a male, male deutonymph and a protonymph, V. J.
Tipton, 6 March 1962 ; from Sturnira species in Los Santos, 3 females and
2 protonymphs on 1 host specimen and 2 males on another specimen, V. J.
Tipton, 6 March 1962; from Noctilio leporinus at Guanico (Los Santos), 5
females and 2 males, V. J. Tipton, 24 January 1962.
REMARKS: Periglischrus aitkeni is a rather common parasite of phyl-
lostomid bats of the genus Sturnira in Central America. In view of the
usually rather restricted host range of Periglischrus, it was surprising to
find several typical specimens of P. aitkeni from a single Noctilio leporinus,
a fish-eating bat of the superfamily Emballonuroidea.
This species is name in honor of Dr. T. H. G. Aitken, entomologist at the
Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory of the Rockefeller Foundation, who
collected the type specimens and has provided many of the other collections
upon which this study is based.
Periglischrus desmodi, new species. Plate 41.
Periglischrus desmodi is closely related to P. vargasi. Characters dis-
tinguishing the female include the very widely spaced first pair of dorsal
propodosomal setae, the characteristic shape of the sternal plate and the
presence of only one minute basal seta on the dorsum of femur II instead of
two. Characters distinguishing the male include long sternal plate setae,
three pairs of dorsal opisthosomal setae and a pair of well-developed setae
behind the sternal plate.

140 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 41, figs. 1, 2) : Idiosoma broadly rounded anteriorly, with
opisthosoma slightly to moderately expanded; approximately 920 /u. long by 486 n wide;
a moderately robust species with long setae.
Dorsum. Anterior dorsal plate large, 297 /u long on mid-line, by 292 /j, wide; rounded
apex projecting from broad anterior margin ; broad, relatively straight posterior margin
at level of coxae IV, with two submedian rounded protuberances received by anterior
margin of posterior plate; bearing nine pairs of prominent alveoli, three pairs of which
bear minute setae. Posterior plate small, with anterior margin contacting anterior plate
with two submedian emarginations to receive corresponding projections from anterior
plate; broader than long with posterior margin broadly rounded; with eight pairs of
alveoli, of which two pairs bear minute setae. Propodosomal margin with five pairs long,
subequal setae of approximately 85 //; ratio of distance between first pair to that be-
tween first and second pairs varies from 6.6:1 to 8.4:1. Opisthosoma with six pairs
setae, of which the longest are anterior. Posterior tip of anus normally dorsal, bearing
minute postanal seta.
Venter. Sternal plate a modified pentagon longer than wide, with broad base,
rounded sides and narrowly tapering anterior apex; three pairs of short setae may be
off plate although on type first and third pair are included in plate; two pairs of pores
on plate. Pair of short metasternal setae. Epigynial plate reduced, slender, long, slightly
expanded anteriorly; pair of short genital setae located off plate, insertions spaced 10 n
apart. Opisthosoma bearing three pairs small setae in two diverging rows behind epi-
gynial plate; three pairs on median sclerotized area anterior to anal plate, two pairs
anterior to this sclerotization, two pairs postero-lateral and one pair lateral to the sclero-
tization. Sclerotized areas of opisthosoma as illustrated, similar to to those of P. iheringi.
Anal plate ventro -terminal, elongate, narrow with pair adanal setae subequal to adjacent
opisthosomal setae; canal-like structures extending anteriorly from adanal setal bases.
Minute postanal seta dorsal.
Legs. Relatively short, stout; leg I 476 ^ long exclusive of ambulacrum; coxal setae,
with exception of posterior seta of II, short, nude and unmodified; posterior seta of II
elongate and minutely barbed; most other ventral leg setae normal with larger setae
minutely barbed ; legs I and particularly II with row of inflated, leaf-like setae very prom-
inently serrated; femur, patella and tibia IV each with a slightly inflated, scimitar-
shaped, postero- ventral seta; dorsal setae of legs strong, many elongate; of two basal
setae on femur II the posterior one is of medium size and anterior one is small.
Gnathosoma. Inner and outer hypostomal setae absent; pair distal hypostomal
setae about twice as long as short gnathosomal pair; long paired hypostomal processes
present. Palpi with five movable segments; tibia with moderately developed medial
distal lobe. Chelicerae normal for genus.
MALE (pi. 41, figs. 3-5) : Idiosoma ovoid, widest at level of coxae II III; 485 fj. long
by 350 n wide. Opisthosoma rudimentary.
Dorsum. Anterior and posterior dorsal plates similar to those of female in size,
shape, surface markings and setation, although the posterior plate tends to have concave
postero-lateral margins and the plates appear compressed together, rendering the line
of separation indistinct; the two plates cover most of idiosoma. Propodosomal setae as
in female but approximately 60-67 p long ; ratio of distance between alveoli of first pair
to that between first and second pairs approximately 6:1. Three pairs small setae on
narrow cuticular margin bordering postero-lateral edges of posterior dorsal plate; post-
anal seta minute, terminal.
