PR RODOVEDN i
PRACE
DSTAV l
CESKOSLOVENSKE
AKADEMIE
VED
V
BRNE
Ac a
scien ia um
na u alium
Academiae
scien ia um
bohemoslo acae
-
B no
Abb e ia ion:
Ac a
Sc.
Na .
B no
Tomus
XIII,
no a
se ies
-
1979
Edi o -in-Chie :
Academician
Jose
K a och il
Assis an
Edi o :
Juliana
Hobs o a
Edi o ial
Boa d:
Ing.
Vlas imil
Ba us,
D Sc.,
Co esponding
Membe
o
he
CSAV,
Di ec-
o
o
he
Ins i u e
o
Ve eb a e
Zoology
o
he
CSAV,
B no,
Doc.
RND .
Ja omi
D
e
m
e
k.
D Sc.,
B no,
RND .
Milena
Rychno ska,
CSc.,
Head
o
he
Ecological
Depa men
o
he
Ins i u e
o
Bo any
o
he
CSAV.
B no,
P o .
RND .
Jose
S
e
k
a
n
i
n
a,
D Sc.,
Co esponding
Membe
o
he
CSAV
Linguis ic
collabo a ion:
D .
Ing.
R.
Ob el,
CSc.
(English),
D .
J.
G una
(Ge man),
Ing.
E.
BezdiCko a
(Russian),
Doc.
D .
V.
S
u
p
k
a,
CSc.
(F ench)
©
by
ACADEMIA
PRAHA
P i odo idni
p dce
us a i
Ceskoslo enski
akademie
id
B ni
Ac a
scien ia um
na u alium
Academiae
scien ia um
bohemoslo acae
—
B no
Abb e ia ion:
Ac a
Sc.
Na .
B no
P i odo idni
p ice
us a i
Ceskoslo enske
akademie
id
B ni
(Ac a
scien ia um
na u-
alium
Academiae
scien ia um
bohemoslo acae
-
B no)
is
a
con inua ion
o
he
pe iodicals
P ice
Mo a ski
p i odo idecke
spoleinos i
(Ac a
Socie a is
scien ia um na u alium
mo a—
icae)
I—XXVI,
1924—1954,
and
P ice
B ninski
zikladny
Ceskoslo enske
akademie
id
(Ac a
Academiae
scien ia um
ceclioslo enicae
Basis
b unensis)
XXVII—XXXIV,
1955-1962.
Published
by
he
Czechoslo ak
Academy
o
Sciences
in
he
Publishing
House
ACADEMIA.,
Vodi iko a
40,
112
29
P ague,
Czechoslo akia.
Add ess
o
he
Edi o 's
O ice
(manusc ip s,
p oo s,
e c.):
Ins i u e
o
Ve eb a e
Zoology
o
he
CSAV,
K § n&
8,
603
65
B no,
Czechoslo akia.
Edi o -in-Chie :
Academician
J
o
s
e
K a och il,
B no
Assis an
Edi o :
Juliana
Hobs o d
Edi o ial
Boa d:
Ing.
Vlas imil
B
a
u
§,
D Sc.,
Co esponding
Membe
o
he
CSAV,
Di ec o
o
he
Ins i u e
o
Ve eb a e
Zoology
o
he
CSAV,
B no
Doc.
RND .
Ja omi
Demek,
D Sc.,
B no
RND .
Milena
Rychno ski,
CSc.,
Head
o
he
Ecological
De-
pa men
o
he
Bo anical
Ins i u e
o
he
CSAV,
B no
P o .
RND .
Jose
Sekanina,
D Sc.,
Co esponding
Membe
o
he
CSAV,
B no
Linguis ic
collabo a ion:
D .
Ing.
R.
Ob el,
CSc.
(English),
D .
J.
G una
(Ge man),
Ing.
E.
Bezdidko i
(Russian),
Doc.
D .
V.
S upka,
CSc.
(F ench)
P i' odo edne
p dce
us a u
Ceskoslo enske
akademie
ed
B ne
Ac a
Sc.
Na .
B no,
13
(1):
1-38
Jin
GaisJe ,
VSadimi'
Hanak,
Jan
Dungei
A
CONTRIBUTION
TO
THE
POPULATION
ECOLOGY
OF
NYCTALUS
NOCTULA
(MAMMALIA:
CHIROPTERA)
ACADEMIA
Naklada els i
Ceskoslo enske
akademie
ed
P aha
1979
Tomus
XIII,
no a
se ies
-
Fasc.
1
Recei ed:
No embe
24,
1977
Scien i ic
Edi o :
Academician
P o .
D .
J.
K a och il,
D Sc.
C i ical
Re ision
by
Ing.
VI.
Ba us,
D Sc.,
Co esponding
Membe
o
he
CSAV
Abs ac
F om
Ma ch
o
Oc obe
colonies
o
Nyc alus
noc ula
we e
ound
in
hollow
ees
whe e
also
he
ep oduc ion
akes
place;
win e
colonies
in
ees
a e
e idenced
by
oldish
ma e ial.
In
buildings
hese
ba s
we e
ound
h oughou
he
yea
wi h
he
excep ion
o
June
and
July,
and
hey
do
no
ep oduce
he e.
One
win e
colony
was
ound
in
a
c ack
in
a
ock.
Acco ding
o
he
au ho s'
ma e ial
and
acco ding
o
da a
in
li e a u e
he
ela ion
o
di e en
componen s
o
popula ions
o
di e en
ypes
o
shel e s
is
e alua ed
as
well
as
he
beha iou
o
N.
n.
in
hei
hun ing
g ounds.
In
Cen al
Eu ope
all
emales
and
mos
o
he
males
ma u e
a
he
age
o
abou
3
mon hs,
i.
e.,
immedia ely
a e
inishing
hei
g ow h.
Mos
emales
olde
han
1
yea
ha e
2
young
and
he
a e age
numbe
o
young
pe
one
g own-up
emale
is
1.8.
The
sex
a io
a
bi h
is
1:1
and
is
p obably
also
main ained
la e
on.
The
young
a e
bo n
om
mid-June
ill
ea ly
July
and
nu se y
co-
lonies
disin eg a e
in
Augus .
Old
emales
as
well
as
hose
bo n
in
ha
yea
mo e
o
ma ing
qua e s
o
e i o ial
old
males.
The
males
o
ha
yea
do
no
ma e
and
in
ju enile
colonies
hey
g adually
exceed
he
emales
in
numbe .
In
Oc obe
a
he
la es
he
summe
shel e s
a e le
ill
Ma ch
o
Ap il.
Males
p e ail
in
all
win e
samples
om
Wes e n
and
Cen al
Eu ope;
he
possible
causes
o
his
phenomenon
a e
being
discussed.
The
a e age
popula ion
densi y
in
he
summe
season,
ound
in
wo
a eas
o
he
op imum
habi a ,
is
0.32
indi iduals
pe
ha.
Al hough
o iginally
a
o es
species,
N.
noc ula
has
managed
o
adap
o
he
ci iliza ion
p essu e
and
in
places
i
exhibi s
a
end
owa ds
a
hemisynan h opic
way
o
li e.
Con en s
In oduc ion
Ma e ial
and
me hods
Resul s
Shel e s
T ees
Buildings
O he
shel e s
Fligh
ac i i y,
hun ing
g ounds
Rep oduc ion
H
Desc ip ion
o
ep oduc i e
o gans
11
Age
and
sexual
ma u i y
13
Male
sexual
cycle
13
Female
sexual
cycle
13
Popula ion
13
Sex
a io
18
S uc u e
o
he
summe
popula ion
13
Densi y
o
he
summe
popula ion
21
Discussion
25
Shel e s
25
Hun ing
ac i i y
28
Rep oduc ion
23
Popula ion
31
Summa y
35
Peaio'
e
36
Li e a u e
35
In oduc ion
Nyc alus
noc ula
(Sch ebe ,
1774)
(he eina e ,
N.
n.)
occu s
in
Eu ope
sou h
o
app oxima ely
he
60 h
pa allel,
being
equen
in
woodland
o
pa k
lands-
capes
o
lowland
egions.
I
is
a
species
wi h
conside able
mig a o y
ac i i y,
2
co e ing
dis ances
up
o
1,500
km
(S elko
1969,
R
o
e
19/1).
I s
ecology
has
been
deal
wi h
by
a
numbe
o
au ho s,
pa icula ly
Loh l
(1936),
Rybe g
(1947),
Kuz'akin
(1950),
Meise
(1951),
Blackmo e
(1963),
C anb ook
&
Ba e
(1965),
Slui e
&
Hee d
(1966),
S a -
mann
(1968),
Pan'u in
(1963,
1970)
and
Slui e ,
Vou e,
Hee d
(1973).
Despi e
he
ac
ha
he
numbe
o
pape s
de o ed
o
his
species
is
conside able,
many
aspec s
o
i s
ecology
ha e
emained
obscu e.
I
is
abo e
all
he
ac
ha
he e
a e
ew
quan i a i e
da a
conce ning
he
popula ions;
also
he
yea ly
li e
cycle
and
ep oduc ion
ha e
been.s udied
only
in
pa .
In
he
p esen
pape
we
he e o e
summa ize
ou
obse a ions
ca ied
ou
in
he
wes e n
pa
o
Czechoslo akia
(Bohemia
and
Mo a ia)
in
he
cou se
o
he
las
20
yea s.
The
main
objec i e
o
he
pape
is
he
analysis
o
he
occupa-
ion
o
shel e s
all
he
yea
ound,
he
e alua ion
o
impo an
aspec s
o
he
popula ion,
such
as
he
ep oduc ion
p ocess,
and
he
es ima ion
o
he
s uc-
u e
and
densi y
o
he
summe
popula ion
in
he
op imum
habi a .
The
sha e
o
he
indi idual
au ho s
is
as
ollows:
The
hi d
au ho
deal
wi h
ep oduc-
ion.
The
second
au ho
ob ained
mos
o
he
ma e ial
om
Bohemia
and
elabo a ed
he
chap e
on
popula ion.
The
i s
au ho
ob ained
mos
o
he
ma e ial
om
Mo a ia
and
elabo a ed
he
emaining
chap e s,
p epa ing
he
pape
o
p in .
Fo
he
assis ance
in
ob aining
ou
ma e ial
we
wish
o
hank
nume ous
pe sons,
abo e
all,
ou
s uden s
and
colleagues;
ex ao dina y
help
was
gi en
by
D .
I.
Ho acek
and
M .
V.
Bejcek
(bo h
om
P ague).
We
also
hank
D .
I.
Flasa
om
he
Mu-
seum
a
Teplice
o
supplying
us
wi h
ma e ial
o
a
g ea
hana ocolony
o
he
species
s udied.
D .
V.
H abS,
CSc.,
om
he
Ins i u e
o
Ve eb a e
Zoology,
CSAV
(B no),
has
ou
hanks
o
ca ying
ou
he
c oss-sec ions
h ough
he
ee h
o
he
noc ules.
And,
las
bu
no
leas ,
we
wish
o
hank
he
heads
o
ou
wo kplaces
o
enabling
us
o
ca y
ou
he
esea ch,
and
he
e iewe s
o
aluable
commen s.
Ma e ial
and
me hods
The
egion
o
he
esea ch
is
si ua ed
be ween
50°15'
and
48°40'
no he n
la i ude
and
13°10'
and
18°15'
eas e n
longi ude.
The
pe iod
o
he
esea ch
las ed
om
17
Sep .,
1955,
o
15
July,
1977.
Al oge he ,
1,383
indi iduals
we e
caugh ,
ou
o
which
he e
we e
963
g own-up
and
420
ju enile
indi iduals.
Mos
o
hose
indi iduals
we e
banded
and
eleased.
Fo
s udying
he
ep o-
duc ion
18
g own-up
males
and
24
g own-up
emales
we e
killed.
Besides
his
ma e ial
abou
400
skele ons
o
mummies
we e
ound.
In
he
abo e
sample
:
hose
indi iduals
lying
away
be o e
hei
sex
could
be
es ablished
and
hose
obse ed
in
ligh
in
he
hun ing
g ounds
a e
no
included.
Owing
o
he
ac
ha
N.
n.
is
one
o
he
mos
equen
ba s
in
Czechoslo-
akia
(Hanak
1967)
and
in
Cen al
Eu ope
in
gene al,
we
do
no
gi e
a
lis
o
collec ing
s a ions.
The
main
egions
o
collec ion
we e:
he
sou h
Bohemian
.
pond
basin
(abou
50
°/o
o
he
sample),
cen al
Bohemia,
including
he
Ci y
o
'
P ague,
and
sou he n
Mo a ia
including
he
sou he n
pa
o
he
Ceskomo a -
ska
cho ina
Highland
and
he
Ci y
o
B no.
A
de ailed
desc ip ion
o
he
main
egion
unde
in es iga ion
in
sou he n
Bohemia
is
gi en
in
he
chap e
dealing
wi h
he
densi y
o
he
summe
popula ion.
The
s a ions
s udied
a e
si ua ed a
ele a ions
om
150
o
'500
m.
!
.
Fo
ca ching
N.
n.
om
hollow
ees
we
mos
o en
used
cages
acco ding
o
,B
e
1
s
(1952).
which,
in
he
cou se
o
ime,
we e
a iously
modi ied.
We
ound
iA
ou
ha
he
p obabili y
o
he
whole
colony
lying
ou
was
inc eased
by
de-
c easing
he
compac ness
o
he
cage
walls,
pa icula ly
ha
opposi e
he
opening
o
he
ca i y.
