Chiroptera

K
DO
NOT
SHELVE!
THIS
IS
AN
INTERLIBRARY
LOAN
REQUEST
AUTHOR:
Pucek,
Zdzis aw;
Smi hsonian
Ins i u ion;
Na ional
Science
Founda ion
(U.S.)
TITLE:
Keys
o
e eb a es
o
Poland,
mammals
IMPRINT:
Wa saw,
Poland:
T ansla ed
and
published
o
he
Smi hsonian
Ins i u ion
and
he
Na ional
Science
Taylo
e eb a es
imals
ski-Mammalia)
i ed
om
Polish
iga
S achu ska
Zdzis aw
Pucek
Due
Da e:
09/01/2021
ILL
208123974
AMERICAN
MUS
OF
NATURAL
HIST
In e lib a y
Loan
(YAM)
Bo owing
lib a y,
e u n
o:
Uni e si y
o
Minneso a
DO
NOT
SHELVE!
THIS
IS
AN
INTERLIBRARY
LOAN
REQUEST
ublishe s
-
Wa szawa
KEYS
TO
VERTEBRATES
OF
POLAND
MAMMALS
T ansla ed
om
Polish
by
Magdalena
Bib ich
and
Jadwiga
S achu ska
Collec i e
Wo k
edi ed
by
ZDZISLAW
PUCEK
Mammals
Resea ch
Ins i u e
Polish
Academy
o
Sciences
Bialowieza,
Poland
PWN
—
Polish
Scien i ic
Publishe s
—
Wa szawa
1981
9
100
Sys ema ic
accoun
om
he
pos e odo sal
pa
o
he
body
o
he
on
and
down
he
sides
o
he
belly.
The
sp ing
mol
p oceeds
in
he
opposi e
di ec ion
s a ing
on
he
en al
su ace
o
he
head
and
unning
do sopos e io ly.
Males
mol
ea lie
han
he
emales.
Th ee
pai s
o
nipples
a e
p esen .
The
skull
is
mo e
delica e
and
ela i ely
longe
in
he
os al
po ion
han
in
C.
leucodon.
The
unicuspids
a e
e y
di e se.
Choanae
do
no
na ow
pos e io ly
and
ha e
a
U
o
V-shaped
c oss-sec ion
when
iewed
om
he
ea .
C.
sua eolens
inhabi s
ields,
o cha ds
and
ga dens.
In
au umn
i
mo es
in o
a m
buildings
whe e
i
emains
ill
he
sp ing.
I
is
ound
on
e y
a e
occasions
and
no
much
is
known
abou
he
biology
o
his
sh ew.
Ac i e
du ing
he
day
and
nigh ,
hese
animals
come
ou
a
mo e
o
less
egula
ime
in e als—once
o
mo e
imes
pe
hou .
Two
peaks
o
ac i i y
ha e been
ob-
se ed—ea ly
in
he
mo ning
and
in
he
mida e noon.
To al
sum
o
ac i-
i y
is
longe
in
summe
han
in
win e .
Males
ha e
la ge
home anges
han
he
emales
(a e aging
50
and
27
m.
in
diame e
espec i ely).
Fig.
50.
Dis ibu ion
o
lesse
whi e- oo hed
sh ew,
C ocidu a
sua eolens
(Pallas).
A e
Pucek
and
Michalak,
om
Pucek
and
Raczy iski
(1981)
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
101
The
die
consis s
chie ly
o
small
in e eb a es,
especially
insec s
and
slugs
The
animal
ea s
i s
own
weigh
in
esh
ood
pe
wen y
ou
hou s.
Lesse
whi e- oo hed
sh ews
build
hei
nes s
in
g asses
o
m
bu ows
abandoned
by
small
oden s.
The
ep oduc ion
pe iod
las s
om
sp ing
i
ea ly
in
au umn.
The
emale
p oduces
3-4
li e s
pe
yea
and
he
young
can
each
sexual
ma u i y
in
he
same
yea
hey
we e
bo n
in.
The
ges a ion
pe iod
is
abou
28
days
and
each
li e
con ains
up
o
10
young.
Lac a ion
las s
o
abou
3
weeks.
The
u
de elops
wi hin
9
days
a e
bi h.
On he
en
y
o h e he
young
open
hei
eyes
bu
hey
can
be
seen
ca a amng
al eady
3
Thi^species^nhabi Jsou he n
and
cen al
Eu ope,
no he n
A ica^andI
he
Palea c ic
egions
o
Asia.
In
eas e n
Eu ope
i
ex ends
u he
o
he
no
han
in
he
wes e n
pa s
o
i s
ange,
eaching
as
a
as
Es onia
and
he
egions
°
"nd' heTe se ^W e- oo hed
sh ew
is
dis ibu ed
in
wes e n
and
sou he n
egions
o
he
coun y.
I s
ange
includes
hewes e n
pa
_o
Pome™£
wes e n
and
cen al
pa s
o
Wielkopolska-Kujawy
Inland.
Hills
Lowe
and
Uppe
Silesia,
sou he n
pa
o
Kxakow-Wielun
Uplan
i
,
Wes '
and
Eas
Sude es,
Wes
and
Eas
Beskids
J
sou he n
pa
o
Maiopolska
Upland,
Sw.S ok zysk,eM s.
and heSandom,
Lowland
(Fig.
50).
In
he
sou heas e n
egion
o
Poland
o e
se
whi e
- oo hed
sh ew
occu s
sympa ically
wi h
C.
leucodon
The
i es
o
his
species
ha e
been
classi ied
in o
he
subspecies
C.
5.
sua eolens
(Pallas,
1811),
desc ibed
om
he
C imea.
•
O de :
BATS—CHIROPTERA
by
KAZIMIERZ
KOWALSKI
and
ANDRZEJ
L.
RUPRECHT
All
ba s
a e
adap ed
o
ac i e
ligh
by
he
modi ica ion
o
he
° el™bs
and
de elopmen
he
ligh
memb ane.
This
o de
is
di idedI
in o
wo
subo de s-
Megachi op e a
and
Mic ochi op e a
comp in
g
.
species
In
Eu ope
he e
a e
only
insec i o ous
ba s,
hence
he
below
cha ac-
e is ics
a e
hose
o
he
ep esen a i es
o
Eu opean,
o he
In
he
o elimb,
he
i s
digi
( humb)
is
sho
and
bea s
a
Jaw.
The
o he
digi s
a e
elonga ed
and
ha e
no
claws.
TheseThT ligh
ca pal
bones
gi e
suppo
o
he
ligh
memb ane
J"™
memb ane
consis s
o
wo
laye s
o
skin
wi h
a
ne wo k
inbe ween.
I s
majo
pa ,
known
as
he
wing
memb ane
o
plagiopa ag.um
102
Sys ema ic
accoun
is
s e ched
be ween
he
side
o
he
body
and
he
i h
digi .
Be ween
he
o he
digi s
he e
is
he
in e digi al
memb ane,
called
dac ylopa agium
(=
chi o-
pa agium).
A
na ow
s ip
o
memb ane,
called
he
p opa agium
ex ends
be-
ween
he
a m,
o ea m,
neck
and
head.
The
ail
and
he
hindlimbs
a e
joined
by
he
in e emo al
memb ane—u opa agium.
The
ma gins
o
he
u opa agium
a e
ein o ced
and
s e ched
by
he
calca ,
which
de elops
on
he
calcaneum.
In
some
gene a,
on
he
ou e
side
o
he
calca
he e
is
a
small
calca ial
keel,
he
so
called
epiblema
(Fig.
51).
agus
u opa agium
Fig.
51.
Body
s uc u e
o
he
ba ,
Ep esicus
se o inus
(Sch ebe )
Along
wi h
he
de elopmen
o
wings,
he e
a e
o he
mo phologica
adap a ions
o
ligh :
he
s e num
is
well
de eloped
and
has
a
c es ,
he
shoulde
gi dle
is
s i ened.
The
hindlimbs
a e
ela i ely
poo ly
de eloped
and
a e
mainly
used
o
g ip
he
pe ch
om
which
he
ba
is
suspended.
The
weigh
o
he
hanging
body
ixes
he
claw
in
he
cu ed
posi ion
as
he
claw
and
he
e minal
phalanx
cu e
au oma ically
when
loaded
( he
so-called
pulley
sys em).
Hence,
no
ene gy
is
was ed
in
muscula
e o .
The
skull
o
ba s
is
sho e han
ha
o
Insec i o a.
The
ha d
pala e
is
much
inden ed
an e io ly
and
he
incisu a
incisi a is
p esen
be ween
he
in e nal
ma gin
o
he
i s
uppe
inciso s.
F om
inciso s
o
mola s,
he
ee h
o m
a
con inuous
ow
wi hou
c e ices.
In
some
gene a,
he
smalle
p emola s
a e
supp essed
and
hus
in isible
om
he
side.
The
la ge
p emola s
(P3)
and
he
mola s
a e
mul icuspid
(simila
o
a
le e
W)
and
ha e
sha p
edges.
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
103
The e
a e
a e
ins ances
o
he
e en ion
o
p emola s
(P2)
o
spo adic
occu ence
o
ex a
ee h
(inciso s
and
p emola s).
Sexual
dimo phism
is
inconspicuous,
usually
emales
a e
la ge
han
males.
The
male
is
easily
dis inguishable
om
he
emale
by
i s
pendan
penis.
The
baculum
is
p esen .
The
ea s
a e
la ge,
some imes
eno mous
in
size.
In
Vespe ilionidae,
he
ex e nal
audi o y
mea us
bea s
a
memb aneous
lobe
o
skin,
he
so-called
agus,
which
is
absen
in
Rhinolophidae.
The
eyes
a e
small.
The
u
is
long
and
so
anging
in
colo
om
a ious
shades
o
b own
o
almos
black.
Ba s
a e
mainly
noc u nal
al hough
some
o
hem
eme ge
be o e
sunse
(as
o
ins ance
he
common
pipis elle
and
he
common
noc ule)
and
a e
s ill
ac i e
a
dawn.
The
species
in
Poland
eed
on
a h opods,
chie ly
insec s,
which
a e
mos ly
caugh
when
lying
o
snapped
om
lea es,
ee
unks
o
om
he
g ound. The
o ien a ion
o
ba s
in
space
is
ensu ed
by
echoloca ion.
The
sigh
is
o
a
mino impo ance.
In
win e ,
ba s
hibe na e
in
ca es,
cella s,
well-hidden
hollow
ees
and
he
like.
In
summe ,
hey
o en
ind
shel e
in
a ics,
ee
holes,
bi dboxes,
less
equen ly
in
ca es
and
sli s
in
ocks.
Ba s
ha e
ew
p eda o s.
Some imes
hey
all
p ey
o
awny
and
ba n
owls.
Those
species
which
come
ou
in
sea ch
o
ood in
he
anishing
ligh
o
he
day
may
be
killed
by
hawks.
The
he mo egula ion
o
ba s
is
unique.
They
ha e
he
abili y
o
lowe
body
empe a u e
(he e o he mia)
when
oos ing
a
day ime
and,
especially,
du ing
hibe na ion.
Ba s
o en
o m
colonies.
The
colonies
may
consis s
o
membe s
o
bo h
sexes,
o
males
and
emales
may
sepa a e.
In
win e ,
hey
some imes
o m
g oupings
o
se e al
species.
Du ing summe ,
emales
cong ega e
in
nu sing
colonies
and
males
o m
single-sex
g oups.
The
es us
and
copula ion
usually
ake
place
in
au umn,
less
equen ly
in
win e
o
sp ing.
The
spe m
emains
ac i e
o
a
long
pe iod
in
he
emale
ep oduc i e
ac .
Fe iliza ion
is
delayed
and
occu s
in
sp ing.