Venter. Sternal plate modified cordate with elongate antero-median projection ter-
minating at male genital opening; longer than wide; bearing five pairs well-developed
setae ranging from 63 p. long anteriorly to 43 /j. for posterior pair. Pair of medium-sized
setae 30 /* long posterior to plate. Five and occasionally six pairs setae up to 36 ft long
located in space between coxae IV and anterior to anal plate. One pair setae lateral to
anal plate and mesad of pair of small adanal platelets. Anal plate small, elongate, with
indistinct anterior margins; pair of adanal setae about 20 n long anterior to anal open-
ing, which is terminal.

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 141
Legs. Leg I 450 M long exclusive of caruncle. With exception of posterior seta of
coxa II, coxal setae longer than in female although of same type; other ventral leg setae
simple, acicular, small ; dorsal setae similar to those of female, but tarsus I bearing two
long, specialized, blunt setae.
Gnathosoma. Pair gnathosomal setae 18 //, long, acicular; outer hypostomal pair
minute; distal hypostomal setae subequal to gnathosomal pair. Palpal tibia lacking
medial lobe of female ; trochanter with distal flange-like lobe. Chelicerae with fixed digit
well developed, bearing numerous sharp subterminal "teeth" on surface opposed to mov-
able digit; latter slightly longer than fixed digit and bearing blunt-tipped teeth along
inner surface; spermatophoral process a long tubular, recurved structure over 150 /j. in
length.
MALE DEUTONYMPH : Idiosoma shape similar to that of male, 497 /j. long by 362 /* wide.
Dorsum. Similar to that of male.
Venter. Sternal plate approximately diamond-shaped with corners rounded, bear-
ing three pairs well-developed acicular setae; pair setae bordering postero-lateral margins
of plate. Anal plate and remaining setae of venter as in male.
Legs. As in male but lacking long, blunt-tipped setae on tarsus I.
Gnathosoma. Similar to that of male, but chelicerae as in female.
PROTONYMPH : A broadly elliptical mite with relatively short, very robust legs.
Dorsum. Anterior and posterior plates similar in shape and sculpturing to those
of female, but covering most of idiosoma. Propodosomal margin bearing four pairs long
setae. Peritremes short, entirely dorsal, extending from level of posterior margin of
coxae III, terminating posterior to insertion of fourth pair propodosomal setae. Pair of
long metapodosomal setae inserted just mesad of stigmata as in adults.
Venter. Sternal plate very lightly sclerotized, roughly diamond-shaped with rounded
corners, bearing three pairs well-developed setae. Four pairs well-developed setae be-
tween sternal plate and anal plate. Anal plate elongate, narrow with rounded anterior
margin; pair of well-developed adanal setae on plate anterior to anal opening; postanal
seta minute.
Legs. Setation similar to that of male deutonymph.
Gnathosoma. Similar to that of male deutonymph but palpi relatively short and
stout.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (colln. no. T279) collected by T. H. G.
Aitken from Desmodus rotundus rotundus at St. Patrick's Estate, Arima
Valley, Trinidad, 16 May 1957. Allotype male (host. no. 9182) collected by
V. J. Tipton from Desmodus rotundus at Guanico (Los Santos) , 27 January
1962. Four paratypes (1 female, 1 deutonymph and 2 protonymphs) same
data as male allotype ; 1 paratype protonymph same data as holotype female ;
4 paratype females from (3) Desmodus rotundus, Chiriqui Province, V. J.
Tipton, 6, 7, 11 March 1962; 1 paratype female from Desmodus rotundus
murinus, Casa Tilley, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tip-
ton, 6 February 1960; 14 paratypes (10 females, 3 males, 1 deutonymph)
from Desmodus r. rotundus at Antilles (Kern Trinidad Oilfields Ltd.),
La Brea, Trinidad, T. H. G. Aitken, 14 April 1958.
Holotype, allotype, 3 male and 2 female as well as proto- and deutonymph
paratypes in the United States National Museum ; 1 male, 2 female para-
types, Chicago Natural History Museum ; 2 male, 2 female paratypes, Trini-
dad Regional Virus Laboratory ; remaining material in the collection of the
author.
Many other specimens of this species from Trinidad are in the author's
collection, all taken from Desmodus r. rotundus.

142 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
Periglischrus caligus Kolenati. Plate 42.
Periglischrus caligus Kolenati, 1857, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1, (2), p. 60 Type
deposition unknown (Brazil and Surinam, from Glossophaga soricina). Rudnick,
1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 196.
Periglischrus caligus bears a general resemblance to P. vargasi from
which females may be separated by the presence of a strong medio-distal
lobe on the palpal tibia ; females differ from all species of the genus in having
broadly inflated, scimitar-shaped setae on the postero-ventral margins of
legs IV. Males are characterized by their small size, short legs, simple leg
setae, small sternal plate setae and position of the dorsal propodosomal
setae.
