Mammals of Indiana

Mammals
RUSSELL
E.
MUMFORD
and
JOHK
O.
WHITAKER,
JR.
o
Indiana
07438
BLOONIKGTOIV
INDIANA
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
134
O de
/
Insec i o a
•
Family
/
Talpidae
Table
44
Ec opa asi es
and
o he
associa es
o
Condylu a
c is a a
(n
=
21)
om
Indiana
Pa asi es
Hos s
pa asi ized
Pa asi es
To al
A e age
To al
Pe cen
Fleas
(Siphonap e a)
C enoph halmus
pseudagy es
13
0.62
6
28.6
Mi es
(Aca ina)
o he
han
chigge s
O yc e oxenus
canadensis
5,586
266.00
14
66.7
Haemogamasus
ambulans
20
0.95
8
38.1
Eadiea
condylu ae
10
0.48
4
19.0
And olaelaps
ah enholzi
9
0.43
5
23.8
Pygmepho us
sp.
6(
+
)
0.29
6
28.6
Pygmepho us
iden i ied
P.
mo eoho idus
1
Haemogamasus
liponyssoides
4
0.19
3
14.3
Eulaelaps
s abula is
1
0.05
1
4.8
Hi s ionyssus
alpae
1
0.05
1
4.8
Cy olaelaps
sp.
1
0.05
1
4.8
Mac ocheles
sp.
1
0.05
1
4.8
Eu ypa asi us
sp.
1
0.05
1
4.8
Anoe idae
1
0.05
1
4.8
s a -nosed
mole
is
o
g asses
o
lea es,
abou
5
o
7
inches
in
diame e ,
and
a
la ened
sphe e
placed
abo e
high
wa e ,
usually
in
a
li le
hillock
o
knoll,
o en
benea h
a
s ump
o
log.
We
eco ded
es is
size
o
wel e
Indiana
s a -nosed
moles.
F om
his
small
sample,
he
ou
males
wi h
he
la ges
es es
(12 o
19
mm
in
leng h)
we e
collec ed
on
15
Feb u-
a y,
22
Ma ch,
and
28
Ap il.
All
o
se en
aken
in
mid-May,
one
in
June,
one
in
Sep-
embe ,
and
wo
in
No embe
had
es es
anging
om
3
o
6
mm
in
leng h.
I
would
appea
om
hese
meage
da a
ha
copula-
ion
akes
place
mainly
in
Ma ch
and
Ap il.
PARASITES.
Wilson
(1961)
examined
one
Indiana
Condylu a
om
S euben
Coun y-
o
ex e nal
pa asi es
and
ound
wo
specimens
o
he
lea
C enop halmus
pseudagy es.
We
ha e
examined
21
s a -nosed
moles
om
In-
diana
o
ex e nal
and
in e nal
pa asi es;
all
bu
one
had
ec opa asi es
(Table
44).
By
a
he
mos
abundan
onn
(as
many
as
1,000
pe
hos )
was
he
hos -speci ic
hypopial
gly-
cyphagid
mi e
O yc e oxenus
canadensis.
The
nex
mos
common
species,
in
descend-
ing
o de ,
we e
he
laelapid
mi e
Haemo-
gamasus
amhulans,
he
lea
C enop halmus
pseudagy es,
and
he
laelapid
mi e
An-
d olaelaps
ah enholzi.
Small
numbe s
o
he
hos -speci ic
myobiid
mi e Eadiea
con-
dylu ae
and
o he
species
o
mi es
we e
also
ound,
including
species
o
Pygmepho us:
P.
aini,
P.
ho idus,
P.
mo eoho idus,
P.
spinosus,
and
P.
whi ake i.
None
o
18
moles
examined
ha bo ed
endopa asi es.
DECIMATING
FACTORS.
Two
Indiana
spe-
cimens
we e
cap u ed
by
ca s
and
one
by
a
dog.
Se e al
o he s,
ound
dead,
we e
p ob-
ably
d opped
by
p eda o s.
Mum o d
once
ound
a
saw-whe
owl
pe ched
wi h
a
decapi-
a ed
s a -nosed
mole
in
i s
alons,
in
sou h-
e n
Michigan.
TAXONOMY.
The
subspecies
in
Indiana
is
Condylu a
c is a a c is a a
(Linnaeus).
SELECTED
REFERENCES.
Hamil on,
1931b;
Jackson,
1915.
O de
CHIROPTERA
Family
Vespe ilionidae
Li le
B own
Myo is
Myo is
luci ugus
(LeCon e)
Li le
B own
Ba ,
Ca e
Ba
Vespe ilio
g yphus:
Allen,
1894
Vespe ilio
subula us:
Bla chley,
1897
Myo is
subula us:
Ellio ,
1907
Myes is
luci ugus:
Van
Go de ,
1916
Myo is
luci ugus:
Hahn,
1909
DESCRIPTION.
The
li le
b own
myo is
is
a
small,
b ownish
ba
wi h
ela i ely
sho
ea s.
I
is
easily
con used
wi h
se e al
o he
spe-
cies
o
Myo is,
o
wi h
he
e ening
ba
(Nyc-
iceius
hume alis),
he
eas e n
pipis elle
(Pipis ellus
sub la us),
and
e en
he
big
b own
ba
(Ep esicus
uscus).
In
he
hand,
an
examina ion
o
he ee h
will
enable
one
o
de e mine
i
he
is
dealing
wi h
a
species
o
Myo is,
o
in
his
genus
he e
is
a
space
con-
aining
wo
iny
mola i o m
ee h
be ween
he
canine
and
he
ou
la ge,
pos e io
mola i o m
ee h
(see
Fig.
10).
Myo is
luci ugus
can
be
sepa a ed
om
M.
sodalis
( he
Indiana
myo is),
wi h
which i
is
mos
o en
con used,
by
he
ac
ha
sodalis
has
da k
g ayish
pink,
dulle
u ,
smalle
ee ,
and
a
dis inc
keel
on
he
calca
(see
Fig.
1;
keel
can
be
seen
in
esh
specimens,
no
in
s udy
skins);
also
in
sodalis
he
hai s
on
he
oes
a e
sho e
and
do
no
ex end
o
he
ips
o
he
claws.
Keen's
myo is
(M.
keenii)
is
dis-
inguished
om
o he
Indiana
Myo is
by
i s
longe
ea s
and
by
he
agi,
which
a e
e-
quen ly
cu ed
and
poin ed
(see
Fig.
2).
The
g ay
myo is
(M.
g isescens),
a
a e
ba
in
In-
diana,
has
do sal
u
ha
is
he
same
colo
om
base
o
ip;
he
g ay
myo is
is
usually
g ayish,
bu
emales
may
be
b ownish
in
summe .
The
o ea m
o
g isescens
a e ages
abou
44
mm
in
leng h; and
ha
o
o he
Myo is
in
Indiana
anges
om
35
o
40
mm.
The
sou heas e n
myo is
(M.
aus o ipa ius)
has
a
mo e
dense,
woollie
u
han
o he
species
in
Indiana;
he
colo
abo e
is
usually
g ay,
wi h
some
indi iduals
in
la e
summe
exhibi ing
a
b ownish
cas ;
he
belly
u
is
usually
whi e- ipped,
bu
may
ha e
a
an
o
pale
b ownish
inge
on
ce ain
indi iduals.
The
oo
is
ela i ely
la ge
in
aus o ipa ius
and
li e
animals
ha e
a
pinkish
nose
(o he
han
M.
sodalis
and
M.
aus o ipa ius,
o he
Myo is
in
Indiana
ha e
da k
noses).
Myo is
luci ugus
in
Indiana
anges
in
colo
om
an
o
chocola e
b own;
adul s
ha e
shiny
u ,
bu
imma u es
ha e
dulle ,
da ke
pelage
han
adul s.
Se e al
colo
a i-
a ions
may
occu
in
a
single
ma e ni y
o
hibe na ing
agg ega ion.
We
ha e
examined
a
li le
b own
myo is
specimen
ha
has
whi e
wing
ips
and
a
whi e
en e .
Whi e-blo ched
indi iduals
may
occu
om
ime
o
ime,
as
hey
do
in
o he
species
o
mammals.
135
136
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
Li le
b own
myo is.
Pho o
by
Me lin
Tu le
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
a e
shown
in
Table
45.
The
den al
o mula
is
I
—C
—
P—M—
=
38.
3
13
3
STATUS
AND
DISTRIBUTION.
The
li le
b own
myo is
is
common
and
is
ound
h oughou
Indiana
(Map
14).
I
is
he
second
mos
abundan
ba
(a e
he
Indiana
myo is)
in
hibe na ing
qua e s,
bu
possibly
less
abundan
han
he
big
b own
ba
and
he
ed
ba
(Lasiu us
bo ealis)
in
he
summe .
Nume ous
b eeding
colonies
ha e
been
ound,
anging
om
Ma in,
Law ence,
Jackson,
and
F anklin
coun ies
no hwa d
(Cope
e
al.,
1961;
Humph ey
and
Cope,
1976).
Animals
occupying
he
nonca e
e-
gions
o
Indiana
wi hd aw
om
hose
a eas
in
he
all,
and
many
li le
b own
ba s
hibe na e
in
he
ca es
o
sou he n
Indiana
(see
Map
5).
The
no he nmos
win e ing
eco d
is
om
an
old
coal
mine
in
Tu key
Run
S a e
Pa k
(Pa ke
Coun y),
whe e
a
single
male
was
ound
12
Feb ua y
1962.
The
la ges
known
win e
popula ions
o
Myo is
luci ugus
ha e
been
eco ded
in
Coon's
Ca e
and
G o o
Table
45
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
o
Myo is
luci ugus
om
Indiana
Males
Females
To al
leng h
(mm)
n
39
41
X
83.7
84.3
ange
72-94
66-91
SD
6.4
6.2
SE
1
1
Tail
leng h
(mm)
n
40
41
X
33
33
ange
26-43
24-48
SD
4.5
4.6
SE
0.7
0.7
Hind
oo
(mm)
n
39
40
X
8.7
8.5
ange
7-11
5-11
SD
1.5
1.4
SE
0.2
0.2
Weigh
(g ams)
n
37
36
X
6.15
6.15
ange
3.1-10.0
3.2-14.4
SD
1.7
2.5
SE
0.3
0.4
Ca e
(Mon oe
Coun y),
Big
Wyando e
Ca e
(C aw o d
Coun y),
and
Ray's
Ca e
(G eene
Coun y),
bu
nume ous
o he
ca es
in
sou h-
cen al
Indiana
ha e
occasional
win e
con-
cen a ions
o
up
o
100
o
mo e
li le
b own
ba s.
The e
is
e iden ly
conside able
mo e-
men
o
M.
luci ugus
ou
o
Indiana
in
he
all,
o
he
numbe s
known
om
he
b eed-
ing
colonies
a e
g ea e
han
he
numbe s
known
o
hibe na e.
As
wi h
mos
species
o
ba s
in
Indiana,
popula ion
dec eases
a e
e iden
o e
he
pas
wen y
yea s.
Humph ey
and
Cope
(1976)
published
win e
popula ion
es ima es
o
ou
Indiana
ca es
(Table
46).
HABITAT.
Du ing
sp ing
and
all
mig a-
ion
and
in
he
summe ,
he
li le
b own
myo is
has
been
encoun e ed
by
day
in
buildings,
picnic
pa ilions,
on
he
sides
o
buildings, benea h
shu e s,
in
ca es
o
mines,
benea h
conc e e
b idges,
and
in
a
wooden
co e ed
b idge.
A
dusk
we
ha e
sho indi iduals
lying
abou
he
bo de s
o
Myo is
luci ugus
•
Li le
B own
Myo is
137
Map
14.