I
is
no
e en
necessa y
ha
he
cage
should
be
comple-
ely
closed,
as
a
as
he
wall
opposi e
he
opening
sa egua ds
knocking
o
o
sliding
o
he
ou lying
ba s
in o
a
plas ic
bag
as ened
ins ead
o
he
bo om
o
he
cage.
The
ype
used
a
p esen ,
sugges ed
by
he
second
au ho ,
has
a
ame
made
o
a
s ong
wi e
and
only
a
slan ing
oo
consis ing
o
silon
ib es
s e ched
a
he
dis ance
o
1
cm
om
each
o he
(PI.
II,
le ). The
cage
can
be
olded
and
he
ca ching
bag
emo ed,
so
ha
a
la ge
numbe
o
such
de ices
can
be
anspo ed.
Ano he
ca ching
de ice
a e
elescopic
du al
ods
8
m
in
maximum
possible
leng h
in
which
he
cage
can
be
pu
and
li ed
o
hollows
si ua ed
a
a
majo
heigh .
In
he
sys ema ically
ollowed
egion,
nex
o
he
known
holes
he e
a e
pe manen ly
hamme ed
hooks
on
which
he
ca ching
cages
a e
hung
up.
The
ca ching
de ice
was
placed
be o e
he
en ance
holes
abou
one
hou
be o e
he
sunse
and
emo ed
a e
inishing
he
ca ching.
When
wo king
wi h
cages
o
he
olde
ype
(all
walls
made
o
wi e
ne ing
and
a
ab ic
bag
ins ead
o
he
bo om)
i
some imes
happened
ha
only
some
o
he
indi iduals
lew
ou ,
bu o he s
s ayed
in
he
ca i y
om
whe e
hey
u e ed
sounds.
I
hey
we e
g own-up
indi iduals
( he
young
can
be
dis inguished
acco ding
o
he
sounds),
he
cage
was
le
in
place
o
se e al
hou s,
wice
e en
o
he
whole
nigh .
In
spi e
o
his
i
happened
se e al
imes
ha
pa
o
he
colony
e iden ly
emained
in
he
hollow;
hose
cases
a e
excluded
om
he
calcula ion
o
he
size
o
he
colonies.
I
he
indi iduals
lew
quickly
one
a e
ano he
and
no
sounds
we e
hea d
a e
he
las
one
had
le
he
hollow,
he
ca ch
was
conside ed
quan i a i e.
F om
hiding
places
in
buildings
he
ba s
we e
aken
ou
wi h
hand
o
wi h
a
long
o ceps
o
caugh
wi h
a
hand
ne .
Such
ca ches
could
no
o en
be
quan i a i e.
A
small
sample
desc ibed
in
he
chap e
on
hun ing
g ounds
was
mis -ne ed.
A
he
beginning
o
he
esea ch
se e al
indi iduals
we e
sho
dead
in
hei
hun ing
g ounds
( hey
could
no ,
howe e ,
be
included
in
he
ma e ial
o
s udying
he
ep oduc ion);
besides
we
we e
se e al
imes
gi en
indi iduals
caugh
in
a ious
en i onmen s,
o en
unable
o
ly.
Skele on
emains
o
mummies
we e,
as
a
ule,
ound
in
building
adap a ions
o
houses.
The
abo e
sample
o
1,383
indi iduals
was
classi ied
acco ding
o
sex
and
u he
in o
ju enile
and
g own-up
indi iduals.
As
o
he
g own-ups
we
ied
o
classi y
hem
in o
yea lings
and
old
ones,
bu
he
iden i ica ion
o
yea lings
is
no
qui e
eliable,
as
desc ibed
below.
We
should
like
o
s ess
he
ac
ha
yea lings canno
be
synonymized
wi h
subadul
indi iduals,
as
ou
s udy
o
he
ep oduc ion
has
shown
ha
he
exis ence
o
he
subadul
s age
in
N.
n.
is
ques ionable.
The
e ms
used
in
he
pape
a e
o
be
unde s ood
as
ollows:
ju eniles
=
young
indi iduals
a
he
s age
o
apid
g ow h,
om
he
end
o
June
o
he
end
o
Sep embe ;
g own-ups
=
all
indi iduals
olde
ha
ju eniles;
yea lings
=
indi iduals
olde
han
he
young
and
younge
han
one
yea ,
om
Oc obe
o
May,
sexually
ma u e
as
a
ule;
he
old
=
all
indi iduals
olde
han
he
yea lings,
om
June
o
he
yea
ollowing
he
yea
o
bi h,
sexually
ma u e
(adul ).
In
he
ma e ial
o
42
specimens
used
o
he
s udy
o
he
ep oduc ion
he
ollowing
we e
de e mined:
body
mass,
colo a ion
o
pelage,
he
s age
o
uppe
limb
me aca pal
and
inge
ossi ica ion,
he
d y
mass
o
he
eye,
and
he
degi
ee
o
den i ion
ab asion.
Geni al
o gans
we e
dissec ed
and
p ese ed.
In
5
males
he
igh
es is,
he
igh
epididymis
and
he
esicula
gland
we e
weighed;
smea s
and
his ological
sec ions
o
es es
and
epididymides
we e
ca ied
ou .
In
emales
he
size
o
nipples
was
es ima ed,
he
wid h
o
aginal
issu e
measu ed
as
well
as
he
leng h
o
u e us
and
he
p esence
o
emb yos
o
spe ms
in
he
u e us
es ablished
-
he
la e
in
he
smea
o
he
cu
igh
u e ine
ho n.
Fu he ,
his ological
sec ions
o
o a ies,
u e i
and
aginae
we e
made.
In
andomly
selec ed
specimens
(7
males,
11
emales)
ans e sal
sec ions
h ough
he
igh
lowe
canine
we e
made.
.
The
ossi ica ion
o
long
bones
o
he
wing
is
well
isible
mac oscopically
in
ju enile
indi iduals
when
he
ligh
is
passed
h ough
he
wing;
his
has
been
known
in
ba s
o
a
long
ime
(Ba e -Hamil on
ll ^h/newl
ginous
zone
o
ca ilago
epiphysa ia
appea s
whi e
in
passing
ligh ,
he
ne
y
o med
p ima y
bone
is
eddish
b own
and
he
pe manen
seconda y
bone
is
g ay.
The
g ow h
zone
is
mo e
o
less
mac oscopically
isible
in
yea lings
m
Oc obe
and
unde
a
dissec ion
mic oscope
also
in
No embe .
The
la e
dis inc-
ion
o
yea lings
om
olde
indi iduals
was
ca ied
ou
acco ding
o
he
den i-
ion
wi h
ine
sha p
poin s
and
da ke
hai s.
In
he
ma e ial
used
oi
he
s
y
o
ep oduc ion
whe e
u he
c i e ia
we e
a ailable
he
dis inc ion
o
yea -
lings
is
eliable,
bu
in
he
sample
unde
in es iga ion
o
li ing
animals
he
ield
he
dis inc ion
o
yea lings
is
ende ed
di icul
by
subjec i e
e io
aken
in o
accoun
in
he
e alua ion.
The
d y
mass
o
he
eye
was
asce ained
ins ead
o
he
usual
d y
mass
01
lens
(c .,
Giles
1971)
on
he
assump ion
ha
wi h
p og essing
age
he
d y
mass
o 'di e en
eye
pa s
inc eases,
such
as
o
scle a
and
he
lens.
The
igh
eye
was
ixed
o
7
days
in
10%
o maldehyde,
hen
d ied
a
80
C.
o
36
hou s
and
immedia ely
weighed.
On
he
canine
sec ions
he
inc emen
zones
o
den in
we e
ollowed
by
means
o
he
Kle ezal
&
Klejnenbe g
(1967)
me hod.
The
ee h
we e
decalci ied
in
7
%
ni ic
acid
o
6
hou s,
insed
in
unning
wa e
o
5
minu es,
cu
on
a
eezing
mic o ome
and
s ained
wi h
he
Maye
haema oxyline.
His ological
sec ions
o
he
geni al
o gans
we e
p ocessed
by
cu en
echnique;
hey
a e
no
ep oduced
in
he
pape ,
as
hey
ag ee
wi h
published
ma e ials
on
ba s
wi h
a
simila
ep oduc ion
cycle.
Resul s
Shel e s
As
in
o he
coun ies
o
Cen al
Eu ope,
N.
n.
in
Czechoslo akia
was
mos
o en
ound
in
ees
and,
om ime
o
ime,
in
buildings
(Gaisle
&
Hanak
1969,
Hu ka
1973).
In
ou
ma e ial
(n=
133
inds
o
li ing
indi i-
duals
o
colonies)
72.8%
all
o
ee
ca i ies,
21.8%
o
buildings,
and
5.4
/0
o
emaining
inds.
T ees.
As
shown
in
Fig.
1,
N.
n.
was
ound
in
ee
ca i ies
om
Maich
o
Oc obe
The
a e age
abundance
in
one
shel e
was
he
highes
in
July.
In
hollows
we
ound
indi iduals,
pai s
as
well
as
colonies
( o
he
de ini ion
o
a
ba
colony,
c .
Gaisle
1966).
In
Tab.
1
we
dis inguish
o
ypes
o
colonies
acco ding
o
hei
composi ion.
Thei
numbe
a ies
om
3
o
53
indi iduals,
on
he
a e age
he
s onges
colonies
we e
hose
o
g own-up
emales,
ound
om
Ma ch
o
June.
The
da a
in
he
able
a e
dis o ed
by
he
ac
ha
hey
do
no
include
he
young
incapable
o
ligh
which
emained
in
he
ca i ies
6
n.3
-
BUILDINGS
J
FMAMJ
J.A
SO
J
F
MAM
J J
ASO
N
O
Fig.
1.
Composi ion
o
samples
ob ained
in
he
wo
main
ypes
o
shel e
in
he
cou se
o
he
yea .
Explana ions:
o dina e,
he
a e age
numbe
o
indi iduals
pe
shel e
pe
mon h;
abscissa,
mon hs;
1,
g own-up
males;
2,
g own-up
emales;
3,
ju eniles;
4,
sex
and
age
no
de e mined;
n,
numbe
o
inds
pe
mon h.
Tab.
1.
The
size
o
colonies
in
ee
holes
Type
o
agg ega ion
Pe iod
Numbe
o
indi iduals
in
a
colony
Type
o
agg ega ion
Pe iod
3-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
X
g own-up
males
+
e-
males
May—Oc .
9
5
3
—•
— —
11.7
g own-up
males
May—Sep .
7
—
—
—
—
—
6.9
g own-up
emales
Ma ch—June
6
2
3
—
1
1
19.5
.nu se y
July—Sep .
4 4 4
1 1
—
18.6
ju enile
Aug.—Sep .
11
2
—
—
—
—
„•
6.5
no
s a ed
May—Sep .
2
1
3
—
— —
16.5
o al
Ma ch—Oc .
39
14
13
1
2
1
13.4
and
hus
could
no
be
caugh .
Acco ding
o
sound
u e ances
and
indi idual
inds
o
qui e
small
young
he
bi hs
o
N.
n.
ake
place
om
mid-June
o
ea ly
July
in
he
egion
unde
in es iga ion.
The
i s
lying
young
we e
ound
o
12
July.
The
numbe
o
membe s
o
nu se y
colonies
is
—
pa icula ly
in
he
i s
hal
o
July
—
subs an ially highe
han
ha
s a ed
in
Tab.
1,
hese
colonies
being
in
ac
nume ically
s onges
agg ega ions
o
he
species
s udied
in
he
summe
season.
La e
on,
hei
numbe s
d op
because,
s a ing
om
mid-Augus ,
he
nu se y
colonies
begin
o
disin eg a e,
as
will be
desc ibed
in
he
chap e
on
popula ion.
By
he
numbe
o
membe s
he
smalles
a e
he
colonies
o
males
and
he
ju enile
colonies,
he
la e
ype
being
mo e
equen .
A
small
numbe
o
g own-up
males
can
be
ound
in
emale
and
nu se y
colo-
nies.
Besides
he
da a
summa ized
in
Tab.
1,
in
he
ca i ies
o
ees
indi idual
males
we e
ound
(3X),
a
pai
o
males
(IX),
and
a
male
and
a
emale
(2X).
The
colonies
o
N.
n.
we e
ound
in
ees
om
Ma ch
o
Oc obe ,
indi iduals
o
pai s
om
June
o
Oc obe .
The e
a e
no
inds
in
ees
du ing
he
win e
season
in
ou
ma e ial.
In
he
collec ions
o
he
Na ional
Museum
in
P ague
he e
a e
specimens
labelled
as
ound
in
hollow
ees
in
P ague
in
Janua y
and
in
"win e ";
as
a
as
could
be
es ablished,
he
espec i e
colonies
we e
disco e ed
in
he
ca i ies
o
a
migh y
lime- ee
and
a
beech;
hei
numbe ,
7
Tab.
2.
Species
o
ees
and
loca ion
o
holes
occupied
by
N.
noc ula
T ee
Heigh
o
he
en ance
opening
abo e
g ound,
m
Indi iduals
o
colonies
species
n
I"2
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
11-12
13-14
15-16
X
Indi iduals
o
colonies
oak
27
3
8
5
6
2
1
2
6.2
bo h
linden
8
3
3
2
— — —
—
_
3.2
bo h
alde
4
2
2
2.5
bo h
willow
3
1 1
— —
1
—
— —
4.8
bo h
aspen
2
—
1
—
1
—
— —
—
5.5
colonies
pine
2
—
1
—
1
— — — —
5.5
colonies
ash
1
—
—
1
— — — — —
5.5
colony
elm
1
— — — —
1
—
— —
9.0
colony
apple
1
1
2.0
colony
acacia
1
— —
1
—
—
— —
—
5.5
colony
maple
1
— —
1
— —
—
— —
5.0
colony
walnu
1 1
2.0
colony
sp uce
1 1
1.5
ind.
male
o al
53
12
16
10
8
4
1
—
2
5.1
bo h
howe e ,
is
no
exac ly
known
(G
a
i
s
1
e
1956,
Hanak,
Gaisle ,
Fi-
gala
1962).