As pointed out by Rudnick ( 1960 ) , this species has been known only from
Kolenati's (1857) original figures and description, which do not present
valid characters for a specific diagnosis. Through the courtesy of Dr. Marc
Andre, a female specimen was examined which had been identified as this
species by Kolenati and deposited in the Museum National d'Histoire Natu-
relle, Paris. This proved to be the same as numerous specimens collected
recently from Glossophaga soricina leachii from Panama, and Glossophaga
s. soricina from Trinidad.
Since the location of the types of Periglischrus caligus is unknown, the
female is redescribed and illustrated here and the male is described for the
first time.
DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 42, figs. 1, 2) : A large, broadly rounded mite with inflated
opisthosoma and relatively short, stout, strongly setose legs. Idiosoma 890-1080 /* long
by 640 /j. wide.
Dorsum. Anterior plate approximately as wide as long, widest at level of posterior
one-third, with broadly rounded anterior margin, slight shoulders and convex sides;
posterior margin truncate, slightly concave and joined to posterior plate by two sub-
median lobules; with 11 pairs alveoli arranged as illustrated. Posterior plate bluntly
triangular, 98 n long by 146 n wide, bearing seven pairs of alveoli, the posterior pair con-
taining microsetae. Propodosomal setae all long, measuring up to 70 /*; ratio of distance
between bases of first setal pair to that between first and second pairs ranges from 1.2:1
to 1.4:1 based on five specimens. Unarmed opisthosoma with four small setae. Postanal
seta minute, subterminal.
Venter. Sternal plate longer (110 /*) than broad (82 /*), roughly pentagonal with
tapering anterior margin terminating in narrowly rounded tip ; bearing two pairs pores ;
three pairs small setae about 11 /u, long located off margin of plate; subequal pair meta-
sternal setae postero-lateral to plate. Epigynial plate a small, narrowly longitudinal
sclerotization between coxae IV, slightly constricted opposite insertion of very small pair
of genital setae which are off the plate. Pattern of sclerotized opisthosomal areas, in-
cluding anal plate, and opisthosomal setation as described for Periglischrus tiptoni ex-
cept that the three pairs of minute anterior setae arranged in diverging rows are re-
duced to two pairs of alveoli with no evident setae. Adanal pair of setae 18 /* long.
Legs. Relatively short, stout, strongly setose. Leg I 350-370 ^ long exclusive of
ambulacrum. Posterior seta of coxa II 91 fj, long, minutely barbed; other coxal setae
all minute, simple and very fine. In addition to usual ventral setation legs I and II with
strongly serrated, leaf-like setae on posterior margins ; similar setae on anterior margins
of legs III and IV; femur, patella and tibia IV each with large, inflated, scimitar-like
posterior seta. Dorsally long setae superficially appear nude but minute barbs present;
femur and patella II each with two minute to small basal setae plus two long setae.
Gnathosoma. Distal hypostomal setae about one-third longer than short setiform
gnathosomal pair; inner hypostomal setae absent, outer pair vestigial with only alveoli

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 143
visible. Palpal tibia with prominent medio-distal lobe; trochanter with flap-like emar-
gination extending from ventral medial sclerotization which is normally adpressed to
other mouthparts. Chelicerae normal.
MALE (pi. 42, figs. 3, 4) : A relatively small, ovoid mite with short, stout legs radially
arranged. Idiosoma 377 /u long by 297 /u. wide.
Dorsum. Shape of dorsal plates and alveolar pattern similar to that of Periglischrus
vargasi. Anterior plate 198 n long by 230 /* wide. Posterior plate 104 /j. long by 135 /u.
wide. Propodosomal setae all well developed, setiform, measuring up to 38 /* long; ratio
distance between bases of first pair to that between bases of first and second pairs ap-
proximately 2.8:1. Unarmed opisthosoma with pair of short setae subterminally. Post-
anal seta minute, dorso-terminal.
Venter. Sternal plate longer (159 M) than broad (147 M) . general shape as in P. var-
gasi but postero-lateral margins concave ; with usual five pairs setae of which the longer
ones, anteriorly, measure approximately 24 /j. and reach about halfway to imaginary line
drawn between second pair. Pair of minute setae behind sternal plate. Anal plate,
accessory posterior platelets and opisthosomal setae between coxae IV as in P. vargasi.
Legs. Short, stout, radially arranged; leg I approximately 380 n long exclusive of
ambulacrum. Coxal setae normal, setiform; posterior seta of coxa II longest (50 M),
about one and one-half times as long as anterior seta of II ; proximal seta of coxa I
shortest of coxal setae (12 /*). Other leg segments ventrally with short, simple setae
except for usual long tarsal trichobothria. Dorsal setae simple, setiform, superficially
nude, but longer ones with minute barbs; in addition to other setae femora I and II bear
two small setae, III and IV each bear one minute and one small seta.
Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae subequal, acicular, about
as long as distance between bases of the hypostomal pair; inner hypostomal setae absent,
outer hypostomal pair of setae minute. Pair of hypostomal processes long, slightly
sinuous, stylet-like structures with membranous inner borders. Chelicerae normal, with
spermatophoral process recurved, approximately 150 /JL long.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Plesiotype female and male (host no. 9840) were
collected from Glossophaga soricina at Los Santos Province, by V. J. Tipton,
10 February 1962 ; 2 additional males, same collection as plesiotype. Two
females collected in the Canal Zone by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton from
Glossophaga soricina leachii at Empire Range, 30 September 1959, and at
Coco Solo, 20 October 1959, respectively. In addition several collections
identified as this species are recorded here from Trinidad, taken from
Glossophaga soricina soricina. The plesiotype male and female are in the
United States National Museum; 2 females, Chicago Natural History Mu-
seum ; 1 female, Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory ; remaining specimens
in the collection of the author.
Periglischrus vargasi Hoffmann
Periglischrus vargasi Hoffmann, 1944, Rev. Salub. y Enferm. Trop., Mexico, 5, (2),
p. 91 Institute de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales de Mexico, Mexico, D.F.
(Yerbabuena, Guerrero, Mexico from Leptonycteris nivalis yerbabuenae) . Rud-
nick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 199, pi. 31.
Specimens identified as this species from Panama agree closely with the
redescription given by Rudnick (1960). All females seen, including forms
from the type host from Mexico, differ from figures given by both Rudnick
(loc. cit.) and Hoffmann (1944) in one respect: femur, genu and tibia IV
each has a relatively long (45 ^), stout, postero-ventral seta with an attenu-
ated, recurved tip ; these setae differ from comparable setae in Periglischrus
caligus in that they are not inflated.

144 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
The following characters suffice to diagnose Periglischrus vargasi fe-
males : Large, stout mites approximately 1 mm. long of typical appearance
for the genus. Palpal tibia lacking medio-distal lobe. All dorsal propodo-
somal setae well developed, the longest from 70-80 /* long. Ratio of distance
between bases of first pair of dorsal propodosomal setae to that between
bases of first and second pairs ranges from 1.1-1.5 :1. Six pairs medium to
large dorsal opisthosomal setae. Sternal plate longer than wide, broadly
jug-shaped. Posterior seta of coxa III small. Two minute dorsal setae on
femur II. The male of P. vargasi resembles closely that of Periglischrus
iheringi from which it differs in possessing two minute dorsal setae on femur
II and in the relatively small size of the posterior seta of coxa III, which is
only 1.7 times as large as the anterior seta. The spermatophoral process,
approximately 110 n long, is considerably shorter than those measured for
P. iheringi.
MATERIAL EXAMINED i From Trachops cirrhosus taken at Los Santos Prov-
ince, 1 female collected by V. J. Tipton, 14 February 1962. From Anoura
geoffroyi, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 1 male,
1 February 1960, and 1 female, 1 male and a protonymph, 3 February 1960 ;
from 2 specimens, the same host, Cerro Hoya (Los Santos) , V. J. Tipton, 11
February 1960, 7 females, 2 males and 1 protonymph. From Anoura cul-
trata, Chiriqui, 1 male, V. J. Tipton, 12 March 1962 ; Rio Changena Camp,
1 male and 1 female, V. J. Tipton, 27 September 1961.
Previously recorded collections of Periglischrus vargasi have been made
from Texas on the north to Guatemala on the south. In addition to the Pana-
manian collections recorded here, numerous specimens have been taken from
Trinidad bats, to be reported in detail in a subsequent paper, and several
specimens have been taken from Venezuela. For purposes of record the
latter are included here. From (2) Anoura cultrata (?), Rancho Grande,
Venezuela, 2 females, 2 males and 1 protonymph, C. 0. Handley, 30 March
1960 ; from Anoura caudifera at the same locality, 1 female, C. O. Handley,
20 March 1960.
Periglischrus tiptoni, new species. Plates 43, 44.
DIAGNOSIS : The female is distinguishable from other species of the genus
by the following combination of characters: broadly jug-shaped sternal
plate; five well-developed, although small, dorsal propodosomal setae, the
first pair of which are very widely spaced ; palpal tibia with a pronounced
apical, median lobe ; leg II with only one minute dorsal seta on femur in addi-
tion to large setae. It is closely related to Periglischrus micronycteridis
n. sp., from which it is distinguished by the shape of the sternal plate, longer
anterior legs and well-developed posterior seta on coxa III, as well as by host
association. Males are characterized by coarsely barbed dorsal seta on tarsi
III and IV and by a pair of subapical, flattened, peg-like setae ventrally on
tarsi III and IV. They are similar to males of P. inflatiseta but lack blunt,
fusiform setae ventrally on legs I and II, and no ventral setae between coxae
IV are inflated.