The
Li le
B own
Myo is,
Myo is
luci ugus,
in
Indiana
Table
46
Win e
popula ion
es ima es
o
Myo is
luci ugus
in
ou
Indiana
ca es
( om
Humph ey
and
Cope,
1976)
Ray's
G o o
Wyando e
Coon's
Yea
Ca e
Ca e Ca e Ca e
1960-61
2,000
—
900
1961-62
2,680
1,525
350
—
1962-63
—
—
175
—
1963-64
1,800
—
150
225
1964-65
5,600
1,377
900
—
1965-66
1,300
—
500
350
1966-67
1,800
1,
ISO
550
—
1967-68
70
—
140
—
1968-69
350
190
24
—
1969-70
575
266
4
—
wooded
a eas
and
along
s eams
lined
wi h
ees,
in
Jackson,
Tippecanoe,
and
Vigo
coun ies.
Excep
o
one
eco d
om
a
mine,
all
win e ing
ba s
o
his
species
ha e
been
ound
in
ca es.
O
36
Indiana
ca es
su eyed
o
win e ing
M.
luci ugus,
27
ha bo ed
his
ba .
Hibe na ion
si es
in
he
ca es
"we e
ela i ely
uni o m
and
s able
in
mic oclima e,
being
cool
and
humid
wi h
almos
no
ai
low"
(Humph ey
and
Cope,
1976).
All
known
b eeding
colonies
ha e
been
in
build-
ings;
he
ba s
a e
mos
o en
ound
in
a ics,
bu
also
oos
behind
shu e s,
behind
he
la ge,
wooden,
sliding
doo s
o
ba ns,
and
in
o he
p o ec ed
places.
A
g oup
o
15
li le
b own
myo is
ound
benea h
he
loose
ba k
o
an
Ame ican
elm
on
22
May
could
ha e
been
a
nu se y
colony
(Humph ey
and
Cope,
1976).
ASSOCIATED
SPECIES.
The
mos
common
ba s
ha
hibe na e
in
ca es
wi h
he
li le
b own
myo is
a e
he
Indiana
myo is,
he
big
b own
ba ,
and
he
eas e n
pipis elle.
O he
ba s
ha
u ilize
ca es
along
wi h
he
li le
b own
ba
a e
Keen's
myo is
and
he
sou h-
eas e n
myo is.
O
hese
species,
we
ha e
ound
he
li le
b own
ba
clus e ed
only
wi h
he
Indiana
myo is
and
he
sou heas e n
myo is.
In
summe
ma e ni y
colonies,
we
ha e
no ed
he
big
b own
ba
and
(once)
he
sou heas e n
myo is
wi h
he
li le
b own
myo is.
Myo is
luci ugus
has
been
sho
a
dusk
while
o aging
wi h
Keen's
myo is,
he
Indiana
myo is,
he
ed
ba ,
he
big
b own
ba ,
and
he
eas e n
pipis elle.
A
ew
li le
b own
ba s,
Keen's
myo is,
and
Indiana
myo is
oos ed
in
he
day ime
benea h
a
la ge
conc e e
b idge
in
Tu key
Run
S a e
Pa k;
a
ma e ni y
colony
o
big
b own
ba s
also
used
his
b idge.
HABITS.
The
li le
b own
myo is
is
colo-
nial;
la ge
cong ega ions
a e
ound
in
hibe -
na ion,
and
assemblages
o
emales
(plus
some
males)
o m
ma e ni y
(nu se y)
col-
onies.
In
summe ,
ela i ely
ew
adul
males
a e
ound,
al hough
a
ew
oos
in
ca es
and
some
occupy
nu se y
colonies.
I
would
be
mos
in e es ing
o
know
whe e
adul
males
oos
in
he
summe
and
whe he
hey
o m
g oups
o become
mo e
soli a y.
F om
abou
No embe
o
Ap il,
he
li le
b own
myo is
is
ound
almos
exclusi ely
in
ca es.
The
emales
lea e
he
ca es
ea lie
in
he
sp ing
han
do
he
males,
and
begin
o
cong ega e
in
buildings
o
bea
hei
young;
mos
ba s
o
bo h
sexes
ha e
le
he
ca es
by
1
June.
A
e y
small
numbe
o
li le
b own
ba s
(nea ly
all
males)
inhabi
ce ain
ca es
138
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
du ing
June
and
July;
o
example, only
ou
males
we e
ound
on
eigh een
June
and
July
isi s
o
wel e
ca es
known
o
be
used
o
hibe na ion
by
M.
luci ugus.
E iden ly,
when
one
inds
his
species
in
ca es
du ing
hese
mon hs,
mos
o
he
animals
a e
males.
Adul
male
li le
b own
ba s
we e
caugh
in
ne s
se
ac oss
he
en ance
o
Donnehue's
Ca e
(Law ence
Coun y)
on
he
ollowing
nigh s:
30
June,
5
ba s;
14
July,
1
ba ;
26
July,
6
ba s.
We
do
no
know
why
M.
luci ugus,
and
o he
species
o
ba s,
can
be
ne ed
a
ca e
en ances
du ing
hese
mon hs,
e en
when
hey
do
no
inhabi
he
ca es
du ing
he
day ime.
In
Augus ,
indi iduals
begin
e u ning
o
he
ca es,
building
up
o
hei
win e
peak
in
Decembe .
As
a
ule,
hibe na ing
li le
b own
ba s
do
no
o m
huge,
compac
clus e s.
A
common
pa e n
o
oos ing
g oups
is
o
onn
i egula ,
mo e
o
less
ho izon al
ows
on
he
side
walls
o
he
ca es.
This
species,
how-
e e ,
does
hang
om
ca e
ceilings
and
squeezes
in o
bo h
e ical
and
ho izon al
c e ices.
Win e ing
g oups
a e
composed
o
bo h
sexes,
and
o he
species
o
Myo is
may
be
p esen
in
he
g oups.
Many
li le
b own
ba s
also
hang
singly
in
he
ca es;
lone
indi-
iduals
may
wedge
hemsel es
in o
iny
holes
in
he
ca e
ceiling
jus
la ge
enough
o
house
a
single
ba .
The e
appea s
o
be
li le
ac i i y by
M.
luci ugus
in
he hibe na ing
qua e s
om
No embe
o
Ma ch;
one
male
was
ne ed
on
2
Decembe a
a
ca e
en-
ance.
Eme gence
om
day
oos s
du ing
he
nonhibe na ing
season occu s
ela i ely
la e
in
he
e ening.
On
18
June,
p ac ically
none
o
he
membe s
o
a
nu se y
colony
le
he
a ic
un il
he
ligh
ou side
was
so
dim
ha
shoo ing
he
ba s
was
impossible.
This
may
explain
why
so
ew
li le
b own
myo is
ha e
been
ob ained
by
ba
hun ing
a
dusk
in
In-
diana.
As
wi h
o he
species
o
ba s,
ime
o
eme gence
is
closely
co ela ed
wi h
ime
o
sunse
and
wi h
ligh
in ensi y.
In
a
s udy
o
ba
ac i i y
a
he
en ance
o
Donnehue's
Ca e,
we
caugh
no
li le
b own
ba s
in
ou
ne s
un il
a e
sunse ,
al hough
bo h
Keen's
myo is
and
pipis elles
en e ed
he
ne s
be-
o e
sunse .
Only
16
o
178
li le
b own
myo is
ne ed
we e
caugh
wi hin
he
i s
hou
a e
sunse .
The
ex ensi e
use
o
buildings
and
o he
man-made
s uc u es
o
oos ing
and
ma e -
ni y
si es
by
M.
luci ugus
and
o he
ba s
ce -
ainly
e eals
how
hese
species
ha e
adap ed
since
man
came
on
he
scene.
One
wonde s
whe he
li le
b own
ba s
ga he ed
o
p oduce
young
in
ees
(pe haps
hey
s ill
do)
o
made
mo e
use
o
ca es
in
ea lie
days.
I
seems
e iden
ha
buildings
p o ide
ex-
cellen
condi ions
o
he
o ma ion
o
nu s-
e y
colonies
and
he
ea ing
o
young.
One
ac o
may
be
he
wa m
empe a u es
ha
p e ail
in
i e
a ics
o
houses
du ing
he
summe .
(Ca es
a e
ela i ely
cool
in
sum-
me .)
Also,
houses
a o d
mo e
p o ec ion
om
na u al
p eda o s.
I
is
o
in e es
ha
none
o
he
wel e
species
o
ba s
ha
occu
in
Indiana
a e
known
o
b eed
in
ca es
in
he
s a e.
On
18
May,
a
cage
o
li le
b own
myo is
was
emo ed
om
a
ca e
o
banding.
Some
o
he
ba s
we e
banded
nea
he
ca e
and
eleased
be o e
a
ain
showe
began.
As
be
cage
wi h
he
es
o
he
squeaking
ba s
was
ca ied
one- ou h
mile
o
an
au omobile,
se e al
ba s
lew
abou
he
in es iga o 's
head.
When
he
eached
he
ca
and
paused
o
a
ew
minu es,
ou
ba s
ci cled
abou
and
wo
e en
li
momen a ily
on
his
jacke .
All
ou
o
hese
ba s
we e
banded
and
mus
ha e
been
a ac ed
by
he
noisy
animals
in
he
cage.
MIGRATION.
Since
1946,
many
housand
li le
b own
myo is
ha e
been
banded
in
In-
diana
o
help
esea che s
lea n
some hing
abou
mo emen s,
longe i y,
and
o he
as-
pec s
o
his
ba 's
na u al
his o y.
Da a
om
he
ecap u e
o
banded
indi iduals
ha e
no
been
spec acula ,
bu
some
in o ma ion
has
esul ed
om
his
wo k.
Humph ey
and
Cope
(1964)
epo ed
he
mo emen s
o
47
li le
b own
myo is
om
a
ma e ni y
colony
a
Tho n own
(Boone
Coun y)
o e
a
six-yea
pe iod.
Banded
ba s
we e
ecap u ed
in
eigh
ca es
in
Indiana
and
wo
ca es
in
Ken ucky,
a
dis ances
up
o
200
miles
om
he
banding
si e.
The
gene al
di ec ion
o
mo emen
was
mos ly
due
sou h-no h.
Hal
o
he
e-
co e ies
we e
made
in
ou
ca es
in
Mon oe
Coun y,
Indiana,
abou
70
miles
sou h
o
he
b eeding
colony.
Band
eco e ies
om
s udies
by
Mum o d
e eal
oughly
he
same
ype
o
mo emen —a
gene al
sou hwa d
mo emen
in
all
and
a
gene al
no hwa d
Myo is
luci ugus
•
Li le
B own
Myo is
139
mo emen
in
he
sp ing.
In
bo h
o
hese
banding
s udies,
a
ew
ba s
we e
e aken
o
he
eas
and
wes
o
he
usual
line
o
mo e-
men ,
indica ing
a
ce ain
amoun
o
spo adic-
mo emen
in
all
di ec ions.
Humph ey
and
Cope
summa ized
he
ecap u e
o
845
li le
b own
ba s
away
om
he
banding
si e.
They
ound
ha
he ne
dis ance
o
au umn
mig a-
ion
anged
om
10
o
455
kilome e s
and
a -
e aged
100
kilome e s.
Few
da a
a e
a ailable
ega ding
he
speed
o
mig a ion,
bu
Humph ey
and
Cope
(1964)
p o ided
some
in o ma ion.
Th ee
ba s
om
Tho n own
(Boone
Coun y)
we e
cap u ed
in
Big
Wyando e
Ca e
(C aw o d
Coun y)
20,
32,
and
36
days
a e
being
banded;
he
dis-
ance
a eled
was
132
miles.