Hu ka
(1973)
published
a
ind
o
1
male
behind
he
ba k
o
a
big
oak
in
Plzen
on
4
Dec.
The e
a e
some
mo e
epo s
abou
win e
inds
o
N.
n.
in
hollow
ees
by
wood
wo ke s
which,
howe e ,
canno
be
e i ied.
Tab.
2
summa izes
hose
inds
in
which
he
species
o
ee
is
known
and
he
heigh
o
he
en ance
measu ed
o
es ima ed.
Those
ba s
we e
ound
in
13
species
o
ees,
mos
equen
o
hem
being
he
oak
(50.9%
o
cases).
In
he
able
each
hollow
is
coun ed
only
once;
he
a e age
equency
o
oak
would
be
s ill
inc eased
i
epea ed
inds
in
he
same
hollows
we e
conside ed.
The
heigh
o
he
en ance
a ied
be ween
1
and
16
m,
he
accu acy
o
he
es ima e
d opping
wi h
inc easing
heigh .
The
a e age
heigh
o
he
ape u e
is
5.1
m,
bu
mo e
han
a
hal
(53.8
%)
o
he
occupied hollows
was
a
he
heigh
o
1
o
4
m.
As
o
a
possible
objec ion
ha
he
occupa ion
o
highe
si ua ed
ca i ies
can
be
egis e ed
less
easily
han
in
ca i ies
si ua ed
lowe ,
we
should
like
o
no e
ha
he
summe
colonies
o
N.
n.
u e
loud
sounds
du ing
day ime
(c/.,
S a mann
1968),
and
acca ding
o
ou
measu emen s
hose
u e ances
can
be
well
hea d
up
o
he
dis ance
o
20
m.
Thus,
he
p o-
babili y
o
disco e ing
highe
si ua ed
hollows
will
no
be
subs an ially
lowe
han
in
he
hollows
nea
g ound.
Excep ions
a e
cold
days
pa icula ly
a
he
beginning
and
a
he
end
o
he
pe iod
o
occu ence
o
N.
n.
in
ees;
i
is,
howe e ,
imp obable
ha
a
ha
e y
ime
he
ba s
should
seek
highe
si ua ed
hollows.
Only
single
indi iduals
can
be
missed,
because
'hey
u e
sounds
only
unde
special
ci cums ances.
This
me hodological
e o ,
pe aining
o
many
analogical
popula ion
s udies
on
ba s,
canno
be
elimina ed
so
a .
Besides
ca i ies
in
ees,
N.
n.
was
ound
in
ba
boxes
hung
up
on
ees
in
wo
s a ions:
he
Velky
Tisy
Pond,
sou he n
Bohemia,
and
he
ese e
Pod
T linou,
no he n
Mo a ia.
In
one
case
hey
we e
4
males;
in
ano he
case,
1
emale;
and
in
wo
cases
1
male,
all
o
hem
being
old
indi iduals.
The
las
men ioned
case
was
a
ba
hidden
be ween
he
back
wall
o
he
box
and
he
ee
unk.
In
o he
ee
shel e s
we
did
no
ind
hese
ba s,
bu
D .
Bal&
(B no)
in o med
us
on
his
obse a ion
o
4
indi iduals
behind
loose
back
o
a
pine
ee.
Buildings.
Finds
in
buildings
all
in o
he
pe iod
om
Augus
o
May
8
(Fig.
1)
so
ha ,
o
a
ce ain
ex en ,
hey
al e na e
wi h
he
inds
in
ees as
a
as
ime
is
conce ned.
The
a e age
numbe
o
indi iduals
in
one
shel e
was
highes
in
Decembe
and
Janua y.
Owing
o
he
ac
ha
shel e s
in
buildings
a e
o en di icul
o
ind,
he
da a
on
he
numbe s
and
especially
on
he
missing
o
N.
n.
mus
be
judged
ca e ully.
Fo
he
ime
being,
he e
is
no
e idence
o
he
occu ence
o
suckling
emales
and
non- lying
young,
so
ha
nu se y
colonies
do
no
seem
o
occu
in
buildings.
The
size
o
colonies
in
buildings
a ies
om
3
o
54
indi iduals,
he
a e age
being
10.7
indi iduals
pe
shel e ,
which
can
be
lowe
han
he
ac ual
alue.
The
colonies
ound
a e
o
only
wo
ypes:
mixed
and
male.
Mixed
colonies
( =13)
we e
ound
om
Augus
o
Ma ch,
including
all
componen s
o
he
popula ion
wi h
he
excep ion
o
non- lying
ju eniles.
Male
colonies
(n
=
10)
a e
known
only
om
he
au umn
season,
om
Sep embe
o
No embe .
In
u he
6
colonies
i
was
possible
o
ind
ou
nei he
he
composi ion
no
ie
numbe .
Besides,
he
ollowing
we e
ound
in
buildings:
1
male
in
h ee
cases,
2
males
in
4
cases
and
once
1
emale;
he
inds
a e
om
Ap il,
May,
Sep em-
be ,
Oc obe ,
and
No embe ,
espec i ely.
The
highes
numbe
o
inds
(n
=
29)
is
om
p e ab ica ed
houses
o
a
new
housing
es a e
in
P ague,
Zah adni
Mes o
(=
Ga den
Ci y).
The
la s
he e
a e
equipped
wi h
an
inbuil
ecess
in
he
ki chen
connec ed
wi h
he
ou side
h ough
a
na ow
en ila ion
sha ,
pa i ioned
om
inside
by
emo able
me al
shee .
The
ba s
hide
mos
equen ly
in
ha
sha
which
is
hea ed
in
win e .
The
occu ence
was
e idenced
om
he
i s
o
he
nin h
loo ,
mos
o en
on
he
hi d
and
on
he
six h
oo s
o
houses.
The
o al
si ua ion
is
shown
in
PI.
I.
Fu he
e idence
is
om
a
amily
house
a
Roz oky
nea
P ague
whe e
a
colony
o
N.
n.
was
hiding
in
he
space
be ween
he
ceiling
o
an
unoccupied
oom
and
a
la
oo
wi h
an
en ance
slo
o e
he
window.
We
go
o
he
place
only
a e
he
owne
had
closed
he
ape u e;
we
ob ained
2
emacia ed
males,
he
o he
indi iduals
had
p obably
pe ished.
The e
is
some
e idence
om
he
Ci y
o
B no.
Acco ding
o
sound
u e ances
a
win e
colony
was
hiding
in
a
bay
unde
he
oo
o
a
ou - loo ed
building
o
he
Medical
Fa-
cul y,
a
leas
om
Oc obe
o
Janua y
o
i e
successi e
win e s.
Ano he
supposed
colony
inhabi ed
a
space
abo e
he
ceiling
o
a
oom
on
he
i s
loo
o
a
house,
acco ding
o
un e i ied
s a emen s
o
local
people
" o
he
whole
yea ".
E idence
o
his
a e
d oppings
allen
ou
o
he
en ance
and,
besides,
a
male
N.
n.
which
lew
in o
he
oom
below
he shel e
in
Augus .
Besides,
h ee
imes
he e
we e
ound indi idual
males
c eeping
on
he
g ound
in
B no:
In
Oc obe ,
Janua y,
and
Ap il.
Ano he
ind
o
a
win e
colony
was
epo ed
by
Z.
Rumle
(Olomouc).
The
shel e
was
a
na ow
issu e
be-
ween
he
wooden
panelling
and
he
wall
o
a
window
ecess
on
he
second
loo
o
he
cas le
building
a
S e nbe k
(no he n
Mo a ia).
On
11
Feb.,
1976,
413
indi iduals
o
Pipis ellus
pipis ellus
we e
ound
he e,
1
emale
Vespe -
ilio
mu inus
which,
in
cap i i y,
bo e
2
young
( o
de ails
c/.,
Rumle
1977)
and
22
male
and
10
emale
N.
n.
And,
inally,
we
we e
supplied
wi h
wo
indi iduals
o
N.
n.
om
illages:
a
dead
male
ound
in
May
in
he
hall
o
a
a me 's
house
a
Pozc a in
( he
Ceskomo a ska
cho ina
Highland)
and
a
li ing
emale
which,
in
Oc obe ,
lew
ou
o
he
s o e
o
a
ec ea ion
co age
a
Celadna
( he
Beskydy
Moun ains).
La ge
se ies
o
skele al
emains
( hana ocolonies)
we e
ound
in
P ague
and
a
Teplice
(no he n
Bohemia).
In
building
adap a ions
o
he
o me
abbey
Na
Slo anech
in
P ague,
mo e
han
200
skele ons
o
N.
n.
we e
ound
in
9
a
b icked-up
ecess
high
in
he
a ic
u ned
owa ds
he
Vl a a
Ri e .
In
he
cas le
a
Teplice,
166
skele ons
o
N.
n.
we e
disco e ed
behind
a
me al
shee
co e
o
he
oo
co nice.
Bo h
cases
we e
mos
p obably
win e
colonies.
Besides
we
ound
o
we e
gi en
mummies
o
indi idual
specimens
which
had
lain
in
lo s
o
owe s
o
a ious
buildings.
O he
shel e s.
The
mos
ema kable
shel e ,
e idencing
he
occu -
ence
o
N
n.,
is
a
c ack
in
a
e ical
ock
wall
nea
S bsko
(cen al
Bohemia),
abou
50
m
abo e
he
wa e
le el
o
he
Be ounka
Ri e .
Acco ding
o
sound
u e ances,
a
colony
s ays
he e
a
leas
om
No embe
o
Janua y,
p obably
du ing
he
whole
pe iod
o
hibe na ion.
The
c ack
is
no
no mally
accessible,
wi h
he
kind
assis ance
o
moun ainee s,
2
emales
o
N.
n.
we e
caugh
he e
in
No embe .
The
si ua ion
is
shown
in
PI.
II
( igh ).
The
las
ind
was
made
by
d .
K.
Hudec
(B no)
in
a
eed
s and
o
P os edni
ybnik
Pond
(sou he n
Mo-
a ia).
In
May,
he
ound
he e
a
p egnan
emale
hung
up
a
a
clus e
o
Typha
s alks
1
m
abo e
he
wa e
le el.
The
indi idual,
which
we
could
examine,
did
no
show
any
symp oms
o
disease
and
was
able
o
ly.
Fligh
ac i i y,
hun ing
g ounds
N.
n.
belongs
o
ba s
ha ing
a
e y
cha ac e is ic
ou line
(G
a
i
s
1
e
1959)
and
way
o
lying.
The
cha ac e s
dis inguishing
his
species
in
he
ield
we e
e y
ins uc i ely
desc ibed
by
Klawi e
&
Vie haus
(1975).
In
his
chap e
we
only
summa ize hose
obse a ions
when
he
de e mina ion
o
he
species
is
beyond
doub ;
in
se e al
ins ances
i
was
e i ied
by
shoo ing,
ca ching
om
ca i ies
o
ne ing.
Flying
(hun ing)
indi iduals
we e
obse ed
om
Ap il
o
Oc obe .
F om Ap il
o
Sep embe ,
we
no ed
he
beginning
o
he
ligh
ac i i y
16
imes
acco ding
o
he
momen
o
lea ing
he
shel e ,
mos ly
a
ee
ca i y.
In
all
cases
he
ba s
lew
ou
only
a e
he
as onomical
sunse ;
he
di e ence wi h
espec
o
he
sunse
was
+
2
o
+
39
min.,
on
he
a e age
+
19
min.
In
culmina ing
summe ,
he
ba s
seem
o
lea e
he
shel e
ela i ely
la e ,
bu
due
o
a
small
numbe
o
obse a ions
we
do
no
conside
his
obse a ion
conclusi e.
In
i e
cases,
we
obse ed
hun ing
indi iduals
o
N.
n.
a
day ime
in
ull
ligh :
once
in
Ap il
(10
Ap .,
1973),
once in
Sep embe
(8
Sep .,
1972)
and
h ee
imes
in
Oc obe
(14
Oc .,
1973,
13
and
19
Oc .,
1974).
In
he
las
wo
cases
men ioned
unin e up ed
obse a ions
we e
ca ied
ou
om
12
o
14
h,
using
a
7X50
ieldglass.
Th oughou
he
obse a ion,
10
o
12
indi iduals
o
N.
n.
we e
lying
o e
he
s a ion
(ponds
and
su ounding
small
woods
nea
Lednice,
sou he n
Mo a ia).
The
heigh
o
he
ligh
was
es ima ed
o
be
20
m.
Du ing
he
nigh
o
12/13
Oc .
he e
had
been
a
hea y
ain;
du ing
he
nigh
o
18/19
Oc .,
he
empe a u e
was
as
low
as
—2
°C.
Du ing
he
obse a ions
he e
was
sunny
wea he
wi h
empe a u es
o
4
o
8
°C.
Due
o
he
ac
ha
he
s a ion
is
egula ly
isi ed
by
s uden
excu sions
a
he
beginning
o
Oc o-
be ,
obse a ions
o
his
kind
we e
also
ca ied
ou
in
subsequen
yea s
bu
in
spi e
o
using
s onge
elescopes,
he
esul
was
nega i e.
Hun ing
indi iduals
we e
obse ed
in
35
s a ions.