DESCRIPTION; FEMALE (pi. 43, figs. 1, 2) : A robust typical member of the genus with

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 145
idiosoma broadly rounded anteriorly and opisthosoma broadly flared in fan shape. Idio-
soma 1080 ^ long by 810 p wide. An occasional unfed, teneral female has a much reduced,
unexpanded opisthosoma.
Dorsum. Overall outline of two dorsal plates ovate with anterior three-fourths con-
sisting of the broad anterior plate; anterior plate 324 /u long by 275 /* wide; plates con-
nected by two submedian lobes. Nine pairs alveoli on anterior plate, eight pairs on
posterior plate ; pair of minute setae arising from penultimate alveoli of posterior plate.
Five pairs of propodosomal setae all well developed although relatively short, the longest
about 45 fj. long; insertions of first pair very close to those of second pair: ratio of dis-
tance between bases of first pair to that between first and second pair varies from 4.4:1
to 7:1. Peritremes extend just anterior to level of second pair propodosomal setae. Un-
armed opisthosoma with four pairs of small setae. Posterior tip of anal plate extending
dorsally and bearing minute postanal seta.
Venter. Sternal plate longer (159 //,) than wide (120 /*) , broadly jug-shaped with
short, narrow, anterior neck and broad posterior base ; with two pairs pores ; three pairs
short (20 /j.) sternal setae just off margins of plate. Pair of metasternal setae subequal
to sternals. Epigynial platelet a small longitudinal structure partially divided on antero-
median line, bearing two minute setae subterminally on slightly inflated posterior lobe
of platelet. Pattern of sclerotized opisthosomal areas similar to those of Periglischrus
iheringi. Opisthosomal setae small : three pairs minute setae arranged in diverging rows
behind epigynial platelet, followed by a pair anterolateral and two pairs lateral to postero-
median, ventro-anal sclerotization, two pairs on anterior part of the latter plate and two
pairs lateral to anal plate proper; anal plate proper, ventroterminal, narrowly elongate,
and apparently tenuously connected to more anteriorly located, posteromedian sclerotiza-
tion; pair of short adanal setae terminal on opisthosoma. Adanal setae and two pairs
setae lateral to anal plate with canal-like structures 1 extending anteriorly from alveoli.
Legs. Well developed, stout; leg I 512 /* long exclusive of ambulacrum. Coxal setae,
with exception of long, minutely barbed, posterior seta of II, acicular, nude; posterior
seta of III relatively large. Ventral setation of other segments characteristic of species;
posterior margins of legs I, II and IV and anterior margins of legs III and IV with long,
minutely barbed setae, none markedly inflated ; tibia and tarsus of leg I and patella and
tibia of II each with posterodistal, inflated, recurved seta superficially appearing as a
blunt, ragged cone. Dorsally most long setae inserted near distal margin of segments,
minutely barbed; femoral setae normal with only anterobasal one on femur II minute
and two on femur III small.
Gnathosoma. Inner and outer hypostomal setae absent; distal hypostomal pair
slightly longer than very small pair of gnathosomal setae. Palpal tibia with pronounced
medio-distal lobe; trochanter with blunt, ventral, flap-like emargination distally. Cheli-
cerae normal for genus.
MALE (pi. 43, figs. 3, 4) : Idiosoma ovoid, widest at level of coxae II-III; 530 /* long
by 405 /j. wide. Opisthosoma rudimentary. Legs long.
Dorsum. Shape of dorsal plates similar to those of Periglischrus vargasi; anterior
plate as long on mid-line as broad, 351 /*; posterior plate 162 //, long by 222 ^ wide; anterior
plate with 12 pairs of alveoli; posterior plate with nine pairs alveoli; microsetae visible
in two pairs alveoli of posterior plate and possibly present in some of those on anterior
plate. Propodosomal setae relatively short, measuring 39 /* long or less ; ratio of distance
between first pair of setal bases to that between first and second pairs approximately
3.5:1. Unarmed opisthosoma bearing one pair small posterior setae in addition to sub-
equal postanal seta.
Venter. Sternal plate longer than wide, modified cordate with pronounced medial
anterior projection and prominent shoulders; with five pairs long, strong setae and two
pairs submedian pores; two additional pairs of lateral marginal pits. Pair of minute
setae behind sternal plate. Six pairs well-developed setae in addition to slightly smaller
adanal pair in space between coxae IV; three pairs bordering anal plate (two pairs of
these may occur on plate), one pair between anal plate and pair of small adanal plate-
lets, two pairs on anterior half of anal plate; adanal setae border anterior margin anal

146 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
opening. Anal plate elongate, broadly rounded anteriorly, broadest at mid-level and with
concave posterolateral margins, ending bluntly at anterior margin of anal opening.