The
de-
elopmen
o
he
e us
akes
2-3
mon hs.
Ges a ion
a ies
in
leng h
depend-
ing
upon
he
ambien
empe a u e.
Usually
one
o
wo
young
a e
bo n.
Ini ially,
he
young
cling
s ongly o
he
body
o
hei mo he ,
la e ,
when
he
emales
go
hun ing,
hey
a e
le
in
colonies.
A
he
age
o
abou
six
weeks,
he
oung
a e
able
o
ly.
Towa d
he
end
o
summe ,
young
ba s
bo n
ha
yea
a e
dis inguishable
om
he
adul s
only
by
he
g ayish
shade
o
hei
u
and
epiphysal
ca ilages
which
o m
cha ac e is ic
hickenings
o
he
me aca podigi al
and
digi al
join s.
The
li e
span
o
ba s
is
longe
han
ha
o
o he
small
mammals.
The
se o ine
is
known
o
each
a
maximum
age
o
19
yea s
and
2
mon hs
(Hanak,
1976),
he
la ge
mouse-ea ed
ba
18
yea s
and
7
mon hs
(Piepe ,
1968),
and
Bechs ein's
ba —19
yea s
(Henze,
-1970).
104
Sys ema ic
accoun
The
uppe
age
limi
o
he
g ea e
ho seshoe
ba
is
23
yea s
and
6
mon hs
(Roe ,
1960).
Some
species
ly
o e
g ea
dis ances
be ween
hei
summe
and
win e
qua e s.
Ba s
a e
mos
abundan
in
he
opics.
To
he
no h,
some
eu o opic
species,
e.g.
he
no he n
ba ,
pa i-colo ed
ba
and
he
whiske ed
ba ,
occu
beyond
he
pola
ci cle.
They
a e
also
ound
high
in
he
moun ains,
whe e
hey
each
sligh ly
abo e
he
uppe
limi
o
o es .
In
Poland
he e
li e
2
amilies
including
21
species.
All
Polish
ba s
a e
use ul
since
hey
ex e mina e
insec s
including
many
c op
pes s
as
well
as
mosqui oes,
which
a e
also
ha m ul
o
man.
All
ba s
o
Poland
a e
unde
p o ec ion.
Key
o
amilies
by
ex e nal
ea u es
1.
Nose-lea
p esen ,
ea
wi hou
agus.
. .
Rhinolophidae,
page
104
—.
Nose-lea
absen ,
agus
p esen
. . .
Vespe ilionidae,
page
109
Key
o
amilies
by
skulls
1.
In e maxilla ies
loosely
connec ed
o
skull;
one
inciso
on
each
side
(o en
damaged
when
p epa ed).
Nasal bones
sphe ically
expanded.
Two
inciso s
on
each
side
o
mandible.
. .
Rhinolophidae,
page
104
—.
In e maxilla ies
used
o skull;
wo
inciso s
on
each
side.
Nasal bones
no
sphe ically
expanded.
Th ee
inciso s
on
each
side
o
mandible
. .
Vespe ilionidae,
page
109
Family:
Ho seshoe
ba s—Rhinolophidae
A ound
he
nos ils
he e
is
he
nose-lea
o med
by
cha ac e is ic
cu aneous
ou g ow hs:
he
ho seshoe,
c es
and
lance
(Fig.
52).
Be ween
he
ho seshoe
and
he
c es
he e
is
a
sella.
The
ea s
a e
poin ed
and
de oid
o
agi.
The
wings
a e
wide,
he
ail
is
hin
and
does
no
ex end
beyond
he
ligh
memb ane.
The
in e maxilla y
bones
a e
in
he
o m
o
a
bony
pla e
loosely
connec ed
o
he
ha d
pala e
(Fig.
58).
One
inciso
is
p esen
on
each
side
o
he
p emaxilla.
In
he
mandible
he e
a e
wo
inciso s
on
each
side.
The
numbe
o
ee h
is
32.
The
den al
o mula
is:
112
3
2
13
3
The
deciduous
ee h
de elop
in
he
e us
and
a e
abso bed
be o e
pa u i ion.
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
105
Fig.
52.
The
nose-lea
in
Rhinolophid
ba s;
seen
om
he. on
(a)
and
om
he
side
(b).
A
—
he
g ea e
ho seshoe
ba ,
Rliinolophus
e umequinum
(Sch ebe ),
B
—
he
lesse
ho seshoe
ba ,
Rhinolophus
hipposide os
(Bechs ein);
c
—
c es ,
h
—
ho seshoe,!
—
lance ,
s
—
sella.
F om
Toschi
and
Lanza
(1959),
modi ied
Echoloca ion
is
based
on
he
emission
o
ul asounds
h ough
he
nose.
These
ba s
oos
always
alone
hanging
wi h
he
lying
memb ane
w apped
a ound
he
body
(Fig.
53).
The
amily
is
widesp ead
in
he
Old
Wo ld,
p ima ily
in
he
opical
and
sub opical
egions.
Only
one
genus
li es
in
Eu ope.
Genus:
Rhinolophus
Lacepede,
1799
In
Poland
he e
li es
one
species,
he
lesse
ho seshoe
ba ,
Rhinolophus
hipposide os
(Bechs ein,
1800).
The
o he
species,
he
g ea e
ho seshoe
ba ,
Rhinolophus
e umequinum
(Sch ebe ,
1774)
has
been
eco ded
only
once,
so
i
p obably
occu s
spo adically.
Key
o
species
by
ex e nal
ea u es
1.
Leng h
o
o ea m
less
han
42
mm
Rhinolophus
hipposide os
(Bechs ein),
page
107
—.
Leng h
o
o ea m
mo e
han
51
mm
Rhinolophus
e umequinum
(Sch ebe ),
page
108

106
Sys ema ic
accoun
Key
o
species
by
skulls
1.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
less
han
16
mm.*,
leng h
o
mandible
9.5-
10.4
mm.,
heigh
o
mandibula
amus
1.9-2.3
mm
Rhinolophus
hipposide os
(Bechs ein),
page
107
.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
mo e
han
20
mm.,
leng h
o
mandible
15.1-
16.3
mm.,
heigh
o
mandibula amus
3.6-4.4
mm
Rhinolophus
e umequinum
(Sch ebe ),
page
108
*
The
condylobasal
leng h
o
he
skull
o
Rhinolophidae
is
measu ed
om
he
al eolus
o
he
uppe
canine
o
he
ex eme
poin
o
he
occipi al
condyle.
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
107
Lesse
ho seshoe
ba —Rhinolophus
hipposide os
(Bechs ein,
1800)
Measu emen s
o
93
specimens
om
Slo akia
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
38-45
mm.;
ail,
23-33
mm.;
ea ,
15-19
mm.;
o ea m,
37^42.5
mm.
Body
weigh ,
3-9
gms.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
13.4-14.5
mm.
(Fe ianco a-
Masa o a
and
Hanak,
1965).
Wingspan,
19.2-25.4
cm.
(Ga ey,
1961).
A ound
nos ils,
he
ollowing
ou g ow hs
can
be
dis inguished:
he
ho seshoe,
which
su ounds
he
nos ils
wi h
i s
wo
lea es
and
has
a
sligh ly
co uga ed
edge,
he
c es ,
pe pendicula
o
he
o me
in
he
sagi al
plane
and
e enly
na owing
owa d
he
end
and,
inally,
he lance ,
which
lies
la
on
he
o ehead
and
has
h ee
dep essions
a
he
base.
The
ea s
a e
poin ed
and
lack
agi.
The
ail,
when
no
s e ched,
is
a ched
upwa d
and
no
downwa d
as
in
espe ilionid
ba s.
In
he
emale,
apa
om
ho acic
nipples,
he e
is
an
addi ional
pai
o
udimen a y
pubic
nipples.
These
a e
he
cu aneous
olds
o
which
he
young
a ach
hemsel es.
They
become
conspicuous
only
in
he
emales
which
a e
o e
wo
yea s
o
age,
a e
he
i s
young
has
been
ea ed.
On he
do sal
side
he
u
is
ligh
b own
wi h
a
sugges ion
o
ed,
he
unde pa s
being
ligh e ,
somewha
g ayish.
The
young,
du ing
he
i s
yea
o
li e
a e
dis inc ly
g ayish
in
colo .
The
lesse
ho seshoe
ba
is
p ima ily
associa ed
wi h
ocky
a eas.
In
summe ,
small
colonies
o
emales
can
be
ound
in
ca es
and
in
a ics.
Soli a y
males
may
also
some imes
be
ound
he e.
Mos
males
a
ha
ime
shel e
alone
in
ock
c e ices,
ca es
and
he
like.
In
win e ,
colonies,
con aining
bo h
sexes,
some imes
o
up
o
se e al
hund ed
indi iduals,
occu
in
ca es
whe e
he
empe a u e
is
5-7°C.
In
hese
concen a ions
he e
is
no
di ec
con ac
be ween
ba s,
hey
hang
sepa a ely,
o en
no
high
abo e
g ound.
Lesse
ho seshoe
ba s
do
no
mig a e
e y
a
inhabi ing
a
small
a ea
du ing
he
whole
yea
and
lying
om
one
ca e
o
ano he
e en
in
win e
ime.
They
eed
on
insec s
and
spide s
ca ching
hei
p ey
when
lying
o
snapping
i
om
ocks,
ences
and
ee
unks.
The
ligh
is
cha ac e ized
by
apid
mo emen s
o
he
wings
and
equen
changes
o
di ec ion.
The
lesse
ho seshoe
ba
is
dis ibu ed
in
Eu ope
om
I eland,
England,
h ough
cen al
Fede al
Republic
o
Ge many,
sou he n
Poland
and
Uk aine,
in
no he n
and
eas e n
A ica
and
in
wes e n
Asia
( he
Caucasus,
Tu kes an,
Kashmi ,
Asia
Mino ,
A abia).
In
Poland
i s
ange
co e s
he
Eas
Sude es,
he
Wes
and
Eas
Beskid
Moun ains,
he
K akow-Wielu i
Upland
and
he
Sandomie z
Lowland
whe e
i
eaches
i s
no heas e n
limi
(in
Nienowice)
(Fig.
54).
In
he
moun ains
B*
108
Sys ema ic
accoun
Rhinolophus
hipposide os
Fig.
54.
Dis ibu ion
o
he
lesse
ho seshoe
ba ,
Rhinolophus
hipposide os
(Bechs ein).
A e
Rup ech ,
om
Pucek
and
Raczynski
(1981)
i
has
been
obse ed
a
al i udes
o
up
o
1000
me e s
( he
T zy
Kopce
Ca e
in
he
Silesian
Beskid
Moun ains)
(Rup ech ,
1981).
The
Polish
auna
con ains
he
nomina i e
subspecies
R.
h.
hipposide os
(Bechs ein,
1800),
o
he
i s
ime
desc ibed
om
F ance.
*
G ea e
ho seshoe
ba —Rhinolophus
e umequinum
(Sch ebe ,
1774)
Measu emen s
o
45
specimens
om
Slo akia
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
57-71
mm.;
ail,
35-69
mm.;
o ea m,
54-60mm.;
body
weigh ,
19.5-29.5gms.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
(19)
20-22
mm.
(Fe ianco a-Masa o d
a.
Hanak,
1965).
Leng h
o
ea ,
20-26
mm.;
wingspan,
33-40
cm.
(Ga ey,
1961)-
.
The
s uc u e
o
he
nose-lea
is
simila
o
ha
o
he
lesse
ho seshoe
ba
bu
he
edge
o
he
lea
is
no
co uga ed
and
he
c es
is
na ow
in
he
middle.
The
u
is
also
simila
in
colo
o
ha
o
he
abo e
desc ibed
species.