Mos
o
hem
(62.9
%)
all
o
ponds
and
hei
immedia e
su oundings;
hey
a e
bo h
ponds
si ua ed
in
woods
as
well
as
hose
be ween
ields
and
woods,
in
cas le
pa ks
and
a
he
ou ski s
o
owns
(P ague,
Zabehlice
—
K c).
The
majo i y
o
such
obse a ions
can
also
be
he
esul
o
he
o ien a ion
o
ou
esea ch.
We
u he
obse ed
N.
7i.
lying
o e
he
edges
o
woods,
wood
clea ings
and
oads,
old
lanes
and
10
ields.
Inside
he
buil -up
a eas
o
he
owns
hun ing
N.
n.
ha e
no
been
obse ed
so
a ,
al hough
a
sys ema ic esea ch
o
u ban
chi op e o aunae
is
in
p og ess
a
p esen .
In
ou
s udy
a ea,
we
me ed
ba s
in
9
s a ions
(al oge he
92
ne -nigh s),
bu
in
only
one
s a ion
did
we also
ge
hold
o
N.
n.
The
s a ion
is
he
pond
Hlad
nea
S udenec
( he
Ceskomo a ska
cho ina
Highland),
whe e
ne s
we e
pu
on
he
sho es
and
in
he
su oundings
o
he
pond.
In
1968
and
1969,
al oge he
17
males
and
2
emales
o
N.
n.
we e
ne ed,
always
in
he
same
ne
placed
ac oss
he
pond
sho e
in
such
a
way
ha
1
m
o
he
ne
was
on
sho e
and
5
m
abo e
he
wa e .
In
close
su oundings
he e
was
a
willow- ee
wi h
a
hollow
in
which
3
imes
a
male
colony
o
N.
n.
was
ound, coun ing
6
o
9
indi iduals.
A
he
ime
o
success ul
ne ing,
he
ca i y
was
mos ly
emp y
bu
banding
p o ed
ha
3
males
ha
had
been
hiding
in
he
hollow
we e
ne ed
la e
on.
Ne ings
and
indi ec
obse a ions
showed
ha
ound
he
willow- ee
he e
was
a
egula
ligh
ou e
a
he
heigh
o
1
o
3
m
abo e
he
wa e
su ace
o
he
pound.
In
all
o he
s a ions,
hun ing
N.
n.
we e
obse ed
a
leas
4
m
abo e
g ound,
as
a
ule
10
o
20
m
high.
Fig.
2.
Rep oduc i e
o gans
o
he
adul
male
in
June,
do sal
side.
Explana ions:
T,
es is;
E,
epididymis;
DD,
duc us
de e ens;
VS.
esicula
gland;
GA,
ampulla y
gland;
VU,
esica
u ina ia;
SU,
sinus
u ogeni alis;
GB,
bulbou e h al
gland;
P,
penis.
Rep oduc ion
Desc ip ion
o
ep oduc i e
o gans.
Since
we
did
no
ind
de ailed
desc ip ions
o
he
mo phology
o
geni al
o gans
o
N.
n.
in
li e a u e,
VU
11
we
gi e
hei
desc ip ion
he e
(Figs.
2,
3).
The
penis
o
he
male
is
co e ed
wi h
hai s
up
o
he
ip,
i
is
sligh ly
la ened
and
poin ed
a
he
end,
wi hou
a
p epu ium.
Inside
he
big
glans
penis
he e
is
a
od-like
os
penis.
The
sc o um
is
o med
only
in
he
unc ional
pe iod
in
dependence
o
he
descen
o
he
abdominally
posi ioned
es es
and
he
inc ease
in
he
olume
o
epidi-
dymides.
Bo h
hal es
o
a
sac-like
sc o um
a e
symme ically
adjacen
o
he
oo
o
he
ail,
es ing
i mly
in
he
u opa agium,
whe e
hey
a e
easy
o
see
en ally.
In
he
non- unc ional
pe iod
only
he
caudae
epididymidis
a e
si u-
a ed
in
ha
posi ion.
The
es is
is
o
he
usual
bean
shape
and
he
capu
epididymidis
is
a ached
o
i s
c anial
pa .
The
duc us
epididymidis
pene a es
in
nume ous
loops
bo h
he
capu
and
he
conside ably
long
cauda
epididymidis,
which
is
a ached
o
he
caudal
pa
o
he
es is.
Duc us
de e ens
is
long
and
conspicuous
when
ull
o
spe m
in
he
unc ional
pe iod,
simila ly
as
cauda
epididymidis.
Be o e
opening
in o
he
sinus
u ogeni alis,
he
o me
o ms
a
pa s
glandula is
duc us
de e en is
(ampulla
duc us
de e en is).
In
his
pa
o
he
male
ep oduc i e
ac ,
h ee
ana omically
and
his ologically
dis inc
glands
a e
si ua ed
do sal
o
he
bladde .
The
mos
conspicuous
pai ed
accesso y
glands
a e
conside ed
o
be
he
esicula
glands;
he
smalle
pai ed
glands
a e
conside ed
o
be
he
ampulla y
glands.
The
gland
si ua ed
medially
a
he
neck
o
he
bladde ,
hus
no
seen
in
Fig.
2,
is
he
p os a e.
Glandulae
bulbou e h ales
(Cowpe 's
glands)
a e
si ua ed
mo e
dis ally
a
he
oo
o
he
penis,
a
he
bounda y
o
he
pa s
pel ina
and
he
pa s
penis.
Fig.
3.
Rep oduc i e
o gans
o
he
adul
emale
a e
copula ion
in
Sep embe ,
en al
side.
Explana ions:
O,
o a y;
OV,
o iduc us;
CU,
co nus
u e i;
U,
u e us;
VU,
esica
u i-
na ia;
V,
agina;
VV,
ul a
and
aginal
issu e.
12
The emale
has
a
ans e sal
opening
o
he
ul a,
a
sho ened
and
la ened
cli o is,
an
inconspicuous
mons
ene is;
he
labia
a e
missing
and
he
pos -
and
ci cumanal
old
is
indis inc .
In
he
wid h
o
he
aginal
issu e
he e
is
a
clea
di e ence
be ween
nullipa ous
and
mul ipa ous
emales;
he
bo de
be ween
he
wo
g oups
is
1.5
mm.
The
agina
is
an
elonga ed
hick-walled
o gan
in o
whose
lumen
p o udes
he
ce ix
u e i.
The
u e us
is
o
he
bico nis
ype,
o med
by
he
co pus
u e i
and
he
co nua
u e ina.
Bo h
ho ns
a e
mo pho-
logically
as
well
as
unc ionally
equi alen
and
he
leng h
o
ei he
o
hem
in
non-p egnan
adul
emales
is
6.0
o
7.0
mm.
The
le
and
he
igh
o a y
a e
o
he
same
size,
in
adul
emales
hey
measu e
1.5
mm
on
he
a e age.
The
o iduc s
a e
sho
and
coiled.
The
spe m
is
s o ed
in
u e ine
ho ns
and
he
o iduc s.
An
impo an
addi ional
c i e ion
o
judging
whe he
he
emales
ake
pa
in
he
ep oduc ion
p ocess
a e
he
nipples,
papillae
mammae,
placed
nea
he
la e al
edge
o
he
supe icial
pa
o
musculus
pec o alis
majo .
In
mul ipa-
ous
emales
he
nipples
a e
much co ni ied
on
he
su ace,
elonga ed
and
hai less.
In
nullipa ous
emales,
bo h
ju enile
and
adul ,
he
nipples
esemble
hose
o
males,
wi h
no
signs
o
co ni ica ion,
hey
a e
poin -like
and
co e ed
wi h
ine
hai s.
Thei
leng h
is
di icul
o
measu e, bu
he
di e ence
is
mae oscopically
wel
pe cep ible.
Age
and
sexual
ma u i y.
The
c i e ia
used
o
he
de e mina ion
o
age
a e
suma ized
in
Tabs.
3
and
4.
The
sexual
ac i i y
o
males
is
conside ed
o
be
e idenced
by
he
p esence
o
spe m
in
he
cauda
epididymidis;
o
emales,
by
he
p esence
o
spe m
in
he
u e us,
by
p egnancy,
o
lac a ion.
The indi i-
duals
showing
con a y
signs
a e
e alua ed
as
sexually
inac i e.
In
calcula ing
he
age
wi h
he
p ecision
o
mon hs,
one
s a s
om
he
ac
ha
he
young
a e
bo n
wi hin
a
sho
ime
in e al
a
he
b eak
o
June
and
July.
The
age
Tab.
3.
Age
de e mina ion
o
males.
Explana ions:
colou
(o
pelage)
—
1,
da k
och eous;
2,
glossy
och eous;
3,
ligh
och eous;
ossi ica ion
—
1,
a
b oad
zone
o
ca ilago
epiphysa-
ia;
2,
a
na ow
zone
o
c.
epiphysa ia;
3,
ossi ica ion
comple ed;
eye
=
d y
mass
o
igh
eye;
ab asion
o
ee h
—
1,
none;
2,
medium;
3,
conside ably
wo n;
den in
laye s
=
numbe
o
den in
laye s
on
c oss-sec ion
h ough
igh
uppe
canine;
(1),
de eloping
i s
laye
Da e
Weigh
(g>
Co-
lou
Se-
xual
Ossi i-
Eye
Ab a-
sion
o
Den in
Age
Weigh
(g>
Co-
lou
ac i .
ca ion
(mg)
ee h
laye s
yea s
mon hs
13
Jan.
24.0
2
+
3
1.28
1
(1)
0
6
13
Jan.
21.0
2
+
3
1.32
1
(1)
0
6
12
June
23.5
3
—
3
1.66
3
2
11
12
June
25.0
3
—
3
1.52
3
2
11
10
July
27.0
3
—
3
1.70
3
5
5
0
6
Aug.
22.0
1
—
1
1.14
1
0
1
6
Aug.
22.8
1
—
1
1.18
1
0
1
9
Aug.
22.5
1
—
1
1.17
1
0
1
10
Sep .
31.2
3
+
3
1.42
2 2 2 2
10
Oc .
27.0
3
+
3
1.68
3 3 3
25
Oc .
28.0
2
+
2
1.11
1
0
4
25
Oc .
26.0
2
+
2
1.20
1
8
4
25
Oc .
27.0
2
+
2
1.10
1
0
4
12
No .
26.0
2
+
2
1.18
1
0
4
12
No .
23.5
2
+
2
1.13
1
0
1
0
4
12
No .
24.0
2
1
+
2
1.20
1
0 0
4
18
Dec.
22.0
2
+
3
1.12
1
0
0
5
18
Dec.
19.0
2
3
1.09
1
a,
0
5
13
is
ounded
down;
hus
an
indi idual
caugh
on
12
No .
which,
acco ding
o
he
age
c i e ia,
is
signi ican ly
younge
han
one
yea ,
has
li ed
minimally
om
mid-July,
and
is
he e o e
e alua ed
as
4
mon hs
old.
F om
i e
age
c i e ia
used
h ee
can
be
asce ained
when
handling
li ing
indi iduals
in
he
ield.
Fo
he
sho es
ime
one
can
use
he
ossi ica ion
o
long
bones
which
is
inished
a
he
age
o
abou
4
mon hs,
like
in
o he
ba s
(Ryba
1971).
The
di e ence
in
he
colo a ion
o
young
indi iduals
and
he
absence
o
den al
ab asion
can
be
obse ed
app oxima ely
up
o
he
end
o
he
i s
hibe na ion,
i.
e.,
up
o
he
age
o
abou
8
mon hs.
F om
May
onwa ds
(ma e ial
om
Ap il
is
missing),
he
colo a ion
o
young
and
old
indi iduals
is
he
same.
Den al
ab asion
in
he
yea lings
a e
he
i s
hibe na ion
can
be
smalle
han
in
some
old
indi iduals,
bu
his
sign
is
no
eliable.
In
Tab.
4
he e
a e
6
emales
om
May
o
July
in
which
medium
ab asion
was
ound
(deg ee
2).
These
emales
a e
o
a ying
ages,
om
10
mon hs
o
almos
4
yea s.
Also
his
conclusion
co esponds
o
in o ma ion
conce ning
some
o he
ba s
(c .,
Ba bou
&
Da is
1969).
Thus,
acco ding
o
ou e
signs,
he
age
o
N.
n.
can
be
exac ly
de e mined
a
mos
ill
he
sp ing
o
he
yea
ollowing
he
yea
o
hei
bi hs.
Tab.
4.
Age
de e mina ion
o
emales.
Explana ions
as
in
Tab.
3.
Da e
Weigh
Co-
Se-
xual
ac i .
Ossi i-
Eye
Ab a-
sion
o
ee h
Den in
Age
Da e
(g)
lou
Se-
xual
ac i .
ca ion
(mg)
Ab a-
sion
o
ee h
laye s
yea s
mon hs
13
Jan.
21.0
2
T
3
1.11
1
(1)
0
6
9
Ma ch
19.0
2
+
3
1.16
1
(1)
0
8
12
May
30.0
3
+
3
1.58
2
4
3
10
10
12
May
26.5
3
+
3
1.58
2
3
2
10
10
12
May
25.0
3
+
3
1.43
2
2
1
10
10
12
May
23.0
3
+
3
1.10
2
1
0
10
10
12
May
27.0
3
+
3
1.42
2
3
2
1
10
0
10
July
22.5
3
—
3
1.36
2
1
2
1
10
0
10
July
28.5
3
+
3
1.52
3 3 3
0
0
6
Aug.
20.9
1
—
1
1.17
1
—
3
0
1
1
1
6
Aug.
22.4
1
—
1
1.20
1
0 0
1
1
1
9
Aug.
19.0
1
—
1
1.20
1
—
0
0
1
1
1
9
Aug.
