94
|
O de
Insec i o a
S eam
Mainland
Island
o e lapped
by
70—
80%
2081.
Compe i ion
om
hedgehogs
could
limi
kiwi
numbe s
in
he
long
e m,
and,
because
kiwi
and
hedgehogs
nes
in
simila
si es,
hedgehogs
may
compe e
o
nes s,
dis u b
incuba ing
kiwi,
o
e en
damage
kiwi
chicks.
Compe i ion
o
nes s
and
ood
be ween
hedgehogs
and
kiwi,
and
o he
na i e
insec i o es,
needs
o
be
o mally
in es iga ed.
Con ol
Hedgehogs
ha e
been
added
o
he
lis
o
a ge
species
in
many
apping
p og ammes
designed
o
p o ec
indigenous
auna.'1650'
Howe e ,
he
le el
o
hedgehog
con ol
needed
o
gain
any
bene i
has
no
been
es ablished.
The e
a e
no
da a
desc ibing
he
ela ionships
be ween
popula ion
densi ies
o
hedgehogs
and
he
ex en
o
consequen
damage
o
ulne able
auna,
and
no
es ima es
o
how
well,
i
a
all,
apping
egimes
can
educe
local
hedgehog
densi ies.
Hedgehogs
can
ole a e
high
le els
o
b odi a-
coum.'-A
Bounda y
S eam
whe e
b odi acoum
was
always
a ailable
in
bai
s a ions,
37
adio-
agged
o
ma ked
hedgehogs
we e
obse ed
o e
4
mon hs
bu
none
died.'208'
No
o mal
esea ch
on
oxins
e ec i e
agains
hedgehogs
has
been
done.
Hedgehogs
a e
also
ole an
o
a
a ie y
o
o he
oxins
including
he
enom
o
snakes,
bees,
wasps
and
sco pions;
oxins
o
bac e ial
o igin;
and
a senic
and
s ychnine,
al hough
hey
a e
suscep-
ible o
molluscicides.'2261'
Li e a u e
esou ces
and
e iews
Ree e;'226"
B ockie.'303'
C.J
&
M.D.S.
ORDER
CHIROPTERA
Ba s
a e
he
only
mammals
capable
o
sus ained
ligh .
They
a e
easily
dis inguished
om
all
o he
mammals
by
he
ex ension
o
he
inge
bones
o
suppo
he
wing
memb anes
( he
name
Chi op e a
means
'hand-wing').
Ba s
ha e
e ol ed
many
s uc-
u al
and
physiological
modi ica ions,
in
addi ion
o
wings,
o adap
hem
o
hei
unique
way
o
li e.
Some
o
hei
mos
unusual
ea u es
a e
he
spe-
cialised
ea s
and
elabo a e
acial
skin
g ow hs
o
he
many
ba
species
ha
ha e
e ol ed
echoloca ion.
The
a ia ion
in
o m,
size,
and
s uc u e
o
ba s
is
eno mous;
om
he
iny
bumble-bee
ba
(C aseo-
nyc e is
honglongyai),
which
weighs
abou
2
g,
o
he
gian
lying
ox
(P e opus
gigan eus),
which
weighs
o e
1.2
kg
and
has
a
wingspan
o
1.7
m.
A
p esen ,
1001
species
o
ba s
a e
ecognised
in
he
wo ld
(and
new,
c yp ic
species
a e
added
as
hey
a e
disco e ed),
and
many
a e
classed
as
h ea ened.
They
o m
wo
qui e
di e en
g oups,
he
Subo de s
Megachi op e a
(167
species)
and Mic ochi op e a
(834
species).'1316'
The
ea lies
known
ossils,
om
he
ea ly
Eocene
(55
million
yea s
ago),
a e
in
some
cha ac e s
as
ad anced
as
many
li ing
species
o
Mic ochi op e a.
The e o e
he
ea lies
ba s
mus
ha e
a isen
long
be o e
his,
possibly
in
he
mid
o
la e
C e aceous
(70-100
million
yea s
ago).
Thei
immedia e
ances o s
migh
ha e
been
small
a bo eal
insec i o es
possessing
gliding
memb anes
and
an
ea ly
o m
o
echoloca ion."248'
The
New
Zealand
ba
auna
is
e y
small
and
unlike
ha
o
any
o he
coun y.
Since
he e
a e
o e
90
species
o
ba s
in
Aus alia,'821'
i
is
su p ising
ha
no
mo e
o
hem
ha e
been
blown
o
New
Zealand
in
he
pas .
A
leas
h ee
species
ha e
eached
Lo d
Howe
I.,
500
km
om
Aus alia,
and
wo
ha e
eached
No olk
I.,
1300
km
om
Aus alia;'703'
bu ,
aside
om
Chalinolobus
ube cula us,
he e
is
only
one
eco d
o
a
single
ag an
lying
ox
each-
ing
New
Zealand,
2000
km
om
Aus alia.'693'
Ad ances
in
ield
echnology
ha e
made
s udy
o
hese
c yp ic
noc u nal
mammals
bo h
easible
and
accessible,
and
enabled
a
huge
inc ease
in
esea ch
on
New
Zealand
ba s
du ing
he
1990s.'2032'
Small
po able
ba
de ec o s,
which
eco d
he
ul asonic
sounds
emi ed
by
ba s,
a e
now
used
widely
h oughou
he
coun y
o
s udy
dis ibu ion
and
habi a
use.'2042;
2119'
Radio
ans-
mi e s
small
enough
(0.4-0.7
g)
o
a ach
o
<15
g
ba s a e
p o iding
a
weal h
o
in o ma ion
on
home
ange,
mo emen s,
use
o
oos s,
and
social
s uc u e
o
pe iods
o
up
o
a
mon h
a
a
ime.'2033;
4991
Specialised
ha p
aps
o
ca ching
ba s
allow
sys ema ic
cap u e
p og ammes,
includ-
ing
long- e m
banding
s udies
o
long- ailed
ba s.'2425'
In a ed,
ime
lapse
ideo
echnology
and
low-cos ,
minia u e
ideo
came as
and
po able
eco de s
allow
moni o ing
o
beha iou ,
popula-
ion
sizes,
and
ac i i y
o
ba s
a
oos s
in
emo e
loca ions.'2421'
Main enance
o
New
Zealand
ba s
in
cap i i y
is
becoming
ou ine.'24,7;
24l9;
1598'
DOC
has
an
ac i e
ba
eco e y
p o-
g amme,'18331
which
aims
o
ensu e
he
su i al
o
all
ex an
ba
species
and
subspecies
h oughou
hei
p esen
anges
and,
whe e
easible,
o
es ablish
new
95
96
|
O de
Chi op e a
popula ions
wi hin
hei
his o ical
ange.
The
objec i es
o
he
cu en
Reco e y
Plan
a e
o
(1)
unde ake
o
p omo e
esea ch
on
ba s,
which
will
assis
in
hei
managemen ;
(2)
e alua e
he
s a us
o
bo h
sho - ailed
and
long- ailed
ba s;
(3)
es ab-
lish
popula ions
o
sho - ailed
ba s
on
sui able
islands;
(4)
selec ,
p o ec ,
and
moni o
popula ions
o
sho - ailed
and
long- ailed
ba s
h oughou
hei
geog aphic
ange;
and
(5)
aise
public
awa eness
o
ba s
and
in ol e
he
public
in
ba
conse a ion.
Since
he
publica ion
o
he
Reco e y
Plan,
esea che s,
conse a ion
manage s,
and
membe s
o
he
public
ha e
been
ac i e
in
ollowing
up
epo s,
iden i ying
popula ions,
eco ding
dis ibu-
ion,
and
loca ing
and
moni o ing
oos
si es.
The e
is
a
g owing
in e es
in
inco po a ing
knowledge
o
ba s
in o
lea ning
p og ammes."33'1389'
The
bu geoning
o
ba
esea ch
in
New
Zealand
also
aises
mo e
ques ions
and
opens
new
a enues
o
esea ch,
and
will
p o ide
a
solid
base
agains
which
o
es
mo e
gene al
heo ies
o
ba
beha iou .
Li e
ba s
a e
p o ec ed
by
he
Wildli e
Ac
1953
and
mus
no
be
handled
o
dis u bed.
Any
dead
ba s
ound
mus
be
sen
o
s udy,
ei he
o
one
o
he
majo
museums
o
o
he
nea es
o ice
o
DOC,
oge he
wi h
in o ma ion
on
da e
and
locali y.
SUBORDER
MICROCHIROPTERA
The
Mic ochi op e a
comp ise
834
axa
om
17
amilies
and
137
gene a,
dis ibu ed
almos
wo ld-
wide.
Mos
eed
on
insec s,
and
he
es
on
a
ange
o
oods
om
ui ,
nec a ,
and
pollen,
o
blood,
bi ds,
small
mammals
(including
o he
ba s),
amphibians,
and
ish.
All
na iga e
by
echoloca-
ion,
emi ing
ul asonic
sounds h ough
he
mou h
o
nose.
The
dis inguishing
cha ac e s
o
he
h ee
endemic
species
o
New
Zealand
Mic ochi op
e an
ba s
a e
summa ised
in
Table
22.
All
h ee
a e
classed
as
h ea ened"833'
126"
and
one
is
p obably
ex inc .
Two
belong
o
he
Family
Mys acinidae
(sho - ailed
ba s,
genus
Mys acina),
which
ha e
e ol ed
in
isola ion
o
so
long
ha
hey
possess
cha ac e s
no
ound
in
ba s
anywhe e
else
in
he
wo ld.
The
ances o s
o
he
hi d
species,
he
long-
ailed
ba
Chalinolobus
ube cula us
(Family
Vespe ilionidae)
a e
belie ed
o
ha e
eached
New
Zealand
om
Aus alia
by
chance
dispe sal
ac oss
he
Tasman
du ing
he
Pleis ocene
(p.
113),
as
ha e
hose
o
many
o
ou
bi ds.[2907]
Figu e
12
Echdcca ion
coll
sl^ es
lo
New
Zealand
ba sPlo s
o
audio
equency
agains
ime,
wi h
ampli ude
ep esen ed
by
he
in ensi y
o
shading,
o)
Twenly i e
millisecond
sequence,
showing
indi idual
pulses,
b)
ai
second sequences
showing
pulse
ains
100
kHz
0
kHz
100
kHz
0
kHz
Mys acina
Chalinolobus
10
15
Millisecs
b)
100
kHz
Mys acina
i
I
•
11
i
111.
11
i
i i
II
|
h
i
n
|
HE
li,,;
ii
iii
in
in
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1
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•
i
i1
iii
i
i-'
111
111
•
i
-
- -
^
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,—
,
..
..
...
100
kHz
Chalinolobus
20
—*
—
,
-
100
200
300
400
500
Millisecs
Subo de
Mic ochi op e a
|
97
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98
|
O de
Chi op e a
Fou
exo ic
species
o
ba s
om
wo
Mic ochi op e an
amilies
ha e
a i ed
dead
in
New
Zealand.
Th ee
we e
espe ilionids:
a
Japanese
pipis elle
(Pipis ellus
ja anicus
ab amus)
a i ed
in
a
ca go
o
ca
pa s,17041
an
Aus alian
lesse
long-ea ed
ba
(Nyc ophilus
geo oyi)
in
a
ca go
o
imbe ,1
031
and
an
Aus alian
li le
o es
ba
(Vespadelus
ul u nus)
in
a
c a e
o
ai c a
pa s.'
~51
A
small
uniden i ied
ba belonging
o
he
Molossidae
a i ed
among
a
shipmen
o
bananas
om
Ecuado
in
2002.120371
FAMILY
VESPERTILIONIDAE
The
Vespe ilionidae
(e ening
ba s)
is
he
la ges
o
he
Mic ochi op e a
amilies,
and
includes
abou
357
species
in
37
gene a.113161
Vespe ilionid
ba s
a e
among
he
mos
widely
dispe sed
o
mam-
mals,
ound
almos
wo ldwide
(excep
o
he
pola egions),
including
emo e
oceanic
islands.
Genus
Chalinolobus
Fi e
o
he
se en
species
o
Aus alasian
wa led
o
lobe-lipped
ba s
li e
in
Aus alia
(including
Tasmania
and
No olk
I.)
and
New
Guinea;
one
newly
ecognised
species
in
New
Caledonia;
and
one,
Chalinolobus
ube cula us,
in
New
Zealand.'825'
1316
They
a e
small
o
medium-sized
ba s
which
ha e
a
leshy
lobe
on
he
lowe
ea
ma -
gin,
and
o en
ano he
a
he
co ne
o
he
mou h.
The
ea s
a e
sho
and
b oad,
he
agus
cu es
inwa ds,
he
o ehead
is
high,
and
he
muzzle
has
a
glandula
appea ance.1"581
New
Zealand
long- ailed
ba
Chalinolobus
ube cula us
(Fo s e ,
1844)
Synonyms
Vespe ilio
ube cula us
G ay,
1843;
Vespe ilio
ube cula us
Fo s e ,
1844;
Sco ophilus
ube cula us
Tomes,
1857;
Chalinolobus
ube cula us
Pe e s,
1866;
Chalinolobus
mo io
Thomas,
1889.
Also
called
New
Zealand
sho -ea ed
ba
o
New
Zealand
wa led
ba
(English);
pekapeka
(Mao i).
The
name
Chalinolobus
ube cula us
should
be
a ibu ed
o
Fo s e
(1844)
a he
han
G ay
(1843)
as
p e iously.16971
Vespe ilio
(Chalinolobus)
ube cula us
was
desc ibed
by
Fo s e
in
his
jou nal,
and
illus a ed
by
his
son
G.