Two
o he s
mo ed
88
miles
o
Donnehue's
Ca e
(Law-
ence
Coun y)
in
12
and
13
days.
All
hese
pe iods
a e
maxima,
so
ha
he
ba s
may
ac-
ually
ha e
co e ed
hese
dis ances
much
as e .
La e ,
Humph ey
and
Cope
epo ed
mo emen s
o
60
kilome e s
in
one
nigh .
Fall
mig a ion
om
he
b eeding
colonies
appea s
o
ake
place
om
la e
July
o
mid-
Oc obe .
A
a
Boone
Coun y
colony,
450
ba s
we e
p esen
14
Augus ,
32
on
29
Sep embe ,
and
3
on
10
Oc obe
(Humph ey
and
Cope,
1964).
Sp ing
mig a ion
da a a e
less
abun-
dan ,
bu
i
seems
ha
ba s
lea e
he
hibe -
na ing
si es
in
he
ca es
he
las
hal
o
Ap il
and
may
be
mig a ing
h oughou
mos
o
May,
o
e en
du ing
he
i s
week
o
June.
Some
in ensi e
s udies
o
he
sp ing
buildup
o
ma e ni y
colony
popula ions
would
shed
mo e
ligh
on
sp ing
mo emen s.
In
la e
summe
and
ea ly
all,
ela i ely
la ge
numbe s
o
li le
b own
ba s,
and
o he
ba s,
ga he
abou
ce ain
ca e
en ances
be-
ween
da k
and
midnigh .
(The e
is
simila
sp ing
beha io
in ol ing
smalle
numbe s
o
ba s.)
Such
ga he ings
o
ba s
can
be
ne ed
a
he
ca e
en ances
o
banding
p og ams,
and
o e
o
ihe
in es iga o
he
oppo uni y
o
handle
ai ly
la ge
samples
o
se e al
species.
Mos
o
he
ba s
ha
make
up
such
ga he ings
a e
ansien s,
e iden ly
on
mig a ion,
and
on
days
ollowing
his
"swa ming"
ac i i y
a
he
ca e
en ances
only
a
ew
ba s
will
be
ound
inside
he
ca es.
Swa ming
is
known
o
occu
a
Big
Wyan-
do e,
Donnehue's,
and
Ray's
ca es
in
In-
diana;
i
p obably
also
akes
place
a
o he ,
as
ye
undisco e ed,
si es.
A
good
example
o
he
pa e n
o
swa ming
in
Myo is
luci ugus
was
ob ained
by
Wilson
Bake
a
Big
Wyan-
do e
Ca e.
On
he
nigh s
o
3,
4,
5,
6,
and
7
Sep embe
1962,
he
cap u ed,
espec i ely,
63,
231, 229,
306,
and
117
li le
b own
ba s.
O
hese,
627
we e males
and
319
we e
emales.
Th ee
isola ed
nigh s
o
ne ing
a
Ray's
Ca e
esul ed
in
he
ollowing
ca ches
o
Myo is
luci ugus:
301
on
2
Sep embe
1962;
246
on
3
Sep embe
1964;
205
on
8
Sep embe
1971.
Smalle
numbe s
we e
aken
a
Donnehue's
Ca e,
he
la ges
ca ches
being
61
on
26
Augus
1970
and
41
on
16
Sep embe
1970.
O he
species
o
ba s
ne ed
wi h
Myo is
luci ugus
a
hese
si es
included
M.
sodalis,
M.
keenii,
M.
aus o ipa ius,
M.
g isescens,
Ep esicus
uscus,
Pipis ellus
sub la us,
and
Lasiu us
bo ealis.
The
Indiana
myo is
was
mos
abundan
a
Big
Wyando e
and
a
Ray's
Ca e;
Keen's
myo is
was
mos
nume ous
a
Ray's
Ca e.
HOMING.
Cope
e
al.
(1961)
ca ied
ou
homing
expe imen s
wi h
a
summe
colony
o
li le
b own
myo is
a
B ook ille
(F anklin
Coun y)
using
adioac i e
bands.
Fo y
emales
we e
banded
and
eleased
20
ai
miles
due
wes
o
B ook ille
be ween
9:00
and
9:34
P.M.
F om
75
o
80
pe cen
o
hese
ba s
e u ned
o
he
o iginal
oos
wi hin
4
hou s 55
minu es
and
6
hou s.
Un o una ely,
he
ages
o
he
ba s
used
in
he
expe imen
we e
no
s a ed;
one
migh
expec
adul s
o
home
mo e
success ully
and
a
a
g ea e
speed
han
imma u es.
Fou
ba s
ha
did
no
e u n
o
he
o iginal
oos
we e
loca ed
in
ano he
oos
jus
ac oss
he
s ee ,
wi hin
7
hou s
45
minu es.
Cope
e
al.
(1958)
epo ed
on
homing
o
li le
b own
myo is
a
a
nu se y
colony
a
Tunnel on
(Law ence
Coun y).
G oups
o
a
o al
o
364
ba s
(67
subadul s
o
bo h
sexes
and
297
adul
males
and
emales)
we e
e-
leased
a
ai
mile
dis ances
o
120
miles
(no h-no hwes ),
93
miles
(no h-no hwes ),
66
miles
(no h-no hwes ),
and
4
miles
(wes )
om
Tunnel on.
The
colony
was
nex
isi ed
34
days
la e .
F om
120
miles,
20
pe -
cen
o
he
emales
and
25
pe cen
o
he
males
we e
back;
he
elease
om
120
miles
was
composed
o
110
adul
emales
and
8
adul
males.
The highes
p opo ion
(31
pe -
cen )
o
ba s
e u ning
had
homed
om
66
140
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
miles
no h-no hwes ;
he
elease
was
made
up
o
51
adul
emales,
8
adul
males.
Only
1
ba
homed
om
4
miles
wes ,
whe e
he
e-
lease
consis ed
o
32
subadul
emales
and
22
subadul
males.
Homing
om
he
ou h
e-
lease
(93
miles)
in ol ed
18
pe cen
o
120
adul
emales
and
13
subadul
males.
Al-
hough
he e
is
an
impe ec
co ela ion
be-
ween
he
numbe
o
adul s
in
he
samples,
he
mileage
a eled,
and
success
o
homing,
i
may
be
signi ican
ha
adul s
homed
mo e
success ully
han
subadul s.
In
ano he
homing
expe imen
a
his
same
colony,
none
o
15
subadul s
eleased
82
miles
sou h
o
40
subadul s
eleased
107
miles
no heas
had
homed
h ee,
wel e,
o
hi een
mon hs
la e .
LONGEVITY.
F om
banding
be ween
1952
and
1959,
and
ecap u es
analyzed
in
1974,
he e
we e
100
li le
b own
myo is
ha
had
a ained
a
minimum
age
o
5
yea s.
O
hese
animals
69
we e
emales
and
31
we e
males;
i
should
be
men ioned
howe e ,
ha
many
mo e
emales
han
males
we e
banded.
The
comple e
b eakdown
o
hese
ecap u es
(in
minimum
yea s
o
age)
is
as
ollows:
4
males
and
8
emales
a
leas
5
yea s
o
age;
4
males
and
20
emales
ecap u ed
6
yea s
a e
band-
ing;
10
males
and
11
emales
a
leas
7
yea s
old;
3
males
and
16
emales
a
leas
8
yea s
old;
7
males
and
12
emales
ecap u ed
a
9
yea s;
1
male
and
2
emales
a
leas
10
yea s
o
age;
1
male
ecap u ed
11
yea s
a e
band-
ing;
1
male
a
leas
12
yea s
o
age.
I
is
qui e
p obable
ha
some
ba s
banded
du ing
he
la e
pa
o
his
longe i y
s udy
a e
s ill
ali e;
hus
he
pe cen age
o
ecap-
u es
will
ul ima ely
inc ease
and
addi ional
da a
will
be
o hcoming.
Also,
we
a e
epo -
ing
minimum
ages;
many
ba s
could
ha e
been
se e al
o
many
yea s old
when
banded.
The e
is
a
sugges ion
ha
males
may
li e
longe
han
emales,
as
Hi chcock
(1965)
has
poin ed
ou
o
his
species
in
Canada.
HUMAN
USES
OF
BATS.
Lyon
(1931)
un-
co e ed
he
in e es ing
possibili y
ha
people
in
sou he n
Indiana
used
ba
oil
o
heuma ism;
he
hough
ha
Myo is
luci-
ugus
was
p obably
he
species
in ol ed.
Hibe na ing
ba s
do
a ain
g ea
deposi s
o
subcu aneous
a
in
ea ly
all
and
his
a
has
a
low
mel ing
poin .
O e
he
pas
wen y
yea s,
many
housands
o
ba s
ha e
been
emo ed
om
Indiana
ca es
o
physiological
esea ch.
This
has
esul ed
in
con lic s
be ween
ba
bande s
and
physiologis s,
and
has,
mo e
impo an ly,
been
an
addi ional decima ing
ac o
on
hibe na ing
ba
popula ions.
Ba s
ha e
been
much
used
as
esea ch
animals
by
a ious
scien is s
conduc ing
li e
his o y,
ood
habi s,
pa asi e,
homing,
longe i y,
and
o he
s udies.
Ba s
om
Indiana
we e
also
used
in
a ious
adia ion
expe imen s.
(I
was
a
one
ime
hough
ha
ba s
migh
be
immune
o
adia ion!)
Ba
guano
has
been
used
in
o he
pa s
o
he
coun y
(and
he
wo ld)
o
e ilize .
We
ha e
ound no
indica ion
ha
Indiana
esi-
den s
ha e
made
use
o
his
commodi y.
Mum o d
once
emo ed
49
gallons
o
ba
guano
om
he
a ic
o
a
house
whe e
a
ma e ni y
colony
o
li le
b own
ba s
was
p esen ;
his
ep esen ed
only
abou
one-
hi d
o
he
d oppings
p esen
in
he
a ic.
In
mos
Indiana
ca es,
la ge
deposi s
o
ba
guano
a e
no
p esen .
Many
ca es
housing
la ge
numbe s
o
ba s
ha e
s eams
o
wa e
lowing
h ough
hem;
hese
s eams
appa -
en ly
ca y
he
d oppings
away
and
hey
do
no
accumula e.
Also,
much
mo e
guano
is
deposi ed
by
summe
colonies
o
ba s
han
by
win e ing colonies,
and
no
la ge
summe
col-
onies
a e
known
in
Indiana
ca es.
MOLT.
We
ha e
li le
da a
ega ding
mol
in
li le
b own
myo is.
Th ee
adul
emales
collec ed
on
10
July
we e
mol ing
hea ily
( wo
we e
unde going
a
comple e
body
mol
and
one
o
hese
wo
was
s ill
lac a ing).
An
imma u e
emale
aken
wi h
he
adul s
was
also
unde going
a
comple e
body
mol .
Two
o
ou
males
(age
unknown)
aken
30
June
had
comple e
body
mol s
in
p og ess.
An-
o he
unaged
male
aken
22
June
was
mol ing
hea ily.
An
imma u e
male
and
7
males
and
3
emales
o
unde e mined
age
aken
30
Augus
showed
no
e idence
o
mol .
FAT
STORAGE.
Adul s
e iden ly
build
up
a
deposi s
ea lie
in
he
all
han
do
young
o
he
yea .
An
adul
emale
aken
7
Augus
1957 was
so
a
she
appea ed
o
be
p egnan
when
cap u ed
and
examined.
Two
imma u e
emales
aken
wi h
he
had
no
body
a ,
and
an
adul
male
had
mode a e
a ;
an
unaged
male
aken
he
same
day
had
no
a .