29.0
1
—
1
1.01
1
—
0
0
1
2
2
10
Sep .
31.0
3
+
3
1.41
3
—
2
1
2
2
10
Sep .
28.0
3
_U
3
1.51
3
—
3
2
1
2
2
10
Sep .
30.0
3
+
3
1.45
3
—
3
2 2
2
10
Sep .
28.0
3
+
3
1.35
3
—
1
1
0
2
2
10
Sep .
33.0
3
+
3
1.31
3
—
1
1
0
2
2
2
10
Sep .
28.0
2
+
2
1.19
1
—
1
1
0
2
2
2
10
Sep .
25.3
2
+
2
1.20
1
0 0
0
2
2
2
13
Oc .
16.0
2
+
2
1.28
1
—
0
0
3
25
Oc .
26.0
2
+
2
1.35
1
—
0
4
12
No .
25.0
2
+
2
1.19
1
—
0
4
8
Dec.
24.0
2
+
3
1.21
1
0
5
The
emaining
wo
c i e ia
can
only
be
used
in
he
labo a o y
a
au opsy.
As
a
as
we
a e
in o med
he
mass
o
he
lens
has
hi he o
been
used
o
de e mine
he
age
g oups
only
in
Tada ida
b asiliensis
(Pe y
&
He eid
1969);
his
sign
alone
does
no
enable
one
o
ecognize
he
age
in
yea s.
The
numbe
o
he
inc emen
laye s
o
den in
was
i s
used
by
Ch is ian
(1956)
in
Ep esicus
uscus
and
la e
by
Kle ezal'
&
Klejnenbe g
(1967)
in
se e al
species
o
he
auna
o
he
U.S.S.R.,
including
N.n.
The
la e
14
wo
au ho s
published
a
numbe
o
mic opho og aphs
o
ans e sal
as
well
as
longi udinal
sec ions
o
he
canines
o
N.
n.
o
di e en
ages
whose
minimum
age
had
been
known
in
ad ance
acco ding
o
he
esul s
o
banding.
Acco ding
o
u he
in o ma ion
(Rachma ulina,
in
li .),
he
me hod
was
e i ied
by
So ie
esea che s
on
ample
ma e ial
and
i
was
es ablished
ha
he
numbe
o
den in
laye s
ga e
he
age
in
yea s.
In
ou
ma e ial
(Tabs.
3,
4)
he e
a e
4
specimens
in
which
no
inc emen
laye
o
den in
was
ound.
Acco ding
o
all
c i e ia
and
he
da e
o
ca ching,
hei
maximum
age
is
abou
4
mon hs.
In
u he
5
specimens
one
o ming
laye
o
den in
was
ound.
Thei
age
—
again
acco ding
o
all
c i e ia
—
is
5
o
8
mon hs.
One
dis inc
laye
o
den in
was
ound
in
2
emales;
acco ding
o
he
da e
o
ca ch,
he
i s
o
hem
is
10,
he
o he
12
mon hs
old.
The
e-
maining
7
specimens
ha e
2
o
5
den in
laye s.
Acco ding
o
o he
signs
hei
ages
canno
be
es ima ed,
wi h
one
excep ion,
iz.,
ha
hey
a e
olde
han
1
yea .
Besides
he
ma e ial
used
o
he
s udy
o
ep oduc ion
we
ob ained
an
indi idual
whose
minimum
age
was
known
hanks
o
banding:
he
male
had
been
banded
on
23
Jun.,
1969
and
ound
ecen ly
dead
on
11
May,
1971.
Acco ding
o
he
da e
o
banding
i s
age
mus
ha e
been
a
leas
11
mon hs,
bu
mos
p obably
1
yea ,
so
ha
a
he
ime
o
dea h
i s
age
was
almos
3
yea s.
In
he
sec ion
h ough
i s
canine
he e
a e
h ee
dis inc
inc emen
laye s
o
den in.
All
he
abo e
ac
p o e
ha
he
numbe
o
laye s
o
den in
is,
o
he
ime
being,
he
mos
eliable
c i e ion
o
ba
age.
Tha
is
why
we
used
i
o
e i y
he
las
c i e ion,
he
d y
mass
o
he
eye,
as
shown
in
Fig.
4.
The
g aph
includes
also
specimens
in
which
oo h
sec ions
ha e
no
been
made,
bu
whose
age
is
unques ionable
—
al oge he
young
animals.
The
g aph
shows
ha
he
sca e
o
he
alues
o
d y
eye
mass
is
g ea ,
pa icula ly
wi h
he
younges
specimens,
bu
he
o e all
end
o
mass
inc emen
is
in
co ela ion
wi h
age.
This
sign
can,
he e o e,
be
used
as
an
auxilia y
one
in
specimens
olde
han
one
yea ,
whe e
oo h
sec ions
could
no
be
made.
Since
he
combina ion
o
all
c i e ia
enables
one
o
de e mine
he
age
o
he
whole
sample
wi h
g ea
p obabili y,
we
ha e
eliable
da a
a ailable
o
ollow
Fig.
4
(le ).
Co ela ion
be ween
he
mass
o
d y
eye
(o dina e)
and
age
de e mined
ac-
co ding
o
he
da e
o
collec ion
and
he
numbe
o
den in
laye s
on
sec ion
h ough
C
(abscissa).
Fig.
5
( igh ).
Sexual
ac i i y
o
males
in
he
cou se
o
he
yea
acco ding
o
he
mass
o
he
es es,
epididymides,
and
esicula
glands
(=
semin.
esicle).
In
compa ison
wi h
Tab.
3
one
old
malq
ob ained
la e
was
added
in
Janua y.
15
(Mislin
&
Vische
1942,
Bu o skij
1974,
and
o he s),
in
ock
c acks
(Ba bu
&
Sin
1968)
as
well
as
in
hollow
ees
(Slui e
&
al.
1973)
is
simila .
The
co esponding
da a
conce ning
he
mic oclima e
o
he
summe
shel e s
a e
no
a ailable
so
a .
The
choice
o
summe
shel e s
is
ce ainly
in luenced
by
he
equi emen s
o
an
en i onmen
o e ing
sui able
and
su -
icien
ood
supply.
Tha
is
why
hollow
ees
emain
he
main
shel e s
o
sum-
me
colonies,
pa icula ly
o
nu se y
colonies
which
a e
he
mos
conse a i e
componen
o
popula ions.
On
he
whole,
N.
n.
has
well
adap ed
i sel
o
he
ci iliza ion
p essu e
and,
in
places,
i
g adually
u ns
owa ds
he
hemisynan-
h opic
way
o
li e.
E en
i
he
changes
in
abundance
o
he
species
in
ime
ha e
no
been
eliably
eco ded,
we
can,
wi h
g ea
p obabili y,
conside
N.
.
o
be
one
o
he
leas
endange ed
ba s
o
Eu ope.
Hun ing
ac i i y
Al eady
Blasius,
Koch,
Al um,
Kolena i,
and
o he
exac
ob-
se e s
o
he
19 h
cen u y
ound
ha
N.n.
lies
quickly
wi h
a
compa a i ely
si
aigh
ligh ,
mos ly
a
he
le el
o
ee
c owns
o
highe .
The
ligh
appa a-
uses
ully adap ed
o
ha
(Gaisle
1959).
Besides
gene al
in o ma ion
in
di e en
monog aphs
(Rybe g
1947,
Kuz'akin
1950,
N
a
u
s
ch
k
e
1960,
•
j
?
k™o e
1963)
i s
ways
o
lying
and
he
hun ing
ac i i y
a e
desc ibed
in
de ad
by
Klawi e
&
Vie haus
(1975).
Acco ding
o
hose
au ho s,
he
ac i i y
o
N.
n.
s a s
ea lie
han
in
mos
o
he
o he
Eu opean
ba s,
as
a
ule
se e al minu es
o
1
h
a e
sunse .
In
sp ing
and
in
au umn,
he
ligh
ac i i y
s a s
ea lie
han
in
high
summe ,
and
a
he
end
o
Sep embe
and
in
Oc obe
i
can
begin
e en
be o e
sunse .
The
ligh
speed
a ies
om
30
o
54
km
pe
h
(16
measu emen s).
In
he
wood
en i onmen
N.n.
hun s
a
he
heigh
o
abou
15
m;
abo e
open
e ain
such
as
ields
o
lakes,
20
o
70
m;
on
he
a e age,
31
m
(28
obse a ions).
Unde
ce ain
ci cums ances,
such
as
m
hun ing
low- lying
p ey
o
in
s ong
wind,
hese
ba s
ly
lowe .
This
co e-
sponds
wi h
he
obse a ions
by
C anb ook
&
Ba e
(1956)
who
mis -ne ed
low
lying
N.n.,
aking
house
c icke s
as
hey
lew
om
a
muni-
cipal
dump.
A
ypical
hun ing
g ound
o
N.n.
is
in
he
wood,
abo e
all,
in
ood
clea ings
and
on
wood
edges.
Owing
o
hei
g ea
ac ion
adius,
hese
ba s
can
be
me
as
a
as
6
km
om
he
nea es
wood
o e
ields,
wa e
a eas,
o
in
ou ski s
o
illages.
Inside
majo
owns,
N.
n.
does
no
hun
e en
i
i s
shel e s
a e
si ua ed
he e.
Ou
indings
ully
ag ee
wi h
he
in o ma ion
ob-
ained
by
he
abo e-men ioned
au ho s.
O
all
Eu opean
ba s,
lying
N.n.
we e
compa a i ely
mos
equen ly
ob-
se ed
du ing
day ime.
Due
o
he
ac
ha
some imes
i
was mo e
indi iduals
and
mos
cases
like
ha
we e
obse ed
in
la e
summe
and
in
au umn
some
au ho s
conside ed
his
o
be
co ela ed
wi h
mig a ion.
Al hough
al eady
Loh l
(19oo)
was
looking
o
a
mo e
p obable
explana ion
o
his
ac i i y
m
hun ing
o
ood,
epo s
on
„day ime
mig a ions"
o
N.n.
ha e
appea ed
e en
ecen ly
(Reichhc.I
1976).
The
p oblem
was
deal
wi h
in
de ail
by
K zanowski
(1959)
who
lis ed
a
la ge
numbe
o
obse a ions
bu
did
no
a i e
a
an
unambiguous
explana ion.
I
he
cause
o
he
day ime
ac i i y
we e
cold
nigh s
o
o he wise
un a ou able wea he ,
he e
would
be
a
mo
e
obse a ions
o
his
kind.
On
he
o 'he
hand,
i
is
conspicuous
ha
a
Sea
majo i y
o
he
obse a ions
we e
made
du ing
clea
sunny
days.
28
In
ou
opinion,
i
is
necessa y
o
di e en ia e
acco ding
o
he
season
o
he
yea
and
he
beha iou
o
he
ba s
lying
a
day ime.
The
day ime
ligh
ac i i y
in
win e
o
in
mid-summe
can
be
due
o
he
dis u bance
o
indi i-
duals
in
hei
shel e s,
o
possibly
due
o
abno mal
beha iou
o
abe an
(e.
g.,
sick)
indi iduals.
On
he
o he
hand,
ligh s
on
clea
au umn
o
sp ing
days,
when
indi iduals
o
whole
g oups
a e
on
he
wing
egula ly
and
o
a
long
ime
o e
a
ce ain
s e ch,
mus
be
mo i a ed
by
ood.
Such
beha iou
has
been
obse ed
se e al
imes
e en
wi h
Pipis ellus
pipis ellus
and
Ep esicus
se o inus
(Gaisle ,
unpublished).
In
no
case
do
we
see
any
eason
why
ba s
like
N.
n.
should,
in
mo emen s
o
mig a ions,
ly
a
day ime
when
hey
a e
exposed
o much
g ea e
dange
om
p eda o s
han
a
nigh .
The
iming
o
he
nigh
ac i i y
has
no
been
exac ly
in es iga ed;
p eli-
mina ily
i
seems
ha
unde
no mal
ci cums ances
N.
n.
hun s
mainly
du ing
he
i s
hal
o
he
nigh .
In
he
aspec
o
he
whole
yea ,
he
ac i i y
las s
app oxima ely
om
Ap il
o
he
beginning
o
Oc obe .
The e
a e,
o
cou se,
local
di e ences.
In
he
cen al
zone
o
he
Eu opean
pa
o
he
U.S.S.R.,
popula ions
o
his
species
which
a e
mig a o y
s ay
om
mid-Ap il
o
la e
Sep embe
(Kuz'akin
1950,
Pan'u in
1963).
In
he
sou he n
egions
o
he
U.S.S.R.,
indi iduals
we e
obse ed
on
he
wing
om
Ma ch
o
la e
Oc o-
be .
In
sou hwes e n
Ge many,
acco ding
o
Roe
(1977),
N.
n.
sea ch
o
win e
shel e s
as
la e
as
om
mid-No embe .
Rep oduc ion
Fo
lea ning
abou
he
popula ion
ecology
o
he
species,
he
mos
impo an
in o ma ion
conce ns
he
ime
o
sexual
ma u i y,
li e
size,
and
he
pe cen age
o
ep oducing
emales.
Al eady
Bels
(1952)
no iced
ha
"se e al
one-yea
old
emales
a e
ound
among
he
p egnan
ones"
and
some
o
hem
a e
" e y
likely
p egnan ".
He
is,
howe e ,
o
he
opinion
ha
"i
does
no
ye
jus i y
he
conclusion
ha
he
emales
each
ma u i y
a e
one
yea ".