Fo s e ,
du ing
Cook's
second
oyage
o
New
Zealand in
1773.12522:13421
The e
a e
signi ican
di e ences
in
size
(Table
23),
calls,121201
and
gene ic
di e si y129141
among
popula ions
in
No h
and
Sou h
Is,
bu
i
is
no
ye
clea
whe he
hese
wa an
subspeci ic
s a us.
Desc ip ion
Dis inguishing
ma ks,
Table
22
and
Pla e
3.
A
small,
delica e
ba ,
in
con as
o
he
mo e
obus
Mys acina.
The
head
is
b oad
and
he
o e-
head
is
high.
The
ace
is
mode a ely
hai )',
wi h
he
nos ils
se
on
p ominences.
The
eyes
a e
small
wi h
well- o med
leshy
lids.
The
small
ea s
and
sho
agus
a e
ounded
dis ally,
and
he
ou e
ma gin
o
he
ea
con inues
along
he
ace,
benea h
he
eye,
as
an
an i agus,
which
e mina es
jus
behind
he
lip-
lobule.
The
mo e
p onounced
agus
ex ends
om
wi hin
he
ea
abo e
he
an i agus.
I
is
na ow
a
he
base,
bu
widens
and
is
ounded
dis ally.120321
Rep oduc i e
emales
a e
la ge
han
males
(Tables
23,
24).
Pelage
colou
is
a iable
in
li ing
wild
ba s,
and
changes
wi h
age.
Adul
emales
usually
ha e
ich
ches nu
uppe pa s,
some imes
wi h
whi e
ips
o
he
u .
Males,
and
1-3
yea
olds
o
bo h
sexes,
a e
da ke ,
wi h
da k
b own
uppe pa s
and
blackish
u
a ound
he
head.'20321 Unde pa s
a e
pale
b own
in
bo h
sexes,
pale
abou
he
pubic
egion.
The
ine,
so
do sal
u
is
up
o
7
mm
long,
wi h
no
di e en-
ia ion
in o
o e hai
and
unde hai .
The
u
o
p ese ed
museum
specimens
is
o en
bleached
o
a
ligh
eddish-b own.
The
limbs,
wing,
and
ail
memb anes
a e
almos
naked
and
blackish-
b own
in
colou .
New
Zealand
long- ailed
ba
|
99
°
~E
ai
,-s
.2*
05
TJ
5
IO
8.
1?
£
i
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.—
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z
K
CO
O
o
o
N
"a
<
o
o
T5
o
The
bones
o
he
legs
and
o elimbs
(excep
he
humb),
a e
long
and
slende .
The
small
humb
p ojec s
ee
om
he
w is
and
ca ies
a
long
cu ed
claw.
The
small
hind
oo
is
u ned
ou wa ds.
The
calca
ex ends
om
he
heel
as
a
s ong
p ocess
and
suppo s
almos
hal
o
he
pos-
e io bo de
o
he
la ge
in e emo al
memb ane.
A
small,
ounded
pos -calca eal
lobe
is
p esen
nea
he
base
o
he
oo .
The
ela i ely
long,
pendan
penis
o
he
male
makes
o
easy
dis inc ion
o
he
sexes.
Females
wi hou
isible
nipples,
o
wi h
nipples
co e ed
in
u ,
a e
non- ep oduc i e
J20431
Nipples
emain
conspicuous
a e
emales
ha e
gi en
bi h
once.
Non olan
young
a e
ecognisable
by
hei
small
size,
pa ches
o
ba e
skin,
and sho ,
g ey-black
u .
Young-o - he-yea
a e
ecognisable
un il
pha-
langeal
epiphyses
a e
ully
used
a
c.
3
mon hs
old.
Sea ch
phase
echoloca ion
calls
o
long- ailed
ba s
(Figu e
12)
begin
wi h
a
s eep,
downwa d
e-
quency-modula ed
sweep,
ollowed
by
a
sho ,
less
modula ed
componen
a
lowe
equencies.
Up
o
h ee
ha monics
a e
p esen ,
al hough
some
calls
ha e
none.
Peak
ampli ude
is
in
he
shallow
ail
o
he
undamen al
call
a
abou
36-40
kHz,
depending
on
popula ion.
Sea ch
phase
calls
a e -
aging
6.3
ms
long
sweep
h ough
c.
30
kHz
om
65-34
kHz.'2l20;
2,23;
2I221
Den al
o mula
I2/3
C1/,
Pm2/2
M3/,
=
34.
The
comple e
mi ochond ial
genome
o
he
long- ailed
ba
has
been
mapped
(GenBank
acces-
sion
numbe
AF321051).'1566'
Field
sign
Long- ailed
ba s
lea e
li le
sign
o
hei
p esence
because
hey
a e
noc u nal
and
a e.
They
a e
is-
ible
lying
in
wiligh
o
abou
45
minu es
a e
sunse .
Mos
oos ing
ca i ies
a e
high
in
ees.1242
1
Mo e
accessible
oos
si es
in
ca es
may
be
ma ked
by
a
pile
o
guano
unde
a
c ack
o
is-
su e
occupied
by
sleeping
ba s,
o
by
audible
squeaking
i
ba s a e
ac i e.[702:
20361
Indi idual
New
Zealand
long- ailed
ba
|
101
d oppings
a e
small
and
mouse-like
(usually
2—4
mm
long
and
1
mm
wide).
Flying
long- ailed
ba s
can
be
de ec ed
wi h
hand-held
he e odyne
Ba box
III
ba
de ec o s
se
a
c.
40
kHz.
The e
is
some
o e lap
be ween
he
undamen als
and
ha monics
o
he
calls
o
Mys acina
ube cula a
and
C.
ube cula usp-x201
bu
hey
can
be
dis inguished
because
he
peak
ampli-
ude
o
M.
ube cula a
calls
is
c.
27-28
kHz,
and
he
call
a e
o
M.
ube cula a
is
wice
as
as
as
C.
ube cula us.[2120;
20421
Measu emen s
Adul
head
and
body
leng h
42—63
mm;
o ea m
36.7-46.0
mm;
wingspan
240—298
mm;
wing
dep h
a
i h
digi
48-62
mm;
ail
30-46
mm;
ea
7.2—11.0
mm;
condylobasal
leng h
13.6-14.3
mm;
adul
mass
(p e- eeding
and
nonb eeding)
7.1—12.5
g;
ju enile
mass
(non olan )
3—6
g.I825;
826;
1089;
2032]
Long- ailed
ba s
ha e
medium
wing
loading
and
aspec
a ios,
ypical
o
ba s
ha
ha e
mode a e
o
as
ligh
speeds,
ela i ely
low
ene ge ic
cos s
o
ligh ,
and
ha
o age
along
o es
edges
and
in
gaps
(Table
25).
Thei
manoeu abili y
wi hin
dense
ege a ion
is
limi ed.
Signi ican
sexual
dimo phism
and
mo phome ic
di e ences
among
popula ions
may
ha e
consequences
o
wing
cha ac e is ics,
ligh
beha iou ,
and
manoeu abili y.
Ju eniles
de elop
isome ically
once
olan ,
al hough
ela ionships
among
o ea m,
body
leng h,
and
wingspan
g ow h
a e
highly
a i-
able.[1089]
Va ia ion
Wi hin
popula ions,
indi idual
body
mass
a ies
wi h
season11089;
2035'
and
among
ba s
o
di e en
age
and
sex
classes
(Table
24).
Males
accumula e
body
a
ese es
in
au umn
(la e
Ma ch).
Weigh s
o
ep oduc i e
emales
a y
acco ding
o
he
s age
o
he
b eeding
season;
hey
inc ease
in
mass
du -
ing
p egnancy
( o
16.0
g,
Puke i i i;
17.4
g,
Eglin on
Valley).
In
he
Eglin on
Valley,
lac a ing
emales
weigh
10.0-12.5
g
(p e- eeding
weigh s),
non- ep oduc i e
emales
8.7—10.0
g.
Ba s
o
ei he
sex
can
weigh
up
o
3
g
mo e
a e
success-
ul
o aging,
bu
e u n
o
basal
weigh s
by
dawn.
Compa isons
among
popula ions
(Table
23)
show
ha
long- ailed
ba s
om
Eglin on
Valley
(45°S)
we e
signi ican ly
la ge
in
key
mo pho-
logical
cha ac e s
han
hose
om
h ee
o he
si es
(Ruaku i,
37°S;
G and
Canyon
Ca e,
38°S;
Sou h
Table
25
Wing
mo phology
o
adul
male
(M)
and
emale
(F)
long- ailed
ba s
om
he
Eglin on
Valley,
Fio dland.
Analysis
excludes
isibly
p egnan
emales,
and
emales
caugh
in
No embe -Decembe
(pa u i ion
pe iod).
Cha ac e
Sex
Mean
±
1
SD
Range
n
P
Wing
A ea
(m2)
M
0.011
0.0006
0.010-0.013
19
F
0.012
0.0006
0.011-0.013
58
<0.0001
Tip
Shape
Index
M
1.55
0.34
1.02-2.05
19
F
1.29
0.35
0.71-2.94
58
0.015
Wing
Loading
(N
2)
M
8.42
0.45
7.60-9.07
19
F
8.91
0.62
7.60-10.81
58
0.003
Aspec
Ra io
M
6.63
0.26
6.09-7.33
19
F
6.52
0.25
5.96-7.19
58
0.12
Wing
a ea,
wing
loading,
ip-shape
index,
and
aspec
a io calcula ions
ollow
No be g
and
Rayne .'1954-
P
=
di e ences
om
2-sample
Wes s.'2026!
signi icance
o
in e -sexual
102
|
O de
Chi op e o
Can e bu y,
44°S).
Ruaku i
and
G and
Canyon
ba s
we e
indis inguishable.
Sou h
Can e bu y
ba s
ha e
he
smalles
o ea ms
bu
in e media e
mass
and
wing dep hs.
Di e si y
o
mi ochond ial
DNA
a ies
signi -
ican ly
among
i e
popula ions,'2914'
o
he
ex en
ha
di e gence
be ween
No h
and
Sou h
I.
long-
ailed
ba s
is
compa able
wi h
ha
be ween
he
accep ed
subspecies
o
sho - ailed
ba s.
Va ia ion
in
echoloca ion
calls
be ween
No h
and
Sou h
I.
popula ions
is
also
signi ican ,'2120'
and
associa ed
wi h
signi ican
size
di e ences
(Table
23).
Because
body
size
and
echoloca ion
call
design
in
ba s a e
in e ela ed
wi hin
he
same
adap i e
complex,17'
a iabili y
may
demons a e
adap a-
ion
o
di e en
habi a s.
His o y
o
colonisa ion
The
long- ailed
ba
is
p obably
de i ed
om
an
ances al
o m
o
Chalinolobus
windblown
ac oss
he
Tasman
Sea
some
ime
du ing
he
Pleis ocene.
I
has
e ol ed
in
isola ion
in
New
Zealand
o
a
leas
a
million
yea s.
Figu e
13
Dis ibu ion
o
epo s
o
long- oiled
ba s
in
10(300
ya d
g id
squa es
on
he
New
Zealand
na ional
g id.
Reco ds
p e-1930
and
1930-1960
a e
om
Dwye J826!
Reco ds
1980-95
a e
om
he
Na ional
Ba
Da abase
adminis e ed
by
DOC.
New
Zealand
long- ailed
ba
|
103
Dis ibu ion
The
long- ailed
ba
is
ound
only
in
New
Zealand,
whe e
i
is
widely
dis ibu ed
om
he
no h
o
he
No h
I.
(35°S),
h ough
he
wes e n
Sou h
I.,
o
Hal moon
Bay
on
S ewa
I.
(47°S).
I
is
also
p esen
on
G ea
Ba ie
I.,
Li le
Ba ie
I.,
and
Kapi i
I.
(Figu e
13).[825;
826:
690;
7015
703:
2028]
The
su p isingly
ew
known
sub ossil
o
ecen
skele-
ons
(one,
om
Me o
Nile
Ri e
ca e,
comple ely
enclosed
in
calci e
inside
a
s alagmi e)
a e
all
om
locali ies
wi hin
he
p esen
ange
(G and
Canyon
Ca e,
Waipuna
Ca e,
Ga dne s
Gu
Ca e,
and
Po hole
Ca e,
o al
n
=
9).'577;
702;697'
His o ical
anecdo es
and
moni o ing
since
1990
indica e
ha
long- ailed
ba s
a e
now
a e
o
absen
a
many
si es
hey
o me ly
occupied,
e.g.
Banks
Peninsula.'2028'
The e
a e
ew
eco ds
now
om
he
eas e n
Sou h
I.
A
e iew
o
epo s
lodged
in
he
Na ional
Ba
Da abase
(adminis e ed
by
DOC)
e ealed
many
e o s,
now
co ec ed.'2028'
Habi a
Long- ailed
ba s
a e
associa ed
wi h
indigenous
o es
o
a ious
ypes,'2028'
om
sea
le el
o
he
eeline
(c.