The
i s
uppe
p emola
(P1)
and
he
second
lowe
p emola
(P2)
a e
e y
small,
supp essed
and
p o uding
om
he
oo h- ow,
some imes
hey
a e
absen .
The
biology
and
habi s
o
he
g ea e
ho seshoe
ba
esemble
hose
o
Rhinolophus
hipposide os.
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
109
I
is
dis ibu ed
in
sou he n
and
wes e n
Eu ope,
no he n
A ica,
wes e n,
cen al
and
eas e n
Asia
up
o
China
and
Japan.
In
Eu ope
he
ange
o
his
species
is
simila
o
ha
o
he
lesse
ho seshoe
ba
bu
does
no
each
as
a
o
he
no h.
I
comes
as
close
o
he
Polish
e i o y
as
he sou he n
pa
o
Czechoslo-
akia,
whe e
i
pe manen ly
occu s.
The
o me
epo s
o
i s
occu ence
in
he
Czechoslo ak
pa
o
he
Sude es
we e
p obably
e oneous.
In
Poland
he
g ea e
ho seshoe
ba
was
eco ded
only
once
om
he
K akow-Wielun
Upland
(The
Nie ope zowa
Ca e
nea
Lazy-Jawo )
in
he
win e
o
1962
(Ha ma a
and
Woj usiak,
1963).
In
Czechoslo akia
li es
he
nomina i e
subspecies,
R.
e umequinum
(Sch ebe ,
1774),
o
he
i s
ime
desc ibed
om
F ance,
and
i
is
his
subspecies
ha
p obably
appea s
in
Poland.
The
measu emen s
o
he
emale
specimens
ound
in
he
Nie ope zowa
Ca e
(Dec.
16,
1962)
a e
he
ollowing:
head
and
body,
66
mm.;
ail,
38
mm.;
ea ,
26
mm.;
o ea m,
58
mm.;
body weigh ,
19
gms.;
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
21.5
mm.
Family:
Common
ba s—Vespe ilionidae
The
nose-lea
is
absen .
The
ea s
always
con ain
he
agus.
The
wings
may
be
b oad
o
na ow.
The
ail
ex ends
o
he
edge
o
he
in e emo al
memb ane
o
sligh ly
beyond
i .
Two
inciso s
a e
p esen on
each
side
o
he
in e maxilla y
bone
and
h ee
on
each
side
o
he
mandible.
The
nasal
bones
a e
no
sphe ically
ex ended.
They
use
ea ly
wi h
he
o he
bones
o
he
skull
and
he
su u es
disappea .
Echoloca ion
is
based
upon
he
emission
o
ul asounds
h ough
open
mou h.
These
ba s
a e
colonial
and
equen ly
hang
close
o
each
o he
o
o
a
wall.
Some imes
hey
a e
ound
hanging
ee.
When
es ing,
he
lying
memb anes
a e
nea ly
olded
a
he
sides
(Fig.
53),
excep
in
he
common
long-ea ed
ba ,
which
hibe na es
wi h
he
on
pa
o
he
body
co e ed
by
unspanned
wings,
hus
esembling
Rhinolophidae.
Vespe ilionidae
a e
he
mos
widely
dis ibu ed
amily
o
ba s,
ound
in
all
con inen s
and
in
many
islands,
bo h
in
he
opics
and
in
he
empeia e
zone
including
he
no he n
limi s
o
he
o de
ange
and
eaching
highes
in
he
moun ains.
Many
species
o
he
empe a e
clima ic
zone
mig a e
seasonally
be ween
hei
summe
and
win e
qua e s.
In
Poland
he e
a e
se en,
and
possibly
eigh ,
gene a.
Key
o
gene a
by
ex e nal
ea u es
1.
Ea s
joined
a
inne
bases;
nos ils
open
upwa d
.
.
2
—.
Ea s
no
joined;
nos ils
open
o wa d
3
2.
Ea s
la ge
(mo e
han
30
mm.),
elip ic,
equal
o
o
less
han
leng h
110
Sys ema ic
accoun
o
o ea m;
agus
elonga ed,
lanceola e; snou
u ed
om
nose
o
eyes;
calca
wi hou
keel
....
Pleco us
Geo oy,
page
148
—.
Ea s
small
(up
o
18
mm.),
wide,
less
han
hal
leng h
o
o ea m;
agus
cul a e,
snou
naked
om
nose
o
eyes,
calca
wi h
keel.
.
.
Ba bas ella
G ay,
page
152
3.
Calca
wi hou
keel
(Fig.
55A),
lowe
edge
o
ea
does
no
each
eye
4
—.
Calca
wi h
keel
(Fig.
55B),
lowe
edge
o
ea
eaches
eye
.
. .
5
4.
Ea s
elip ic,
equal
o
o
mo e
han
hal
leng h
o
o ea m
(Fig.
56);
agus
cul a e.
Second
phalanx
o
hi d
digi
wice
as
long
as
i s .
. .
Myo is
Kaup,
page
117
—.
Ea s
iangula
(11-13
mm.)
less
han
hal
leng h
o
o ea m;
agus
c escen -shaped.
Second
phalanx
o
hi d
digi
h ee
imes
as
long
as
i s .
Te minal
po ion
o
unspanned
wing
cu es
inwa d
(Fig.
57).
. .
Miniop e us
Bonapa e,
page
154
5.
Wings
na ow;
en al
side
o
ligh
memb ane
along
o ea m
co e ed
wi h us y
hai s.
Thi d
me aca pal
8-11
mm.
longe
han
i h.
T agus
much
sho ened,
end
widened
and
ounded
(Fig.
56)
. . .
Nyc alus
Bowdich,
page
143
Ep esicus
se o inus
(Sch ebe )
Wings
wide;
en al
side
o
ligh
memb ane
along
o ea m
usually
naked.
Thi d
me aca pal
equal
o
o
1-4
mm.
longe
han
i h.
T agus
mo e
o
less
elonga ed,
c escen -shaped,
end
ne e
widened
(Fig.
56)
6
Fig.
56.
Ea s
o
ba s.
1
—
la ge
mouse-ea ed
ba ,
Myo is
myo is
(Bo khausen),
2
lesse
mouse-
-ea ed
ba ,
Myo is
bly hi
(Tomes),
3
—
Bechs ein's
ba ,
Myo is
bechs eini
(Kuhl),
4
—
Geo oy's
ba ,
Myo is
ema gina us
(Geo oy),
5
—
pond
ba ,
Myo is
dasycneme
(Boie),
6
—
Dauben on
s
ba ,
Myo is
dauben oni
(Kuhl),
7
—
whiske ed
ba ,
Myo is
mys acinus
(Kuhl),
8
—
Na e e
s
ba ,
Myo is
na e e i
(Kuhl),
9
—
common
noc ule,
Nyc alus
noc ula
(Sch ebe ),
10
—
lesse
noc ule,
Nyc alus
leisle i
(Kuhl),
11
—
common
pipis elle,
Pipis elluspipis ellus
(Sch ebe ),
12
—Na husius'
pipis elle,
Pipis ellus
na husii
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius),
13
—
pa i-colo ed
ba ,
Vespe ilio
mu inus
Linnaeus,
14
—
no he n
ba ,
Ep esicus
nilssoni
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius),
15
—
se o ine,
Ep esicus
se o inus
(Sch ebe ),
16
—
ba bas elle,
Ba bas ella
ba bas ellus
(Sch ebe ).
A e
Fe ianco a-Masa-
o a
and
Han&k
(1965)
112
Sys ema ic
accoun
Fig.
57.
The
wing
o
Sch eibe 's
ba ,
Miniop e us
sch eibe si
(Kuhl).
A
—
a
scheme
illus a ing
he
way
o
aking
measu emen s
o
i s
and
second
phalanges
o
he
hi d
digi .
F omToschi
and
Lanza
(1959),
modi ied.
B
—
cu ing
he
end
o
ba 's
wing
6.
Fo ea m
less
han
35
mm
Pipis ellus
Kaup,
page
139
—.
Fo ea m
mo e
han
35
mm
7
7.
Calca
wi h
de ini e
keel,
ein o ced
by
ans e se
ca ilage.
Conspi-
cuous
di e ence
in
colo a ion
be ween
do sal
and
en al
sides,
hai s
o
back
ipped
wi h
sil e
Vespe ilio
Linnaeus,
page
134
—.
Calca
wi hou
de ini e
keel,
no
ans e se
ca ilage.
No
conspicuous
di e ence
in
colo a ion
be ween
do sal
and
en al
sides,
hai s
o
back
ipped
wi h
gold
o
awny.
. .
Ep esicus
Ra inesque,
page
136
Key
o
gene a
by
skulls
1.
Th ee
p emola s
in
uppe
and
in
lowe
jaw;
os al
po ion
o
skull
elonga ed,
en
al eoli
(Pi-Ma)
Myo is
Kaup,
page
117
—.
One
o
wo
p emola s
in
maxilla,
wo
o
h ee
in
mandible;
os al
po ion
o
skull
sho ened
2
126
Sys ema ic
accoun
Na e e 's
ba —Myo is
na e e i
(Kuhl,
1818)
Measu emen s
o
38
specimens
om
Lowe
Silesia
(Haillinge ,
1976)
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
42.6-55.5
mm.;
ail,
37.CM6.5
mm.;
ea ,
15
0-18.3
mm.;
o ea m,
35.0-12.3
mm.
Body
weigh ,
5.0-12.0
gms.
Wmgspan,
22.0-26.0
(27.5
cm.)
(Ga ey,
1961).
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
o
30
specimens
om
Poland,
14.0-15.6
mm.
A
dis inc i e
ea u e
o
his
species
is
ha
he
edge
o
he
ui
opa agium
be ween
he
ends
o
calca s
and
ha
o
he
ail
a e
hickened,
inden ed
and
co e ed
wi h
wo
ows
o
s i ,
cu ed
hai s
(Fig.
55).
The
ea
is
a he
long
and
b oad.
The
leng h
o
he
agus
equals
2/3
leng h
o
he
ea .
The
wings
a e
ela i ely
b oad.
The
plagiopa agium
nea ly
eaches
he
base
o
he
digi s
o
he
oo .
The
in e emo al
memb ane
ex ends
o
he
end
o
he
ail.
On
he
do sal
side,
he
u
is
ligh
b own.
The
hai s
a e
da ke
a
bases
and
ligh e
owa d
he
ends.
On
he
en e ,
he
u
is
g ayish.
He e,
he
hai s
ha e
da k
bases
and
a e
ipped
wi h
whi e.
The
second
uppe
(P2)
and
lowe
(P2)
p emola s
a e
almos
he
same
size
as
he
i s
one.
,
.
.
In
summe ,
colonies
o
Na e e 's
ba
con aining
bo h
males
and
emales
can
be
ound
in
hollow
ees,
a ics,
c e ices
in
walls,
and
in
bi dboxes.
A
e y
nume ous
summe
colony
o
his
ba
occupies
he
oo
space
o
he
Cameldo-
li es
monas e y
a
Bieniszew
nea
Konin.
Na e e 's
ba s
mainly
spend
win e
in
ca es
and
cella s,
whe e
hey
o m
la ge,
o en
mixed
colonies.
They
ly
low
abo e
g ound
among
ees
in
sea ch
o
lying
p ey
bu
also
snap
insec s
and
spide s
om
plan s.
_
This
species
occu s
in
Eu ope
and
in
he
empe a e
egions
o
Asia
up
o
Japan
in
he
eas .
In
Poland
i s
ange co e s
almos
all
o
he
coun y
excep
he
cen al
and
wes e n
pa s
o
he
Bal ic
Coas ,
no h-eas e n
egions
o
Masu ia,
Uppe
Silesia,
NowyTa g
Valley,
he
Ta a,
Pieniny
and
Bieszczady
Moun ains,
and
Sandomie z
Lowland.