An
im-
ma u e
male
aken
20
Augus
had
no
a ;
3
Myo is
luci ugus
•
Li le
B own
Myo is
141
unaged
males
he
same
day
had
mode a e
a ,
and
2
unaged
emales
had
hea y
a .
Nine
unaged
males
and
2
unaged
emales
aken
31
Augus
had
no
a .
Th ee
emales
and
1
male
aken
3
o
26
Sep embe
we e
e y
a ;
an-
o he
male
was
medium
a
on
10
Sep embe .
Mo e
da a
a e
needed
o
de e mine
he
im-
ing
o
he
deposi ion
o
body
a
du ing
he
p ehibe na ing
pe iod.
The
sample
collec ed
31
Augus
may
ha e
been
composed
o
mi-
g an s,
o
i
was
ne ed
a
he
mou h
o
a
ca e.
Pe haps
mig an s
ha e
no
ye
accumu-
la ed
hei
win e
a
when
hey
pass
h ough
Indiana.
On
he
o he
hand,
nonmig an s ha
may
mo e
sho
dis ances
o
win e
qua e s
may
ake
on
la ge
amoun s
o
a
a he
ea ly
in
he
all.
Mig a ion
would
deple e
s o ed
a ,
and
excess
a
migh
be
ex a
weigh
o
ba s
o
anspo
on
mig a ion.
Adul
emales
may
accumula e
body
a
ea lie
han
any
o he
sex
and
age
class.
Males
may
be
slowe
(and
mo e
ac i e)
be-
cause
copula ion
occu s
in
he
all
(and
win-
e ).
Imma u es
p obably
gain
a
ese oi s
mo e
slowly
because
o
he
ene gy expended
in
g owing
and
pe haps
he e
is
hus
less
physiological
po en ial
o
add
a
apidly
du -
ing
lie
i s
all
o
hei
li es.
FOOD.
Six een
s omachs
o
li le
b own
ba s
om
Indiana
we e
examined
by
Whi ake
(1972b)
o
ood
analyses
(Table
47).
The
ood
o
his
species
om
May
h ough
Sep embe
was mo e
simila
o
ha
o
he
ed
ba
han
o
ha
o
he
big
b own
ba ,
wi h
Lepidop e a
and
T ichop e a
he
oods
mos
o en
ea en.
Cicadellidae
and
Delphacidae
(Homop e a)
we e
also
impo an ,
bu
Col-
eop e a
o med
only
12.4
pe cen
o
he
o al
olume.
A
single
coleop e ous
la a
o med
he
en i e
con en s
o
one
s omach,
and
i
and
c icke s
we e
he
only
non lying
i ems
ea en.
The
Lepidop e a
ea en
we e
small
o ms
as
compa ed
o
hose
ea en
by
he
ed
ba .
REPRODUCTION.
The
e en s
leading
up
o
copula ion
a e
unknown
o
mos
species
o
ba s;
u he
s udy
may
e eal
whe he
o
no
he e
is
cou ship
o
o he
p eeopula o y
Table
47
Foods
ea en
by
Myo is
luci ugus
(n
=
16)
om
Indiana
( om
Whi ake ,
1972b)
Pe cen Pe cen
Food
I em
Volume
F
equeney
Lepidop e a
(mo hs)
21.6
31.3
T ichop e a
(caddis
lies)
13.1
25.0
Dip e a
( lies)
11.9
31.3
Cicadellidae
(lea hoppe s)
11.6
43.8
Delphacidae
(plan hoppe s)
8.8
6.3
25.0
Coleop e ous
(bee le)
la ae
8.8
6.3 6.3
Ichneumonidae
(Ichneumon
lies)
3.8
12.5
Ca abidae
(G ound
bee les)
3.4
18.8
Redu iidae
(Assassin
bugs)
2.8
12.5
Sca abaeidae
(June
bee les)
2.5 6.3
Coleop e a
(Uniden i ied
bee les)
2.2
18.8
Tipulidae
(C ane lies)
1.9
12.5
Heme obiidae
(Heme obiids)
1.9
6.3
Chi onomidae
(Midges)
1.6
12.5
Ce ambycidae
(Long-homed
bee les)
1.6
6.3
Fo micidae
(An s)
1.3
12.5
Ch ysomelidae
(Lea
bee les)
0.9
6.3
Ch ysomelidae,
Diab o ica
6.3
undecimpunc a a
0.9
6.3
Ni idulidae
(Ni idulid
bee les)
0.9
6.3
Mi idae
(Lea
bugs)
0.6
6.3
G yllidae
(C icke s)
0.3
6.3
Insec s
(Uniden i ied)
0.3
100.2
6.3

142
O de
/
Chl op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
beha io .
Li le
b own
ba s
in
Indiana
ha e
been
obse ed
copula ing
on
20
Augus
(one
pai ,
in
a
ma e ni y
colony),
on
30
Augus
(a
leas
en
pai s,
in
a
ma e ni y
colony),
on
16
No embe
(a
pai
in
a
ca e),
and
on
11
Janu-
a y
(a
pai hanging
om
a
ca e
ceiling;
he
male
o
his
pai
hanging
om
he
ca e
ceil-
ing
g asped
he
u
on
he
back
o
he
emale's
head
wi h
his
ee h
and
pulled
he
head
back
sligh ly
while
copula ing
wi h
he ).
Spe m
a e
s o ed
in
he
u e us
o
he
emale
un il
sp ing,
when
e iliza ion
occu s.
In
Ap il,
emales
begin
ga he ing
in
ma e ni y
(nu se y)
colonies,
whe e
he
young
a e
bo n
and
ea ed.
Mos
nu se y
col-
onies
ha e
been
loca ed
in
he
a ics
o
houses,
bu
some
a e also
known
in
ba ns,
chu ches,
and
o he
buildings.
Some
nu se y
si es
a e
da k
and
poo ly
en ila ed;
o he s
(in
ba ns)
a e
well
en ila ed
and
well
ligh ed.
Day ime
empe a u es
in
some
o
he
a ics
used
as
nu se ies
a e
well
in
excess
o
100
deg ees
Fah enhei .
This
hea
e iden ly
has
no
ad e se
e ec
on
he
ba s
and
i
is
possible
ha
hey
choose
such
si es
o
p o-
mo e
apid
g ow h
o
he
young.
On
he
ho -
es
days,
he
ba s
end
o
hang
mo e
in
he
open
places
in
he
a ic
(exposed
a e s,
aces
o
chimneys);
hey u ilize
c e ices
mo e
when
empe a u es
a e
coole .
In
colonies
used
by
he
ba s
o
many
yea s,
we
ha e
seen
"s alac i es"
o
c ys allized
u ine
hang-
ing
om
he
a e s.
In
o he
colonies,
de-
posi s
o
ba
d oppings
a
leas
a
oo
deep
ha e
been
no ed.
In
some
cases,
he
weigh
o
accumula ed
d oppings
has
caused
he
ceiling
o
he
oom
below
o
sag
o
b eak
h ough.
As
many
as
1,000
o
mo e
emales
may
oc-
cupy
a
single
ma e ni y
colony.
The
50
nu s-
e y
colonies
examined
by
Humph ey
and
Cope
anged
in
size
om
abou
20
o
abou
3,000
ba s
( emales
and
young),
bu
mos
col-
onies
con ained
om
300
o
1,200
ba s.
Humph ey
and
Cope
also
no ed
ha
he
la ge
nu se y
colonies
we e
nea e
he
ca es,
and
in
no he n
Indiana
(whe e
he e
a e
no
hibe nacula)
he
colonies
we e
small-
e .
Ma e ni y
colonies
o
Myo is
luci ugus
usually
a e aged
conside ably
la ge
han
ma e ni y
colonies
o
o he
species
o
ba s
ha
b eed
in
Indiana.
Mos
nu se ies
o
li le
b own
myo is
we e
wi hin
a
ew
hund ed
me e s
o
a
pond
o
s eam,
o
which
he
ba s
lew
when
lea ing
he
colony
a
dusk.
In
he
ma e ni y
colonies,
ba s
may
hang
om
he
a e s,
on
he
sides
o
b ick
chim-
neys,
inside
he
walls
o
be ween
he
oo ing
and
he
a ic
ceiling.
I
is
no
usually
easy
o
ca ch
o
obse e
all
indi iduals
in
a
colony
a
any
one
ime.
Young
ba s
a e
equen ly
ound
dead
on
he
a ic
loo ;
some
may
be-
come
sepa a ed
om
adul
emales
and
suc-
cumb
wi hou
being
e ie ed,
and
some
p obably
a e
bo n
dead
o
die
and
all
o
he
loo .
F om
ime
o
ime
a
dead
ba
is
ound
hanging
om
a
wi e
o
co d
in
which
i
has
become
en angled
in
ligh .
Ma e ni y
colonies
usually
con ain
a
single
species
o
ba ,
bu
we
ha e
ound
big
b own
ba s
sha ing
a
building
wi h
li le
b own
myo is
on
se en
occasions,
and
we
ound
a
single
sou heas e n
myo is
(a
ansien ?)
in
a
li le
b own
myo is
colony
on
1
Oc obe .
Once
selec ed,
b eeding
si es
a e
e iden ly
used
o
yea s;
one
such
colony
in
Jackson
Coun y
was
in
con inuous
use
o
a
leas
six y- i e
yea s,
and
Cope
e
al.
(1961)
sugges s
a
colony
in
use
o
a
hund ed
yea s.
Small
numbe s
o
adul
males
may
inhabi
he
ma e ni y
colonies.
One
colony
con ained
2
pe cen
males
on
20
Ap il,
and
ano he
con-
ained
3
pe cen
males
on
30
Ap il.
A
a
hi d
colony,
7
males
and
121
emales
we e
p es-
en
on
29
May.
As
he
season
p og esses,
a
highe
pe cen age
o
males
some imes
oc-
cupies
he
colony.
One
colony
con ained
32
pe cen
males
in
la e
Augus ,
84
pe cen
he
i s
o
Oc obe ,
and
96
pe cen
he
second
week
o
Oc obe
(Cope
e
al.,
1958).
Whe he
he
colonies
a e
s aging
a eas
o
males
in
p epa a ion
o
all
mig a ion,
o
whe he
he
ga he ing
o
males
in
he
nu se ies
acili a es
ma ing
is
unknown,
bu
copula ion
has
been
obse ed
he e
as
ea ly
as
Augus .
Mo e
in-
ensi e
s udies
a e
needed
o
de e mine
wha
pe cen age
o
hese
males
a e
animals
ea ed
he e
du ing
he
summe
and
how
many
a e
ansien s.
Many
animals
om
a
ma e ni y
colony
end
o
e u n
each
yea
o
ha
colony,
bu
band-
ing
s udies
ha e
also
e ealed
ha
indi idu-
als
may
occupy
di e en
ma e ni y
colonies
in
di e en
yea s.
In
gene al,
i
is
el
ha
many
adul
emales
e u n
o
he
same
ma e ni y
colonies
yea
a e
yea
h oughou
hei
li es.
Some
males
also
may
be
ound
in
a
pa icula
ma e ni y
colony
mo e
han
one
yea .
One
male
was
banded
a
Tunnel on
(Law ence
Coun y)
in
a
b eeding
colony
on
Myo is
luci ugus
•
Li le
B own
Myo is
143
30
Augus
1954
and
eleased
a
Te e
Hau e
(Vigo
Coun y)
ha
nigh .
He
was
again
in
he
Tunnel on
colony
on
4
July
1957
and
on
25
July
1962.
He
was
also
cap u ed
wice
du ing
he
all
a
Big
Wyando e
Ca e
(C aw o d
Coun y),
on
7
Sep embe
1961
and
13
Sep-
embe
1963.