1000
m
asl),
including
no he n
coas al
pohu ukawa,"3'
kau i-dominan
emnan s,'8'
mixed
beech,'242
'
podoca p1'089'
and
podoca p-
ha dwood
o es s,'203
'
and
indigenous
sh ublands
domina ed
by
egene a ing
manuka/kanuka.',3,6:
2030;
8]
p eqUenCy
Q
eco ds
o
ba s
is
in e sely
co -
ela ed
wi h
dis ance
om
o es .'2509'
Long- ailed
ba s
su i ed
in
some
ci ies
up
o
he
1920s
and
1930s,
bu
he e
a e
no
eco ds
since
hen.'l53:2028'
In
u al
landscapes,
hey
o age
mainly
in
emnan s
o indigenous
o es s
and
ipa ian
ege a ion.'1138:
268;
2030'
In
Kinlei h
Fo es ,
cen al
No h
I.,
hey
o aged
wi hin
exo ic
plan a ions
o
a ious
species
including
pine
and
eucalyp s,
mos
ac i ely
along
oads
h ough
ma u e
P.
adia a
o es .'1840'
S aigh -line
canopy
gaps
c ea ed
by
oads
we e
also
a ou ed
o
hun -
ing
in
kau i
o es .'8'
In
No ho agus
ain o es
in
he
Eglin on
Valley,
Fio dland,
o aging
was
con-
cen a ed
along
linea
landscape
ea u es such
as
o es
edges
(43%
o
ba
passes)
and
oads
(46%)
in
all
seasons.
Rela i ely
li le
use
was
made
o
o -
es
in e io
(3%
o
passes)
in
any
season,'21'3"
bu
abo e-canopy
ac i i y
was
obse ed
bo h
in
he
Eglin on'2026'
and
in
Peel
Fo es ."138'
Long- ailed
ba s
oos
p ima ily
in
ca i ies
in
unks
and
la ge
limbs
o
ees
wi hin
indigenous
o es ,'1089:
2426;
8;
2045'
and
less
o en
in
ca es,
buildings,
unde
b idges,
and
on
cli s,'
01-703'
p e-
sumably
because
in
cold
clima es he e
a e
signi i-
can
he mal
bene i s
o
oos ing
in
a
small
enclosed
space,'20/°'
e en
hough
ca es
a e
com-
mon
in
pa s
o
New
Zealand.
Fo
example,
o
>300
ecen
exca a ions
o
ca es,
none
has
eco ded
long- ailed
ba
bones
excep
in
ossilised
owl pelle s,
whe eas
he
bones
o
o he
small
ani-
mals
o
simila
size
we e
common;'29""1
o
221
la ge
ca es
(>250
m
long)
lis ed
in
King
Coun y,
long- ailed
ba s
we e
epo ed
om
only
six.'2044'
Long- ailed
ba s
ha e
used
G and
Canyon
Ca e
o
a
leas
he
las
40
yea s,
bu
no
in
la ge
num-
be s
excep
in
sp ing
and
ea ly
summe
when
ambien
empe a u es
wi hin
he
ca e
we e
an
op imum
10-13°C.'2036'
The
371
ba
oos s
ound
in
he
Eglin on
Valley
in
summe
we e
no
simply
a
andom sub-
se
o
all
a ailable
ca i ies;'2427,2426'
all
we e
loca ed
in
kno
hole
ca i ies, we e
ela i ely
high
om
he
g ound,
had
small-
o
medium-sized
en ances,
and
we e
in e nally
d y
and
well
insula ed
(wa me
a
nigh ).
These
cha ac e is ics
p o ided
a
specialised,
mo e
s able
mic oclima e
sui able
o
b eeding,'2420'
conse a ion
o
ene gy
in
cold
cli-
ma es,
and
likely
inc eased
b eeding
success.
Mos
oos
ees
we e
la ge
(>80
cm
dbh),
old
(100—>600
y),
s anding
in
ma u e,
open-s uc-
u ed
lowland
o es
on
he
ela i ely
la
alley
loo
wi hin
500
m
o
he
o es
edge.
Simila
cha ac e s
de ine
oos
ees
in
o es s
elsewhe e
in
New
Zealand.'108*
8;
20321
104
|
O de
Chi op e a
In
Sou h
Can e bu y,
97%
o
he
o es
co e
has
been
emo ed,120301
so
23%
o
b eeding
oos s
we e
in
small
c acks
in
limes one
blu s.
The
oldes
ca i y-bea ing
ees
in
his
ag icul u al
landscape
we e
s ongly
p e e ed,
bu
o e ed
poo
quali y
oos s
because
mos
we e
<
80
cm
dbh
and
poo ly
insula ed.
Exo ic
ees
a ely
each
su icien
age
in
New
Zealand
o
p o ide
high
quali y
ca i ies.124281
Food
The
long- ailed
ba
is
a
mode a ely
as - lying
ae -
ial
insec i o e.
Mos
iden i ied
agmen s
in
aeces
sampled
om
G and
Canyon
Ca e
we e
Dip e a
(29%),
Coleop e a
(25%),
and
Lepidop e a
(17.5%).110891
Va ious
o he
e es ial
and
aqua ic
lying
insec s
we e
ound
less
equen ly,
including
Myce ophilidae,
Culicidae,
Psychodidae,
Callipho idae,
Hemip e a,
T ichop e a,
and
Epheme op e a,
mos ly
small
(<10
mm).
In
he
Eglin on
Valley,
ood
emains
d opped
a
nigh -
oos s
(Table
26)
included
a
a ie y
o
la ge
(10^0
mm)
in e eb a es;
insec s
>20
mm
we e
common,
pa icula ly
Tipulidae
(20-25
mm).
La ge
body
pa s
a e
o en
disca ded,
so
would
no
be
easily
de ec ed
using
aecal
analysis.120321
Social
o ganisa ion
and
beha iou
Ac i i y.
Eme gence
om
oos s
a ies
geog aphi-
cally,
a e aging
17
min
a e sunse
in
Hawke's
Bay,1108'']
24
mjn
a e
sunse
a
Q an(l
Canyon
Ca e,1203
],
30
min
a e
sunse
in
Sou h
Can e bu y,1"381
and
only
2
min
a e
(occasion-
ally
up
o
54
min
be o e)
sunse
in
he
Eglin on
Valley.120321
Soli a y
ba s,
and
all
ba s
in
win e ,
eme ge signi ican ly
la e .120321
Dusk
empe a u e,
in e eb a e
a ailabili y,
cloud
co e ,
wind
s eng h,
and
illumina ion
om
he
moon
in lu-
ence
eme gence
imes
on
any
gi en
nigh ,
and
he
amoun
o
ac i i y
h ough
he
nigh .
Minimum
empe a u e
de e mined
whe he
o
no
ba s
lew
a
nigh ,
whe eas
in e eb a e
ac i i y
de e mined
how
long
ba s
emained
ac i e.120311
Long- ailed
ba s
may
emain
ac i e
all
nigh
h oughou
New
Zealand,
bu
wi h
local
and
sea-
Table
26
La ge
in e eb a es
consumed
by
Chalinolobus
ube cula us
ha
we e
iden i ied
om
emains
d opped
in
oos ing
ca i ies
(n
=
71
ca i ies
examined)120371
ORDER,
Family
Common
Name
PLECOPTERA,
Eus heniidae
MEGALOPTERA,
Co ydalidae
COLEOPTERA
Lucanidae
Sca abidae
Teneb ionidae
Ela e idae
Oedeme idae
DIPTERA,
Tipulidae
LEPIDOPTERA
Psychidae
Noc uidae
S one lies
Dobson lies
S ag
bee les
Cha e
bee les
Da kling
bee les
Click
bee les
Lax
bee les
C ane lies
Bag
mo h
Owle
mo h
Species
App ox.
Body
Leng h
(mm)
S enope la
p asina
32
A chichauliodes
di e sus
35-40
Do cus
sp.
15
Odon io
sp.
12-14
Uniden i ied
sp.
15
Uniden i ied
sp.
20
Thelyphassa
sp.
20
Uniden i ied
sp.
20-25
Uniden i ied
sp.
25
Uniden i ied
sp.
25
Numbe
o
indi iduals
1
2
23
New
Zealand
long- ailed
ba
|
105
sonal
a ia ions
in
iming.
Du ing
sp ing
and
summe
in
he
Eglin on
Valley,
much
ac i i y
was
eco ded
in
he
i s
wo
hou s
a e
sunse ,
bu
in
win e
e y
li le
du ing
he
i s
h ee
hou s
a e
sunse
o
in
he
i e
hou s
be o e
dawn.120311
Simila
pa e ns
we e
eco ded
in
Kinlei h
pine
plan a ions,118401
and
kau i
o es ,181
bu
in
Sou h
Can e bu y
and
a
Puke i i i,
ac i i y
had
a
bimodal
pa e n
wi h
dusk
and
dawn
peaks
in
ac i i y.1108*
11381
Radio- agged
long- ailed
ba s
made
on
a e age
ou
o aging
ligh s
in e spe sed
wi h
h ee
oos ing
pe iods
pe
nigh
in
he
Eglin on
Valley.120341
Ba s
we e
ac i e
o
an
a e age
o
71%
o
he
nigh
(354
minu es)
and
s a iona y
o
29%
o
he
nigh
(146
minu es)
ega dless
o
gende ,
ep oduc i e
condi-
ion,
and
wea he .
Rep oduc i e
emales
balance
hei
high
ene gy
equi emen s
h oughou
hei
ep oduc i e
cycle
by
inc easing
o aging
e iciency,
using
o po ,
and
selec ing
he mally
bene icial
oos s.12841:24211
Hence
he e
we e
ew
di e ences
in
ac i i y
pa e ns
be ween
ep oduc i e
classes,
and
ene gy
demands
limi
all
classes
in
a
cold
empe a e
clima e
when
ood
is
in
sho
supply.120341
Roos s.
The
nigh - oos s
used
be ween
o aging
ligh s
a e
usually
di e en
om
day- oos s.I2036:
20341
A
G and
Canyon
Ca e,
up
o
c.
360
ba s
may
en e
he
ca e
a
nigh .
Ba s
come
and
go
om
he
nigh - oos
h oughou
he
nigh ,
al hough
mos
a i e
be ween
2300
and
0200
hou s
and
depa
o
hei
day- oos s
in
ees
be o e
dawn.
The
eco-
logical
unc ion
o
nigh - oos ing
in
long- ailed
ba s
is
unknown,
bu
in
o he
ba s
is
hough
o
be
impo an
o
physiological
(diges ion,
es ing,
g ooming,
shel e ,
ene gy
conse a ion)
and
beha -
iou al
(social
in e ac ion,
in o ma ion
ans e ,
ma ing)
easons.1149*233*
26031
Hibe na ion.
Ac i i y
is
educed
signi ican ly
in
win e ,
bu
usually
does
no
cease
comple ely;
eeding
has
been
eco ded
in
win e
and
in
em-
pe a u es
o
-1.5°C.[1138;
20311
Wild
long- ailed
ba s
commonly
use
daily
o po
du ing
he
sum-
me
o
sa e
ene gy.12838'
28411
Adul
males
and
emales
oos ing
alone
en e ed
o po
on
80%
o
days,
o
i ually
he
whole
day
(c.
12
hou s),
bu
only
on
35%
o
days,
and
no
all
day
(c.
9
hou s),
when
oos ing
in
g oups.
Du a ion
o
o po
was
in e sely
co ela ed
wi h
ambien
empe a u e.
The
body
empe a u es
o
cap i e
o pid
adul s
ell
o
wi hin
a
ew
deg ees
o
ex e nal
ambien ;
ene gy
expendi u e
a
10°C
was
c.
2%
o
ha
when
eu he mic.
Pe iods
o
apnoea
(a
ansien
cessa ion
o
espi a ion)
we e
obse ed
wi hin
minu es
o
ba s
en e ing
o po .128381
Social
s uc u e.
Long- ailed
ba s
o m
complex
social
g oups.
Radio- agged
ba s
in
he
Eglin on
Valley
in
1993-96
occupied
colonial
oos s
on
63%
o
nigh s
bu
also
o en
(on
37%
o
nigh s)
oos ed
alone.120431
All
sex
and
age
classes
swi ched
equen ly
be ween
soli a y
and
colonial
oos s.
Du ing
he
b eeding
season
colonial
oos s
held
on
a e age
34.7
±
23.4
(SD)
(max
=
123)
ba s.
Adul s
in
colonial
oos s
comp ised
62.8%
ep o-
duc i e
emales,
22.1%
non- ep oduc i e
emales,
and
15.1%
adul
males.
Males
oos ed
mo e
o en
alone.120431
A
Puke i i i,
ba s
we e
mo e o en
soli-
a y
(70%
o
nigh s)
han
colonial.110891
Long- e m
non- andom
associa ions
among
indi iduals
de ined
h ee
dis inc
social
g oups
in
he
Eglin on
Valley,
comp ising on
a e age
72,
99,
and
132
indi iduals/yea .12029'
20451
The
collec i e
o aging
anges
o
he
h ee
g oups
o e lapped,
bu
hey
oos ed
in
h ee
geog aphically
dis inc
adjacen
a eas.
Ba s
swi ched
occasionally
be ween
g oups,
po en ially
linking
he
local
popula ion
assemblages
in o
demes.
Non- ep oduc i e
emales
and
males
swi ched
be ween
g oups
mo e
o en
han
ep oduc i e
emales,
bu
indi iduals
swi ched
only
once
o
wice
du ing
he
s udy
and
hen
jus
o
one
nigh
( o al
1.6%
o
3102
cap-
u es
a
colonial
oos s).
Ju eniles
o
bo h
sexes
106
|
O de
Ch
i op e a
we e
associa ed
wi h
hei
na al
g oup
as
1-yea -
olds,
and
hen
la e
when
b eeding.
Social
g oups
we e
c yp ic
because
o aging
anges
o
he
g oups
o e lapped,
ba s
belonging
o
each
g oup
we e
sp ead
o e
many
oos s
each
day,
and
hese
oos
si es
changed
om
day
o
day.'20291
In
Sou h
Can e bu y
in
1998-2002,
wo
dis-
inc
social
g oups
a e aging
55
and
29
ba s
li ed
in
he
icini y
o
Hanging
Rock.