The
Wes
and
Eas
Beskid
Moun ains
a e
i s
sou he n-
mos
locali ies;
o
he
no h-eas , i
eaches
as
a
as
he
Bialowieza
p ime al
o es .
In
Poland
li es
he
nomina i e
subspecies,
M.
n.
na e e i
(Kuhl,
1818),
o iginally
desc ibed
om
Ge many.
Geo oy's
ba —Myo is
ema gina us
(Geo oy,
1806)
Measu emen s
o
30
specimens
om
Czechoslo akia
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
41-53
mm.;
ail,
38-48
mm.;
ea ,
16-17
mm.;
o ea m,
36.0-40.5
mm.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
14.0-15.7 mm.
Body
weigh ,
5.9-9.0
gms.
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
127
(Fe ianco a-Masa o a
and
Hanak,
1965).
Wingspan,
22.0-24.0
cm.
(Ga ey,
1961).
The
ea
has
a
conspicuous,
deep
inden a ion
a
one
hi d
o
i s
leng h.
The
plagiopa agium
eaches
he
base
o
he
ou e
digi
o
he
oo .
The
edge
o
he
lying
memb ane
be ween
he
ends
o
calca s
and
ha
o
he
ail
is
sca cely
co e ed
wi h
so ,
s aigh ,
hin
hai s.
The
hai
on
he
basal
pa
o
he
in e -
emo al
memb ane
is
eddish
and
dense.
The
ail
ex ends
abou
1
mm.
beyond
he
ligh
memb ane.
The
u
is
dense,
wa y
and
o en
con ains
woolly
hai s.
The
do sum
is
b own,
a ying
in
shades
om
eddish
o
ches nu .
Indi idual
hai s
a e
icolo
(da k
a
he
base
ollowed
by
a
band
o
ligh e
shade
and
ipped
wi h
b own).
The
second
uppe
p emola
(P2)
is
e y
small,
p o uding om
he
oo h- ow
and
is
inconspicuous
om
he
buccal
side.
The
second
lowe
p emola
(P2)
is
almos
as
la ge
as
he
i s
one
(Px).
In
summe ,
Geo oy's
ba
can
be
ound
in
a ics,
whe e
emales
cong ega e
in
colonies.
Single
indi iduals
o
small
colonies
spend
win e
in
ca es,
whe e
hey
usually
choose
he
places
wi h
a
a he
high
empe a u e.
The
Myo is
ema gina us
Fig.
66.
Dis ibu ion
o
Geo oy's
ba ,
Myo is
ema gina us
(Geo oy).
A e
Rup ech ,
om
Pucek
and
Raczynski
(1981)

128
Sys ema ic
accoun
win e
sleep
is
long
and
ne e
in e up ed.
In
Poland,
his
species
is
associa ed
wi h
ocky
a eas
and
o es s.
Geo oy's
ba
is
dis ibu ed om
wes e n
Eu ope
o
he
C imea,
Caucasus,
Tu kes an,
I an
and
Pales ine
in
he
eas .
I
is
absen
in
he
B i ish
Isles.
In
cen al
Eu ope
i s
no he n
ange
limi
uns
ac oss
Holland,
sou he n
Fede al
Republic
o
Ge many
and
sou he n
Poland.
In
Poland,
his
species
occu s
only
in
a
ew
locali ies
in
he
Wes
Beskid
Moun ains
and
he
K akow-Wielun
Upland
(Fig.
66).
I
has
also
been
eco ded
om
he
Ka konosze
Moun ains
nea
he
Polish
on ie .
The
nomina i e
subspecies,
M.
e.
ema gina us
(Geo oy,
1806),
o iginally
desc ibed
om
F ance,
also
inhabi s
Poland.
Whiske ed
ba —Myo is
mys acinus
(Kuhl,
1819)
Measu emen s
o
159
specimens
om
Czechoslo akia
a e
as
ollows,
head
and
body, 35.0-48.0
mm.;
ail,
30.0-43.0
mm.;
ea ,
12.0-16.5
mm.;
o ea m,
31.0-37.0
mm.
(Hanak,
1971).
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
12.0-13.2
mm.
(Ryba ,
1976).
Body
weigh
o
specimens
om
Lowe
Silesia,
3.0-5.0
gms.
(Hai linge ,
1976).
Wingspan,
19.0-22.5
cm.
(Ga ey,
1961).
This
is
he
smalles
Polish
ep esen a i e
o
he
genus
Myo is
Kaup.
The
wings
a e
a he
na ow.
The
ea s
a e
sho e
han
hose
o
B and
s
ba ,
wi h
a
sligh
inden a ion
on
he
ou e
edge.
When
laid
o wa d,
he
ea
does
no
ex end
beyond
he
end
o
he
nose.
The
snou
is
o e g own
wi h
long
ac ile
hai s.
The
ip
o
he
ail
ex ends
abou
2
mm.
beyond
he
lying
mem-
b ane.
The
wing
memb ane
is
a ached
o
he
base
o
he
oo
digi s.
The
"calca ial
keel"
is
in
he
o m
o
a
udimen a y
cu aneous old,
somewha
esembling
an
epiblema.
The
u
shows
a
g ea
a ie y
o
colo s.
The
specimens
om
Poland
a e
usually
da k
ches nu
on
he
back
and
ligh e
on
he
en e .
Almos
black
and
oli e
g ay
indi iduals
a e
also
ound.
The
hai s
a e
dense,
long
and
silky.
The
colo
o
he
ea s
is
da k,
nea ly
black.
The
lying
memb ane
is
also
da k.
Acco ding
o
Hanak
(1970),
he
whiske ed
ba 's
baculum,
when
compa ed
wi h
ha
o
B and 's
ba ,
is
much
smalle ,
saddle-shaped
and
conca e
om
side
iew.
I
is
0.43-0.62
mm.
long
and
0.22-0.29
mm.
wide.
The
penis
is
hin
all
o e
i s
leng h
and
is
no
bulged
a
he
end.
The
os al
po ion
o
he
skull
is
slende
and
he
skull's
p o ile
is
smoo h.
The
small
uppe
and
lowe
p emola s
(P1
and
Px)
a e
de ini ely
la ge
han
P2
and
P2,
he
P2
being
usually
supp essed
be ween
Px
and
P3.
The
la ge
p e-
mola
(P3)
has
no
conspicuous
cingulum,
a
poo ly
de eloped
p o ocone
and
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
129
i s
wo
small
buccal
oo s
a e
a
an
ob use
angle
o
he
axis
o
he
pala e
(Fig.
67).
Simila ly
as
in
he
o he
ep esen a i es
o
he
subgenus
Selysius
Bonapa e,
1841,
he
uppe
mola s
Mx-M3
o
he
whiske ed
ba
ha e
no
p o o-
conules
(Fig.
63).
The
whiske ed
ba
is
he
eu y opic
species.
In
Poland
i
occu s
sympa ically
wi h
B and 's
ba .
I
o en
hun s
i s
p ey
o e
wa e .
In
summe
i
shel e s
in
a ics,
hollow
ees,
bi dboxes
and
may
be
ound
hanging
behind
blinds
o
benea h
loose
ba k.
A
ha
ime
he
emales
cong ega e
in
small
colonies
and
he
males
emain
soli a y.
In
win e
single
indi iduals
hide
in
ca es,
usually
Fig.
67.
A angemen
o
he
oo s
o
le
hi d
uppe
p emola
(P3)
in
he
whiske ed
ba ,
Myo is
mys acinus
(Kuhl)
(A)
and
in
B and 's
ba ,
Myo is
b and ii
(E e smann)
(B).
A e
Ryba
(1976)
in
e y
damp
places.
The
whiske ed
ba
well
esis s
ad e se
wea he
and
e-
mains
ac i e
om
ea ly
sp ing
o
la e
au umn.
I
is
a
as
and
agile
lie .
I
ca ches
insec s
when
lying
bu
also
cap u es
hem,
as
well
as
spide s,
om
plan s
o
om
he
g ound.
The
whiske ed
ba
has
a
e y
wide
ange
including
all
o
Eu ope,
a
majo
pa
o
Asia,
up
o
Sibe ia
and
Kamcha ka
in
he
no h,
and
eaching
as
a
as
India
and
Indonesia
o
he
sou h.
In
Poland
i
inhabi s
all
o
he
coun y
being
a he
a e
in
he
no he n
pa
(Rup ech ,
1974b).
I s
known
locali ies
a e
es ic ed
in
numbe
due
o
he
ac
ha ,
un il
ecen ly,
i
was
con used
wi h
B and 's
ba
and
hence
he
o me
da a
could
no
be
aken
in o
accoun .
In
he
Ta a
Moun ains
i
has
been
obse ed
as
high
as
he
Ciemniak
Lodowa
Ca e
(1715
m.
abo e
sea
le el),
bu
p obably
eaches
e en
highe .
The
Polish
whiske ed
ba
belongs
o
he
nomina i e
subspecies
M.
m.
mys a-
cinus
(Kuhl,
1819),
o iginally
desc ibed
om
Ge many.
130
Sys ema ic
accoun
B and 's
ba —My is
b and ii
(E e smann,
1845)
Measu emen s
o
53
specimens
om
Czechoslo akia
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
39.0-50.0
mm.;
ail,
32.0-44.0
mm.;
ea ,
12.5-17.0
mm.;
o ea m,
33.2-37.7
mm.
(Hanak,
1971).
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
13.0-14.4
mm.
(Ryba ,
1976).
Body
weigh
o
specimens
om
Lowe
Silesia,
4.0-7.0
gms.
(Hai lin-
ge ,
1976).
Wingspan,
19.0-22.5
cm.
(Ga ey,
1961).
A
cha ac e is ic
ea u e
o
B and 's
ba
a e
i s
a he
long
ea s
wi h
a
shallow
inden a ion
on
he
ou e
edge.
When
laid
o wa d,
he
ea
ex ends
1-3
mm.
beyond
he
end
o
he
nose.
This
is
a
small
ba
wi h ela i ely
wide
wings.
The
ligh
memb ane
is
a ached
o
he
base
o
he
ee
digi s.
The
calca
has
no
keel.
The
ail
sligh ly
ex ends beyond
he
u opa agium.
The
u
is
a ious
shades
o
b own,
ligh e
on
he
en al
side,
usually
b ownish
whi e.
The
lying
memb ane
is
b ownish
o
blackish.
Acco ding
o
Hanak
(1970),
he
baculum
o
B and 's
ba
is
much
la ge
han
ha
o
he
whiske ed
ba .
I
is
saddle-shaped
wi h
a
p ominen
p o ube -
ance
on
he
p oximal
pa
o
he
do sal
su ace.
I s
en al
side
has
a
conspic-
uous
dep ession,
he
sulcus
u e halis.
The
baculum
is
0.81-0.97
mm.
long
and
0.41-0.59
mm. wide.
The
penis
is
hick
and
bulged
a
he
end.
The
skull
is
slende
in
he
os al
po ion
and
smoo h
om
side
iew.
The e
is
some
di e ence
in
he
size
o
small
p emola s,
he
i s
uppe
and
lowe
ones
being
sligh ly
la ge
han
co esponding
second
p emola s
(P]
>
P^).
The
la ge
uppe
p emola
(P3)
has
a
well-de eloped
p o ocone
and
i s
wo
small
buccal
oo s
a e
almos
in
he
same
line
as
he
longi udinal
axis
o
he
pala e
(Fig.
67).
Mx-M3
bea
conspicuous
p o oconules,
which
a e
also
cha ac e is ic
o
he
o he
ep esen a i es
o
he
subgenus
Leuconoe
Boie,
1830.