Ano he
male
banded
7
Augus
1957
a
Tunnel on
was
no
caugh
again
he e
bu
was
ound
9
Augus
1958
and
14
Augus
1963
in
a
ma e ni y
colony
a
Tho n own
(Boone
Coun y),
95
miles
no h-no hwes .
A
male
banded
18
June
1953
in
a
nu se y
col-
ony
nea
Co land
(Jackson
Coun y)
and
e-
leased
a
F ee own
(8
miles
wes )
was
back
a
Co land
2
July
1953.
On
14
June
1954,
he
was
aken
again
om
Co land
and
eleased
nea
Kossu h
(Washing on
Coun y),
and
was
ound
a
Co land
on
31
Augus 1954;
his
ime
he
was
eleased
a
Bed o d
(Law ence
Coun y),
bu
was
ound
again
a
Co land
on
18
Augus
1961.
The
e u n
o
adul
emale
li le
b own
myo is
o
a
pa icula
ma e ni y
colony
has
been
de e mined
om
banding
s udies.
F om
18
June
1953
o
17
Augus
1962,
he e
ha e
been
en
isi s
made
o
a
ma e ni y
colony
nea
Co land.
One
emale
M.
luci ugus
has
been
p esen
in
his
colony
o e
a
span
o
se en
yea s,
six
emales
o e
a
span
o
eigh
yea s,
and
nine
emales
o e
a
span
o
nine
yea s.
Since
he
colony
has
no
been
isi ed
since
1962,
we
do
no
know
whe he
some
emales
ac ually
used
he
colony
o
longe
pe iods.
Two
males
we e
ound
he e
o e
pe iods
o
se en
and
eigh
yea s,
bu
se en
males
a e
known
o
ha e
been
p esen
in
a
single
yea
and
h ee
o
wo
yea s.
Only
ou
li le
b own
ba s
banded
as
young
o
he
yea
in
his
colony
ha e
been
ecap u ed
he e
in
la e
yea s;
hese
we e
ound
one,
wo,
wo,
and
nine
yea s
la e .
Cope
and Hend icks
(1970)
epo ed
on
he
a e
o
wel e
"well-es ablished
li le
b own
ba
nu se y
colonies
in
Indiana;
some
o
hese
had
been
ac i e
o
a
leas
en
yea s.
O
hese
colonies,
checked
om
June
o
Au-
gus
1969,
h ee
we e
no
longe
p esen ,
ou
showed
declines
o
48
o
96
pe cen ,
and
i e
e ained
hei
o me
le els.
A
single
young
is
gene ally
p oduced
each
yea
by
he
adul
emale;
occasionally
wins
may
be
bo n.
Pa u i ion
usually
occu s
in
la e
May,
in
June,
o
in
ea ly
July.
The
young
a e
capable
o
ligh
abou
ou
weeks
a e
bi h.
One
newbo n
li le
b own
myo is
weighed
1.4
g ams,
had
a
o al
leng h
o
48
mm,
a
o ea m
leng h
o
12.5
mm,
and
a
wingspan
o
94
mm.
The
young
in
a
nu se y
colony
a e
no
all
bo n
a
he
same
ime;
wel e
young
om
Foun ain
Coun y (21
June)
anged
om
newbo n
o
well- u ed
indi iduals
and
seemed
o
ep esen
h ee
a he
dis inc
de elopmen al
s ages
on
he
basis
o
hei
mo phological
cha ac e is ics.
Ten
o
hem
had
o ea m
leng hs
om
12
o
30.5
mm
(a e age
21
mm).
Two
adul
emales
collec ed
om
his
colony
on
he
same
da e
each
con ained
a
single
e us,
measu ing
20
and
21
mm
espec i ely
in
c own- ump
leng h.
A
a
ma e ni y
colony
in
Pulaski
Coun y
(2
July)
six een
young
had
o ea m
leng hs
o
15
o
34
mm
(a e age
26
mm).
On
21
June,
ele en
young
om
a
colony
in
Clay
Coun y
had
o ea ms
anging
om
13.5
o
21
Table
48
Ec opa asi es
o
Myo is
luci ugus
(n
=
84)
om
Indiana
Pa asi es
Pa asi es
To al
A e age
Hos s
Pa asi ized
To al
Pe cen
Fleas
(Siphonap e a)
Myodopsylla
insignis
Mi es
(Aca ina)
o he
han
chigge s
Mac onyssus
c osbyi
Acan hoph hi ius
luci ugus
Chigge
Mi es
(T ombiculidae)
Euschoengas ia
pipis elli
Ticks
(Ixodides)
O ni hodo os
kelleyi
109
7
0.01
0.10
0.01
1.30
0.08
5
1
20
2
1.2
6.0
1.2
23.8
2.4
144
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
mm
(a e age
18.2
mm).
And
nine
young
om
Kosciusko
Coun y
(1
July)
had
o ea ms
om
12
o
28
mm
(a e age
17.9
mm).
G ow h
o
young
ba s
is
ela i ely
apid;
some
each
adul
p opo ions
and
weigh s
and
a e
capable
o
ligh
by
ea ly
July.
Fo
example,
one
imma u e
male
weighed
6.4
g ams
and
had
a
36-mm
o ea m
by
1
July.
PARASITES
AND
DISEASES.
Only
1
li le
b own
myo is
o
80
examined
o
abies
es ed
posi i e
(Whi ake
and
Mille ,
1974).
We
ound
ex e nal
pa asi es
on
25
o
84
li -
le
b own
ba s
examined,
and
in e nal
pa a-
si es
in
14
o
92
specimens.
Two
mi es,
a
chigge ,
a
ick,
and
a
lea
we e
he
ex e nal
pa asi es
(Table
48).
In e nal
pa asi es
ound
we e
nema odes
and
ema odes
(as
ye
un-
iden i ied).
Wilson
(1961)
epo ed
addi ional
da a
on
pa asi es,
including
a
lea,
Nyc-
e iodopsylla
chapini,
no
ound
in
ou
sam-
ple.
The
li le
b own
ba
ha bo s
ela i ely
ew
ex e nal
pa asi es.
O
he
six
species
ound
on
his
ba
o
da e,
only
he
chigge
is
e y
common.
The
lea
Nyc e iodopsylla
chapini
is
no mally
ound
on
he
big
b own
ba ;
Wil-
son's
(1961)
specimen
om
he
li le
b own
ba
p obably
ep esen s
a
case
o
s aggling.
Myodopsylla
insignis
is
o en
ound
on
Myo is
luci ugus
in
summe
colonies,
and
Wilson
collec ed
207
leas
o
his
species
in
22
Indiana
coun ies.
O ni hodo us
kelleyi
is
p ima ily
ound
on
he
big
b own
ba ,
bu
Wilson
epo ed
49
icks
o
his
species
on
li le
b own
ba s
om
7
coun ies.
Whi ake
(1973)
eco e ed
8
specimens
o
he
mi e
Mac onyssus
c osbyi,
1
o
Acan hoph hi ius
sp.,
109
o
he
chigge
Euschoengas ia
pipis-
elli,
7
icks,
O ni hodo os
kelleyi,
and
1
lea,
Myodopsylla
insignis,
om
84
li le
b own
ba s.
The
Acan hoph hi ius
has
since
been
desc ibed
as
new,
A.
luci ugus
Fain
and
Whi ake ,
1976.
DECIMATING
FACTORS.
Li le
is
known
abou
he
na u al
p eda o s
o
Myo is
luci ugus
bu
some
ba s
o
his
species
a e
undoub edly
aken
by
hawks,
owls,
and
snakes.
Ma in
(1961)
epo ed
on
he
p oba-
ble
p eda ion
on
ba s
in
Ray's
Ca e
by
he
p ai ie
ole,
bu
he
ba
emains
no ed
we e
no
iden i ied
o
species.
One
day
when
Mum o d
was
eleasing
banded
li le
b own
myo is
ou side
a
ca e,
a
blue
jay
ac i ely
pu -
sued
one
o
he
eleased
ba s
o
some
dis-
ance
bu
e iden ly
was
unable
o
ca ch
i
in
ligh .
Some
yea s
ago,
he
loo
o
a
low
pas-
sage
in
Big
Wyando e
Ca e
was
li e ed
wi h
ba
wings,
said
o
ha e
been
he
emains
o
ba s
(a
species
o
Myo is)
cap u ed
and
ea en
by a
domes ic
ca .
The
wo s
known
enemy
o
ba s
is
man,
who
uses
a ious
me hods
in
a emp ing
o
d i e nu se y
colonies
om
buildings.
We
know
o
he
use
o
ea
gas,
sulphu
candles,
mo h
balls,
au omobile
exhaus
umes,
and
hea y
g ease.
DDT
and
cyanide
gas
ha e
been
used
in
some
oos s
o
elimina e
he
ba s.
The
mos
success ul
way
o
p e en
ba s
om
en e ing
a ics
is
o
close
all
en ance
holes
ha
he
animals
can
use;
his
is
some-
imes
di icul ,
i
no
impossible,
bu
i
is
he
mos
sa is ac o y
and
pe manen
me hod.
The
emodeling
o
houses,
chu ches,
and
o he
buildings
has
elimina ed
many
summe
col-
onies.
Vandalism
has
esul ed
in
he
loss
o
ba s
a
a ious
seasons.
Fi e,
s icks,
s ones,
and
BB
guns
ha e
all
been
used
o
kill
and
mu ila e
ba s
in
hei
oos s.
Du ing
hibe na ion,
he
me e
dis u bance
o
ba s
can
be
ha m ul
o
hem;
i
hey
a e
awakened
and
ly
abou ,
hey
use
up some
o
hei
s o ed
a
ese es.
Repea ed
dis u bances
may
cause
hem
o
deple e
so
much
a
ha
hey
canno
li e
h ough
he
win e .
Resea che s
ha e
p obably
caused
consid-
e able
damage
o
ba s.
We
know,
o
example,
ha
la ge
numbe s
o
ba s
ha e
been
e-
mo ed
om
some
Indiana
ca es
and
o he
oos s
o
physiological
s udies.
O he s
ha e
been
collec ed
o
scien i ic
specimens
o
o
be
examined
o
ood
habi s,
pa asi es,
o
o he
da a.
Mode a e
collec ing
o
specimens
by
scien is s
who
know
he
species
and
keep
ab eas
o
he
s a us
o
a ious
ba s
in
Indiana
does
ela i ely
li le
ha m.
Bu
in
1949,
a
clus e
o
se e al
dozen
o
he
ela i ely
a e
sou heas e n
myo is
was
emo ed
om
a
ca e
o
specimens.
This
ca e
has
housed
only
a
ew
o
ha
species
each
win e
since
hen.
Now
ha
he
Indiana
myo is
is
on
he
na-
ional
endange ed
species
lis
and
is
a he
common
as
a
hibe na o
in
some
Indiana
ca es,
i
becomes
mo e
impo an
ha
hose
people
wo king
wi h
ba s
a e
able
o
iden i y
he
a ious
species
eadily.
The
unjus i ied
emo al
o
excessi e
numbe s
o
his
species
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
•
Sou heas e n
Myo is
145
(ei he
acciden ally
o
in en ionally)
could
deal
a
damaging
blow
o
i s
u u e
in
Indiana.
We
also
eel
ha
ba
banding
could
ha e
been
a
ac o
in
he
decline
o
some ba
popu-
la ions
in
he
s a e.
Banding
was
begun
in
Indiana,
a
Big
Wyando e
Ca e,
in
1946.
Nume ous
wo ke s
ha e
banded
ba s
since
1946,
and
he
dis u bance
caused
by
ca ch-
ing,
con ining,
banding,
and
o he wise
caus-
ing
he
animals
o
waken
du ing
hibe na ion
may
ha e
p oduced
casual ies,
al hough
we
ha e
no
p oo
o
his.