Thei
o aging
anges
o e lapped,
and
hei
dis inc
g oup
oos -
ing
a eas
occupied
adjacen
sec ions
o
he
Opihi
Ri e .
Only
h ee indi iduals
ha e
so
a
been
de ec ed
oos ing
ou side
hei
na al
g oups.120371
Roos ing
beha iou .
Long- ailed
ba s
mo e
e-
quen ly
be ween
oos -si es,
in
highly
s uc u ed
g oups
o
small
a e age
size.120291
Residency
imes
o
colonial
summe
oos s
a e aged
2.0
±
0.4
SE
days
( ange
1-4)
in
he
Wai ake e
Ranges,
1.2
±
0.1
days
(1-2)
in
he
Wes e n
King
Coun y,
1.7
±
0.3
days
(1-5)
in
Puke i i i,
1.6
±
0.2
days
(1-8)
in
Sou h
Can e bu y,
and
1.7
±
0.2
(1-5)
days
in
he
Eglin on
Valley.
Occupancy
was
longe
(3.6
days)
in
win e
J1138'
an(J
longe
in
males,
ju eniles,
and
soli a y
ba s
han
in
ep oduc i e
emales
(up
o
16
days/ oos ,
compa ed
wi h
1-2
days).'2043'
Ba s
shi ed
o
new
oos ing
si es
i ually
e e y
day
ca ying
non- olan
young,
mo ing
simul a-
neously
as
a
g oup.'2425;
20431
They
seldom
eused
a
gi en
oos
in
he
same
season,
bu
usually
e u ned
o
i
a
abou
he
same
ime
each
yea .'20
0'
Sui able
oos
ees
we e
abundan
in
he
Eglin on
Valley,
so
long- ailed
ba s
could
mo e
equen ly
in
esponse
o
social
and
he mo egula-
o y
equi emen s.'20'131
A oidance
o
p eda o s
o
pa asi es
a e
possible
easons
o
shi ing
oos s
in
o he
ba s,'1560'
bu
nei he
explains
why
long-
ailed
ba s
would
mo e
e e y
day.'2045'
Dispe sion.
In
he
Eglin on
Valley,
50
adio- agged
ba s
anged
collec i ely
o e
11
700
ha,
and
hei
home
ange
sizes
we e
among
he
la ges
published
o
Mic ochi op e a.120331
Median
ange
sizes
o
adul
males
we e
1589
ha
(max
=
5629
ha),
1361
ha
o
pos -lac a ing
emales,
and
657
ha
o
non-
ep oduc i e
emales. Ranges
o
lac a ing
emales
(median
=
330
ha)
we e
signi ican ly
smalle .
Ju eniles
ha
had
been
olan
o
<2
weeks
had
he
smalles
anges
(median
=
237
ha),
bu
hei
mo emen s
inc eased
signi ican ly
a e
c.
2
weeks
o
a
median
o 2006
ha.
Mo emen s
we e
equen
and
apid
wi hin
he
ange
(mean
=
790
m/15
min)
and
a e age
ange
leng hs
we e
3.3-10.9
km
(max
=19
km).
Maximum
ligh
speeds
o
60
km/h
we e
eco ded.
Despi e
hei
la ge
home
anges,
Eglin on
Valley
ba s
concen a ed
hei
ac i i y
(85%
o
ixes)
in
small
co e
a eas
ha
ep esen ed
a
mean
o
5.7%
o
hei
anges.
Roos ing
si es
o
each
indi idual
we e
sp ead
o e
ela i ely
small
a eas
(20-129
ha)
a e aging
9.4%
o
he
a ea
o
hei
o aging
anges,'2033'
and
ba s
we e
ai h ul
o
he
same
a eas
o
o es
each
yea .'2045'
Indi idual
ba s
ollowed
simila
mo emen
pa e ns
each
nigh ,
and
hey
always
e u ned
o
hei
day- oos ing
a ea
a he
han
emaining
in
hei
o aging
a eas.
Home
anges
and
hei
co e
a eas
did
no
o e lap
ex ensi ely,
sugges ing
a
deg ee
o
spa ial
seg ega-
ion
among
o aging
ba s.
In
Sou h
Can e bu y,
home
anges
we e
much
smalle
and
o e lapped
conside ably,
anging
om
322-642
ha
wi h
max-
imum
ange
wid hs
o
2.8-4.4
km.'1138'
Measu ed
ange
sizes
we e
p obably
unde es ima es
o
sea-
sonal,
annual,
and
li e- ime
ange
equi emen s,
because
he
ansmi e s
can
emain
a ached
o
<1
mon h.'2033'
Rep oduc ion
and
de elopmen
B eeding
has
been
s udied
only
in
he
Eglin on
Valley.'2035'
Males
we e
classed
as
sexually
ac i e
when
hei
epididymides
we e
g ey
and
dis ended,
and
as
inac i e
when
hey
we e
black
and
eg essed.'2"43
Males
had
dis ended
Cauda
epi-
didymidis
a
1
yea
old
(mean
=1.6
yea s).
Spe m
New
Zealand
long- ailed
ba
|
107
can
be
ound
in
he
epididymides
in
la e
sum-
me —ea ly
au umn
in
Sou h
Can e bu y,
he
Eglin on
Valley,
and
he
King
Coun y.'2031
Copula ion
has
no
been
obse ed.
As
in
Chalinolobus
mo io
and
C.
gouldii,
emales
p ob-
ably
s o e
spe m
o e
win e ,
bu
he
mode
o
s o -
age,
da es
o
o ula ion
and
e ilisa ion
in
sp ing,
and
leng h
o
ges a ion,
a e
all
unknown.
Females
p oduce
a
single
young
once
a
yea ,
p esumably
in
he
colonial
nu se y
oos s
domi-
na ed
by
ep oduc i e
emales, whe eas
some
o he
Chalinolobus
spp.
b eed
only
e e y
second
yea
o
p oduce
wins. In
he
Eglin on
Valley,
all
non ep oduc i e
ba s
we e
nullipa ous
and
usually
1-2
yea s
old,
implying
ha
all
adul
pa ous
emales
ep oduce
annually
a e
2—3
y s
o
age.
Visibly
p egnan
emales
may
be
ound
om
ea ly
o
la e
No embe .
Pa u i ion
da es
ange
om
mid
No embe
o
mid
Decembe
depending
on
he
popula ion.'10891
2030;
20351
In
Hawke's
Bay
(39°S),
median
pa u i ion
da e
was
abou
he
las
week
o
No embe ,
and
young
made
hei
i s
ligh s
5
weeks
la e
in
ea ly
Janua y
(ex apola ed
om
Gillingham'1089');
in
Sou h
Can e bu y,
despi e
i s
sou he n
la i ude
(44°S),
bi hs
began
in
he
i s
week
o
No embe ,
c.
one
mon h
ea lie
han
o he
popula ions,
and
i s
ligh s
o
young
we e
eco ded
in
he
second
week
o
Decembe .
In
he
Eglin on
Valley
(45°S),
70%
o
bi hs
ell
du ing
a
10-day
pe iod
in
mid
Decembe ,
and
mos
o
he
es
h oughou
Decembe ;
wo
ba s
isibly
p egnan
in
he
i s
week
o
Janua y
we e
i s - ime
b eede s.
Sex
a io
a
bi h
is
equal.'203"''
Palpa ion
o
abdomens o
52
nea - e m
emales
indica ed
one
emb yo.
Coun s
using
in a ed
ideo,
and
cap u es
o
banded
ba s
a
oos s,
con i med
a
1:1
a io
be ween
pa ous
emales
and
young.
Lac a ion
coincided
wi h
highes
annual
ai
empe a u es
and
peak
abundance
o
lying
in e eb a es.
Rep oduc i e
emales
can
ca y
non- olan
young
un il
he
young
weigh
up
o
80%
o
hei
own
body
mass.'2023'
Mos
lac a ing
emales
e u n
o
oos s
o
eed
and
collec
hei
young
1-3
hou s
a e
i s
eme gence.'2043'
De elopmen
is
apid,
and
young
begin
lying
a
5-6
weeks
old,
when
hei
o ea m
leng h
eaches
35-38
mm,
and
mass
6.5—7.5
g.
203"'1
The
a e age
numbe
o
di e en
newly
olan
ju e-
niles
cap u ed
was
simila
o
he
numbe
o
ep o-
duc i e
emales
(0.91
ju eniles/ emale).
Nipples
o
ep oduc i e
emales
we e
eg essing
wo
weeks
la e ,
bu
i
is
no
known
whe he
young
con inue
o
suckle
once
hey
begin
lying.
Da e
o
i s
bi h
in
he
Eglin on
Valley
a ied
by
4
days
annually,
bu
da e
o
i s
ligh
a ied
by
17
days.
The
sho
(<3
mon hs),
highly
synch onous
b eeding
season,
bi h
o
single
young,
ea ly
ma -
ing,
and
la e
age
o
sexual
ma u i y
compa ed
wi h
simila -sized
espe ilionids
may
be
ela ed
o
low
ood
a ailabili y
and
unp edic able
cold- empe a e
wea he
condi ions.'2035'
Popula ion
dynamics
Popula ions
appea
o
be
s uc u ed
as
a
se ies
o
local
demes,120291
o
unknown
size.
Banding
s udies
o
some
o
he
la ge
ones
sugges
a
mini-
mum
o
800
ba s
a
G and
Canyon
Ca e'2036'
and
150-200
a
Hanging
Rock
in
Sou h
Can e bu y.'1557'
In
he
Eglin on
Valley,
h ee
social
g oups
a e aged
303
banded
indi iduals
ali e/yea
(pooled
o al),
bu
he e
we e
o he
g oups
in
he
alley
ha
we e
no
banded.'2029'
A e age
coun s
a
colonial
oos s
a e
poo
es ima-
o s
o
o al
popula ion
size,
because
g oups
mo ed
o
new
si es
i ually
e e y
day,
and
he e
is
a
daily
u no e
o
indi iduals
using
each
si e,
ep-
esen ing
di e en
combina ions
o
subse s
o
each
g oup.
Thus,
a e age
coun s
o
86
ba s
eme ging
om
colonial
oos s
in
Hawke's
Bay
( ange
=
5-208)'1089'
and
14
ba s
in
he
Wai ake e
Ranges
( ange
=
2—24)'8'
a e
ce ain
o
be
unde es ima es
o
o al
local
popula ion
size.
Su i al.
O
107
ep oduc i e
emales
banded
as
adul s
in
1993
in
he
Eglin on
Valley,
a
minimum
108
|
O de
Chi op e a
o
58
(54%)
we e
s ill
ali e
a e
6
yea s
and
34
(32%)
a e
7
yea s.
Gi en
ha
mos
emales
begin
ep oducing
a
2
yea s
old,
some
ba s
s ill
ali e
a e
a
minimum
o
9
yea s
old.
The
oldes
known-age
banded
ba
in
he
Eglin on
Valley
was
11
yea s
old
in
Janua y
2004.120371
Annual
p oduc i i y
did
no
di e
be ween
he
h ee
social
g oups
in
he
Eglin on
Valley,
and
he
p obabili y
o
su i al
o
ju eniles
in
hei
i s
yea
was
gene ally
high,
a ying
om
0.26—0.88
(mean
=
0.53),
in e sely
p opo ional
o
size
o
na al
g oup.120351
Va iabili y
in
b eeding
pa ame-
e s
was
un ela ed
o
clima e,
bu
he
social
g oup
wi h
highes
su i al
a es
li ed
in
he
bes
habi a
and
con ained
ep oduc i e
emales
and
ju eniles
wi h
signi ican ly
highe
body
condi ion
han
o he
g oups.
In
1996-97
a
sudden
collapse
in
numbe s,
and
poo
p oduc i i y
and
su i al,
coincided
wi h
an
i up ion
in
he
numbe s
o
s oa s,
and
a
second
one
in
2000-01
coincided
wi h
an
i up ion
in
numbe s
o
ship
a s.'2035'
22021
In
Sou h
Can e bu y,
p oduc i i y
was
low
(0.22-0.24
young
pe
pa ous
emale
eaching
olancy:
n
=
163
ba s
obse ed
o e
3
summe s).
P obabili y
o
young
su i ing
hei
i s
yea
was
only
0.23.1204,1
These
low
igu es
p obably
e lec
he
poo
insula ion
o
hei
oos s,
and
p eda ion
by
in oduced
possums
and
e al
ca s.
P eda o s,
compe i o s,
pa asi es,
and
diseases
Owls
(Ninox
no aeseelandiae
and
he
ex inc
Sceloglaux
albi acies)
a e
he
na u al
p eda o s
o
long- ailed
ba s,'826'29451
and
e en
in oduced
owls
(A hene
noc ua)
ha e
been
obse ed
a emp ing
(unsuccess ully)
o
ca ch
long- ailed
ba s
nea
Ge aldine."1381
Ten
o
36
eshly
dead
long- ailed
ba s
(28%)
had
been
killed
and
pa ly
ea en
by
e al
o
domes ic
ca s.1
031
One
pa icula
domes ic
ca
nea
Ge aldine
killed
h ee
long- ailed
ba s
( wo
adul
emales
and
one
ju enile)
unde
an
ou -
side
house
ligh ,
whe e
he
ba s
we e
appa en ly
eeding
on
mo hs
a ac ed
o
he
ligh .17011
In
Sou h
Can e bu y,
possums
we e
obse ed
a emp ing
o
each
in o
he
ca i ies
con aining
young
ba s
on
50%
o
nigh s
when
oos s
we e
moni o ed
using
ideo
came as.'2030
Signi ican
mo ali y
o
ba s
ollowed
i up ions
o
ship
a s
and
s oa s
in
he
Eglin on
Valley.'22021
In
he
limes one
a eas
in
Sou h
Can e bu y,
s a lings
(S u nus
ulga is),
house
spa ows
(Passe
domes icus),
e al
pigeons
(Columba
li id),
and
in oduced
wasps
(Vespula
spp.)
all
occupied
ca i-
ies
ha
appea ed
o
be
sui able
as
ba
oos s
bu
we e
no
longe
a ailable
o
ba s.'11381
In
he
Eglin on
Valley,
s a lings
and
ship
a s
made
nes s
in
oos
ca i ies,'24261
al hough
i
is
no
known
i
hese
species
ac ually
displaced
ba s
om
he
oos s
o
ound
hem
emp y.