B and 's
ba ,
being
o iginally
a
cen al
Eu opean
species,
is
known
om
he
Pleis ocene
o
Hunga y
( he
penul ima e
glacia ion—Riss)
(Topal,
1963)
and
also
om
he
Holocene
o
he
Polish
Ta as
(Woloszyn,
1970),
whe e
i s
emains
a e
p esen
in
ca es
si ua ed
no
oo
high
in
he
moun ains.
Some-
imes
hey
a e
ound
oge he
wi h
hose
o
he
whiske ed
ba
hough
he
la e
p edomina es
in
highe
al i udes.
I
is
he
eu y opic
species.
In
Poland,
B and 's
ba
occu s
in
woods,
open
lowlands
and
pla eaus
(Rup ech ,
1974
b).
In
summe
his
species
can
be
seen
behind
blinds
o
wooden
houses
(Bialowieza
p ime al
o es ).
In
Zamosc
egion
i
was
ound
o
ha e
summe
shel e s
in
wooden
houses
si ua ed
a
in
he
o es
(gamekeepe 's
lodge
a
S oki
in
he
Kosobudy
o es
inspec o a e).
In
win e
i
hides
in
ca es
o
in
a ious
unde g ound
passages
ha
ecologically
subs i u e
he
o me .
B and 's
ba
inhabi s
he
empe a e
zone
o
he
Palea c ic.
I s
ange
co e s
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
131
Eu asia
om
he
B i ish
Isles
in
he
wes
o
he
Sakhalin,
P imo ski
i
K ai
and
Kamcha ka
in
he
eas .
Acco ding
o
Fedo o
(1978),
i s
no he n
ange
ex ends
o
a
la i ude
o
64°
(nea
he
own
o
Magadan).
In
he
sou h,
i
eaches
he
sou he n
pa
o
P imo skii
K ai
(40°
N)
and
goes
u he
o
eas e n
and
cen al
Mongolia.
In
Poland,
B and 's
ba
is
known
only
om
a
ew
locali ies
along
he
coas line
and
in
Masu ia,
Pome ania,
Wielkopolska-Kujawy
Lowland,
Wes
Sude es,
K akow-Wielun
and
Malopolska
Uplands,
Swi^ ok zyskie
Moun-
ains,
Roz ocze
and
he
Bialowieza
p ime al
o es
(Rup ech ,
1981).
The
i s
Polish
specimens
o
his
species
a e
hose
collec ed
by
I.
K.
Ta -
nani
(Rup ech ,
1975)
in
he
a i icial
ca e
a
Pulawy.
Hibe na ing
ba s
we e
eco ded in
he Polnocna
Ca e
a
Wojcieszow
Go ny
(Wes
Sude es)
(Hai -
linge ,
1976).
Few
specimens
o
he
B and 's
ba
spend
win e
nea
Mi?dzy zecz
on
he
Ob a
i e
in
bunke s
da ing
iom
Wo ld
Wa
II
(E.
U banczyk
pe -
sonal communica ion).
Mos
o
he
known
locali ies
o
B and 's
ba
a e
hose
ound
in
summe .
In
some
o
hem
his
species
co-occu s
wi h
he
whiske ed
ba .
B and 's
ba
was
o iginally
desc ibed
om
Russia
in
he
o eland
o
he
U al
Moun ains
on
he
Sakma a
i e .
So
a
no
subspecies
ha e
been
dis inguished.
Pond
ba —Myo is
dasycneme
(Boie,
1825)
Measu emen s
o
9
specimens
om
Lowe
Silesia
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
59.0-68.0
mm.;
ail,
43.5-53.0
mm.;
ea ,
14.9-16.6
mm.;
o ea m,
44.1-49.2
mm.
Body
weigh ,
11.0-23.0
gms.
(Hai linge ,
1976).
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
o
10
specimens
om
Poland,
(15.1)
15.7-17.4
mm.
Wingspan,
20.0-30.0
cm.
(Ga ey,
1961).
This
is
one
o
he
Polish
bigges
ba s.
The
wings
a e
la ge
and
b oad.
The
en al
side
o
he
u opa agium
along
he
shanks
is
co e ed
wi h
whi e
hai s.
The
wing
memb ane
eaches
he
heel.
The
ee
a e
la ge
and
ha e
long
calca s
which
ake
wo- hi ds
o
he
ma gin
o
u opa agium.
The
end
o
he
ail
ex-
ends
abou
3
mm.
beyond
he
in e emo al
memb ane.
The
u
is
no
e y
long
bu
i
is
e y
dense.
The e
is
a
conspicuous
di e ence
in
colo a ion
o
he
do sal
and
en al
sides
o
he
body.
The
g ay
o
he
belly
becomes
mixed
wi h
b own
on
he
back.
All
hai s
ha e
black
bases;
hose
on
he
back
a e
ipped
wi h
b own
whe eas
hose
on
he
belly
ha e
whi e
ends.
The
skull
is
la
and
wide
and
has
a
smoo h
p o ile.
The
i s
and
second
uppe
p emola s
(P1,
P2)
p o ude
lingually
om
he
oo h- ow.
The
p o o-
conule
is
p esen
on
he
p oximal
edge
o
he
uppe
mola s
(Mx-M3).
132
Sys ema ic
accoun
This
is
a
lowland species
associa ed
wi h
ex ensi e
wa e
basins.
In
summe ,
single
indi iduals
o
colonies
can
be
ound
in
a ics
and
in
hollow
ees.
The
pond
ba
spends
win e
ei he
soli a ily
o
in
g oups,
some imes
i
joins
he
colonies
o
o he
ba s.
La e
in
he
e ening,
i
comes
ou
o
hun
o e
wa e s,
lying
low
and
ca ching
insec s
in
he
ai
o
snapping
hem
om
he
su ace
o
wa e .
These
ba s
appa en ly
mig a e
om
hei
summe
qua e s
o
he
win e
ones.
.
The
pond
ba
inhabi s
cen al
and
eas e n
Eu ope
anging
om
Bohemia
and
Mo a ia
(whe e
i
is
a e)
in
he
sou h
o
Belgium,
Holland,
Denma k
and
Sweden
in
he
no h.
Eas
o
Eu ope
i
ex ends
h oughou
Wes
Sibe ia
o
he
Yenisei.
,
x
_T
^
In
Poland
his
ba
p obably
is
p esen
h oughou
he
coun y.
No
eco ds
om
Pome ania
indica e
lack
o
collec ing
a he
han
i s
ac ual absence
he e.
Mos
o
i s
known
locali ies
a e
in
Masu ian
Lake
Region,
Wielkopolska-
-Kujawy
and
Mazo ian
Lowlands,
K akow-Wielun
and
Ma opolska
Uplands,
Wes
Sude es,
Swi? ok zyskie
M s.,
Pieniny,
Ta as
and
Uppe
Silesia.
The
Polish
auna
con ains
he
nomina i e
subspecies
M.
d.
dasycneme
(Boie,
1825),
o iginally
desc ibed
om
Ge many.
Dauben on's
ba —Myo is
dauben oni
(Kuhl,
1819)
Measu emen s
o
78
specimens
om
Lowe
Silesia
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
43.0-60.5
mm.;
ail,
31.0-44.5
mm.;
ea ,
10.5-14.2
mm.;
o ea m
35.0-40.8
mm.
Body
weigh ,
4.0-8.0
gms.
(Hai linge ,
1976).
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
o
18
specimens
om
Poland,
13.2-14.6
mm.
Wingspan,
21.0-25.0
cm.
(Ga ey,
1961).
.
,
Dauben on's
ba
is
one
o
he
smalle
Polish
ba s.
The
wing
memb ane
eaches
o
he
middle
o
he
oo .
The
end
o
he
ail
ex ends
abou
3
mm.
beyond
he
in e emo al
memb ane.
The
wings
a e
a he
b oad.
The
ee
a e
Iqi'00,
The
u
is
dense
and
sho .
The
da k
b own
back,
o en
wi h
a
ieddish
inge,
is
well
con as ed
wi h
he
g ay
colo
o
he
belly.
Indi idual
hai s
a e
bicolo .
An
albino
Dauben on's
ba
has
been
eco ded
by
Ce eny
and
Bu ge
(1977);
wi h
pa ial
albinism
o
ip
o
wings
by
Haensel
(1968).
The
skull
is
la
and
wide
and
has
a
smoo h
p o ile.
I
is
likely
o
be
con used
wi h
ha
o
B and 's
ba ,
om
which
i
di e s
by
haying
wide
b ain
case,
in e o bi al
cons ic ion
and
os um.
In
Dauben on
s
ba ,
he
co onoid
piocess
o
he
mandible
is
a
s aigh
line,
unlike
ha
o
B and
s
ba ,
which
is
pa abolic
in
shape.
In
Dauben on's
ba ,
he
lowe
canine
is
wide
and
low,
whe eas
ha
o
B and 's
ba
is
na owe
and
highe
(Fig.
68).
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
133
Fig.
68.
Le
mandibles.
A
—
Dauben on's
ba ,
Myo is
dauben oni
(Kuhl),
B
—
B and 's
ba ,
Myo is
b and ii
(E e smann),
C
—
whiske ed
ba ,
Myo is
mys acinus
(Kuhl).
A ows
indica e
di e ences
in
he
size
o
canines
and
second
p emola s
The
uppe
mola s
(Mx-M3)
bea
an
addi ional
cusp
(p o oconule)
on
he
an-
e io
edge
o
he
c own
(Fig.
62).
The
second
uppe
p emola
(P2)
is
hal
he
size
o
he
i s
one
(P1).
The
second
lowe
p emola
is
also
much
smalle
han
he
i s
one
(Pi).
Dauben on's
ba
is
associa ed
wi h
wa e
bu
no
as
s ic ly
as
he
pond
ba .
In
summe ,
i
akes
up
esidence
in
hollow
ees,
a ics,
in
c e ices
o
ocks
and
walls,
unde
b idge
decks
and
in
sand
ma ins'
nes s.
I s
summe
colonies
con ain
membe s
o
bo h
sexes
and
some imes
a e
mixed
wi h
hose
o
o he
species.
In
win e ,
single
indi iduals
o
colonies
hide
in
ca es
and
cella s.
This
ba
h*s
been
obse ed
o
ly
o e
long
dis ances
bu
no
much
is
known
abou
i s
egula
mig a ions.
I
hun s
bo h
o e
wa e s
and
among
ees,
consuming
i s
p ey
when
lying.
The
ligh
is
as
and
i egula .
Dauben on's
ba
is
p esen
almos
h oughou
Eu ope.
In
he
Palea c ic
134
Sys ema ic
accoun
pa
o
Asia,
i
eaches
up
o
a
la i ude
o
60°
N
and
ex ends
as
a
as
Japan
in
he
eas .
In
Poland
i
is
a he
e enly
dis ibu ed
all
o e
he
coun y.
So
a ,
i
has
no
been
eco ded
om
he
Bal ic
Coas ,
Podlasie,
Sandomie z
Lowland,
Lublin
Upland,
Bieszczady,
Wes
Beskid,
Ta a
M s.,
and
he
Nowy
Ta g
Valley!
The
Polish
auna
includes
he
nomina i e
subspecies,
M.
d.
dauben oni
(Kuhl,
1819),
o iginally
desc ibed
om
Ge many.
Wi hin
he
species
Myo is
dauben oni
(Kuhl)
a
new
o m,
Myo is
na halinae
Tupinie ,
1977,
has
been
desc ibed
om
Spain.