Legs. Leg I of allotype 600 fj, long exclusive of ambulacrum, up to 670 /j. in some
paratypes. Coxae with relatively long setae; posterior seta of coxa II 81 p long, less than
one and one-half times as long as posterior seta of coxa III. Ventral leg setae tend to be
flattened and tooth-like; tarsus I and tibia and tarsus II each with a broad, serrated, blunt
seta; tarsi III and IV each with pair of subapical flattened peg-like setae. Dorsal setae
strong, with longer setae coarsely barbed and several of shorter setae serrate ; one minute
seta on femur II, III and IV; tarsi III and IV with strong, coarsely barbed setae.
Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae subequal, 27 /u, long; outer
hypostomal setae minute; inner hypostomals absent. Palpal tibia without medio-distal
lobe; femur with prominent serrated lateral seta. Chelicerae normal for genus, each
with very elongate (over 170 n) , recurved, tubular, spermatophoral process terminating
in two minute fimbriae.
FEMALE DEUTONYMPH (pi. 44, figs. 1, 2) : Very similar to adult male, from which it
differs as follows : Idiosoma 650 fj. long. Unarmed dorsal opisthosoma with five pairs
small (approximately 10 /u, long) marginal setae in addition to small postanal seta.
Sternal plate a rounded diamond shape, longer than wide, bearing three pairs well-
developed setae and two pairs pores; pair of setae subequal to sternals located off pos-
terolateral margins of plate; slightly smaller pair just posterior to plate, followed by
pair of very small setae. Eleven additional pairs well-developed setae on unarmed ventral
integument between coxae IV. Anal plate terminal, pear-shaped with broad end pos-
terior ; adanal setae well developed, anterior to anal opening which is on posterior tip of
body. Chelicerae as in female. Tarsi of legs I lack the two long, blunt-tipped sensory
setae observed in adult males.
MALE DEUTONYMPH (pi. 44, figs. 3, 4) : Similar to female deutonymph, from which it
differs in having only one pair small setae on the unarmed margin of dorsal posterior
opisthosoma, and in posssessing only six pairs of setae on the unarmed ventral integu-
ment between coxae IV.
PROTONYMPH (pi. 44, figs. 5, 6) : Similar in general appearance, size and body shape
to deutonymphs, from which it is immediately distinguishable by short dorsal peritremes
extending from level between coxae III-IV to just beyond posterior margin of coxa II.
Propodosoma possessing only four pairs relatively short marginal setae, ranging from
24-30 n long. In other respects dorsum as in male deutonymph.
Venter as in male deutonymph from which it differs as follows : Lacking pair of well-
developed setae posterolateral to sternal plate and pair just posterior to plate; small pair
of setae behind sternal plate somewhat larger than in deutonymph and located in region
between coxae IV; total of four pairs setae arising from unarmed cuticula in area between
coxae IV. Gnathosoma and legs as in deutonymphs.
TYPE MATERIAL: Holotyps female and allotype male (host no. 43065)
collected by V. J. Tipton from Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis at Panama
City (Panama), June 1961. Paratype series, all, unless noted, collected by
C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton : female, female deutonymph and male from
Phyllostomus h. panamensis at Chepo Road (Panama), 8 October 1959;
male deutonymph, same host, Fort Kobbe (Canal Zone), 9 October 1959;
female, same host, Chilibrillo Caves (Panama), 28 October 1959; 3 females,
same collection data as preceding, but 17 July 1959; 1 female, same host,
Chilibrillo River (Panama), 27 August 1957; 8 females and 1 male same
host, Fort Sherman (Canal Zone), 30 July 1959; 1 male, same host, Bocas
del Toro, 22 January 1960 ; 4 males, 1 female, 2 deutonymphs and 3 proto-
nymphs, from Phyllostomus h. hastatus, Heights of Guanapo, Trinidad,
T. H. G. Aitken, 11 July 1957 ; 2 females, 1 male, 1 deutonymph and 2 proto-
nymphs, same host and locality, W. G. Downs, 7 November 1956.

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 147
Holotype, allotype, 3 male, 2 female, 1 protonymph, 1 male and 1 female
deutonymph paratypes in the United States National Museum ; 2 paratypes
(male and female) each in Chicago Natural History Museum and Trinidad
Regional Virus Laboratory; remaining material in the collection of the
author.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED : Several collections from Phyllostomus
d. discolor taken in Trinidad. From Trachops cirrhosus taken in Panama :
Fort Sherman (Canal Zone), 1 female, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton,
23 November 1959; Los Santos, V. J. Tipton, 2 females, 1 male, on 10
February 1962, 1 male from collection of 2 bats on 11 February 1962, 4
females, 2 males and 4 protonymphs from 7 bats on 14 February 1962, 6 fe-
males, 7 males, 5 male deutonymphs, 3 protonymphs from 4 bats on 21 Feb-
ruary 1962. A single collection of 1 female from Trachops cirrhosus in
Trinidad. A single collection of 1 female and a protonymph from Myotis
chiloensis, Chiriqui Province, V. J. Tipton, 6 March 1962. Two collections
of this mite have been seen from Colombia, from Phyllostomus hastatus
(CNHM no. 88066) taken at La Macarena, Rio Guapaya by Kjell von Snei-
dern, 14 March 1957, and from Phyllostomus elongatus (CNHM no. 88063)
at Los Micos, San Juan de Arama, 21 February 1957, by the same collector.