Dis u bance
and
compe i ion
may
displace
o
kill
indi idual
ba s,
bu
he
consequences
o
hese
losses
on
he
long-
e m
iabili y
o
en i e
popula ions
a e
unknown.
The
lea
Ponnibiuspaci icus}xi901
is
common
on
and
appa en ly
speci ic
o
he
long- ailed
ba .'8261
Se e al
species
o
mi es
ha e
been
obse ed,
includ-
ing
O ni honyssus
spinosa,1,6331
a
la ge
mi e
p obably
belonging
o
he
amily
T ombiculidae,18261
and
an
as
ye
undesc ibed new
species
o
spin u nicid
mi e
(Spin u nix
sp.)
ound
on
a
long- ailed
ba
om
Fio dland.1'2131
The
only
endopa asi e
known
is
he
ces ode
Hymenolepis
chalinolobi.',o1
Signi icance
o
he
New
Zealand
en i onmen
The
No h
I.
o m
o
he
long- ailed
ba
is
classed
by
DOC
as
'Na ionally
Vulne able',
while
he
a e
Sou h
I.
o m
is
'Na ionally
Endange ed'.'12611
Bo h
a e
ully
p o ec ed
by
he
Wildli e
Ac
1953,
bu
h ea ened
wi h
ex inc ion
in
he
medium
e m
i
no hing
is
done
o
e e se
hei
decline.'20281
Causes
o
decline
include
loss
o
o aging
and
oos ing
habi a s
h ough
clea ance
and
logging
o
lowland
o es s,
p eda ion
by
in oduced
animals,
compe i ion
o
oos
si es
by
in oduced
mammals,
Family
Mys acinidae
|
109
bi ds
and
wasps,
and
human
in e e ence
and
dis-
u bance
a
oos
si es.[2028;
2030;
22021
Se e al
oos
ees,
epo ed
o
con ain
'hund eds'
o
' housands'
o
ba s,
we e
cu
down.'3601
Some
o
hese
eco ds
speci ically
conce ned
long- ailed
ba s.'1
0lCases
o
ees
con aining
oos s
being
elled
o
i ewood
and
imbe
p oduc ion
a e
s ill
being
epo ed,'20301
bu
declines
ha e
also
been
documen ed
in
a eas
wi h
li le
o es
modi ica ion.'2028;
22021
Conse a ion
s a us.
Long- ailed
ba s
we e
common
h oughou
New
Zealand
in
he
1800s,
bu
by
1900-1930
ba s
we e
becoming
sca ce
in
many
dis-
ic s,
and
hey
a e
now
a e
o
absen
a
many
si es
whe e,
e en
as
la e
as
1990,
hey
we e
s ill
common
and
hei
conse a ion
s a us
ega ded
as
secu e'.'703'6971
Fo mal
su eys
in
he
Sou h
I.
since
hen
ha e
ailed
o
ind
long- ailed
ba s,
o
eco ded
hem
in
low
numbe s,
a
13
o
15
si es.'20281
Conse a ion
p og ams
a e
being
implemen ed
by
DOC'18331
and
some
egional
au ho i ies.'20301
These
include
p o ec ion
o
oos ing
si es
om
dis-
u bance
o
habi a
loss,
habi a
enhancemen ,
p eda o
con ol
p og ams
in
impo an
habi a s,
and
educa ion
packages.'153'
13891
Moni o ing
o
measu e
he
esponse
o
some
popula ions
o
man-
agemen
has
s a ed.'2044'20401
Cap i e
husband y
is
possible
o e
he
sho
e m,'241
1
hough
cap i e
b eeding
has
no
been
a emp ed.
C.F.J.O'D.
SUPERFAMILY
NOCTILIONOIDEA
The
Noc ilionoidea
(p e iously
called
Phyllos omoidea)
is
a
la ge
supe amily,
mo e
di e se
han
any
o he
supe amily
o
ba s,
di ided
in o
ou
amilies
wi h
162
ex an
species:
Mys acinidae
(1
species),
Noc ilionidae
o
ishing
ba s
(2
species),
Mo moopidae
o
mous ached
ba s
(8
species),
and
Phyllos omidae
o
New
Wo ld
lea -nosed
ba s
(151
species)."3161
The
g oup
includes
insec i o ous,
ca ni o ous,
san-
guini o ous,
nec a i o ous,
ugi o ous,
and
omni o ous
species,
and
all
excep
Mys acina
a e
now
es ic ed
o
cen al
and
Sou h
Ame ica,
mos
in
he
opics
o
sub opics.
Al hough
a emp s
o
de e mine
Mys acinas
phylogene ic
ela ionships
using
mo phological
ea u es
ha e
p oduced
con lic ing
esul s,'1468'
molecula
analyses
consis en ly
assign
Mys acina
o
he
supe amily
Noc ilionoidea.
Mys acina
is
ega ded
as
close
o
Noc ilio,[2X7X]
p obably
ep e-
sen ing
he
mos
basal
g oup
in
he
supe am-
jjy
[1468]
phylogene ic
analyses
o
DNA
sequences
om
mi ochond ial"412'
27621
and
nuclea '26,4:
genes
con i m
an
ancien
link
be ween
Mys acina
and
he
Noc ilionoidea.
These
phylogenies
supe -
sede
classi ica ions
based
on
mo phological
ea-
u es,
which
place
Mys acina
in
he
supe amily
Vespe ilionidae.'24621
FAMILY
MYSTACINIDAE
The
amily
Mys acinidae
is
a
dis inc i e
sou he n
lineage
now
ep esen ed
only
by
he
genus
Mys acina.
Th ee
ossil
species
a ibu ed
o
Mys acinidae
ha e
been
iden i ied om
ea ly
o
middle
Miocene
deposi s
in
Aus alia."1661
The
ossil
species,
a
p esen
placed
in
he
genus
Ica ops,
ha e
a
combina ion
o
cha ac e s
sha ed
only
wi h
M.
ube cula a
and
M.
obus a
(in
pa -
icula ,
he
loss
o
wo
lowe
inciso s,
a
la ge
single
oo ed
P,,
and
a
mode a ely
educed
M3).
Genus
Mys ocino
This
endemic
New
Zealand genus
con ains
a
single
su i ing
species,
he
lesse
sho - ailed
ba
Mys acina
ube cula a.
A
second,
la ge
species,
he
110
|
O de
Ch
i op e a
g ea e
sho - ailed
ba ,
M.
obus a,
is
p obably
ex inc
(p.
129).
Mys acina
has
a
mosaic
o
mo -
phological
adap a ions,
including
de i ed
and
con e gen
ea u es,
which
a ose as
a
esul
o
i s
di e se
li es yle.'14681
Mys acina
is
a
genus
o
medium-sized
mic ochi op e ans
wi h
a
dis inc i e
s ocky
body
shape.
Thei
u
is
g ey-b own,
sho
(c.
7
mm),
dense,
and
el e y,
some imes
appea ing
os ed.
The
ba e
skin
o
he
ea s,
wings,
nose,
legs,
and
ail
is
g ey-b own.
The
o ehead
slopes
s eeply
and
he
muzzle
(c.
11
mm
long)
has
a
conspicuous
a ay
o
whiske s.
The
inciso s
a e
s u dy
and
chisel-like.
The
nos ils
a e
p ominen
and
ube -
cula e
(wa -like).
The
ea s
a e
la ge
(c.
18
mm
long
X
c.
9
mm
a
base),
o al,
and
simple,
wi h
a
long
(c.
10
mm)
agus.
The
p opa agium
(leading
edge
o
he
wing)
and
p oximal
egions
o
bo h
he
plagiopa agium
(hand-wing)
along
he
a m
and
body,
and
u opa agium
( ail-wing)
close
o
he
legs,
a e
hickened
and
s ia ed.
When
no
in
ligh
he
wing
is
olded
unde
hese
hicke
egions
o
p o-
ec
he
delica e
ligh
memb anes.
The
second
digi
o
he
wing
is
educed
o
a
me aca pal
and
a
single
minu e
phalanx.
The
p oximal
sec ion
o
he
ail
lies
wi hin
he
u opa agium,
bu
he
dis al
end
p ojec s
c.
7
mm
om
i s
do sal
su ace.
The
legs
a e
unusually
obus
o
a
mic ochi op e an
species,
and
he
ee
a e
s ou
and
b oad
(c.
6
mm).
A
e y
ine
alon
a
he
base
o
he
inside
cu e
o
each
claw,
only
jus
isible
o
he
unaided
eye,
is
a
unique
cha ac e is ic
o
he
genus.
Lesse
sho - ailed
ba
Mys acina
ube cula a
G ay,
1843
Synonyms
Mys acina
elu ina
Hu on,
1871;
Mys acina
ube cula a
Dobson,
1873;
Mys acops
ube cula us
Lydekke ,
1891;
Mys acops
elu inus
Thomas,
1905;
Mys acops
ube cula us
Mille ,
1907;
Mys acina
ube cula a
Simpson,
1945.
Also
called
no he n
sho - ailed
ba ,
New
Zealand
long-ea ed
ba
(English);
pekapeka
(Mao i).
A
ecen
uling
by
he
In e na ional
Commission
o
Zoological
Nomencla u e'13421
conse ing
usage
o
he
names
Mys acina
and
M.
ube cula a,
cla i ies
a
longs anding
con usion.
G ay,'111
i
belie ing
he
was
dealing
wi h
only
one
species
o
ba
om
New
Zealand,
mis ook
an
illus a ion
by
G.
Fo s e
o
New
Zealand's
long-
ailed
ba
Chalinolobus
ube cula us
( hen
called
Vespe ilio
ube cula us
J.R.
Fo s e ,
1844) wi h
wo
specimens
o
sho - ailed
ba ,
which
he
desc ibed
as
M.
ube cula a.
The
di e ence
be ween
hem
was
soon
ecognised,'2'0"'
and
Hu on'131
]
p oposed
he
name
M.
elu ina
o
M.
ube cula a,
so
ha
he
wo
species
o
New
Zealand
ba s
would
ha e
di e en
speci ic
epi-
he s.
Ki sch
e
al."40'
suppo ed
by
Maye
e
al."
°4'
e i ed
Hu on's
idea,
bu
he
Commission
accep ed"342'
Spence
and
Lee's[2522'
a gumen
o
e en ion
o
he
name
M.
ube cula a.
Desc ip ion
Dis inguishing
ma ks,
Table
22
and
Pla e
3.
Speci ic
cha ac e s,
in
addi ion
o
hose
gi en
in
he
genus
desc ip ion,
a e
as
ollows.
M.
ube cula a
is
smalle
han
M.
obus a,
wi h
longe ,
na owe
nos-
ils
and
p opo iona ely
longe
ea s,
o ea ms,
and
wing
elemen s."24/1
The
ea s
ex end
o,
o
beyond,
he
muzzle,
when
laid
o wa d.
The
os um
is
ligh e
and
less
massi e,
and
he
b aincase
ises
mo e
ab up ly
om
he
os um
han
in
M.
obus a.
Ch omosomes
2n
=
36'230'
Den al
o mula
I'/j
C1/,
Pm2/,
M3/3
=
28.
Field
sign
Day ime.
Occupied
o
ecen ly
occupied
la ge
colonial
oos
ees
a e
sca ce
(i.e.,
wo
o
h ee
occupied
oos s
a
any
one
ime
in
>100
km2
o
cen al
No h
I.
o es "589').
Some
occupied
colonial
oos s
can
be
easily
ecognised
by
he
Lesse
sho - ailed
ba
|
111
accumula ion
o
d oppings
a
hei
base,
he
noise
o
ba s
wi hin
he
oos ,
and
a
dis inc i e
musky
smell,
bu
his
is
no
ue
o
all
colonial
oos s.
O en
he e
is
li le
o
no
isible
build-up
o
d op-
pings,
because
hey
emain
wi hin
he
oos
ee.
I
he
g oup
is
small,
he
oos
is
high
abo e
he
g ound, o
he
ba s a e
se e al
me es
abo e
he
oos
en ance,
he e
will
be
li le
de ec able
noise
o
smell.
Roos ing
ba s
a e
usually
quie
in
he
mo nings,
bu
du ing
a e noons
and
ea ly
e enings
hey
can
be
hea d
mo ing
a ound
wi hin
he
oos
and
making
'chi upping'
social
calls,
which
ha e
audible
and
ul asound
componen s,
allowing
ba s'
p esence
o
be
con i med
using
a
ba
de ec o .
The e
is
a
wide
a ie y
o
small
colonial
and
soli a y
oos s,
bu
hey
a e
no
dis inc i e.
Ma ing
oos s
can
usually
be
ecognised
by
he
s ained
a ea
a ound
he
small
oos
en ance
(c.
25
mm
diam.)
polished
wi h
a
b own
musky
sec e-
ion
om
he
male
ba s.
When
esh,
indi idual
d oppings
a e
da k
b own
pelle s,
4—5
x
3
mm.