The
lesse
Dauben on's
ba
is
a
close
ela i e
o
M.
dauben oni,
om
which
i
di e s
by
a
smalle
size
(especially
o
he
o ea m,
34-35
mm.
and
36-37
mm.
espec i ely
and
o
he
hind
oo ,
8.4-9.0
and
9.4-10.1
mm.),
and
by
he
lack
o
he
p o ocone on
he
hi d
uppe
p emola
(P3).
I
also
has
a
di e en
s uc u e
o
he
os
penis,
which
m
his
species
has
a
conspicuous
p o ube ance
on
he
do sal
side.
The
holo ype
and
se e al
pa a ype
specimens
we e
caugh
in
a
dese ed
mine
in
he
p o ince
o
Ciudad-Real
sou h
o
Mad id.
The e
we e
hund eds
o
indi iduals
sp ead
m
small
g oups
in
which
males
p edomina ed.
They
ook
up
esidence
in
looded
passages
in
he
icini y
o
g ea e
ho seshoe
ba s.
O he
habi a s
o
his
species
we e
hose
occupied
by
Dauben on's ba
a
di e en
imes
o
he
yea .
I
has
also
been
eco ded
om
F ance
and
Swi ze land, in
he
basins
o
he
lowe
Loi e
and
Rhone
i e s.
The
lesse
Dauben on's
ba
may
occu
m
he
Polish
auna
since
he
skulls
o
M.
dauben oni
ha
we e
ound
in
Poland
con ained
a
ew
mo pho ypes
o
P3
wi h
s uc u e
analogous
o
hose
o
M.
na halinae.
These
come
om:
Pome ania,
Wielkopolska-Kujawy,
lazo ian
Lowland
and
Malopolska
Uplands,
and
Bialowieza
p ime al
o es .
Genus:
Vespe ilio
Linnaeus,
1758
Polish
auna
con ains
only
one
species.
Pa i-colo ed
ba
—Vespe ilio
mii inus
Linnaeus,
1758
Measu emen s
o
66
specimens
om
Poland
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
47.j-64.0mm.;
ail,
29.7-47.0mm.;
ea ,
12.9-18.8mm.;
o ea m,
39.6-48.2mm.
Body
weigh ,
10.7-16.4
gms.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
14.0-15.7
mm.
Wingspan
(acc.
o
Ga ey,
1961),
26.5-30.0
cm.
The
ea s
and
lying
memb anes
a e
hick
and
da k.
The
ea s
a e
sho .
The
agus
is
sho
and
sligh ly
ounded
a
he
end.
The
wings
a e
a he
na ow.
The
ip
o
he
ail
ex ends
abou
3.5-5.0
mm.
beyond
he
in e emo al
memb ane.
The
calca ial
keel
is
p esen .
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
135
The colo
o
he
u
much
a ies
wi h
he
indi idual
bu
do sal
hai s
a e
always
ipped
wi h
sil e .
The
hai
bases
may
be
che y
ed,
da k
b own
o
almos
black.
The
u
on
he
en e
is
whi e
o
g ay.
The
hai s
on
he
ace
a e
da k
all
o e
hei
leng h.
The
belly
is
well
con as ed
wi h
he
back.
The
u
is
sho
and
dense.
The
numbe
o
ee h
is 32.
Den al
o mula:
2
113
3
12
3
The
skull
is
massi e,
and
he
os um
is
quad a e
in
gene al
ou line.
The
incisu a
incisi a
is
deep
and
eaches
he
line
ac oss he
pos e io
edges
o
he
uppe
canines
(Fig.
58).
The
second
uppe
inciso
(I2)
is
hal
as
high
as
he
i s
one
(I1).
The
las
uppe
mola
(M3)
is
no
supp essed
in
he
an e opos e io
diame e
(Fig.
59).
Li le
is
known
abou
biology
o
his
species.
Moun ains and
s eppe
egions
a e
hough
o
be
i s
chie
habi a s
hough
i
is
o en
ound
in
big
owns
o
Eu ope.
One
housand
mandibles
o
pa i-colo ed
ba s
we e
eco ded
in
pelle s
con aining
emains
o
6000
e eb a es,
p oduced
by
eagle
owls
in
he
Ta a
M s.
(Czechoslo akia,
Schae e ,
1974).
In
summe
emale
colonies,
single
males
and,
occasionally,
also
small
g oups
o
males
shel e
in
oo
spaces,
hollow
ees
o
c e ices
in
ock
cli s.
Some imes
i
o ms
mixed
colonies
wi h
o he
species
o
ba s,
especially
wi h
Na husius'
pipis elle
and
he
common
pipis elle.
-In
win e
i
hides
in
ca es,
cella s
and
hollow
ees.
In
au umn
he
pa i-colo ed
ba
makes
cou ship
ligh s
du ing
which
i
emi s
a
cha ac e is ic
squeek.
I
lies
as
and
high.
This
species
has
a
e y
ex ensi e
ange
which
includes
all
o
cen al
Eu ope
eaching
Denma k
and
sou he n
Sweden
o
he
no h,
Swi ze land
and
Aus ia
o
he
sou h,
as
well
as
eas e n
Eu ope
and
Palea c ic
pa
o
Asia
up
o
Japan
in
he
eas .
Un il
ecen ly,
he
pa i-colo ed
ba
was
belie ed
o
be
a e in
Poland.
Howe e ,
his
opinion
has
p o ed
o
be
e oneous
since
his
species
is
qui e
common
in
se e al
locali ies
si ua ed
in:
Masu ian,
Wielkopolska-Kujawy
and
Mazo ian
Lowlands,
Podlasie,
Bialowieza
p ime al
o es ,
K akow-Wielun,
Malopolska
and
Lublin
Uplands,
Roz ocze,
Swi^ ok zyskie
Moun ains,
Ta a,
Pienines
and
Wes
Beskid
M s.
In
wes e n
Poland
i
has
only
been
eco ded
om
he
seaside,
nea
he
Ge man
on ie ,
and
om
Lowe
Silesia
(Fig.
69).
Fu he
sys ema ic
s udy
is
needed
o
p o ide
mo e
in o ma ion
abou
he
dis ibu ion
o
V.
mu inus,
especially
in
he
wes e n
pa
o
he
coun y.
In
Poland
li es
he
nomina i e
subspecies,
V.
m.
mu inus
Linnaeus,
1758,
o iginally
desc ibed
om
Sweden.
136
Sys ema ic
accoun
Genus:
Ep esicus
Ra inesque,
1820
I
esembles
he
genus
Vespe ilio
Linnaeus,
om
which
i
di e s
by
ha ing
a
much
educed
M3
(Fig.
59),
by
he
size
o
incisu a
incisi a,
which
does
no
each
he
line
ac oss
he
pos e io
edges
o
he
uppe
canines
as
i
is
in
he
o me
genus,
and
by
he
iangula
ou line
o
he
os um
(Fig.
58).
The
calca ial
keel
is
poo ly
de eloped
and
lacks
he
ein o cing
ca ilage.
The
ea s
a e
sho ,
iangle-shaped
and
black
in
colo .
The
numbe
o
ee h
is
32.
Den al
o mula:
2
113
3
12
3
The
heigh
o
he
second
uppe
inciso
(I2)
is
mo e
han
hal
he
heigh
o
he
i s
one
(I1).
On
he
back,
he
u
has
no
sil e
inge.
I
is
poo ly
con as ed
wi h
ha
o
he
belly,
he
la e
being
sligh ly
ligh e .
The
wings
a e
a he
wide
and
blun ly
ended.
These
ba s
a e
associa ed
wi h
o es s,
moun ains
and
human
se lemen s.
Two
species
o
his
genus
occu
in
Poland.
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
137
Key
o
species
by
ex e nal
ea u es
1.
Hai s
on
back
usually
ipped
wi h
gold.
Leng h
o
o ea m
less
han
44
mm
Ep esicus
nilssoni
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius),
page
137
—.
Hai s
on
back
usually
ipped
wi h
bu .
Leng h
o
o ea m
mo e
han
48
mm
Ep esicus
se o inus
(Sch ebe ),
page
139
Key
o
species
by
skulls
1.
Heigh
o
second
uppe
inciso
(I2)
equals
2/3
ha
o
i s
one
(I1).
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
less
han
16
mm.;
leng h
o
mandible,
10.5-
11.6
mm.;
heigh
o
mandibula
amus,^2.9-3.9
mm
Ep esicus
nilssoni
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius),
page
137
—.
Heigh
o
second
uppe
inciso
(I2)
less
han
1/2
ha
o
i s
one
(I1).
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
mo e
han
18
mm.;
leng h
o
mandible,
14.2-
15.8
mm.;
heigh
o
mandibula
amus,
5.1-6.0
mm
Ep esicus
se o inus
(Sch ebe ), page
139
No he n
ba —Ep esicus
nilssoni
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius,
1839)
Measu emen s
o
20
specimens
om
Czechoslo akia
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
45-64
mm.;
ail,
37-48
mm.;
ea ,
11.5-17.0
mm.;
o ea m,
37.0^43.5
mm.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
14.0-15.6
mm.
Body
weigh ,
8.5-12.5
gms.
(Fe ianco a-Masa o a
and
Hanak,
1965).
Wingspan,
24.0-27.0
cm.
(Ga ey,
1961).
The
ea s
a e
sho
and
wide.
The
agus
is
blun
and
sho ,
wi h
he
middle
po ion
mos
expanded.
The
wing
memb ane
eaches
he
base
o
he
oo
digi s.
The
ip
o
he
ail
ex ends
2-3
mm.
beyond
he
in e emo al
mem-
b ane.
The
hai s
a e
e y
long,
da k
ches nu ,
and
ipped
wi h
gold
on
he
back.
The
en al
side
o
he
body
is
well
con as ed
in
colo
since
he
hai s
a e
ligh
b own
on
ends.
The
ea
and
lying
memb ane
a e
o
a
da ke
colo .
The
i s
uppe
inciso
(I1)
is
sligh ly
la ge
and
longe
han
he
second
(I2).
The
No he n
ba
inhabi s
o es s
and
moun ains.
In
summe ,
i
akes
e uge
in
ee
hollows,
a ics
and
in
ock
sli s,
whe e
single
males
o
emale
colonies
can
be
ound.
In
win e ,
i
hides
in
ca es
choosing
d y
o
cool
places
wi h
a
empe a u e
sligh ly
below
0°C.
The
ligh
is
as
wi h
equen
u ns.
10

138
Sys ema ic
accoun
The
ange
o
his
species
co e s
cen al
Eu ope, no he n
and
eas e n
egions
o
Asia
up
o
Mongolia,
Tibe ,
Tu kes an
and
p obably
also
xManchu ia
and
Ko ea.
In
Eu ope,
i
eaches
beyond
he
pola
ci cle
(No way,
Kola
Peninsula).
In
he
sou h,
i
ex ends
o
he
Alps,
Sude es,
Ca pa hians
and
Himalayas.
As
p esen ly
known,
he
No he n
ba
is
dis ibu ed
in
mos
egions
o
Poland.
So
a
i
has
no
been
eco ded
om
he
Bal ic
Coas ,
Pome ania,
Lowe
and Uppe
Silesia,
T zebnickie
Hills,
Eas
Sude es,
Bieszczady
Moun ains,
Roz ocze
and
Lublin
Upland
(Fig.
70).
Simila ly
as
in
he
case
Fig.
70.
Dis ibu ion
o
he
no he n
ba ,
Ep esicus
mlssoni
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius).
A e
Rup ech ,
om
Pucek
and
Raczy iski
(1981)
o
he
pa i-colo ed
ba ,
he
absence
o
he
No he n
ba
in
wes e n
Poland
seems
o
be
conspicuous
enough
o
gi e
g ounds
o
u he
auna
e-
sea ch
In
Poland
li es
he
nomina i e
subspecies,
E.
n.
nilssoni
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius,
1839),
o
he
i s
ime
desc ibed
om
he
moun ains
o
Scandina ia
(Sweden).