Also,
i
is
well
known
ha
bands
applied
o
he
wings
o
ba s
can
cause
i i a ion,
in lamma ion,
he
o ma ion
o
sca
issue,
and
possibly
in ec ion.
We
can-
no
e alua e
he
e ec
o
banding
on
he
well-being
o
ba s,
bu
i
is
possible
ha
dea hs
ha e
occu ed
as
a
esul
o
banding
ac i i ies.
In
mo e
ecen
yea s,
we
ha e
been
con-
ce ned
abou
man's
inc eased
use
o
insec-
icides
and
he
possible
de imen al
e ec
on
ba s.
All
ba s
ha
occu
in
Indiana
eed
ex-
clusi ely
on
insec s
and
hus
a e
subjec
o
high
le els
o
insec icides
ha
may
be
p e-
sen
in
hei
ood.
We
do
know
ha
he
de-
cline
in
he
numbe s
o
some
ba s
in
he
s a e
has
been
d ama ic
since
1951,
bu
we
s ill
canno
pinpoin
he
easons
o
hese
de-
c eased
popula ions.
TAXONOMY.
The
subspecies
in
Indiana
is
Myo is
luci ugus
luci ugus
(LeCon e).
SELECTED
REFERENCES.
An hony
and
Kunz,
1977;
Ba bou
and
Da is,
1969;
Bel-
wood
and
Fen on,
1976;
Ben on
and
Scha-
oun,
1958;
Cagle
and
Cock um,
1943;
Cope,
Bake ,
and
Con e ,
1961;
Cope
and
Hen-
d icks,
1970;
Cope,
Koon z,
and
Chu chwell,
1961;
Cope,
Mum o d,
and
Wilson,
1958;
Da is
and
Hi chcock,
1965;
Fen on,
1970,
1977;
Humph ey,
1964;
Humph ey
and
Cope,
1964,
1976;
Kunz,
An hony,
and
Rum-
age,
1977;
Walley,
1970.
Myo is
subula us:
Hahn,
1908b
(in
pa )
Myo is
aus o ipa ius:
Mille
and
Allen,
1928
DESCRIPTION.
Mos
Indiana
specimens
o
he
sou heas e n
myo is
ha e
a
g ay
do sum
and
a
whi ish
en e .
These
animals
closely
esemble
g ay-pelaged
g ay
myo is
in
colo ,
bu
he
g ay
myo is
has
a
longe
o ea m,
do -
sal
u
he
same
colo
om
base
o
ip,
and
less whi e
(mo e
g ayish)
on
he
en e .
The
hai s
on
he
do sum
o
he
sou heas e n
myo is
a e
mo e
woolly
and
ha e
da k
bases
and
pale
ips.
B own-pelaged
indi iduals
a e
bes
sepa a ed
om
o he
Myo is
in
Indiana
by
o ea m
leng h
and
(in
li e)
by
pink
noses.
Colo
in
Indiana
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
ap-
pea s
o
be
bes
co ela ed
wi h
season;
ani-
mals
end
o
be
g ayish
in
win e
and
sp ing
and
b ownish
in
summe .
Mos
o
ou
b ownish-pelaged
specimens
we e
collec ed
in
Augus .
Fo
example,
se en
cap u ed
on
4
Augus
we e
qui e
a iable
in
colo ;
h ee-
we e
b own
abo e
and
an
below, and
ou
we e
g ayish
abo e
(some
wi h
b ownish
Sou heas e n
myo is.
Pho o
by
B uce
J.
Haywa d
pa ches).
All
we e
in
hea y
mol .
Fou
olde
specimens,
aken
by
Hahn
om
2
Augus
o
9
Augus
1907,
show
he
same
a ia ions.
In
Sou heas e n
Myo is
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
(Rhoads)
Rhoads'
Ba
146
O de
/
Chl op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
addi ion,
h ee
aken
20
Augus
1969
we e
all
mol ing;
wo
we e
unde going
nea ly
com-
ple e
mol s.
We
suspec
ha
he
b ownish
colo
is
e-
la ed
o
he
ep oduc i e
cycle,
as
i
seems
o
be
in
he
g ay
myo is
we
ha e
examined
om
Ken ucky,
wi h
emales
becoming
qui e
b ownish
du ing
he
summe .
Mos
o
ou
b ownish
sou heas e n
myo is
aken
in
Au-
gus
a e
emales.
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
a e
shown
in
Table
49.
The
den al
o mula
is
I
—
C
—
P
—
M
—
=
38.
3
13
3
STATUS
AND
DISTRIBUTION.
The
i s
In-
diana
specimens
o
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
we e
aken
by
Wal e
Hahn
nea
Mi chell
(in
wha
is
now
Sp ing
Mill
S a e
Pa k)
in
1906.
We
ha e
examined
13
ex an
specimens
aken
by
Hahn,
who
had
iden i ied
12
as
Myo is
subula us
(=
Myo is
keenii)
and
1
as
Myo is
luci ugus.
Mille
and
Allen
(1928)
i s
ealized
he
ue
iden i y
o
4
o
Hahn's
specimens
a e
hey
almos
desc ibed
hem
as
a
new
species.
Lyon
(1936)
epo ed
no
new
eco ds.
The
sou heas e n
myo is
is
a e
and
e i-
den ly
occu s
mos
commonly
in
sou h-
cen al
Indiana,
whe e
i
is
known
om
C aw o d,
G eene,
Law ence,
and
Washing-
on
coun ies
(Map
15);
o
all
bu
Law ence
Coun y,
hese
a e
single
eco ds.
The e
has
been
a
decided
dec ease
in
Indiana
win e -
ing
popula ions
since
1949.
The
species
is
p esen
h oughou
he
yea ,
bu
he e
is
no
eco d
o
b eeding
in
he
s a e.
HABITAT.
Excep
o
a
emale
ound
in
a
b eeding
colony
o
li le
b own
ba s
in
a
building,
all
Indiana
eco ds
o
he
sou h-
eas e n
myo is
a e
om
ca es.
ASSOCIATED
SPECIES.
The
only
o he
ba
we
ha e
ound
clus e ed
wi h
Myo is
au-
s o ipa ius
was
M.
luci ugus.
On
28
De-
cembe
1955
he e
we e
27
sou heas e n
myo is
and
2
li le
b own
myo is
in
a
compac
g oup
in
Donnehue's
Ca e;
no
a
away
a
single
sou heas e n
myo is
was
in
a
clump
o
10
li le
b own
myo is.
In
his
same
ca e,
on
30
Decembe
1959,
a
sou heas e n
myo is
was
clus e ed
wi h
6
li le
b own
myo is.
One
sou heas e n
and
2
li le
b own
myo is
occu-
pied
a
small
hole
in
he
ceiling
o
Don-
Table
49
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
o
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
om
Indiana
Males
Females
To al
leng h
(mm)
n
43
13
X
83.3 87.2
ange
70-91
80-95
SD
5.5
4.6
SE
0.8
1.3
Tail
leng h
(mm)
n
42
13
X
34.4
35.8
ange
27-40
30-41
SD
4.1
3.0
SE
0.6
0.8
Hind
oo
(mm)
n
41
13
X
8.8
9.6
ange
7-10
9-11
SD
1.1
0.8
SE
0.2
0.2
T agus
(mm)
n
32
7
X
7.0
7.0
ange
5.5-9.0
5.2-8.0
SD
0.8
0.9
SE
0.1
0.3
Fo ea m
(mm)
n
35
10
X
38.1
38.1
ange
32-41
35.5-40.0
SD
1.9
1.5
SE
0.3
0.5
Weigh
(g ams)
n
27
16
X
6.5
7.2
ange
4.1-9.2
5.1-9.1
SD
1.1
1.3
SE
0.2
0.3
aldson's
Ca e,
30
Decembe
1959.
Du ing
he
yea ,
Indiana
myo is,
g ay
myo is.
Keen's
myo is,
big
b own
ba s,
eas e n
pipis elles,
and
sil e -hai ed
ba s
ha e
been
ound
in
ca es
wi h
sou heas e n
myo is.
The
ca es
ha
ha bo
he
la ges
numbe s
o
sou heas -
e n
myo is
con ain p ac ically
no
Indiana
myo is,
pe haps
sugges ing
a
sub le
habi a
p e e ence
be ween
he
species.
POPULATIONS.
We
ha e
no
eco d
o
sou heas e n
myo is
o
Indiana
be ween
17
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
Sou heas e n
Myo is
147
Map
15.
The
Sou heas e n
Myo is,
Myo is
aus o ipa ius,
in
Indiana
Decembe
1907
(Hahn
specimen)
and
8
No embe
1947
(R.
G.
P asil
specimen).
Be-
o e
1953,
all
eco ds
we e
om
he
ca es
a
Sp ing
Mill
S a e
Pa k,
mos ly
om
B onson's
Ca e
o
Donaldson's
Ca e.
A
ew
sou heas e n
myo is
can
s ill
be
ound
in
he
ca es
a
Sp ing
Mill.
We
ha e
no
adequa ely
checked
he
se e al
"we "
ca es
he e
o en
enough
o
de e mine
he
s a us
o
his
ba
in
he
pa k.
The e
we e
abou
50
indi iduals
obse ed
in
B onson's
Ca e
on
7
Feb ua y
1949;
he
ollowing
day,
40
o
hese
we e
collec ed.
The
la ges
numbe
eco ded
since
in
B onson's
Ca e
was
8
on
30
Ma ch
1966.
A
clus e
o
abou
25
was
loca ed
in
Donaldson's
Ca e
on
23
No embe
1951
and
abou
wo- hi ds
o
hem
we e
caugh
and
banded;
6
we e
obse ed
in
he
same
spo
he
nex
day.
Since
hen,
he
maximum
numbe
seen
in
his
ca e
was
3,
on
6
Ma ch
1954.
On
8
Janua y
1954,
a
leas
9
sou heas e n
myo is
we e
ound
in
Donnehue's
Ca e
a
Bed o d.
This
ca e
has
been
isi ed
by
us
mo e
han
a
hund ed
imes
o e
he
pas
wen y
yea s.
Small
numbe s
o
he
sou h-
eas e n
myo is
s ill
use
he
ca e
and
he
spe-
cies
has
been
ound
he e
e e y
mon h
o
he
yea
excep
July.
The
maximum
numbe
ound
on
a
isi
was
28,
on
28
Decembe
1955;
he
second
la ges
numbe
was
19,
on
12
Feb ua y
1955.
This
ba
has
been
epo ed
once
in
each
o
ou
o he
ca es:
Ray's Ca e
(G eene
Coun y),
a
emale,
7
Decembe
1953;
Sal
Pe e
Ca e
(C aw o d
Coun y),
abou
15
on
23
Feb ua y
1953;
Endless
Ca e
(Washing on
Coun y),
1
male,
on
28
Janua y
1961;
Big
Wyando e
Ca e
(C aw o d
Coun y),
2
emales,
12
Feb ua y
1966.
HABITS.
Du ing
he
hibe na ion
pe iod,
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
has
been
ound
in
compac
clus e s
o
up
o
50
indi iduals,
hanging
om
he
ceilings
o
on
he
side
walls
o
ca es.
Mos
clus e s
we e
on
side
walls,
bu
he
la ges
was
on
a
ceiling.
Singles
and
small g oups
a e
usually
ound,
especially
o-
day,
since
he
popula ion
decline.
Soli a y
indi iduals,
usually
males,
o en
wedge
hemsel es
in o
iny
holes
in
he
ca e
ceil-
ing.
Some
o
hese
holes
a e
jus
la ge
enough
o
a
single
ba .