C anb ook
&
Ba e
(1965)
ound,
on
he
basis
o
ne ings
ca ied
ou
o
se e al
yea s,
ha
" i e
ce ainly
and
six
p obably
ou
o
ou een
emales
eached
sexual
ma u i y
in
he
yea
o
hei
bi h".
As
o
he
males,
hey
judge
ha
hey
do
no
ma u e
du ing
he
i s
yea .
Kleiman
(1969),
K
lei
man
&
Racey
(1969),
Racey
(1970)
and
Racey
&
Kleiman
(1970)
published
he
esul s
o
hei
in es iga ions
on
he
ep oduc ion
o
he
species
unde
labo-
a o y
condi ions.
Two
ou
o
i e
emale
N.
n.
bo n
in
cap i i y
we e
obse ed
o
ma e
when
hey
we e
abou
3
mon hs
old,
and
bo h
ga e
bi h
when
one
yea
old.
In
he
males
he
i s
spe ma ogenesis
akes
place
p obably
as
la e
as
a
he
age
o
1
yea ,
acco ding
o
he
abo e
au ho s.
F om
he
pape s
by
Pan'u in
(1963,
1970),
hough
hey
a e
in
ac
only
abs ac s
o
unpublished
oluminous
da a,
i
is
possible
o
judge
ha
all
yea ling
emales
ake
pa
in
he
ep oduc ion
p ocess
and
bea
young
a
he
age
o
one
yea .
The
au ho
does
no
gi e
his
opinion
on
he
sexual
ma u a ion
in
males.
These
da a
p o e
ha
N.
n.
emales
can
ma u e
du ing
he
i s
yea
o
hei
li e.,
Basing
on
ou
own
esul s,
we
belie e
ha
in
ac
all
yea ling
emales
d
o
ma u e,
bu
only
pa
o
hem
gi e
bi h
o
and
b ing
up
he
young
a
he
age
o
one
yea .
To
es ima e
he
pe cen age
o
emales
gi ing
bi h
o
young
a
ha
ime
he
a ailable
samples
a e
oo
small.
This
ac ion
may
cons i u e
40
o
100%,
being
smalle
in
England
han
in
Cen al
and
29
Eas e n
Eu ope.
S ill
g ea e
di e ences
appea
in
judging
he
males,
as,
unlike
B i ish
au ho s,
we
ound
conclusi e
signs
o
sexual
ac i i y
in
mos
yea ling
males
s udied
in
his
espec .
In
spi e
o
his
ac ,
young
males
do
no
pa icipa e
in
he
ep oduc ion
and
emain
in
ju enile
colonies.
Fo
he
p ese -
a ion
o
he
popula ion
hei
pa icipa ion
is
no
necessa y,
since
old
males
ma e
wi h
se e al
emales
each,
as
will be
desc ibed
when
discussing
he
popula ion.
In
one
li e
he e a e
1
o
2,
a ely
e en
3
young
(R
y
b
e g
1947).
Acco d-
ing
o
Blackmo e
(1963)
in
England,
li e s
wi h
1
young
a e
he
ule,
whe eas
on
he
con inen
i
is
2
young.
In
he
ma e ial
o
Kleiman
&
Ra-
cey
(1969)
one
pa ous
emale
gi es
bi h
o
an
a e age
o
1.3
young;
one
nullipa ous
emale,
1.0
young.
Slui e
&
Hee d
(1966)
published,
among
o he s,
he
esul s
o
hei
sampling
nu se y
colonies
in
he
la e
hal
o
July
when
he
young
al eady
lew
ou
o
he
ca i ies.
In
ha
sample
(n
=
155)
he e
all
1.2
young
o
1
emale.
E en
hough
he
numbe
can
be
educed
due
o
he
ac
ha
no
all
young
lew
ou
ye ,
his
numbe
ob ained
in Holland
app o-
aches
he
da a
om
England.
Pan'u in
(1963,
1970)
e alua ed
se e al
samples:
ou
o
15
emales
o
unknown
age,
60%
had
wo
and
40%
one
emb yo;
ou
o
9
yea ling
emales,
22
%
had
wo
and
78
%
one
emb yo;
and
4
old
emales
had
2
emb yos
each.
In
nu se ies
he
ound
1.8
o
1.9
young
pe
1
emale.
Ou
da a,
pa icula ly
he
es ima e
acco ding
o
he
big
sample
om
nu se ies,
app oach
mos
closely
hose
o
Pan'u in.
As
o
he
a e age
numbe
o
ep oducing
emales,
he
esul s
ob ained
in
England
also
di e
om
he
obse a ions
in
he
So ie
Union
and
Czecho-
slo akia.
Ou
o
58
emales
—
mos ly
o
unknown
age
—
examined
by
C an-
b ook
&
Ba e
(1965),
only
83
%
pa icipa ed
in
he
ep oduc ion
in
he
pa icula
yea .
In
he
ma e ial
ob ained
by
Racey
&
Kleiman
(1969),
he
pe cen age
o
emales
bea ing
he
young
was e en
lowe :
44%
in
pa ous
and
25
%
in
nullipa ous
emales,
bu
he
esul s
can
be
dis o ed
due
o
labo-
a o y
condi ions.
On
he
o he
hand,
all
emales
(n
=
26)
dissec ed
by
Pan'
u-
in
(1963,
1970).
a
he
ime
o
expec ed
p egnancy
we e
p egnan .
Besides
a small
sample
o
emales
dissec ed
in
May
(n
=
5,
all
o
hem
p egnan ),
we
can
use
a
big
sample
o
li ing
emales
examined
in
June,
when
he
p oo
o
p egnancy
(acco ding
o
hei
body
mass
and
by
he
palpa ion
me hod)
o
lac a ion
(acco ding
o
he
s a e
o
hei
nipples)
is
doub less.
In
his
sample
(n
=
172),
90%
o
emales
we e
p egnan
o
lac an ,
10%
emales
wi hou
any
signs
o
p egnancy
o
lac a ion.
The
emales
o
he
second
g oup
we e
nullipa ous,
and
hus
wi h
g ea es
p obabili y
o me
yea lings.
The
i s
g oup
mus
ha e
also
included
a
pa
o
o me
yea ling
emales,
bu
hei
eliable
dis inguishing
a
ha
ime
is
no
longe
possible.
F om
he
abo e
analysis
i
is
e iden
ha
he
ep oduc i e
a e
is
lowes
in
England
and
p obably
also
in
he
Ne he lands
and
highes
in
he
cen al
bel
o
he
Eu opean
pa
o
he
U.S.S.R.
(Pan'u in's
ma e ial
comes
mos ly
om
he
Vo onez
S a e
Rese e).
The
ep oduc i e
a e
o
he
popula ion
o
N.
n.
s udied
in
Czechoslo akia
lies
be ween
he
wo
ex emes,
bu
i
ap-
p oaches
mo e
he
si ua ion
in
he
U.S.S.R.
On
he
whole,
he
ep oduc i e
a e
is
high
as
compa ed
o
many
o he
ba
species:
quick
sexual
ma u a ion,
equen
bi hs
o
wins,
and
a
high
pe cen age
o
ep oducing
emales.
This
phenomenon
is
ce ainly
in
co ela ion
wi h
ela i ely
high
losses
esul ing
om
hibe na ion
in
li le
p o ec ed
shel e s
and om
g ea
mig a ion
ac i i y
o
he
species.
30
Al hough
no
de ailed
wo k
has
been
done
on
he
ep oduc ion
cycle
o
N.
n.,
he e
is
a
lo
o
in o ma ion
conce ning
he
pa ial
aspec s
o
his
p ocess,
pa icula ly
in
he
pape s
quo ed
abo e.
I
hose
da a
a e
supplemen ed
by
ou
own
esul s,
o
he
ime
being
he
mos
comple e,
we
can
econs uc
he
whole
ep oduc ion
cycle
o
he
wo
sexes.
The
esul ing
pic u e
is
gi en
in
Fig.
9.
• • •
copula ion
?
epididymis
esicula
gland
es is
copula ion
?
o ula ion
es us
subes us subos us
'/G aa .
ollicla
'<'//////
G aa .
ollicle
lac a ion
/
co pus
lu eum
1
j' 'm'a'm'j'j'a's'o'n'd1
Fig.
9.
A
schema ic
ep esen a ion
o
he
ep oduc i e
cycle
o
sexually
ma u e
males
and
emales
o
N.
noc ula.
The
dashed
pa s
ep esen
he
pe iod
o
hibe na ion.
Popula ion
Mos ^
da a
published
on
he
composi ion
o
he
popula ion
conce n
he
sex
a io.
The
da a
on
he
sex
a io
among
g own-up
indi iduals
in
he
summe
season
a e
biased
in
a ou
o
emales.
Mo e
ealis ic
a e
da a
conce ning
he
sex- a io
in
he
ju eniles.
Bels
(1952)
ound,
in
a
la ge
sample
(n
=
384),
44
/0
o
males
and
56%
o
emales.
Slui e
&
Hee d
(1966)
ound,
in
a
July
sample
(n
=
85),
43.5%
o
males
and
56.5%
o
emales;
in
an
Augus
sample
(n
—94),
49%
males
and
51%
emales;
in
Sep embe
(71
=
23),
91%
males
and
9
0
emales.
Kleiman
(1969)
s a es,
among
young
bo n
in
cap i-
i y
(n
—
19),
47%
males
and
53%
emales.
The
hi he o
g ea es
sample
o
young
was
ob ained
by
Pan'u in
(1970),
(n
=
2,028),
o
which
males
cons i-
u ed
51
/o
and
emales
49%.
These
da a,
oge he
wi h
ou s,
show
ha
he
sex
a io
among
he
young
is
mo e
o
less
balanced.
The
inc easing
numbe
o
males
in
he
ju enile
colonies
in
he
cou se
o
summe ,
ound ou
conco dan ly
by
he
Du ch
au ho s
and
by
ou sel es,
will be
explained
below.
31
F om
he
summe
ma e ial
o
g own-up
indi iduals,
pa icula ly
he
sample
o
C anb ook
&
Ba e
(1965)
is
wo h
men ioning;
i
was
no
ob ained
by
ca ching
he
ba s
om
hei
shel e s,
bu
h ough
mis -ne ing.
As
s a ed
by
he
au ho s
hemsel es,
he e
is
no
eason
why
one
sex
should
be
mis -ne ed
mo e
equen ly
han
he
o he .
In
he
whole
sample
(n
=
319),
ob ained
in
he
cou se
o
h ee
successi e
g owing
seasons,
he
males
cons i-
u ed
48
%,
he
emales
52
%.
This
mo e
o
less
balanced
and
expec ed
sex
a io
did
no ,
howe e ,
conce n
he
samples
o
he
successi e
mon hs:
in
June,
and
o
a
lesse
ex en
also
in
July,
emales
p e ailed
in
he
mis -ne ed
sample;
in
Augus
he
sex
a io
was
balanced;
and
in
Sep embe ,
bu
pa icula ly
in
Oc obe
he
males
p e ailed.
The
au ho s
explain
his
phenomenon
by
he
ac
ha
in
he
s a ion
mos
emales
appea ed
ea lie
in
summe
han
males
bu ,
on
he
o he
hand,
he
males
le
he
s a ion
la e
in
au umn.
Fo
ou
conside-
a ion
i
is
essen ial
o
s a e
ha
he
o e all
sample
o
he
abo e
au ho s
e y
much
app oaches
he
ideal
a io,
hus
suppo ing
he
hypo hesis
o
he
e en
ep esen a ion
o
males
and
emales
among
g own-up
indi iduals
in
he
summe
popula ions.
Ou
small
sample
o
mis -ne ed
indi iduals
(n
=
19),
in
which
he
males
p edomina e
s ongly,
is
dis o ed
by
he
exis ence
in
he
neighbou hood
o
a
ca i y
used
as
a
shel e
by
a
male
colony.
Unlike
he
samples
ob ained
om
summe
shel e s
he
samples
om
he
hibe nacula
should
heo e ically
in ol e
bo h
sexes
e enly,
as
he
colonial
oos ing
and o ma ion
o
dense
clus e s
is
necessa y
o
bo h
sexes
o
su i e
in
li le
p o ec ed
places
(S1
u
i
e
&
al.
1973).
Loh l
(1936)
caugh
55
indi iduals
om
a
shel e
in
a
building,
among
which
he e
we e
53
%
males
and
47
%
emales.
B
e
1
s
(1952)
quo es
a
sample
om
a
ee
ca i y
(n
=
34)
wi h
71%
males
and
29%
emales.
Kepka
(1962)
ound,
in
wo
colonies
in
ee
hollows
(n
=
120),
64
%
males
and
36
%
emales.
I
is
in e es ing
o
no e
ha
one
o
he
colonies
con ained
admixed
indi iduals
o
Pipis ellus
pi-
pis ellus,
as
in
a
colony
men ioned
by
us
(S e nbe k
cas le)
whe e,
on
he
o he
hand,
a
smalle
colony
o
N.
n.
was
admixed
in
a
big
colony
o
P.
pipis ellus.
Gauckle
&
K aus
(1966)
ound,
in
a
colony
in
a
building
(n
=
53),
57
%
males
and
43%
emales,
and
in
a
colony
si ua ed
in
a
hollow
ee
(n=31),
58
%
males
and
42
%
emales.
Hee d
&
Slui e
(1965)
and
S
1
u
i
e
&
Hee d
(1966)
ob ained
ma e ial
om
ou
hibe na ing
qua e s
in
hollow
ees
(n
=
209),
in
which
he
males
cons i u ed
59
%
and
he
emales
41
%.
And,
inally,
Ba bu
&
Sin
(1968)
in
a
sample
om
a
ock
c ack
(n
=
228)
ound
36
%
males
and
64
%
emales.