Typically,
hey
con ain
inely
comminu ed
insec
agmen s,
ecognisable
only
mic oscopically.
Du ing
summe
and
au umn
hey
may
con ain
ui
pulp
and
small
seeds.
In
ea ly
summe
he
d oppings
a e
some-
imes
almos
exclusi ely
chewed
wood
om
oos
exca a ion,
and
in
la e
summe ,
when
he
ba s
moul ,
he e
may
be
la ge
amoun s
o
u
mixed
in
wi h
he
d oppings.
The
p esence
o
he
sho - ailed
ba 's
dis inc-
i e
and
ligh less
commensal
ba ly
Mys acinobia
zelandica
is
con incing
e idence
ha
sho - ailed
ba s
ha e
used
a
ca i y
as
a
oos .
Indi idual
ba -
lies,
o
hei
exoskele ons,
may
pe sis
ei he
a ound
oos
en ances,
o
in
he
guano
below
he
oos ,
o
se e al
weeks
a e
oos s
ha e
been
abandoned
by
he
ba s.
Swa ms
o
a
small
black
anniid
ly
(Fannia
sp.)
speci ic
o
oos s
o
he
sho - ailed
ba "290'
o en
ho e
ound
he
en ance
o
ac i e
oos s.
Fo
echoloca ion
calls,
see
Figu e
12
and
below.
Nigh - ime.
Sho - ailed
ba s
do
no
usually
ly
un il
a e
i
becomes
da k
in
he
o es ,
and
hey
a e
no
easily
seen
o
iden i ied
in
ligh ,
hough
occasionally
hey
will
ci cle
an
obse e
as
i
inspec ing
he .
The
mos
e ec i e
way
o
de ec
sho - ailed
ba s
is
using ba
de ec o s
a
nigh .
The
echoloca-
ion
calls
o
long- ailed
and
sho - ailed
ba s
a e
di e en
(Figu e
12),
so
i
is
usually
possible
o
dis inguish
he
wo
species
eliably
using
na ow
band
(he e odyne)
ba
de ec o s.
Sho - ailed
ba
echoloca ion
calls
can
be
de ec ed
o e
a
wide
ange
o
equencies
ex ending
om
20
o
100
kHz.
A
he
op imum
equency,
28
kHz,"833,2120'
sho - ailed
ba
echoloca ion
calls
a e
a
apid
se ies
o
sho
s acca o
clicks
(20-50/second),
whe eas
long- ailed
ba
echoloca ion
calls
a e
a
slowe
se ies
o
so
' hwacks'
(c.
8/second).
Changes
in
he
na u e
o
long- ailed
ba
calls
du ing
p ey
cap-
u e
( eeding
buzzes)
can
con ound
species
iden i-
ica ion,
bu
eeding
buzzes
a e
a ely
hea d
in
he
absence
o
o he ,
mo e
cha ac e is ic,
calls.
Feeding
buzzes
a e
no
o en
hea d
om
sho -
ailed
ba s."389'
Moni o ing
lowe ing
plan s
ed
on
by
sho -
ailed
ba s
(e.g.,
Dac ylan hus
aylo ii
and
Me o-
side os
spp.)
can
be
used
as
a
supplemen a y
me hod
o
loca ing
sho - ailed
ba s,'845'
bu
is
no
as
e ec-
i e
as
wide-scale
su eys
o
la ge
s ands
o
old
g ow h
o es
wi h
au oma ic
ba
de ec ing
sys ems.
F om
No embe
o
Ap il,
male
ba s
may
be
hea d
singing
a
high-pi ched
epe i i e
audible
call
esembling
ha
o
he
i leman
(Acan hisi a
chlo-
is).
A
s ong
b oadband
ul asound
componen
o
he
song
can
be
hea d
using
a
ba
de ec o .
Bo h
audible
and
ul asound
componen s
can
be
de ec ed
o e
a
ange
o
50
m.
The
males
gene ally
sing
in
small
g oups,
ei he
om
small
ca i ies
in
ees
(ma ing
o
singing
oos s)
o
while
mo ing
124
|
O de
Chi op e a
ba
would
ecei e
he
median
le hal
dose
(LD50)
o
1080
om
as
li le
as
0.04
g
o
a h opods.
The
isk
o
seconda y
poisoning
wi h
b odi acoum
may
be
highe ,
as
i
has
a
cumula i e
e ec
and
pe sis s
in
he
en i onmen .
Howe e ,
ae ial-
b oadcas
1080
had
no
measu able
e ec
on
a
ba
popula ion
a
Ranga aua,1159S1
and
ba
popula ions
pe sis
a
Pu eo a
and
no h
Wai aanga
despi e
ex ensi e
possum
con ol
ope a ions
wi h
a
a ie y
o
oxins
and
bai s.
The
ba
popula ion
on
Cod ish
I.
su i ed
he
ae ial-b oadcas
b odi a-
coum
used
o
e adica e
kio e.'2424'
P eda o s
In
p e-Eu opean
New
Zealand,
a
leas
h ee
na i e
a ian
p eda o s
hun ed
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s:
he
ex inc
laughing
owl
Sceloglaux
albi acies,
New
Zealand
alcon
Falco
no aeseelandiae,
and
mo epo k
Ninox
no aeseelandiae.
Un il
kio e
a i ed
in
New
Zealand,
he
laughing
owl
ook
la ge
numbe s
o
ba s
and
le
piles
o
Mys acina
bones
in
hei
middens;129441
alcons
also
ook
hem
occasionally.129431
Mo e
ecen ly,
mo epo k
ha e
been
obse ed
hun ing
ou side
colonial
ba
oos s,
appa en ly
a ge ing
ju enile
lesse
sho -
ailed
ba s
lea ning
o
ly.115891
The
e ec s
on
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s
o
mam-
malian
p eda o s
in oduced
since
human
se le-
men
a e
unce ain.
Kio e
a e
p obably
no
now
a
se ious
h ea ,
since
ba s
ha e
coexis ed
wi h
hem
a
high
densi ies
on
Li le
Ba ie
I.
and
( o me ly)
on
Cod ish
I.
o
many
decades.
The
ca s,
mus elids,
and
oden s
b ough
by
Eu opeans
ha e
p obably
educed
lesse
sho - ailed
ba
popula ions,
ei he
by
di ec
p eda ion
o
by
compe i ion
o
in e eb a es,
bu
he
e idence
is
la gely
ci cums an ial.
In oduced
p eda o s
ha e
no
had
any
ca as ophic
e ec s
on
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s
in
he
cen al
No h
I.,
whe e la ge
popula ions
o
he
ba s
ha e
pe sis ed
in
hei
p esence
o
o e
150
yea s.
Ne e heless,
in oduced
p eda o s
could
ha e
con ibu ed
o
hei
disappea ance
om
o he
mainland
o es s.
Six
o
23
dead
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s
handed
in
by
he
gene al
public
we e
caugh
by
domes ic
ca s,169
1
bu
sho - ailed
ba
emains
ha e
no
been
eco ded
in
die
s udies
on
e al
ca s.
Du ing
ideo
su eillance
o
sho - ailed
ba
oos s
a
Ranga aua
Fo es ,
s oa s
and
ship
a s
we e
eco ded
isi ing
oos s,
hough
only
s oa s
ac u-
ally
en e ed
hem.1'5891
No
kills
by
ei he
species
we e
eco ded.
The e
is
ci cums an ial
e idence
ha
ship
a s
p ey
on
sho - ailed
ba s.
Daniel
and
Williams1703'
epo ed
ha
bo h
species
o
Mys acina
disap-
pea ed
om
Big
Sou h
Cape
and
Solomon
Is
ol-
lowing
an
i up ion
o
ship
a s
in
1965.
In
No hland,
ship
a s
we e
seen
inside
wo
allen
hollow
oos
ees
occupied
by
se e al
hund ed
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s. Twen y-nine
(72%)
o
40
ba
skele ons
collec ed
om
hese
oos s
had
a
hole
chewed
in
he
back
o
he
skull
and
he
b ains
emo ed,
p esumably
by
ship
a s,1696:7031
bu
i
is
no
known whe he
a s
killed
he
ba s
o
sca -
enged
hem.
Colonial
summe
oos s
a e
pa icula ly
ul-
ne able
o
p eda o s,
because
hey
a e
o en
noisy
and
smelly,
and
ha e
la ge
en ances
low
o
he
g ound.
Ye ,
long- e m
ideo
su eillance
shows
ha
p eda ion
a
hese
oos s
is
a e.
Lesse
sho -
ailed
ba s
a e
ex emely
agg essi e
and
could
de e
a
p eda o
en e ing
he
oos
by
a acking
in
la ge
numbe s.
La ge
g oup
sizes
in
colonial
oos s,
and
equen
mo emen s
be ween
oos s
se e al
kilome es
apa ,
educe
indi idual
p eda-
ion
p obabili y
by
p eda o
con usion
and
sa i-
e y.
Ba s
lea e
a
oos
in
small
g oups
a
andom
in e als,
and
indi iduals
ly
a
high
speed
in
di -
e en
di ec ions
('bu s -eme gence').
Du ing
win e
hibe na ion,
oos ing
ba s
immobilised
by
o po
o
long
pe iods
a e
ulne able
o
p eda o s,
bu
he
en ances
o
win e
oos s
a e
usually
oo
small
o
a s
o
s oa s
o
en e .
Te es ial
and
a bo eal
o aging
migh
be
expec ed
o
make
sho - ailed
ba s
ulne able
o
Lesse
sho - oiled
ba
|
125
mammalian
p eda o s,1703;
18331
bu
hey
would
no
be
easy
p ey
because
hey
a e
c yp ic,
as
mo ing,
wi h
acu e
hea ing
and
sense
o
smell,
and
can
ake
o
ligh
easily.
Pa asi es
and
associa ed
insec s
A
single
eco d
o
he
long- ailed
ba
lea
{Po ihius
paci icus),
eco ded
on
a
museum
speci-
men
o
M.
ube cula a,18261
is
p obably
an
acciden-
al
con amina ion;
o he wise,
M.
ube cula a
has
no
hos -speci ic
leas,
and
does
no
sha e
any
leas
wi h
o he
na i e
o
in oduced
species.16961
I
does
hos
an
undesc ibed
species
o
ick
belonging
o
he
genus
A gas
(Ca ios),
which
includes
ou
o he
species
ound
on
se e al
Aus alian
ba
species
(G.W.
Ramsay16961).
Se e al
undesc ibed
species
o
mi es
ha e
been
ound
in
he
u
o
M.
ube cula a.1826:
6961
A
new
species
and
genus
o
mesos igma id
mi e
Chi olaelaps
mys acinae was
implica ed
in
he
dea h
o
six
M.
ube cula a
in
Welling on
Zoo.11214;
12151
A
second
species
o
Chi olaelaps
emains
o
be
desc ibed.112131
A
new
species
o
sa -
cop ic
mange
mi e
Chi ophagoides
mys acops,
belonging
o
a
new
genus
and
sub amily,
was
desc ibed
om
he
wing
o
a
single
M.
ube cula a
in
he
B i ish
Museum
(Na u al
His o y)
col-
lec ed
on
Solomon
I.1903:9041
An
uniden i ied
sa -
cop ic
mange
mi e,
ound
on
ba s
om
he
Ranga aua
Fo es ,
caused
high
le els
o
mo ali y
in
young
cap i e-bo n
ba s
as
a
esul
o
massi e
subcu aneous
seconda y
in ec ion.119
1
A
sa co-
cys is
pa asi e
has
been
iden i ied
in
muscle
issue
o
specimens
collec ed
om
Cod ish
I.1819'
The
New
Zealand
ba ly.
M.
ube cula a
has
a
unique,
and
possibly
symbio ic,
associa ion
wi h
he
New
Zealand
ba ly,
Mys acinobia
zelandicay2891
a
wingless
dip e an,
wi h
a
c eam
and
b own,
spide -like
body,
4—9
mm
long.
Al hough
supe icially
simila
o
o he
ba lies
(supe amily
Hippoboscoidea),
New
Zealand
ba -
lies
e ol ed
sepa a ely,
and
a e
placed
in
hei
own
amily,
Mys acinobia,
wi hin
he
supe amily
Oes oidea,
whe e
hey
a e
mos
closely
associa ed
wi h
he
Callipho idae,
o
blow lies.[2076;
2323;
10951
Unlike
hippoboscoid
ba lies,
New
Zealand
ba -
lies
a e
no
pa asi ic,
bu
eed
on
ba
guano
h oughou
hei
li e
cycle.
Thei
gu
con en s
include
all
he
componen s
p esen
in
guano
(pollen,
ui
pulp,
insec
pa s,
and
ungal
hyphae)
excep
seeds.
12S91
Ba ly
de elopmen
depends
on
he
high
em-
pe a u es
(27-30°C)
and
humidi y
ound
in
occu-
pied
o
ecen ly
occupied
ba
oos s.
When
ba s
mo e
o
ano he
oos ,
hey
ca y
some
o
he
ligh less
adul
lies,
pa icula ly
g a id
emales,
clasped
o
hei
u
wi h
specially
adap ed
claws.
Fo
a
ew
days
a e
a
ba
oos
has
been
dese ed,
la ge
numbe s
o
ba lies
cong ega e
a ound
oos
en ances
a e
da k
o
aligh
on
any
ba s
ha
land
he e.
Ba lies
may
be
ound
in
he
u
o
lying
ba s
a
any
ime
o
he
yea ;
commonly
he e
is
only
one
ly
pe
ba ,
bu
up
o
60
we e
obse ed
on
one
ba
on
Li le
Ba ie
Id691
The
ela ionship
be ween
ba lies
and
ba s
in
occupied
oos s
is
symbio ic.