We
collec ed
a
leas
h ee
sou heas e n
myo is
om
one
such
hole,
and
obse ed
o he s;
mo e
han
once
we
ha e
also
ound
a
single
sou heas e n
myo is
in
ano he
iny,
a o ed
oos ing
hole.
Holes
and
c e ices
oo
la ge
o
a
single
ba
o
ill
ha e
been
ound
occupied
by
a
sou h-
eas e n
myo is
and
1
o
4
li le
b own
myo is,
o
by
up
o
3
sou heas e n
myo is.
On
one
oc-
casion,
we ound
a
single
sou heas e n
myo is
oos ing
inside
a
hollow
s alac i e.
O
he
ou
la ges
clus e s
o
sou heas e n
myo is
ound,
wo
we e
in
d y
po ions
o
he
ca e
whe e
no
wa e
was
p esen
below
hem,
one
was
in
a
comple ely
d y
ca e
(Sal
Pe e
Ca e),
and
one
was
o e
a
g a el
ba
a
he
edge
o
he
ca e
s eam.
Singles
and
small g oups
ha e
been
obse ed
bo h
in
d y
passages
and
hanging
di ec ly
o e
wa e .
Du ing
he
win e
hese
ba s
a e
eadily
awakened
and
a e
mo e
ac i e
han
a e
o he
Myo is.
On
23
No embe
1951,
we
ound
an
ac i e
clus e
o
sou heas e n
myo is
because
o
hei
squeaking
and
p obably
would
ha e
missed
hem
o he wise.
Indi iduals
dis-
148
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
lodged
om
die
ceiling
o
a
c e ice
may
es-
cape
by
aking
ligh .
Ou
a emp s
o
ca ch
wo
on
13
Ap il
we e
unsuccess ul.
One
o
he
ba s,
in
a
c e ice
in
he
ceiling,
im-
media ely
squeezed
i sel
in o
a
iny
hole
when
i was
ouched
wi h
a
s ick.
Repea ed
ca e ul
p odding
caused
i
o
d op
om
he
c e ice
and
ly
away.
The
second
was
inside
he
hollow
co e
o
a
b oken
s alac i e,
bu
also
d opped
ou
and
lew
when
ouched
wi h
a
s ick. On
11
Janua y
1949,
a
clus e
o
abou
35
o
40
sou heas e n
myo is
was
ob-
se ed
on
he
ceiling
o
a
ca e.
One,
dis-
lodged
om
die
edge
o
he
g oup
wi ii
a
s ick,
ell
o
he
loo ,
bu
he
es
im-
media ely
lew
a he
back
in o
he
ca e.
On
he
nigh
o
23
No embe
1951,
16
sou heas e n
myo is
we e
banded
in
Donaldson's
Ca e.
Abou
15
minu es
la e
one
o
hese
was
ecap u ed
in
B onson's
Ca e,
which
is
one-hal
mile
om
Donaldson's
Ca e,
wi h
which
i
has,
how-
e e ,
an
unde g ound
connec ion.
One
o
wo
indi iduals
ha e
quickly
aken
ligh
when
he
beam
o
a
lashligh
was
shined
on
hem.
These
expe iences
and
o he s sugges
ha
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
does
no
ole a e
dis-
u bances
and
is
likely
o
change
i s
oos ing
si e
qui e
eadily, e en
in
hibe na ion
qua -
e s.
On
23
Feb ua y
1953,
he e
we e
clus-
e s
o
7
and
8
on
die
side
wall
o
Sal
Pe e
Ca e;
a
single
ba
was
ca e ully
aken
om
one
clus e
o
a
specimen,
bu
none
o
he
ba s
lew.
On
7
Ma ch
1953,
no
a
ba
o
his
species
could
be
ound
in
he
ca e
(which is
easy
o
census
o
ba s),
no
ha e
we
seen
M.
aus o ipa ius
he e
again.
A e
we
cap u ed
and
banded
16
o
a
clus e
o
abou
25
one
nigh ,
we
e u ned
he
nex
day
and
ound
only
6
hanging
a
he
same
spo .
Howe e ,
in
wo
ins ances
we
ha e
ound
g oups
in
wo
successi e
win e s
hanging
a
iden ical
spo s;
such
oos ing
spo s
may
be
pa icula ly
a o -
able
o
he
species
o
hibe na ion.
Seasonal
Ac i i y.
We
ob ained
some
in-
o ma ion
on
his
aspec
o
beha io
om
ou
wo k
a
Donnehue's
Ca e.
Pe iodic
ne ing
o
he
en ance
o
he
ca e
h oughou
a
yea
e-
sul ed
in
ou
cap u ing
a
single
sou heas e n
myo is
on
18
No embe
and
one
on
4
Feb u-
a y.
These
cap u es
indica e
ha
diis
ba
may
mo e
abou
du ing
he
win e ,
especially
when
he
empe a u e
is
abo e
eezing.
Tha
he
ba s
men ioned
abo e
le
Sal
Pe e
Ca e
be ween
23
Feb ua y
and
7
Ma ch
also
poin s
up
his
possibili y.
Daily
Ac i i y.
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
eme ges
om
i s
day ime
oos s
in
ca es
el-
a i ely
la e
in
he
e ening.
Ou
Donnehue
s
Ca e
da a
wi h
ega d
o
his
beha io
we e
in e es ing.
We
summa ized
he
compa a i e
imes
o
ne ing
he
i s
sou heas e n myo is,
he
i s
li le
b own
myo is,
and
he
i s
ba
on
se en
e enings,
eco ding
only
animals
ha
s uck
he
inside
ace
o
he
ne s
(and
hus
we e
p esumably
lea ing
he
ca e).
On
he
six
occasions
when
we
cap u ed
bo h
M.
luci ugus
and
M.
aus o ipa ius,
he
la e
was
caugh
consis en ly
la e
han
he
o me
by
24
o
186
minu es.
Myo is
luci ugus
was
no
always
he
i s
species
ne ed
each
e e-
ning,
and
he
ime
be ween
he
ne ing
o
he
i s
ba
o
any
species
and
he
i s
M.
au-
s o ipa ius
anged
om
34
o
186
minu es,
o
se en
da es.
A
sou heas e n
myo is
was
ne ed
as
la e
as
12:16
A.M.
(26
Augus )
and
we
cap u ed
11
o he s
be ween
10:00
P.M.
and
12:05
A.M.
(26
Augus
o
14
Oc obe ).
One
was
cap u ed
on
4
Feb ua y
a
7:17
P.M.,
one
on
11
May
a
9:44
P.M.,
wo
on
30
Oc obe
a
8:45
P.M.
and
9:10
P.M.,
1
on
18
No embe
a
8:42
P.M.
and
2
on
20
Augus
a
9:12
and
9:37
P.M.
MIGRATION.
Al hough
nume ous
sou h-
eas e n
myo is
ha e
been
banded
in
Indiana,
band
eco e ies
ha e
shed
no
ligh
on
mo emen s
o
he
species.
We
ha e
no
p oo
ha
mig a ion
occu s;
no
indi iduals
ha e
been
collec ed
o
obse ed
no h
o
he
known
win e ing
dis ibu ion
in
he
s a e.
The
ba s
ob iously
mo e
in o
and
ou
o
he
hibe na ing
ca e ns
pe iodically
and
he
emale ound
in
a
li le
b own
ba
nu se y
colony
p obably
did
no
hibe na e
he e.
Pe haps
his
species
is
mo e
seden a y
han
o he
Myo is.
LONGEVITY.
The
ela i ely
small
numbe
o
sou heas e n
myo is
ecap u ed
a e
band-
ing
e ealed
li le
ega ding
he
li e-span
o
he
species.
O
21
animals
ecap u ed,
16
we e
a
leas
1.5
yea s
old,
2
we e
a
leas
2.5
yea s
o
age,
1
was
a
leas
3,
and
2
we e
a
leas
4
yea s
old.
SEX
RATIOS.
O
62
sou heas e n
myo is
collec ed
in
ca es
du ing
nine
mon hs
o
he
yea ,
48
we e
males
and
14
we e
emales
(77.4
pe cen
males);
no
specimens
we e
Myo is
g isescens
•
G ay
Myo is
149
aken
in
May,
Sep embe ,
o
Oc obe .
O
25
collec ed
in
Feb ua y,
only
5
we e
emales
(20
pe cen ),
bu
o
15
aken
in
Augus ,
6
we e
emales
(40
pe cen ).
O
104
sou heas -
e n
myo is
banded
in
ca es
(e e y
mon h
ex-
cep
May,
June,
July)
61
we e
males
and
43
we e
emales
(58.6
pe cen
males).
Fo
Don-
nehue's
Ca e,
whe e
80
o
he
104
we e
banded,
45
(56.3
pe cen )
we e
males;
also,
11
males
and
5
emales
we e
collec ed
he e,
gi ing
a
o al
o
58.3
pe cen
males
o
his
ca e.
FOOD.
We
ha e
examined
no
ba s
o
his
species
which
had
ood
in
he
s omachs.
REPRODUCTION.
We
ha e
no
di ec
e i-
dence
ha
he
sou heas e n
myo is
b eeds
in
Indiana,
al hough
adul s
ha e
been
cap u ed
in
each
mon h
o
he
yea .
Elsewhe e,
emales
each
p oduce
wo
young
in
May.
We
ne ed
a
emale
on
4
Augus
ha
e iden ly
had
been
nu sing
young;
she
had
a eas
de-
oid
o
hai
a ound
each
nipple.
A
g oup
o
abou
25
sou heas e n
myo is
obse ed
on
23
No embe
was
qui e
ac i e
and
noisy;
one
emale
had
mois u e,
which
could
ha e
been
semen,
abou
he
ul a.
J.
B.
Cope
saw
a
pai
ha
"seemed
o
be
copula ing"
on
7
Ma ch.
Males
wi h
sc o al
es es
ha e
been
collec ed
o
examined
in
Ma ch,
Ap il,
and
Augus ;
hose
wi h
he
la ges
es es
we e
aken
in
Augus .
In his
species,
each
es is
descends
o
a
conspicuous
posi ion
on
ei he
side
o
he
base
o
he
ail.
PARASITES.
We
examined
6
sou heas e n
myo is
o
pa asi es
and
ound
he
mi e
Olabidoca pus
whi ake i,
he
chigge
Eus-
chongas ia
pipis elli,
and
some
uniden i ied
in es inal
ema odes
(Whi ake
and
Mum-
o d, 1971a;
Whi ake ,
1973).
Olabidoca pus
whi ake i
was
desc ibed
by
McDaniel
and
Co man
(1970)
om
ma e ial
collec ed
om
h ee
sou heas e n
myo is
aken
om
Don-
nehue's
Ca e,
20
Augus
1969.
DECIMATING
FACTORS.
Man
is
p obably
he
majo
enemy
o
he
species.
One
sou h-
eas e n
myo is
was
ound
dead
in
a
ca e
on
30
Decembe ,
hanging
by
one
oo
om
he
ceiling.
On
he
nigh
o
18
No embe ,
du ing
ne ing
o
Donnehue's
Ca e,
a
sc eech
owl
s uck
he
mis
ne
immedia ely
a e
a
sou h-
eas e n
myo is
was
caugh ;
i
appea ed
ha
he
owl
was
pu suing
he
ba ,
o
possibly
a -
emp ing
o
ake
i
om
he
ne .
A
sou heas e n
myo is
ound
in
a
ca e
on
7
Ap il
had
he
ips
o
bo h
ea s
somewha
sho ened
and
de oid
o
pigmen ,
a
condi ion
sugges ing
os bi e.
TAXONOMY.
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
mum-
o di
Rice
(1955)
was
desc ibed
om
Indiana
specimens
aken
a
Sp ing
Mill
S a e
Pa k,
bu
LaVal
(1970)
has
since
concluded
ha
he
species
is
mono ypic.