REMARKS: Periglischrus tiptoni is a common parasite of bats of the
genera Phyllostomus and Trachops in Panama and Trinidad, where it is
often found in association with another new species, Periglischrus inflatiseta.
It is named in honor of Lt. Col. Vernon J. Tipton, United States Army, who
collected many of the spinturnicids recorded in this work.
Periglischrus micronycteridis, new species. Plate 45.
Periglischrus micronycteridis is closely related to P. tiptoni, both species
occurring on genera of Phyllostominae, although never encountered on the
same genera. P. micronycteridis is a smaller species with stubby legs;
female with the posterior seta of coxa III very small, the dorsal anterobasal
seta of femur I very small to minute, and the sternal plate of engorged speci-
mens roughly tongued-shaped. Males of P. micronycteridis differ from P.
tiptoni in smaller size, short legs and lack of coarsely barbed, dorsal leg setae.
DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 45, figs. 1, 2) : Gravid specimens broadly rounded anteriorly
and posteriorly, with opisthosoma expanded; idiosoma approximately 970 /JL long by 756 /a
wide. Legs relatively short and stout.
Dorsum. Dorsal plate similar to that of Periglischrus tiptoni, but anterior plate as
broad as long (245 /*) ; posterior plate 108 n long by 155 n wide. Propodosomal setae
19-24 p. long, second pair longer than first pair; ratio of distance between bases of first
pair to that between first and second pair varies from 4.6:1-7.8:1. Peritremes extend
just anterior to level of second pair propodosomal setae. Unarmed opisthosoma with
four pairs small setae. Posterior tip of anal plate extends dorsally, with minute post-
anal seta.
Venter. Sternal plate longer (126 /x) than wide (87 n) ; in engorged type specimen,
plate narrowly tongue-like with eroded margins; three pairs small setae approximately
12 /j. long located just off sclerotized margins of plate; two pairs circular pores on plate;
very faint hyaline border extending beyond sclerotized margins includes bases first two
pairs setae; in unengorged specimen sternal plate appears uniformly dense throughout
area encompassed by hyaline border and sclerotized central area of engorged specimens.
Pair metasternal setae subequal to sternals, posterolateral to sternal plate. Epigynial

148 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA
platelet small, elongate, between coxae IV; preceded anteriorly by small, fan-shaped
cuticular pattern; two minute setae lateral to platelet. Pattern of sclerotized opistho-
somal areas similar to that of Periglischrus tiptoni on fed specimens; not visible in un-
engorged specimen. Opisthosomal setae as in P. tiptoni. Anal plate ventroterminal,
elongate, widest posteriorly; adanal setae subequal to nearby ventral setae, 21 n long,
subterminal, arising anterior to anal opening which is terminal. Canal-like structures
from adanal setae as in P. tiptoni.
Legs. Short, stout; leg I exclusive of caruncles 350 /* long on type, ranging from
340-370 ju long on six representative specimens ; posterior seta coxa II strong, minutely
barbed, 110 /u long; others delicate and small; of latter, anterior seta of coxa III usually
longest, 24 //; ventral and dorsal setation of other segments similar to that in P. tiptoni,
but with somewhat shorter setae and with dorsal, anterobasal seta of femur I very small
OM).
Gnathosoma. As described for P. tiptoni but with medial lobe of palpal tibia less
pronounced.
MALE (pi. 45, figs. 3, 4) : A small mite for the genus, with stubby legs. Idiosoma
ovoid, widest at level of coxae II-III; 421 /* long by 335 /* wide.
Dorsum. Shape and alveolar pattern of dorsal plates as in Periglischrus tiptoni;
anterior plate 237 /n long on mid-line by 255 /* wide; posterior plate 128 /* long by 160 ^
wide ; plates covering most of idiosoma. Propodosomal setae relatively short, measuring
38 /JL or slightly less in allotype; ratio of distance between first pair setal bases to that
between first and second pairs approximately 4.7:1. Unarmed opisthosoma bearing one
pair small posterolateral setae in addition to smaller postanal seta. Peritremes normal
for genus, extending almost to bases of second pair propodosomal setae.
Venter. Sternal plate similar to that of P. tiptoni but setae relatively shorter, not
overlapping bases of more posteriorly located setae of plate. Pair of reduced but not
minute setae, 12 /* long, behind sternal plate. Six larger pairs setae in addition to sub-
equal adanal pair in space between coxae IV ; anal plate and setal pattern as in P. tiptoni.