The
lies
accele a e
he
b eakdown
o
ba
guano,
and
adul
ba lies
appea
o
g oom
he
ba s.
The
lies
eed
o
d ink
om
he
mou hs
o
o pid
ba s,
and
in
ma e ni y
oos s
hey
also
d ink
milk,
spilled
by
suckling
young.
No iceable
ib a ions,
emi ed
om
he
lies'
ho ax,
may
de e
ba s
om
ea ing hem.
Ba lies
a e
associa ed
wi h
sho - ailed
ba
popula ions
h oughou
he
No h
I.1'5891
and
in
he
Eglin on
Valley,124181
bu
no
on
Cod ish
I.
al hough
agmen s
o
Mys acinobia
sp.
we e
epo ed
om
he e.169
1
Adap a ions
o
he
New
Zealand
en i onmen
The
wide
ange
o
o aging
modes
ound
in
M.
ube cula a,
and
hei
associa ed
mo phological
adap a ions,
a e
p esumed
o
be
unique
adap a-
ions
o
New
Zealand's
p e-human
en i on-
126
|
O de
Ch
i op e o
men .'694;
I589i
Te es ial
and
a bo eal
o aging
is
made
easie
by
u ling
o
he
wing
and
ail
mem-
b anes,
inc eased
eedom
o
mo emen
o
he
o elimb
pe mi ed
by
a
educed
p opa agium,
obus
hind
limbs,
and
a
wide
ange
o
mo emen s
o
he
emu .
The
unspecialised
wing
mo phology
pe mi s
a
a ie y
o
ligh
s a egies.
The
ex ensile
ongue
and
he
b ush
o
ine
papillae
on
i s
ip
a e
sui ed
o
eeding
on
nec a ,
while
he
ough
ans-
e se
idges
on
he
ongue
may
help
in
ex ac ing
juice
om
ui .
The
den i ion
is
essen ially
insec-
i o ous,
bu
one
uppe
p emola
and
a
lowe
p e-
mola
and
inciso
ha e
been
los ,
and
he
emaining
lowe
inciso
is
small.
The
esul ing
gap
in
he
ee h
a
he
on
o
he
lowe
jaw
acili a es
use
o
he
ex ensile
ongue
o
eed
on
nec a .
These
adap a ions
could
ha e
e ol ed
in
esponse
o
he
absence
o
signi ican
g ound
p eda o s
and
noc-
u nal
compe i o s
in
p e-human
New
Zealand.'694'
Al e na i ely,
hey
could
be
a
esponse
o
he
ex eme
clima e
oscilla ions
o
he
la e
Pleis ocene,
when
a
wide
ange
o
o aging
beha iou
would
ha e
been
ad an ageous.
Signi icance
o
he
New
Zealand
en i onmen
As
he
only
ex an
species
o
an
ancien
endemic
amily,
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s
p o ide
a
globally
signi ican
con ibu ion
o
New
Zealand's
biodi-
e si y.
They
also
pollina e
se e al
indigenous
o -
es
species,
including
kiekie
F eycine ia
bau iana,
wood
ose Dac ylan hus
aylo ii,
pohu ukawa
and
a a
Me oside os
spp.,
ewa ewa
Knigh ia
excelsa,
and
he
pe ching
lilies
Collospe mum
has a um
and
C.
mic ospe mum.
None
o
hese
species
is
com-
ple ely
dependen
on
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s
o
pollina ion,
bu
ba s
a e
o en
mo e
e ec i e
pol-
lina o s
han
bi ds,
and
some
plan
species
(e.g.,
F.
bau iana
and
D.
aylo ii)
a e
adap ed
o
pollina-
ion
by
sho - ailed
ba s."60
;
8461
Lesse
sho -
ailed
ba s
dispe se
seeds
o
C.
mic ospe mum,
C.
has a um,
and
F.
bau iana
in
hei
d oppings
and
adhe ing
o
u
and
wing
memb anes.
Conse a ion
s a us.
P e iously
abundan
h ough-
ou
New
Zealand,
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s
a e
now
endange ed.
The
<50
000
su i ing
indi iduals
a e
sca e ed
be ween
13
known
popula ions,
o
which
only
se en
include
>1000
ba s.
The
o he
six
popula ions
each
include
only
a
ew
hund ed
ba s,
and
a e
especially
ulne able
o
ex inc ion.
Va ious
conse a ion
anking
sys ems
lis
M.
ube cula a
as:
h ea ened,"881
ulne able,'1139'
a
species
o
highes
conse a ion
p io i y,'183"''
and
acing
a
high
isk
o
ex inc ion
in
he
medium- e m
u u e."1'1'
The
mos
ecen
New
Zealand
Th ea
Classi ica ion
Sys em"261'
lis s
he
h ee
subspecies
sepa a ely.
M.
.
hyacobia
is
classi ied
as
' ange
es ic ed'
due
o
'human
induced
loss
o
ange'.
M.
.
aupou ica
and
M.
.
ube cula a
a e
bo h
classi ied
as
'na ionally
endange ed',
ha ing
'small
popula ion
subjec
o
mode a e
o
high
ecen
o p edic ed
decline'
as
a
consequence
o 'human
induced
loss
o
ange'.
Fo
M.
.
aupou ica
and
M.
.
ube cula a,
i
is
no ed
ha :
'Con idence
in
he
lis ing
is
poo
due
o
he
poo
da a
a ailable
o
assessmen '.
The
co e
anges
o
all
known
popula ions
o
sho - ailed
ba s
a e
wi hin
o es
a eas
now
a o ded
ull
legal
p o ec ion,
which
should
hal
declines
caused
by
de o es a ion.
The
p ospec s
o
long- e m
su i al
o
he
species
will
be
imp o ed
by
inc easing
he
numbe
and
geog aphic
ange
o
popula ions
wi h
ansloca ions,
bo h
o
old-
g ow h
o es s
managed
o
educe
alien
p eda o s
and
compe i o s,
and
o
es o ed
o es s
on
e ile
lowland
si es.
Fo
ansloca ions
and
o he
conse -
a ion
pu poses,
exis ing
phylogeog aphic
pa -
e ns"59"
l590'
should
be
p ese ed
and,
because
all
popula ions
a e
demog aphically
dis inc ,""'90'
each
popula ion
should
be
conside ed
as
a
sepa a e
managemen
uni ."866'
The
ou
ou lying
main-
land
popula ions
(Omahu a,
Ta a ua,
no h-wes
Nelson
and
Eglin on
Valley)
dese e
he
highes
p io i y
o
conse a ion
e o .
B.L.
G ea e
sho - ailed
ba
|
127
G ea e
sho - ailed
ba
Mys acina
obus a
Dwye ,
1962
Synonym
Mys acina
ube cula a
obus a
Dwye ,
1962
Also
called
sou he n
sho - ailed
ba ,
S ewa
Island
sho - ailed
ba
(English);
pekapeka
(Mao i).
O iginally
desc ibed
by
Dwye '826'
as
a
la ge
sub-
species
o
sho - ailed ba ,
M.
.
obus a,
es ic ed
o
he
Mu onbi d
Is,
and
ele a ed
o
species
s a us
as
he
g ea e
sho - ailed
ba
M.
obus a
by
Hill
and
Daniel."247'
Desc ip ion
Dis inguishing
ma ks,
Table
22
and
Pla e
3.
O e all
M.
obus a
was
la ge
and
s ou e
han
M.
ube cula a,
especially
in
he
skull.'2946'
Howe e ,
i
had
p opo iona ely
sho e
ea s,
o e-
a m,
and
wing
elemen s,
so
he
wo
species
o e lap
in
hese
measu emen s.
Skulls
o
M.
obus a
ha e
a
sligh ly
hea ie
and
mo e
massi e
os um
wi h
wide ,
sho e
nos ils,
and
he
b aincase
gene ally
ises
less
ab up ly
om
he
os um.
The
ea s
do
no
each
he
muzzle
when
laid
o wa d.'1247'
Den al
o mula
I1/,
C1/,
Pm2/2
M3/3
=
28.
Measu emen s
Measu emen s
a e
o
ecen
specimens
collec ed
om
he
Mu onbi d
Is
(DM
1083,
1553,
1554,
1555.1,2
and
1629.2-4;
MNZ,
Welling on):
o al
leng h
70-85
mm
(up
o
90
mm);'826'
snou
o
en
leng h
65.4—72.4
mm
(n
=
8;
mean
68.6
±
2.86
mm);"592'
wingspan
290-310
mm;
ail
15
mm;[826:6971
o ea m
45.3-47.5
mm
(n
=
8;
mean
46.4
mm);
ibia
18.2-19.1
(n
=
8;
mean
18.7
mm);
ea
17.7-18.6
mm
(n
=
8;
mean
18.3
mm);
g ea es
leng h
o
skull
22.2-23.5
(n
=
5;
mean
23.2);
condylobasal
leng h
21.0-22.5
(n
=
5;
mean
22.0)."247'
No
li e
specimens
ha e
been
weighed.
Es ima es
o
he
body
mass
o
M.
obus a,
25—35
g'696'
o
15.1-15.8
g,"589'
calcula ed
om
he
eg ession
o
body
mass
agains
o ea m
leng h
o
M.
ube cula a
a e
in alid,
because
he
o ea m
is
p opo ionally
sho e
in
M.
obus a.
The
o e all
linea
dimensions
o
M.
obus a
a e
c.
20%
g ea e
han
o
M.
ube cula a,
so
he
no mal
cubic
ela-
ionship
be ween
linea
dimension
and
mass
sug-
ges s
ha
M.
obus a
was
70%
hea ie
(c.
24
g).
Va ia ion
A e
compa ing
size
a ia ion
among
ecen
speci-
mens
o
M.
obus a
om
he
Mu onbi d
Is
and
os-
sil
emains
om
h oughou
New
Zealand,
Wo hy'2939'
concluded
ha
he
g ea e
sho - ailed
ba
was
a
single
species
wi h
a
clinal
a ia ion
in
body
size
o
10-20%
dec easing
om
he
mos
no he ly
specimens
down
o
he
mos
sou he ly
ones.
His o y
o
colonisa ion
See
p.
113.
Dis ibu ion
M.
obus a
was
endemic
o
New
Zealand,
o en
sympa ic
wi h
M.
ube cula a,'2938'
Recen
ossil
emains
(<20
000
yea s
old)
ha e
been
ound
in
ca es,
on
ock
ledges,
and
in
swamp
si es
in
Wai omo,
Hawke's
Bay,
and
Wai a apa
in
he
No h
I.,
and
no h-wes
Nelson, Wes land,
Can e bu y,
and
cen al
O ago
in
he
Sou h
Island.'294" 522:
29441
No
li e
o
eshly
dead
speci-
mens
ha e
been
epo ed
om
he
h ee
main
islands
since
Eu opean
se lemen .
F om
1840
un il
he
ea ly
1960s,
li ing
M.
obus a
we e
ound
only
on
he
a - ee
Mu onbi d
Is
o
Big
Sou h
Cape
I.
(Taukihepa,
930
ha)
and
Solomon
I.
(Re ewhakaupoko,
32
ha),
2—10
km
o
he
sou h-wes
coas
o
S ewa
I.'703;
69
'
The e
ha e
been
no
posi i e
sigh ings
o
i
since
1967.
Di ec
e idence
ha
M.
obus a
and
M.
ube cu-
la a
we e
o me ly
sympa ic
on
he
Mu onbi d
Is'1247;
697]
j-,een
con o e sial.
All
nine
specimens
o
Mys acina
collec ed
on
Big
Sou h
Cape
I.
and
held
in
MNZ
a e
M.
obus a,"5921
including
a
ju enile,
128
|
O de
Chi op e a
DM
1629.1,
o iginally
iden i ied
as
M.
.
ube cu-
la um
'
Bu
o he
collec ions
epo edly
include
M.
ube cula a
om
he
Mu onbi d
Is,
e.g.
wo
emales
om
Solomon
I.
(BMNH
89.10.27.2—3).129461
Habi a
The e
a e
di e ences
in
he
ela i e
p opo ions
o
g ea e
and
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s
in
ossil
deposi s
a ound
New
Zealand,
e.g.,
mo e
M.
obus a
in
Can e bu y,
ewe
in
no h-wes
Nelson.
2939'
The
Mu onbi d
Is
a e
g ani e,
o e laid
by
a
deep
man le
o
pea ,
co e ed
mainly
by
mu on-
bi d
sc ub
(Olea ia lyallii
and
O.
angus i olia)
and
sou he n
a a
(Me oside os
umbella a),
wi h
some
podoca p-b oadlea
o es .
The e
a e
nume ous
sea
ca es
along
hei
ugged
sho elines.
Abundan
soil
a h opods
nou ished
by
guano
om
b eeding
seabi ds,
especially
soo y
shea wa e s
(Pu inus
g iseus),
may
ha e
been
impo an
o
sus aining
he
ba
popula ion
in
hese
sou he ly
la i udes.
Food
M.
obus a
p obably
a e
he
same
wide
ange
o
oods
as
M.
ube cula a-.
a h opods,
ui ,
nec a ,
and
pollen.1696'
Pollen
analysis
o
s omach
con-
en s
o
wo
M.
obus a
ound
bo h
a a
pollen
and
e n
spo es.1694'
Repo s
ha
Mys acina
a e
ca ni o ous
and
sca enge
e eb a e
ca casses1694'
6971
s em
p inci-
pally
om
obse a ions
o
g ea e
sho - ailed
ba s
on
Solomon
I.1211
'
Se en
ba s
we e
held
in
cap i -
i y o
a
ew
days.