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
139
Se o ine—Ep esicus
se o inus
(Sch ebe ,
1774)
Measu emen s
o
457
specimens
om
Poland
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
62.6-82.0
mm.;
ail,
34.0-66.5
mm.;
ea ,
12.0-21.0
mm.;
o ea m,
48.0-56.0
mm.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
18.1-21.2
mm.
Body
weigh ,
14.4-33.5
gms.
Wingspan
(acc.
o
Ga ey,
1961),
31.5-38.1
cm.
The
se o ine
is
one
o
he
la ges
ba s
in
Poland.
The
ea s
a e
long.
The
agus
is
elonga ed
and
wides
a
one
hi d
o
i s
heigh .
The
wings
a e
wide
and
blun .
The
wing
memb ane
eaches
he
base
o
he
oo
digi s.
The
end
o
he
ail
ex ends
7-8
mm.
beyond
he in e emo al
memb ane
(Fig.
55).
The
u
is
da k,
on
he
back
he
hai s
a e
ches nu
wi h
ligh e
ends.
The
en al
side
o
he
body
is
simila
in
colo
bu
is
a
bi
ligh e
and
has
a
inge
o
g ay.
The
se o ine
is
p ima ily
associa ed
wi h
human
se lemen s.
In
summe ,
nu sing
colonies
and
indi idual
specimens
can
be
ound
in
he
oo
spaces
o
houses
bo h
in
he
own
and
o es .
In
win e ,
i
inds
shel e
in
cella s,
a ics
and
ca es.
The
se o ine
hun s
in
he
ga dens,
pa ks
and
on
he
edge
o
o es s.
I
is
a
slow
lie
and
o en
makes
ci cles
o e
one
spo ,
such
as
a
clea ing
o
ins ance.
'
This
ba
is
dis ibu ed
almos
h oughou
Eu ope,
no he n
A ica
and
Asia
up
o
China
and
Ko ea.
The
se o ine
belongs
o
he
mos
common
species
o
Polish
ba s
inhabi ing
almos
he
en i e
coun y.
I
is
a e
in
he
sou hwes e n
pa s
o
Poland.
So
a
i
has
no
been
eco ded
in
he
T zebnickie
Hills,
Eas
Sude es
and
in
he
Nowy
Ta g
Valley.
In
Poland
he e
occu s
he
nomina i e
subspecies,
E.
s.
se o inus
(Sch ebe ,
1774),
o iginally
desc ibed
om
F ance.
Genus:
Pipis ellus
Kaup,
1829
-
These
a e
he
smalles
ba s
o
Poland.
The
wings
a e
na ow.
The
calca ial
keel
is
well
de eloped
and
ein o ced
wi h
a
ans e se
ca ilage.
The
ea s
a e
small
and
iangula .
The
lying
memb ane
is
hick,
somewha
skin-like
and
blackish
in
colo .
These
ba s
li e
in
o es s.
The
numbe
o
ee h
is
34.
Den al
o mula:
2
12
3
3
12
3
The
auna
o
Poland
includes
wo
species.
Occu ence
o
he
hi d
one
was
claimed
e oneously
since
i
is
e y
doub ul
ha
i
makes
e en
occasional
ips
o
he
Polish
e i o y.
140
Sys ema ic
accoun
Key
o
species
by
ex e nal
ea u es
1.
Las
coccygeal
e eb a
ex ends
abou
4
mm.
beyond
in e emo al
memb ane.
Hai s
on
back
ipped
wi h
yellowish
gold
Pipis ellus
sa ii
(Bonapa e),
page
141
—.
In e emo al
memb ane
includes
only
hal
o
las
e eb a
which
ex ends
abou
1
mm.
beyond
i .
Hai s
on
back
no
ipped
wi h
yellowish
gold
2
2.
Ea ,
when
laid
o wa d,
does
no
ex end
beyond
end
o
nose.
When
wing
olded,
leng h
o
humb
wi h
claw
less
han
wid h
o
ca pus
(Fig.
71).
Leng h
o
o ea m
usually
less
han
33
mm
Pipis ellus
pipis ellus
(Sch ebe ), page
141
.
Ea ,
when
laid
o wa d,
ex ends
beyond
end
o
nose.
When
wing
olded,
leng h
o
humb
wi h
claw
equal
o
o
sligh ly
mo e
han
wid h
o
ca pus
(Fig.
71).
Leng h
o
o ea m
usually
mo e
han
33
mm.
. . .
Pipis ellus
na husii
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius),
page
142
Fig.
71.
The
leng h
o
he
humb
in
ela ion
o
he
wid h
o
he
w is .
A
he
common
pipis elle,
Pipis ellus
pipis ellus
(Sch ebe ),
B
—
Na husius'
pipis elle,
Pipis ellus
na husii
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius).
F om
Toschi
and
Lanza
(1959),
modi ied
Key
o
species
by
skulls
1.
Fi s
uppe
inciso
(I1)
unicuspid.
Fi s
uppe
p emola
(P1)
absen
o
e y
small,
no
isible
om
buccal
side.
Leng h
o
mandible
9.3-10.2
mm.;
heigh
o
mandibula
amus
mo e
han
2.8
mm.
(2.8-3.3
mm.)
Pipis ellus
sa ii
(Bonapa e),
page
141
—.
Fi s
uppe
inciso
(I1)
bicuspid.
Fi s
uppe
p emola
(P1) isible
om
buccal
side.
Heigh
o
mandibula
amus
less
han
2.8
mm.
...
2
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
141
2.
Thi d
lowe
inciso
(I3)se
close
o
I2.
Fi s
uppe
p emola
supp essed
be ween
canine
and
la ge
p emola
(P2).
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
10.0-
12.3
mm.;
leng h
o
mandible,
7.7-8.6
mm.;
heigh
o
mandibula
amus,
2.1-2.6
mm
•
Pipis ellus
pipis ellus
(Sch ebe ),
page
141
—.
Thi d
lowe
inciso
(I3)
spaced
om
I2.
Fi s
uppe
p emola
no
concealed
behind
canine.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
12.2-13.2
mm.;
leng h
o
mandible,
8.8-9.7
mm.;
heigh
o
mandibula
amus,
2.2-
2.7
mm.
.
. .
Pipis ellus
na husii
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius),
page
142
**Sa i's
pipis elle—Pipis ellus
sa ii
(Bonapa e,
1837)
Measu emen s
o
sou h
Eu opean
specimens
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
43-52
mm.;
ail,
34-40mm.;
ea ,
10-17mm.;
o ea m,
31-38
mm.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
12.8-14.0mm.
Body
weigh ,
6-10
gms.
(Konig,
1969).
Wingspan,
22.0-22.5
cm.
(Ga ey,
1961).
I
is
a
small
ba
bu
la ge
han
he
o he
species
o
he
genus
Pipis ellus
Kaup.
Two
inden a ions
a e
p esen
a
he
base
o
he
ou e
edge
o
he
agus.
The
ail
ex ends
abou
4
mm.
beyond
he
in e emo al
memb ane.
Nea
he
base,
he
penis
is
ben
a
a
igh
angle
o ming
a
e e sed
le e
L.
The
u
consis s
o
dense
and
long
hai s,
which
a e
da k
a
bases
and
ligh e
a
ends.
Hai s
on
he
back
a e
ipped
wi h
yellowish
geld.
The
lying
memb ane
is
da k
in
colo .
The
i s
uppe
p emola
is
e y
small
and
in isible
om
he
buccal
side.
In
he
uppe
jaw,
he
ca jine
ouches
he
la ge
p emola .
Some imes
P1
may
be
e ained.
Sa i's
pipis elle
inhabi s
bo h
lowlands
and
moun ains,
whe e
i
eaches
high
al i udes.
In
sum-
me ,
colonies
o
emales
occupy
he
oo
spaces
o
houses
and
single
males
a e
ound
in
a ious
c e ices
o
buildings.
They
also
ake
up
esidence
in
hollow
ees.
This
ba
is
dis ibu ed
in
he
Eu opean
pa
o
he
Medi e anean
egion
eaching
he
Alps.
I
also
li es
in
he
Cana y
Islands,
C imea,
Caucasus and
in
cen al-eas e n
Asia
up
o
Vladi os ok
in
he
no h.
Indi idual
specimens
o
Sa i's
pipis elle
we e
epo ed
o
ha e
been
caugh
in
Leipzig
and
W oclaw
in
he
yea s
1931
and
1939.
Howe e ,
u he
s udy
p o ed
ha
hese
specimens
belonged
o
Pipis ellus
na husii
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius).
I
is
e y
unlikely
ha
Sa i's
pipis elle
will
e e
occu
in
Poland.
In
sou he n
Eu ope
li es
he
nomina i e
subspecies
P.
s.
sa ii
(Bonapa e,
1837)
desc ibed
om
I aly.
Common
pipis elle—Pipis ellus
pipis ellus
(Sch ebe ,
1774)
Measu emen s
o
135
specimens
om
Poland
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
32.0-48.7
mm.;
ail,
23.0-35.0
mm.;
ea ,
7.0-12.0
mm.;
o ea m,
26.0-33.2
mm.
Body
weigh ,
3.5-9.2
gms.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
10.0-12.3
mm.
Wingspan
(acc.
o
Ga ey,
1961),
18.0-23.2
cm.
142
Sys ema ic
accoun
This
is
he
smalles
Polish
ba .
The
wings
a e
a he
na ow.
The
ea s
a e
sho .
The
ou e
edge
o
he
agus
is
inden ed
a
he
base.
The
end
o
he
ail
ex ends
abou
1
mm.
beyond
he
in e emo al
memb ane.
The
humb
is
sho ;
when
he
wing
is
olded,
i
is
sho e
han
he
wid h
o
he
ca pus
(Fig.
71).
The do sal
su ace
o . he
in e emo al
memb ane
is
sca cely
hai ed
o
he
basal
hi d,
being
naked
in
he
dis al
hal
o
he
shank.
The
i h
digi
o
he
hand
is
abou
40
mm.
long.
The
u
on
he
back
is
b own
wi h
a
sligh
golden
inge,
ha
o
he
en e
is
simila
bu
ligh e
in
colo .
The
hai s
a e
sho
bu
dense.
/
The
i s
uppe
p emola
is
isible
om
he
buccal
side
hough
i
is
small
and
p o udes
lingually
om
he
oo h- ow.
The
lowe
canine
is
wide
and
sho .
The
common
pipis elle
li es
in
o es s
and
nea
human
se lemen s.
In
summe ,
he
ba s
ake
up
hei
abode
in
a ics,
hollow
ees,
nes -boxes,
c e ices
in
buildings
and
benea h
loose
ba k.
A
ha
ime
he
emales
cong ega e
in
colonies
which
occasionally
con ain
single
males.
Mos
males,
howe e ,
shel e
alone.
Some imes
he
common
pipis elle
o ms
colonies
mixed
wi h
o he
species
o
ba s,
e.g.
Na husius'
pipis elle
and
he
pa i-
colo ed
ba .
In
win e ,,
a ge
g oups
hide
in
a ious
c e ices
in
houses,
hollow
ees
and,
on
a e
occasions,
in
ca es.
These
ba s
a e
a he
ea ly
lie s;
hey
appea
a
dusk
and
some imes
e en
be o e
sunse .
Ga dens,
pa ks
and
he
edges
o
o es s
a e
hei
hun ing
a eas.
The
ligh
is
cha ac e ized
by
equen
changes
o
di ec ion.
The
common
pipis elle
is
sp ead
h oughou
Eu ope,
no he n
A ica,
and
wes e n
and
cen al
Asia
up
o
Tu kes an
and
Kashmi .