Legs. Relatively short; leg I 394 fj. long exclusive of ambulacrum. Posterior seta
of coxa II long (110 /*), minutely fimbriated, three times as long as next longest coxal
setae, which are acicular. Ventral setae of other segments mostly relatively short and
acicular; tarsi I and II each with one and III and IV each with three short, sharp, spini-
form setae. Dorsal setae of legs with longer setae very minutely barbed, superficially
appearing nude; shorter setae nude, or at most some minutely barbed; femora II, III and
IV each with one minute seta in addition to larger setae.
Gnathosoma. As described for P. tiptoni except that gnathosomal and distal hypo-
stomal setae lengths are 16 ^ and the lateral seta of palpal tibia is nude.
FEMALE DEUTONYMPH : Very similar to female deutonymph of P. tiptoni from which
it differs as follows: a smaller mite with idiosoma approximately 430 ^ long; legs short,
stubby; leg I 430 n long exclusive of ambulacrum; leg setae essentially nude, some with
very minute barbs; posterior seta of coxa II relatively long (100 /j.).
TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female (host no. 7959) and 5 paratype females
collected by R. L. Wenzel and C. M. Keenan from Micronycteris megalotis
microtis near Borinquen Highway (Canal Zone) , 24 October 1961. Allotype
male (host no. 10010) with 2 male, 1 female and 1 female deutonymph para-
types collected by V. J. Tipton from Micronycteris minuta, Guanico (Los
Santos) , 24 February 1962. Other paratypes from Micronycteris megalotis
microtis: 5 females, Borinquen Highway (Canal Zone), 24 October 1961
and 2 females, Cocoli (Canal Zone) , 24 October 1961, R. L. Wenzel and C. M.
Keenan ; 4 females, Chiriqui Province, 6 March 1962, V. J. Tipton ; 6 females,
same data but 2 March 1962. Paratypes from Trinidad from Micronycteris
m. megalotis: 7 females, Cocorite, West Port-of-Spain, 24 June 1958, and 9
females, Quinam Road, Siparia, 13 March 1959, T. H. G. Aitken.

FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 149
Holotype, allotype, and 4 female paratypes in the United States National
Museum ; 2 female paratypes, Chicago Natural History Museum ; 3 female
paratypes, Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory ; remaining material in the
collection of the author.
A single male from Micronycteris megalotis microtis, Barro Colorado
Island (Canal Zone) , collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 12 January
1960, is doubtfully identified as P. micronycteridis. It appears abnormal
in several minor characteristics.
REMARKS : P. micronycteridis specimens from different hosts and of dif-
ferent degrees of engorgement exhibit minor differences in morphology
which are interpreted as intraspecific variation. Specimens from Trinidad
bats have a short fine seta on the anterior margin of coxa III as well as II,
while on all other specimens these are represented by longer, delicate setae.
The single female associated with males is an unfed specimen with unex-
panded idiosoma. On it, the characteristic shape of the sternal plate seen in
engorged females appears quite different, with convex lateral margins in-
stead of the roughly tongue-shaped structure illustrated here. However, in
engorged specimens an almost transparent marginal area of the plate ap-
pears to represent the actual margins as seen in the unfed specimen.
Periglischrus species
A single female specimen designated species "D" represents a possible
new species related to Periglischrus desmodi. It was collected by C. M.
Keenan and V. J. Tipton from Pteronotus parnellii fuscus, Bocas del Toro
Province, 1 February 1960. According to Goodwin and Greenhall (1961),
this host is known to roost in caves with Desmodus rotundus, the common
host of Periglischrus desmodi. It seems probable that the single specimen
of species "D" recorded here may represent a slightly atypical specimen of
Periglischrus desmodi which strayed from its normal host. It differs from
typical P. desmodi in having shorter dorsal propodosomal setae measuring
up to 51 IJL long ; in having shorter dorsal opisthosomal setae, and in having
the scimitar-shaped posterior setae of leg IV inflated as in Periglischrus
caligus.
A collection of two females, three males and three nymphs is designated
as an undetermined Periglischrus species "K." It was taken from Loncho-
phylla robusta at Chilibrillo Caves (Panama) by C. M. Keenan and V. J.
Tipton, 20 August 1959. Species "K" probably represents a new species
closely related to P. desmodi, but it is left undescribed here pending collec-
tion of additional specimens to settle the question of intraspecific variation.
Females differ from P. desmodi in having a more angular sternal plate,
shorter dorsal propodosomal setae and inflated, scimitar-like posteroventral
setae on leg IV. Males possess only one pair of dorsal opisthosomal setae,
shorter sternal plate setae and a small idiosoma about 378 ^ long.
A single female designated species "G" was taken from Macrophyllum
macrophyllum at natural bridge, Madden Dam (Canal Zone), by C. M.
Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 31 July 1959. This undoubtedly will prove to be a
new species, but since there is only a single, damaged specimen at hand, its

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