On
he
i s
nigh
he
only
ood
p o ided
was
he
skinned
ca cass
o
a
di ing
pe el:
some
lesh
was
consumed
on
he
i s
nigh ,
bu
none
subsequen ly.
Repo s
ha
sho - ailed
ba s
on
he
Mu onbi d
Is
had
been
obse ed
chewing
a
and
mea
o
plucked
mu onbi ds
( ledgling
soo y
shea wa e s)
hung
ou
o e nigh 182,i
we e
unsubs an ia ed.
Social
o ganisa ion
and
beha iou
Fligh .
Es ima es
o
wing
loading
and
aspec
a io
o
M.
obus a[]C>c"']
based
on
a
body
mass
es ima e
o
24.5
g,
we e
highe
(9.2
and
20.2
Nm"2)
han
o
M.
ube cula a,
indica ing
ha
M.
obus a
would
ha e
been
as e
in
ligh
and
mo e
agile,
(i.e.
wi h
mo e
apid
u ns),
bu
less
manoeu able
(i.e.,
equi ing
la ge
u ning
adii).
Echoloca ion
calls.
The e
is
a
linea
ela ionship
be ween
he
equency
o
maximum
in ensi y
o
he
echoloca ion
calls
o
insec i o ous
ba s
and
hei o ea m
leng h.12"'
'
I
p edic s
ha
he
e-
quency
o
maximum
in ensi y
o
g ea e
sho -
ailed
ba s
should
be
1-2
kHz
lowe
han
ha
o
lesse
sho - ailed
ba s, i.e.,
26-27
kHz.
Roos ing.
Abundan
emains
o
g ea e
sho - ailed
ba s
in
limes one
ca es
a ound
Wai omo
show
ha
hey
oos ed
in
ca es
on
he
mainland.12942'
P esumably
hey
also
oos ed
in
ee
ca i ies,
al hough
e idence
o
his
would
no
pe sis .
On
Big
Sou h
Cape
and
Solomon
Is,
ba s
we e
obse ed
oos ing
in
la ge
colonies
in
sea
ca es
along
he
g ani e
sho eline,
in
ca i ies
in
he
unks
o
sou he n
a a125"7'7031
and
in
seabi d
bu ows.1697'
To po
and
hibe na ion.
S ead1255
1
desc ibes
emo ing
cold
and
sluggish
(i.e.,
o pid)
ba s
om
a
day- oos
on
Solomon
I.
du ing
ea ly
summe .
Like
many
o he
empe a e-zone
mic ochi-
op e an
species,
hey
almos
ce ainly
also
used
seasonal
hibe na ion,
wi h
occasional
ligh s
du -
ing
he
win e
mon hs,
obse ed
on
Solomon
I.
be ween
Ma ch
and
Augus .11641'
Rep oduc ion
and
de elopmen
The e
a e
h ee
p egnan
g ea e
sho - ailed
ba s
in
museum
collec ions,
da ed
Decembe
1931,
May
1951,
and
Augus
1964,
bu
hese
could
be
he
da es
o
accession,
no
o
collec ion.169
1
Field
obse a ions
a e
scan y.
J.A.
Mackin osh
collec ed
a
ju enile
speci-
men
(1-2
weeks
old)
on
Solomon
I.
in
la e
May,
and
also
obse ed
se e al
nu se y colonies
wi h
young,
in
hollow
sou he n
a a
ees
and
in
he
bu ow
o
a
soo y
shea wa e ,
om la e
Ap il
o mid
May
o
Subo de
Megachi op e a
|
129
1963—65.1697'
These
obse a ions
sugges
ha
M.
obus a
ga e
bi h
in
au umn
on
he
Mu onbi d
Is,
p esumably
o
coincide
wi h
peak
soil
a h opod
abundance
du ing
au umnal
ledging
o
mu on-
bi ds,
a he
han
midsumme
as
obse ed
in
M.
ube cula a
h oughou
New
Zealand.
Popula ion
dynamics
Decline.
In
1961,
se e al
hund ed
ba s
we e
obse ed
in
Puai
Ca e
on
Big
Sou h
Cape
I.,
and
ba s
we e
also
egula ly seen
lying
on
bo h
Big
Sou h
Cape
and
Solomon
Is.169/1
Ship
a s
a i ed
on
he
wo
islands
in
he
ea ly
1960s,
and
eached
plague
numbe s
be ween
1964
and
1967.11861
Ba
numbe s
on
he
wo
islands
declined
apidly:
by
1965
e y
ew
lying
ba s
we e
seen,
and
in
1966
no
ba s
we e
epo ed
om
ei he
island.
The
las
con i med
sigh ing
was
in
No embe
1967,
when,
al hough
no
ba s
we e
seen
lying,
ou
uniden i-
ied
mys acinid
ba s
we e
obse ed
oos ing
in
Puai
Ca e.
The
las
con i med
epo s
o
M.
obus a
a e:
one
collec ed
om
Big
Sou h
Cape
I.
in
Augus
1964,
and
ano he
mis -ne ed
on
Solomon
I.
in
Ap il
1965.1'641'
P eda o s
Laughing
owl
Sceloglaux
albi acies,
mo epo k
Ninox
no aeseelandiae,
and
alcon
Falco
no aesee-
landiae
all
hun ed
M.
obus a.129421
Abundan
obus a
emains
we e
ound
in
he
middens
o
laughing
owls
in
no h-wes
Nelson
and
Can e bu y,12941'
2943"2945'
and
smalle
numbe s
in
alcon
deposi s
in
no h
Can e bu y.12943'
S ead12557'
epo ed
a
sho - ailed
ba
(p esumably
obus a)
killed
by
a
mo epo k
on
Solomon
I.
The
simul aneous
disappea ance
o
M.
obus a
om
he
main
islands
and
he
appea ance
o
kio e
in
laughing
owl
middens
sugges s
ha
kio e
wiped
ou
M.
obus a
sho ly
a e
hey
a i ed.1
03;
69"
2945]
-phg
ja ge
yi
obus a
would
ha e
been
mo e
ulne able
o
p eda ion
in
hei
hibe nacula
han
M.
ube cula a,
as
c e ices
accessible
o
hem
would
also
be
accessible
o
kio e.
An
al e na i e
hypo hesis,
ha
M.
ube cula a
and
M.
obus a
a e
no
sepa a e
species,182
'
bu
he
esul
o
selec i e
p eda ion
by
kio e
agains
la ge
ba s
now
ecog-
nised
as
M.
obus a,[xm]
is
no
suppo ed
by
analy-
ses
o
new
Mys acina
skele al
ma e ial.129'161
Ship
a s
caused
he
inal
ex inc ion
o
he
g ea e
sho - ailed
ba
on
i s
las
wo
island
e uges.1'861
Signi icance
o
he
New
Zealand
en i onmen
Conse a ion
s a us.
M.
obus a
is
assumed
o
be
ex inc ,
as
he e
ha e
been
no
con i med
eco ds
since
1965-[703:697;
1,41
Sea ches
o
i
con inue,
and
wo
possible
sequences
o
mys acinid-like
calls
we e
ecen ly
eco ded
on
Pu auhina
I.,
close
o
he
las
island
e uge
o
g ea e
sho - ailed
ba s.12027'
The
mos
ecen
New
Zealand
Th ea
Classi ica ion
Sys em11261'
lis s
he
species
as
'da a
de icien '.
B.L.
SUBORDER
MEGACH
I
ROPTE
RA
FAMILY
PTEROPODIDAE
This
amily,
he
only
one
in
he
Megachi op e a,
includes
abou
173
species
in
44
gene a,
all
na i e
o
he
Old
Wo ld
opics
om
A ica
o
he
Paci ic
including
Aus alia.
All
membe s
o
his
amily
eed
on
ui ,
pollen
and/o
nec a ,
ha e
la ge
eyes
and,
excep
o
one
genus
(Rouse us),
na iga e
by
ision
a he
han
echoloca ion.
Genus
P e opus
O
abou
65
species
o
Old
Wo ld
gian
ui
ba s
o
lying
oxes,
ou
a e
ound
in
Aus alia,
and
he
es
in
A ica,
Madagasca ,
India,
Sou h-Eas
Asia,
and
he
Paci ic.
These
a e
la ge
o
e y
la ge
ba s
wi h
heads
and
aces
esembling
hose
o
oxes,
p ominen
eyes,
la ge
simple
ea s
wi h
no
agus,
and
no
noselea .
All
ha e
a
claw
on
he
second
inge
as
well
as
a
claw
on
he
humb.
130
|
O de
Ch
i op e a
Li le
ed
lying
ox
P e opus
scapula us
Pe e s,
1862
Also
called
li le
ed
ui
ba ,
colla ed
lying
ox.
See
Pla e
3.
This
is
he
smalles
o
he
ou
species
o
Aus alian
lying
oxes,
wi h
eddish-
b own
u ,
a
ligh
b own-yellow
man le
and
pale
u
ound he
eyes.
When
in
ligh ,
he
wings
appea
pa ly
anspa en .
Den al
o mula
I
2/2
C
'/,
Pm3/3
M2/3
=
34.
Measu emen s
Head
and
body
leng h
abou
220
mm,
ail
e y
sho , and
o ea m
leng h
118-132
mm.'2'78'
Dis ibu ion
Widesp ead
in
eas e n
and
no he n
Aus alia,
om
d y
inland
a eas
o
he
coas .
This
nomadic
species
can
mig a e
long
dis ances
wi hin
Aus alia,
ollow-
ing
he
i egula
lowe ing
o
eucalyp us
blossom.
The e
is
only
one
ag an
eco d
om
New
Zealand.
A
specimen
was
ound
elec ocu ed
unde
powe lines
a e
a
s o m
in
Hamil on
Eas
in
abou
1927-29.'693'
Unusually
la ge
mig a ions
o
his
species
in o
New
Sou h
Wales
and
Vic o ia
we e
obse ed
a
ew
yea s
a e
a
se e e
d ough
in
Queensland in
1926-27;'2234'
his
specimen
may
ha e
been
he
only
su i o
o
a
g oup
blown
ac oss
he
Tasman
Sea
a
ha
ime.
A
pho og aph
o
i ,
aken
by
J.E.C.
Flux
a e
i
had
been
hang-
ing
on
a
ba n
wall
o
many
yea s,
was
included
in
Daniel's
desc ip ion
o
his
inciden .'697'
This
is
he
only
documen ed
eco d
o
an
Aus alian
ba
eaching
New
Zealand
ali e
since
Eu opean
se lemen ,
al hough
undoub edly
o he
Aus alian
ui
ba s
ha e
been
blown
o
New
Zealand
in
he
pas
bu
died
ou
un eco ded.
In
he
1870s
sigh ings
o
la ge
uniden i ied
ba s
we e
epo ed
nea
Welling on,
Wanganui,
and
he
Cla ence
Ri e .'2574'
C.M.K
ORDER
LAGOMORPHA
Lagomo phs
a e
small-
o
medium-sized
he bi o es
ha ,
like
oden s,
ha e
a
pai
o
la ge,
chisel-shaped
inciso s
sepa a ed
by
a
long
dias ema
om
he
g inding
mola s.
In
o he
espec s
hey
a e
dis inc
om
oden s:
he
mola s
(as
well
as
he
inciso s)
g ow
con inuously
h oughou
li e;
he e
is
a
sec-
ond
pai
o
small,
peg-like
inciso s
di ec ly
behind
he
i s
pai ;
he
nos ils
a e
co e ed
by
a
e ac able
lap
o
skin;
he
gu
has
a
la ge
caecum
wi h
a
spi al
sep um
inside;
and
he
ail
is
e y
sho .
They
maximise
he
alue
o
hei
ood
by
einges ion
(also
called
e ec ion,
o
cop ophagy).
The e
a e
wo
amilies:
he
Ocho onidae
(c.
25
species
in
one
genus),
he
sho -ea ed
pikas
o
mon ane
Asia
and
wes e n
No h
Ame ica,
and
he
Lepo idae
(56
species,
11
gene a),
which
includes
all
abbi s
and
ha es,
dis ibu ed
globally.
FAMILY
LEPORIDAE
The
Lepo idae
con ains
one
la ge
genus,
Lepus,
mainly
open-coun y
ha es,
and
en
smalle
gene a
o
mainly
bu owing
abbi s,
including
O yc olagus.
All
ha e
long
ea s,
hind
legs,
and
ee .
Two
species
o
lepo ids
a e
p esen
in
New
Zealand,
dis in-
guished
as
in
Table
29.
Genus
O yc olagus
The
genus
O yc olagus
has
only
one
species,
he
Eu opean
abbi .
I
is
dis inc
om
he
ha es,
bu
supe icially
esembles
some
o he
gene a
o
abbi s
such
as
he
Ame ican
co on ails
(Syl ilagus).
Eu opean
abbi
O yc olagus
cuniculus
cuniculus
(Linnaeus,
1758)
Table
29
Dis inguishing
ma ks
o
lagomo phs
in
New
Zealand
Rabbi
O yc olagus
cuniculus
B own
ha e
Lepus
eu opaeus
Weigh
(adul
male)
Leng h
o
ea s
Leng h
o
hind
ee
Body
colou
Tips
o
ea s
Colou
o
eyes
Gai
1.3-2.1
kg
60-70
mm
75-95
mm
G ey-b own
Na ow
black
im
B own
Bobbing,
ail
up,
showing
whi e
unde side
when
unhu ied;
scu ling
ush,
ail
down,
when
ala med
2.4-4.8
kg
90-105
mm
1
30-155
mm
Tawny
Black
pa ch
a
ip
Yellow
Loping,
ail
down
showing
black
uppe
su ace
131