This
ba
is
common
in
mos
pa s
o
Poland.
In
sou hwes e n
egions
o
he
coun y
i
is
a e.
So
a
i
has
no
been
epo ed
om
he
T zebnickie
Hills,
K akow-Wielun
Upland,
Wes
and
Eas
Sude es,
Ta as,
Nowy
Ta g
Valley,
Bieszczady
M s.
and
in
he
Sandomie z
Lowland.
In
Poland
li es
he
nomina i e
subspecies,
P.
p.
pipis ellus
(Sch ebe ,
1774),
o iginally
desc ibed
om
F ance.
Na husius'
pipis elle—Pipis ellus
na husii
(Keyse ling
e
Blasius,
1839)
Measu emen s
o
69
specimens
om
Poland
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
(42.2)
46.1-55.8
mm.;
ail,
30.1-44.6
mm.;
ea ,
10.0-13.5
mm.;
o ea m,
(30.8)
31.5-37.0
mm.
Body
weigh ,
6.0-9.0
gms.;
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
12.1-
13.2
mm.
Wingspan
(acc.
o
Ga ey,
1961),
23.0-24.5
cm.
In
gene al
appea ance,
Na husius'
pipis elle
is
simila
o
he
common
pipi-
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
143
s elle
bu
i
is
sligh ly
la ge ,
and
has
bigge
ea s
and
a
li le
b oade
wings.
When
he
wing
is
olded,
he
leng h
o
he
humb
equals
o
exceeds
he
wid h
o
he
ca pus
(Fig.
71).
In
he
hand,
he
i h
me aca pal
wi h
i s
co esponding
digi
a e
46
mm.
long.
Do sal
su ace
o
he
in e emo al
memb ane
is
hickly
hai ed
o
basal
hal
and
along
he
shank.
The
penis
is
no
ben
a
he
base.
The
u
is
longe
and
mo e
dense
han
in
he
common
pipis elle.
The
hai s
ha e
black
o
da k
b own
bases.
The
u
is
da k
b own
on
he
do sum
and
ligh e
on
he
en e .
The
i s
uppe
p emola
(P1)
is
well
de eloped
and
sligh ly
shi ed
lingually.
The
lowe
canine
is
high
and
na ow.
Na husius'
pipis elle
inhabi s
wooded
a eas
and
human
se lemen s.
Du ing
summe ,
i
can
be
ound
in
hollow
ees,
bi dboxes
and
in
a ics.
Females
cong ega e
in
colonies
whe e
single
males
can
also
be
obse ed.
Some imes
Na husius'
pipis elle
o ms
mixed
colonies
wi h
o he
species.
In
win e ,
i
hides
abou
buildings
and
in
hollow
ees.
I
hun s
in
pa ks
and
a
he
edges
o
o es s.
This
species
is
dis ibu ed
nea ly
all
o e
Eu ope;
o
he
no h
i s
ange
ex ends
o
sou he n
Sweden
and
Lening ad
(60°)
and
o
he
eas
i
eaches
he
Caucasus, Pe sia
and
Asia
Mino .
In
Poland,
Na husius'
pipis elle
p ima ily
occu s
in
he
lowland
egions
o
he
coun y.
A
p esen
i
is
mos ly
loca ed
on
he
Bal ic
Coas ,
in
he
Masu ian
and
Pome anian
Lake
Regions,
in
Wielkopolska-Kujawy,
Mazo ian
and
Sandomie z
Lowlands,
as
well
as
in
Podlasie
and
in
he
Bialowieza
p i-
me al
o es .
I
has
also
been
eco ded
in
Uppe
and
Lowe
Silesia
and
in
he
Malopolska
and
Lublin
Uplands
(Rup ech ,
1976
b).
No
subspecies
ha e
been
dis inguished.
Genus:
Nyc alus
Bowdich,
1825
The
wings
a e
na ow,
he
i h
digi
sho ened.
The
lying
memb anes
a e
blackish
in
colo .
The
ea s
a e
sho
and
iangula ,
eaching
he
eye
wi h
he
lowe
edge.
The
agus
is
sho ened
and
expanded
in
he
uppe
po ion.
The
calca
bea s
a
la ge
keel
ein o ced
wi h
a
ans e se
ca ilage.
The
numbe
o
ee h
is
34.
Den al
o mula:
2
12
3
3
12
3
144
Sys ema ic
accoun
The
i s
uppe
p emola
(P1)
is
usually
e y
small.
I
is
in isible
om
he
buccal
side
and
b en
inappa en
om
he
lingual
side.
The
skulls
o
his
genus
a e
cha ac e ized
by
a
nea ly
squa ish
ou line
and
a
e y
la ge
incisu a
incisi a
whose
dis al
edge
eaches
he
line
unning
ac oss he
middles
o
he
la ge
p emola s
(P2).
These ba s
a e
associa ed
wi h
wooded
a eas
and
a e
good
lie s.
Key
o
species
by
ex e nal
ea u es
1.
Leng h
o
o ea m
less
han
46
mm.
Hai
bases
on
do sal
and
en al
sides
da ke
han
ends
....
Nyc alus
leisle i
(Kuhl), page
146
—.
Leng h
o
o ea m
mo e
han
46
mm.
Hai s
usually
unicolo ;
i
wi h
inconspicuous
bicolo a ion
on
do sal
side,
hen
ligh e
a
bases
han
on
ends
2
2.
Leng h
o
o ea m
less
han
58
mm
Nyc alus
noc ula
(Sch ebe ),
page
145
—.
Leng h
o
o ea m
mo e
han
62
mm
Nyc alus
lasiop e us
(Sch ebe ),
page
145
Key
o
species
by
skulls
1.
Back
o
skull
cha ac e is ically
"up u ned"
om
side
iew.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
mo e
han
20
mm.
Leng h
o
maxilla y
oo h- ow
mo e
han
8.5
mm.
Leng h
o
mandible
mo e
han
17.0
mm.;
heigh
o
mandibula amus
mo e
han
5.0
mm
Nyc alus
lasiop e us
(Sch ebe ),
page
145
—.
Back
o
skull
no
"up u ned"
om
side
iew.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
less
han
20
mm.;
leng h
o
maxilla y
oo h- ow
less
han
8.5
mm.;
leng h
o
mandible
less
han
17.0
mm.;
heigh
o
mandibula amus
less
han
5.0
mm
2
2.
Fi s
uppe
p emola
(P1)
in isible
om
buccal
side.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
mo e
han
17.4
mm.;
leng h
o
maxilla y
oo h- ow
mo e
han
6.7
mm.;
leng h
o
mandible,
13.4-15.0
mm.;
heigh
o
mandibula
amus,
4.3^1.8
mm
Nyc alus
noc ula
(Sch ebe ),
page
145
—.
Fi s
uppe
p emola
(P1)
pa ly
isible
om
buccal side.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull
less
han
16.5
mm.;
leng h
o
maxilla y
oo h- ow
less
han
6.3
mm.;
leng h
o
mandible,
10.9-11.9
mm.;
heigh
o
mandibula
amus,
2.9-3.6
mm
Nyc alus
leisle i
(Kuhl),
page
146
Ba s
—
Chi op e a
145
*Gian
noc ule—Nyc alus
lasiop e us
(Sch ebe ,
1780)
Measu emen s,
acco ding
o
Hanak
and
Danko
(1975),
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
84.0—
104.0
mm.;
ail,
55.0—65.0
mm.;
ea ,
21.0—26.0
mm.;
o ea m,
63.0—69.0
mm.;
wingspan,
41.0—45.0
cm.
Cb.
leng h
U
skull,
21.9—23.6
mm.
Body
weigh ,
41—76
gms.
This
is
he
la ges
Eu opean
ba ,
simila
o
he
common
noc ule
bu
la ge .
The
ea
is
dis inc ly
wide,
much
wide
han
ha
o
N.
noc ula,
and
i s
lowe
ma gin
eaches
he
eye
in
he
o m
o
a
hick-
ened
open
ube.
On
he
en al
side
o
he
p opa agium
he e
is
a
cha ac e is ic
band
o
us y
colo ed hai s.
The
back
is
yellowish
o
b ownish
ed
and
he
belly
is
sligh ly
ligh e .
A
well-de-
eloped
calca ial
keel
is
ein o ced
wi h
a
ans e se
ca ilage.
The
c is a
lambdoidea
is
ex emely
well
de eloped
and
much
up u ned
owa d
he
on
o
he
skull
whe e
i
passes
in o
he
ex e nal
occipi al
p o ube ance.
The
ee h
esemble
hose
o
N.
noc ula
bu
a e
ela i ely
la ge .
The
i s
uppe
p emola
(P1)
is
so
small
ha
i
is
in isible
wi hou
he
aid
o
a
lens.
The
gian
noc ule
p ima ily
inhabi s
hollow
pine,
lime
and
oak
ees
and
is
e y
di icul
o
ind.
I
was
obse ed
in
mixed
colonies
wi h
he
common
noc ule
bu
i
mainly
o ms
small
single-
species
colonies.
This
ba
eeds
on
la ge
insec s,
which
i
akes
du ing
ligh ,
high
abo e
g ound.
Two
young
a e
bo n
in
June.
The
ange
o
his
species
co e s
he
Eu opean
zone
o
deciduous
o es s
om
Spain
h ough
F ance,
Swi ze land,
I aly,
Yugosla ia,
G eece,
Bulga ia,
Tu key,
Czechoslo akia,
Poland,
Hunga y
o
Byelo ussia
and
Uk aine.
In
he
U.S.S.R.,
acco ding
o
S elko
(1963),
he
gian
noc ule
anges
om
Moscow
dis ic
and
Go ki
in
he
no h
o
he
sou he n
C imea
and
sou hwes e n
T ans-
caucasia.
In
Poland,
N.
lasiop e us
was
ound
only
once
in
pelle s
o
he
ba n
owl
a
K olikow
in
he
Wielkopolska-Kujawy
Lowland
(Rup ech ,
1970).
The
ac
ha
he
gian
noc ule's
locali y
is
si u-
a ed
in
he
cen al
pa
o
he
coun y
and
ha
i s emains
ha e
been
ound
in
he
pelle s
o
his
pa icula
species
o
he
owl
(which
has
a
e y
small
home
ange)
indica e
ha
his
ba
is
he
na i e
elemen
o
he
Polish
auna.
In
Eu ope
he e
li es
i s
nomina i e
subspecies
N.
I.
lasiop e us
(Sch ebe ,
1780)
desc ibed
om
I aly.
Common
noc ule—Nyc alus
noc ula
(Sch ebe ,
1774)
Measu emen s
o
207
specimens
om
Poland
a e
as
ollows:
head
and
body,
60.0-84.8
mm.;
ail,
41.0-60.6
mm.;
ea ,
10.5-21.2
mm.;
o ea m,
50.0-
58.5
mm.
Cb.
leng h
o
skull,
(16.9)
17.4-19.9
mm.
Body
weigh ,
16.7-44.2
gms.
Wingspan,
acc.
o
Hanak
and
Danko
(1975),
32.0-40.0
cm.
This
is
one
o
he
la ges
ba s
o
Poland.
The
wings
a e
na ow
and
long.
The
i h
digi
is
sho ened.
A
well-de eloped
calca ial
keel
is
ein o ced
wi h
a
ans e se
ca ilage.
The
wing
memb ane
comes
o
he
heel.
The
ail
ex ends
2-3
mm.
beyond
he
in e emo al
memb ane.
The
ea s
a e
sho ,
ounded
and
hickened
a
he
edge.
The
agus
is
sho
wi h
a
la
and
expanded
end.
The
dense
u
is
made
up
by
sho
hai s
which
a e
ei he
unicolo
o
ligh e