The
su ey
shows
ha
males
p edomina e
in
all
samples
om
Wes e n
and
Cen al
Eu ope, i espec i e
o
whe he hey
come
om
ees
o
buildings.
This
opposes
he
possibili y
conjec u ed
by
us
in
analysing
ou
own
ma e ial,
iz.,
ha
he
emales
should
p e e
o
hibe na e
in
ees,
males
in
buildings.
Ano he
possibli y,
iz.,
ha
pa
o
he
emales
—
o
mo e
emales
han
males
—
mig a e
o
hibe na ion
o
he
sou h,
would
be
suppo ed
by
he
sex
a io
ound
in
Rumania
(Ba bu
&
Sin
1968).
In
his
connec ion
i
is
in e es ing
o
no e
ha
he
So ie
au ho s
(S elko
1969,
Pan'u in
1970)
belie e
ha
he
egions
a
he
no he n
limi
o
he
ange
o
he
species,
whe e
hibe na ion
is
no
possible,
a e
popula ed
mainly
by
emales,
whe eas
mos
o
he
males
s ay
mo e
o
he
sou h.
This
would
be
suppo ed
by
he
ac
ha
long
mig a ion
ligh s,
300
o
1,600
km,
we e
e idenced
chie ly
in
emales,
e en
i
i
is
necessa y
o
ake
in o
conside a ion
he
possible
dis o ion
due
o
he
majo i y
o
emales
in
he
sample
o
banded
indi iduals.
Pe
analogiam
wi h
32
TES
oun
o
e idence
°
Will
be
desc ibed
in
de ail
ela ions
m
he
la e
summe
samples,
i
equen ly
si s
s aigh
in
he
ca i
eni on
sounds,
he
male
mos
shel e .
The
whole
beha iou
is
ha
o
I
Y
he
lieS
a ound
he
sexually
ac i e
emales.
y
hlS
*****
and
lu in§
up
o
se e al
weeks,
whl eas
he
ema ,
4
T*®
°
a
long
ime'
Besides
he
"singing"'malTaLe
^
*
o
2
***
ing
o
1
male
and
1
o
20
emales
usuall
4
o
I
i
o
shel e s
consis -
sumn e ,
bu
in
*53^
«
cjss a
I
a e
insemina ed
al eady
a
he
beeinninJ„
c
£®males
°
he
a
conspicuous
dec ease
o
iu enile
Pmai
Sep embe .
This
co esponds
o
be ,
ound
conco dan ly
by
heDu ehau ^
Tl
agg ega ions
in
Sep em^
ha
in Wes e n
anTcenSlEu nn^hI
,
u
by
US'
We
belie e
ma ing
qua e s,
p^babT
howe e
hT
*
•
h"
^
m°TC
<°
h*
emales.
'
some
delay
in
compa ison
wi h
old
indi idua s1
bm
™
*
°
®™p
all
au ho s,
he
explana ions
o e ed
b
hemWmS
i-«S°n
W3S
es abllshed
by
-
-
-
hey
we e
bo n
and
dispe se
o e
a
The
emales,
howe e ,
e u n
e e y
yea
o
he
egion
whe e
hey
we e
bom.
The
o al
numbe
o
g own-up
males
and
emales
cons i u ing
he
subpopula-
ion
s udied
is
p obably
he
same
acco ding
o
he
Du ch
au ho s.
The e
is
no
conclusi e
e idence
o
whe he
o
no
he
membe s
o
one
sex
a e
mo e
bound
o
he
place
o
hei
bi h
han
hose
o
he
o he
sex;
again,
his
ques ion
emains
open
o
dispu e.
The
only
known
ac
is
ha
he
wo
sexes
o en
change
hei
summe
shel e s.
Acco ding
o
Pan'u
in
(1970),
25%
o
he
young
pe ish
in
he
cou se
o
he
i s
h ee
weeks,
and
ill
au umn
he e
su i es
app oxima ely
1
young
pe
1
emale.
The
yea ly
mo ali y
a e
o
emales
is
46%.
These
numbe s
wi hou
any
speci ica ion
o
he
ini ial
da a
do
no
ha e
a
signi ican
cha ac e ,
especially
i
we
know
how
he
composi ion
o
he
samples
can
be
dis o ed
when
compa ed
o
he
ac ual
popula ion
s uc u e
in
he
espec i e
a ea.
Owing
o
an
ex ao dina ily
low
pe cen age
o
eco e ies
o
banded
indi iduals
o
N.
n.,
none
o
he
au ho s
has
a
ep esen a i e
sample
o
e alua e
he
age
s uc u e
o
he
popula ion.
Tha
is
why
he
p oblem
o
mo ali y
a e
in
he
di e en
age
classes
and
he
d awing
up
o
li e
ables
mus
be
le
o
a
la e
elabo a ion.
Only
hen
will
i
be
possible
o
judge
he
popula ion
u no e
and
he
p oduc ion
o
he
species.
Ye
he e
is
one
impo an
p oduc ion
pa ame e
a ailable,
iz.,
he popula-
ion
densi y.
I
is
he
mo e
aluable,
because
he
es ima es
o
popula ion
densi y-
ha e
so
a
been
ca ied
ou
in
only
a
ew
species
and
a eas
conce ning
he
Eu opean
ba s
(c .,
Gaisle
1975).
In
he
case
o
N.
n.
he e
exis
wo
mo e
da a
besides
ha
o
his
pape
(Tab.
7).
Pan'u in
(1970)
gi es
he
popula-
ion
densi y
o
N.
n.
in
he
Vo onez
S a e
Rese e
on
an
expe imen al
plo
o
3.5
km2;
in
July
he e
li ed
75
o
80
indi iduals
pe
km2,
o
abou
0.77
ind.
pe
ha.
The
au ho
no es
ha
he
species
is
pa icula ly
abundan
in
ha
a ea,
he
a e age
popula ion
densi y
in
he
whole
ese e
being
lowe .
De ails
o
he
calcula ion
a e
no
gi en.
Pan'u in's
es ima e
does
no
di e
om
ou s
as
o
he
o de
o
magni ude,
and
he e o e
one
can
assume
ha
in
he
Vo on£3:
egion
he
species
is
app oxima ely
as
nume ous
as
in
sou he n
Bohemia
in
summe .
The
alues
be ween
0.3
o
0.7
ind.
pe
ha
will
p obably
hold
o
op imum
habi a s
o
he
species
in
gene al.
S ill
highe
a
alue
is
gi en
by
Gaisle
(FIBRC
Abs ac s,
Nai obi
1975)
who
made
an
es ima e
on
an
a ea
o
40
ha
nea
he
own
o
Sibiu
in
Rumania.
On
he
a ea
se e al
colonies
we e
ound
which
we e
no
dis u bed
and
he
es ima e
was
made
acco ding
o
he
numbe
o
lying
indi iduals
wi h
concu en
ne ing.
The
obse a ions
we e
acili a ed
by
he
ac
ha
he
a ea
is
a
camping
si e
illumina ed
a
nigh .
The
esul ing
alue
o
2
ind.
pe
ha
shows
ha
in
he
locali y
he e
was
an
ex a-
o dina y
concen a ion
o
he
species
in
la e
summe
(obse ed
om
28
Aug.
o
2
Sep .). I espec i e
o
a
e y
sui able
habi a
—
an
old
oak
s and
—
he
eason
o
his
high
concen a ion
o
N.
n.
can
be
seen
in
local
mo emen s
and/o
he
abundance
o
ood.
In
locali ies
whe e
N.
n.
eaches
ela i ely
high
popula ion
densi ies
i
is
o en
he
mos
equen
ba .
Ba s
o
he
genus
Pipis ellus
p e ail
in
only
some
egions
(Lichace
1961,
Pan'u in
1970).
Due
o
he
ac
ha
N.n.
is
conside ably
bigge
han
o he
equen
species
o
o es
ba s,
i
con ibu es
a
g ea
deal
o
he
biomass
o
local
ba
communi ies.
34
Summa y
The
ecology
o
N.
n.
was
in es iga ed
in
he
a ea
lying
be ween
50°15'
o
48°40'
n.
la .
and
13°10'
o
18°15'
e.
long,
on
he
basis
o
a
sample
o
1,383
indi iduals
caugh
and
u he
obse a ions
speci ied
in
he
Me hods.
In
desc ibing
he
indi idual
componen s
o
he
popula ions
he
ollowing
e ms
a e
used:
ju eniles
=
young
ba s
om
he
bi h
o
he
end
o
Sep embe ;
g own-ups
=
all
indi iduals
olde
han
ju eniles;
yea lings
=
indi-
iduals
younge
han
1
yea
in
he
pe iod
om
Oc obe
o
May;
he
old
=
all
indi iduals
olde
han
yea lings.
The
main
shel e s
o
he
species
s udied
a e
in
hollow
ees
and
buildings.
Colonies
in
hollow
ees
we e
ound
om
Ma ch
o
Oc obe ,
indi iduals
om
June
o
Oc obe .
The
la ges
numbe
o
membe s
o
he
summe
colony
was
53.
Fi e
ypes
o
colonies
we e
ound,
ou
o
which
nu se y
colonies
a e
bound
exclusi ely
o
his
ype
o
shel e .
Hi-
be na ing
colonies
we e
no
ound
in
ees
in
he
pe iod
o
in es iga ion
(1955
h ough
1977),
bu
hey
a e
e idenced
by
ea lie
ma e ial.
The
p e e ence
o
di e en
ee
species
is
discussed
on
he
basis
o
he
au ho s'
own
ma e ial
and
ha
o
li e a y
da a;
in
he
egion
unde
in es iga ion,
oak
was
he
mos
equen ly
inhabi ed
ee
species.
En ances
o
ca i ies
we e
1
o
16
m
high,
mos
equen ly
up
o
5
m.
Colonies
and
indi iduals
in
buildings
we e
ound
h oughou
he
yea
wi h
he
ex-
cep ion
o
June
and
July.
Win e
colonies
we e
always
ound
in
owns;
mos
o
he
e i-
dence
is
om
p e ab ica ed
houses
in
P ague.
Besides,
wo
hana ocolonies
we e
ob ained
numbe ing
200
and
166
mummies
o
skele ons
espec i ely.
One
win e
colony
was
ound
in
a
c ack
o
a
ock
wall.
In
he
discussion
i
is
hypo hesized
ha
besides
hollow
ees,
ock
c aks
a e
he
o iginal
shel e s
o
he
species.
The
popula ion
o
buildings
and
u he
ci cums ances
show
ha
N.
n.
succeeded
o
adap
i sel
o
he
ci iliza ion
changes
o
he
en i onmen .
The
hun ing
g ounds
o
he
species
a e
lowland
woods
up
o
he
ele a ion
o
500
m
su oundings
o
ponds,
ields
among
woods,
pa ks,
lanes,
and
icini y
o
human
se le-
men s.
The
ligh
ac i i y
s a s
2
o
40
min.
a e
sunse ;
in
i e
cases
hun ing
indi iduals
we e
obse ed
a
day ime
(Ap il,
Sep embe ,
Oc obe ).
N.
n.
lies
swi ly,
as
a
ule
lu
o
20
m
high.
The
cou se
o
he
ep oduc ion
p ocess
is
exp essed
in
Fig.
9.
The
compa ison
wi h
SS?a ""!1slY>ws
ha
he
ep oduc i e
a e
o
he
species
in
Wes e n
Eu ope
(England,
Holland)
is
lowe
han
in
Cen al
and
Eas e n
Eu ope.
In
he
egion
unde
in es iga ion,
, ™a'eS,
m?Sl
m*l6S
™a*u e
as
ea Iy
38
a
he
a&e
°
3
mon hs,
hus
passing
om
w>
•
?.
I T*
}
s age.
Al hough
all
yea ling
emales
ma e,
only
pa
o
i
sP S.nl
S
b !n£,
UP, he
y°Ung
a
he
age
o
1
yea -
Yea ling
males
-
e en
1
7
P
biyT
d°
n.0
eke
pa
in
he
ma ing.
All
emales
olde
han
p own
,,
-
1^%
mid"June
o
ea ly
July.
The
a e age
numbe
o
young
pe
1
I
yea 'bea
wins.
0
***
h3
*
p e ailinS
numbe
o
emales
olde
han
The
composi ion
o
he
popula ion
samples
ob ained
by
ca ching
om
shel e s
does
no
co espond
o
he
ac ual
popula ion
s uc u e
owing
o
di e en
p obabili y
o
asce aining
he
a ious
popula ion
componen s
which,
besides,
change
in
he
cou se
o
he
yea
The
a ailable in o ma ion
enables
us,
howe e ,
o
explain
he
appa en
disc epancies
and
o
JpW
h
i
he
Sl ua l°n
as
ollows:
The
sex
a io
a
bi h
is
1
:1
and
emains
app oxima-
ba
a"Ced
also
among
yea lings
and
old
indi iduals.
In
summe ,
mos
o
he
old
males
and
Z
pUll0"1
agg ega ions
o
he
emales.
Nu se y
colonies
disin eg a e
in
Augus
and
he
emales
mo e
o
he
ma ing
qua e s
o
old
males
which,
a
ha
ime
show
e i o ial
beha iou .
A e
he
disin eg a ion
o
nu se ies
he
young
ba s
o m
ju enile
mo eie n
ma
S
P edomma e
g adually,
since
e en
emales
bo n
in
ha
yea
imamW
T
,
Qua e s
in
la e
Augus
and
in
Sep embe .
The
only
ac
ha
canno
be
unambiguously
explained
is
he
p edominance
o
males
in
all
samples
om
hibe na ing
qua e s
in
Wes e n
and
Cen al
Eu ope;
he
possible
causes
a e
discussed.
in
hn
nn
^
es ima ed
basing
on
ca ches
om
summe
shel e s
on
wo
plo s
in
he
op imum
habi a .
The
a e age
alue
is
0.32
ind.
pe
ha;
de ails
a e
gi en
in
Tab
Os
L'nTci
np
hexpwc
lia
in.?p imum
habi a s
wi hin
he
species'
ange
he e
li e
iew^o
p oduc ion
Ecology!*
""
m°S'
"h""'8"'
^
*»»
«»
poin "*
35
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cy^eji
TponHbiM.
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^KBIIJI1I3ai^MM
M
B
HCKOTopbix
cjiynaax
BBjiaexcx
noaycMiiaH-
Li e a u e
ABELENCEV,
V.
I.,
PIDOPLlCKO,
I.
T.,
..
POPOV,
B.
M.,
i956:
Fauna
Uk ainy,
1,
Ssa ci
[Fauna
o
he
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1,
Mam-
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448
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Russian).
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R.
W.
&
DAVIS,
W.
H.,
1969:
Ba s
o
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Lexing on,
286
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BARBU,
P.
&
SIN,
G.,
1968:
Obse a[ii
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1910:
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L.,
1952:
Fi een
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C„
CAPORIACCO,
L.
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MAS-
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VALLE
A.,
1949:
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M.,
1963:
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BOJSEBAJEV,
K.,
1966:
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(Nyc alus
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L.)
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he
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o
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Zool.
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o
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he
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J.
J.,
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The
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o
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o
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1965:
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M„
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J.,
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1956:
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J.,
1966:
A
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•
;
'
GAISLER,
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•
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Ube
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37
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ne opy a
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a
o
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o
Vespe -
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cal
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a
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38
Ac a
Scien ia um
Na u alium
Academiae
Scien ia um
Bohemoslo acae
B no
Dea
Reade s,
™,^ LoS<;ioen ia wm
Na, u alium
appea
in
issues
o
app oxima ely
50
pases
each
A
ol..™*
Volume
VI
(1972)
No.
1
V.
BARUS,
E.
KULLMANN,
F.
TE-
NORA:
Pa asi ische
Nema oden
aus
Wi bel ie en
A ghanis ans.
No.
3
V.
BARUS,
B.
RYSAVY,
J.
GRO-
SCHAFT,
C.
FOLK:
The
helmin h
au-
na
o
Co us
ugilegus
L.
(A es,
Pas-
se i o mes)
in
Czechoslo akia
and
i s
ecological
analysis.
No.
4
J.
KRISTEK:
Die
Bla wespen
Euu a
lea a
und
Euu a
muc ona a
in
den
Ko bweidenanlagen
Mah ens.
No.
6
F.
SMARDA:
Pilzgesellscha en
einige
Laubwalde
Mah ens.
No.
7
J.
LIBOSVARSKY,
S.
LUSK,
M.
H.
EL-
SEDFY:
Fishe y
su ey
ca ied
ou
a
Lake
Bo ullus,
A.
R.
E.,
in
he
sp ing
o
1971.
No.
8
J.
GAISLER,
G.
MADKOUR,
J.
PELI-
KAN:
On
he
ba s
(Chi op e a)
o
Egyp .
No.
9
R.
OBRTEL:
Soil
su ace
Coleop e a
in
a
eed
swamp.
No.
10
J.
PROKOPIC:
Bioceno ical
s udy
on
Ces odes
o
small
mammals
in
a ious
bio opes.
No.
11
J.
PELIKAN:
A icola
e es is
(L.),
indexes
o
ep oduc ion
in
Czechoslo-
akia.
Volume
VII
(1973)
No.
2
D.
POVOLNY:
E gebnisse
de
zoologi-
schen
Fo schungen
on
D .
Z.
Kaszab
in
de
Mongolei
(N .
267),
(T ibus
Gno-
imoschemini,
Lep.,
Gelechiidae).
No.
7
I.
KOZENA-TOUSKOVA:
Composi ion
o
nes s
o
bi ds
b eeding
in
he
Ph agmi ion
plan
communi y.
No.
8
F.
SMARDA:
Die
Pilzgesellscha en
einige
Fich enwalde
Mah ens.
No.
9
V.
HUDEC
e
J.
VASATKO:
Zu
Kenn -
nis
de
Mollusken auna
Bulga iens.
No.
11
H.
KR12:
G oundwa e
in
he
sou he n
pa
o
he
Cesko ebo skA
cho ina
(Highland).
Volume
VHI
(1974)
No.
l
p.
LASKA:
S udie
iibe
den
Moh en-
bla loh
(T ioza
apicalis
Fo s .)
(T io-
zidae,
Homop e a).
No.
2
H.
KR12:
Hyd ological
condi ions
o
he
sou he n
pa
o
he
Cesko ebo -
sk£
cho ina
(Highland).
No.
3
Z.
HUBALEK:
Fungi
associa ed
wi h
ee-li ing
bi ds
in
Czechoslo akia
and
Yugosla ia.
No.
4
B.
ROSICKY,
V.
BARUS,
J.
BEJSOVEC
•
Na u al
ocali y
o
poul y
nema odoses
in
Czechoslo akia.
No.
5
J.
LIBOSVARSKY
e
S.
LUSK:
Some
e ec s
o
s ocking
on
he
pe o mance
o
b own
ou
popula ion.
No.
8
J.
PIKULA:
Okologie
de
A
Tu dus
me ula
in
de
CSSR.
No.
9
Z.
HUBALEK:
The
dis ibu ion
pa e ns
o
ungi
in
ee-li ing bi ds.
No.
10
M.
JUR1K:
Bionomics
o
leas
in
bi ds'
nes s
in
he
e i o y
o
Czechoslo akia.
Volume
IX
(1975)
N°-
1
L-
V.
KNUTSON,
R.
ROZKOSNY,
C.
O.
n
Ph^hil
gy
an£
imma u e
s ages
o
Phe bina
and
Psacadina
(Dip e a,
Sciomyzidae).
^
'
No.
2
O.
STERBA:
Compa a i e
ana omy
o
ideus
en alls
and
m-
hombo-
No.
3
J.
PROKOPIC
e
K.
KRlVANEC:
Hel-
min hs
o
amphibians,
hei
in e ac ion
and
hos -pa asi e
ela ionships.
No.
4
F
MILLER
e
R.
OBRTEL:
Soil
su ace
spide s
in
a
lowland
o es .
No.
5
J.
GAISLER:
A
quan i a i e
s udy
o
some
popula ions
o
ba s
in
Czecho-
slo akia
(Mammalia:
Chi op e a).
No.
6
K.
HUDEC:
Densi y
and
b eeding
o
bi ds
in
he
eed
swamps
o
sou he n
Mo a ian
ponds.
No.
7
M.
SPURNY:
In e ac ion
o
mo emen
mechanisms
in
he
g owing
hypoco yl
o
pine
seedlings.
No.
9
J.
JAKRLOVA:
P ima y
p oduc ion
and
plan
chemical
composi ion
in
lood-plain
meadows.
No.
10
J.
PEL1SEK
e
D.
SEKANINOVA:
Re-
sul s
o
basic
esea ch
o
na u al
and
an h opogenic
soils
in
he
No h
Bo-
hemian
Ligni e
Dis ic .
Volume
X
(1976)
No.
1
O.
5 £ ba:
P ena al
de elopmen
o
mic o ine
oden s.
No.
2
J.
GLOSER:
Pho osyn hesis
and
es-
pi a ion
o
some
allu ial
meadow
g as-
ses:
Responses
o
i adiance,
empe a-
u e
and
COj
concen a ion.
No.
3
J
KRATOCHVIL
&
al:
Wes a eal
de
Ve b ei ung
de
B andmaus
[Apode-
mus
ag a ius
(Pallas,
1778)],
N°*
4
Pa lo ^liA'
DiS
paia°u ische
S a ion-
No.
5
F.
TENORA:
Tapewo ms
o
he
amily
Anoplocephalidae
Cholodkowsky,
1902
E olu iona y
implica ions.
No.
6
Z.
KRATOCHVIL:
Das
Pos k anialske-
le
de
Wild-
und
Hauska ze
(Felis
sil es is
und
F.
lybica
.
ca us).
No.
7
F.
DUSBABEK
e
B.
ROSICK"?:
A -
gasid
icks
(A gasidae,
Ixodoidea)
o
Czechoslo akia.
N°"
8
F-..l^ALAT:
Fo p lanzungsokologie
de
hohlenb u enden
Vogel
im
sudmah i-
schen
Kie e nwald.
No.
9
J.
HOLC1K
e
I.
BASTL:
Ecological
e -
ec s
o
wa e
le el
luc ua ion
upon
he
ish
popula ions
in
he
Danube
i-
e
loodpiain
in
Czechoslo akia.
No.
10
J.
ZEJDA:
The
small
mammal
com-
muni y
o
a
lowland
o es .
N°'
11
«3^UKEC:T,De
Vogelbes and
in
de
s ad ischen
Umwel
on
B no
(CSSR)
und
seine
Ve ande ungen.
No.
12
R
OBRTEL:
Soil
su ace
ha es meii
(Opiliomdea)
in
a
lowland
o es .
Volume
XI
(1977)
N°"
2
£i0HAVL^
*
K•
T-
JURLOV:
De
Klein ogelbes and
des
Ba aba-Tie -
lands
<SW
Sibi ien)
in
de
Somme -
zugpenode.
No.
3
J.
TRNKOVA:
Die
oxische
Wi kung
des
Endnns
au
aqua ische
Wi bellose.
No.
4
J.
GLOSER:
Pho osyn hesis
and
espi-
a ion
o
some
allu ial
meadow
g asses
*
Responses
o
soil
wa e
s ess,
diu nai
and
seasonal
cou ses.
No.
5
M.
DUB:
Die
Wi kung
des
End ins
20
au
Mic o us
a alis.
No.
6
E.
WOHLGEMUTH:
Toxici y
o
End in
o
some
species
o
aqua ic
e eb a es.
No.
7
M.
PENAZ:
Popula ion
analysis
o
he
ba b,
Ba bus
ba bus,
om
some
Mo-
a ian
i e s
(Czechoslo akia).
No.
8
V.
HOLlSOVA
e
R.
OBRTEL:
Food
esou ce
alloca ion
in
ou
myomo pb.
oden s
coexis ing
in
a
eed
swamp.
No.
12
J.
PIKULA
e
M.
BEKLOVA:
Ecologi-
cal
dis ibu ion
o
o es
a i auna
in
he
egion
o .
cons uc ed
ene ge ic
sys em
Duko any-DaleSice.
Volume
XH
(1978)
N°'
1
:
s and° e
des
Hams e s
(C ice us
c ice us
L.,
Roden ia,
Mamm
.i
in
de
Os slowakei.
No.
2
J.
MALEK:
Wald ypeng uppen
Sud-
wes mah ens
in
biogeozonologische
Au assung.
No.
3
J.
HAVLIN:
Die
Vogelwel
landwi -
scha liche
Objek e.
No.
4
J.
KRATOCHVIL:
A aignees
ca e ni—
coles
des
iles
dalma es.
No'
5
™ ,£F NAZ:-'
M-
PROKES,
E.
WOHLGE-
MUTH:
Fish
y
communi y
o
he
Jihla a
Ri e
nea
Mohelno.
<•>•-.!
No.
6
F.
MORAVEC
e
A.
AMIN:
Some
hel-
min h pa asi es,
excluding
Monogenea.
om
ishes
o
A ghanis an.
No.
7
J.
LIBOSVARSKY
e
V.
BARUS:
Com-
pu ed
g ow h
and
su i al
o
chub
Leuciscus
ceplialus,
om
he
Roky nh
s eam.
No.
8
R.
FIALA:
.
Unde g ound
o gans
o
Typha
angus i olia
and
Typha
la i olid
hei
g ow h,
p opaga ion
and
p o-
duc ion.
No.
9
J.
PELISEK:
Die
Boden e hal nisse
de
Wald ese a ionen
in
de
Tschechischen
sozialis ischen
Republik
(CSR).
•
.
No.
10
J1.
PIKULA
e
VI.
KUBlK:
Die
B u o-
kologie
de
Tu ken aube
S ep opelia
decaoc o
im
Milieu
de
S ad
B no.
No.
12
J.
ZIMA:
Ch omosome
cha ac e is ics
kiaVeSPe iii°nidae
°m
Czec^oslo a-
In
he
case
you
a e
in e es ed
in
some
numbe s,
you
may
o de
hem
di ec ly
in
he
PuVL
lishing-House
AC
AD
EMI
A,
Vodi iko a
40.
112
29
P aha
1-No C
MCs o,
Czechoslo akia.
A
g oup
o
dwelling
houses
o
he
P ague
qua e
Zah adni
MSs o.
The
a ow
poin s
o
one
o
he
openings
o
en illa ion
sha s
which
become
equen
shel e s
o
he
spe-
cies,
namely
in
win e
(abo e).
A
close-up
showing
he
loca ion
o
he
en ance
o
a
win-
e
shel e
o
N.
noc ula
(below).
i
PL.
II-
IRODOVEDNEJ
V
TAVU
SKOSLOVENSKE
ADEMIE
VED
BRN^
|
ACTA
SCIENTIARUM
NATURALIUM
SCIENTIARUM
BOHEMOSLOVACAE
BRNO
ISSN
0032-8758
XIII
•
NOVA SERIES
1979
2
Albe o
Coy
O e o
—
Vlas imil
Ba us
NEMATODES
PARASITIZING
CUBAN
REPTILES
JUL
3
„
]Sc Q
ACADEMIA
•
PRAHA