Thus,
he
cu en
name
o
he
species
is
Myo is
aus o ipa ius
(Rhoads).
SELECTED
REFERENCES.
Ba bou
and
Da is,
1969;
Fos e ,
Humph ey,
and
Hum-
ph ey,
1978;
LaVal,
1970;
Rice,
1955,
1957;
She man,
1930.
G ay
Myo is
Myo is
g isescens
Howell
La ge-winged
Ba ,
Howell's
Ba
Myo is
eli e :
Hahn,
1908b
Myo is
g isescens:
Howell,
1909a
DESCRIPTION.
This
ela i ely
la ge,
g ay
myo is
can
be
sepa a ed
om
o he
species
o
he
same
genus
in
Indiana
by
i s
o ea m
leng h
(42-45
mm),
do sal
hai
he
same
colo
om
base
o
ip,
and
he
a achmen
o
he
wing
memb ane
o
he
a sus
ins ead
o
o
he
side
o
he
oo .
In
Indiana,
only
Myo is
au-
s o ipa ius
has
he
g ayish
do sal
colo
o M.
g isescens;
we
suspec
ha
he
wo
species
exhibi
oughly
he
same
seasonal
colo
a i-
a ions.
Fo
example,
an
adul
emale
M.
g isescens
aken
on
9
Augus
and
examined
by
Howell
was
desc ibed
by
him
as
being
"sepia
abo e,
wi h
a
usse
inge"
and
"hai -
b own"
below.
This
specimen
(now
los )
was
e iden ly
simila
in
colo o
abou
a
dozen
emale
g ay
myo is
we ha e
seen
aken
om
a
ma e ni y
colony
in
Adai
Coun y,
Ken-
ucky,
on
2
June
1958.
Indiana
specimens
162
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
emales,
we e
aken
o
he
Joseph
Moo e
Museum
on
he
Ea lham College
campus
whe e
hey
we e
iden i ied
as
Myo is
sodalis
and
en e ed
in
he
Museum
collec ion.
. . .
These
ba s
ep esen
he
i s
epo ed
ma e ni y
colony
ol
Myo is
sodalis.
Du ing
he
summe s
o
1972
and
1973,
Cope
and
his
co-wo ke s
cap u ed
31
Indiana
myo is
along
Nolands
Fo k
Ri e ,
bu
no
ma e ni y
colony
was
loca ed.
In
he
summe
o
1974,
he
in es iga o s
we e
success ul
in
inding
he
colony
(Humph ey
e
al.,
1977):
The
nu se y
oos
was
loca ed
unde
he
loose
ba k
o
a
dead
bi e nu
hicko y
(Ca ya
co di o mes
...),
ha
was
ali e
in
1969.
The
ba s
used
spaces
be-
hind
se e al
di e en
pa ches
ol
ba k,
some
in e -
connec ed
and
o he s
e iden ly
isola ed.
The
wo
places
mos
consis en ly
occupied
by
he
la ges
numbe s
o
animals
had
ESE
and
SSW
exposu es
and
consequen ly
ecei ed
much
sola
hea
on
hei
ou e
su aces.
Du ing
he
win e
o
1974-
1975
much
o
he
ba k
used
o
oos ing
he
p e i-
ous
summe
ell
o
he
ee,
while
new
slabs
cu led
away
om
he
unk
o
o m
new
po en ial
oos ing
spo s.
I
was
ound
ha
pa
o
his
popula ion
also
used
an
al e na e
oos
unde
he
loose
ba k
o
a
li ing
shagba k
hicko y
abou
30
me e s
away.
Ano he
al e na e
oos ing
si e
was
suspec ed,
bu
no
ound.
The
esiden
popula ion
in
1974
consis ed
o
25
emales
and
23
young
ha we e
ea ed
o
he
olan
s age.
In
1975,
he e
we e
a
leas
23
young
weaned
by
28
emales.
The
i s
ba s
a i ed
a
he
nu se y
si e
in
1975
on
4
May,
and
subs an ial
numbe s
appea ed
beginning
18
May.
A ailable
da a
sugges
ha
each
emale
bo e
a
single
young.
Pa u-
i ion
in
1974
ook
place
om
25
June
o
4
July.
Young
we e
olan
a
25
o
37
days
o
age.
In
1975,
young
eached
he
olan
s age
16
days
ea lie
han
hey
did
in
1974.
Indiana
myo is
we e
p esen
a
he
oos
un il
10
Oc-
obe
1974
and
un il
19
Sep embe
1975.
Some
obse a ions
we e
made
on
pa en al
ca e,
al hough
he
colony
was
in
a
di icul
si e
o
obse e.
One
e ening,
abou
hal
he
adul s
o
he
colony
each
ca ied
hei
single
young
o
new
loca ions,
om
one
pa ch
o
ba k
o
ano he .
The
young
we e easily
isi-
ble
and
clung
o
a
ea
while
being ca ied.
These
young
appea ed
o
be
om
7
o
10
days
old
and
we e abou
one-qua e
o
one-
hi d
he
size
o
hei
mo he s.
F om
21
July
o
19
Augus
1974,
when young
we e
begin-
ning
o
ly
and
o age,
he
obse e s
no ed
"pai s
o
M.
sodalis
lying
in
andem."
Such
ligh s
we e
cha ac e ized
by
he
ollowing
ba
s aying
wi hin
1
me e
o
he
leade ,
and
i
was
hough
ha
such
pai s
we e
composed
o
an
adul
and
young.
Such
pai s
occasion-
ally
e u ned
o
he
nu se y
ee
and
landed
oge he .
One
pai
lew
290
me e s
om
he
oos
o
a
o aging
si e.
The
male
emb yo
emo ed
om
a
g a id
Myo is
sodalis
sho
on
18
June
1959
in
La-
g ange
Coun y
measu ed
39
mm
in
o al
leng h.
The
ee h
we e
no
comple ely
h ough
he
gums,
bu
he
ips
we e
qui e
e iden .
The e
we e
ew
hai s
p esen
on
he
head,
bu
some
hai s
we e
loca ed
pos e io
o
he
nos ils,
on
he
chin
and
muzzle.
No
hai s
we e
p esen
be ween
he
nos ils.
The e
we e
inges
o
hai
along
he
uppe
and
lowe
lips.
The
chin
egion
was
hea ily
hai ed
o e
an
ex ensi e
a ea.
One
hai
was
p esen
a
he
angle
o
he
jaw
on
ei he
side
o
he
head.
The e
appea ed
o
be
a
chin
gland
p esen .
On
he
do sum,
sho
hai s
we e
o e
he
ump
a ea
down
o
below
he
le el
o
he
knees
and
along
he
legs
o
he
base
o
he
ee .
Spa se
hai s
we e
p esen
on
he
oes.
The
only
hai
on
he
en e
was
as
desc ibed
abo e
and
was
con ined
o
die
head.
Fi e
imma u e
males
aken
in
la e
July
and
ea ly
Augus
had
es es
anging
om
1.5
by
2.5
mm
o
2.5
by
4
mm.
Males
widi
he
la ges
es es
(9
mm
long)
we e
collec ed
in
mid-Augus ;
specimens
aken
in
Sep embe
had
es es
ha
a e aged
smalle
in
size
han
Augus
specimens,
bu
ou
sample
(19
ani-
mals)
is
a he
small.
PARASITES
AND
DISEASES.
None
o
34
In-
diana
myo is
es ed
o
abies
by
Whi ake
and
Mille
(1974)
was
in ec ed
wi h
his
dis-
ease.
Whi ake
(1973)
examined
43
Indiana
myo is
o
ex e nal
pa asi es
and
ound
15
(44.1
pe cen )
o
be
in es ed.
The
mi e
Mac-
onyssus
c osbyi,
a
nonnal
pa asi e
o
his
species,
was
he
only
pa asi e
egula ly
ound
(70
aken).
Spin u nix
globosus
is
a
peculia
la ge
spin u nicid
mi e
ound
in
he
anus
o
M.
sodalis.
I
was
o iginally
desc ibed
om
M.
sodalis
om
Ray's
Ca e,
in
G eene
Coun y,
Indiana
(Rudnick,
1960).
Six
indi-
iduals
o
his
species
we e
ound.
Also
wo
Lasionyc e is
noc i agans
•
Sil e -hai ed
Ba
163
myobiid
mi es
we e
aken.
They
we e
lis ed
by
Whi ake
(1973)
as
Acan hop hi ius
sp.,
bu
ha e
since
been
desc ibed
as
A.
luci ugus
(Fain
and
Whi ake ,
1976).
Wilson
(1961)
epo ed
wo
leas,
Myodopsylla
in-
signis,
on
his
species.
A
non olan
young
M.
sodalis
examined
by
Humph ey
e
al.
(1977)
was
hos
o
7
ba
bedbugs
(Cimex
sp.)
and
abou
125
uniden i ied
mi es.
DECIMATING
FACTORS.
DeBlase
and
Cope
(1967)
epo ed
he
disco e y
o
a
dead
M.
sodalis
impaled
on
a
ba bed-wi e
ence.
The
emains
o
nume ous
indi iduals
ha e
been
ound
in
a ious
ca es,
bu
cause
o
dea h
is
gene ally
unknown
o
hese
specimens.
Cope
epo ed
abou
1,000
Indiana
myo is
des oyed
by
andals
in
one
ca e.
Some
yea s
ago,
he
loo
o
a
low
passage
in
Big
Wyan-
do e
Ca e
was
li e ed
wi h
ba
wings.
The
ou
guide
old
us
ha
a
domes ic
ca
had
been
cap u ing
and
ea ing
he
ba s
(disca d-
ing
he
wings).
Al hough
we
could
make
no
posi i e
iden i ica ion
om
only
he
wings,
he
ba s
we e
all
Myo is
and
undoub edly
some
we e
sodalis.
O he s
ha e
epo ed
ha
ca s
ha e
ed
on M.
sodalis
in
his
ca e.
Humph ey
e
al.
(1977)
epo ed
he
unsuc-
cess ul
a emp
o
a
sc eech
owl
o
ca ch
a
o aging
M.
sodalis
nea
he
nu se y
colony.
TAXONOMY.
Myo is
sodalis
Mille
and
Allen
was
desc ibed
in
1928
om
specimens
aken
in
Big
Wyando e
Ca e,
C aw o d
Coun y,
Indiana.
No
subspecies
a e
ecog-
nized.
SELECTED
REFERENCES.
Cope
and
Hum-
ph ey,
1977;
Cope,
Rich e ,
and
Mills,
1974;
Eas e la
and
Wa kins,
1969;
Hall,
1962;
Humph ey,
1978;
Humph ey
and
Cope,
1977;
Humph ey,
Rich e ,
and
Cope,
1977;
Mum o d
and
Cal e ,
1960;
Mum o d
and
Cope,
1958;
Rich e ,
See ley,
Cope,
and
Kei h,
1978.
Sil e -hai ed
Ba
Lasionyc e is
noc i agans
(LeCon e)
Lasionyc e is
noc i agans:
E e mann
and
Bu le ,
1894b
DESCRIPTION.
The
sil e -hai ed
ba
is
a
medium
sized,
blackish
ba
wi h
whi ish
hai
ips
( os ing) bo h
abo e
and
below.
The
amoun
o
sil e
ipping
on
he
do sum
a ies
conside ably
among
indi iduals.
Th ee
In-
diana
specimens
seen
by
us
exhibi a
"choco-
la e"
colo
phase,
in
which
he
blackish
colo
is
eplaced
wi h
b own.
One
o
hese
speci-
mens
has
abou
he
same
amoun
o
os ing
ha
black-pelaged
animals
ha e,
bu
gi es
he
o e all
appea ance
o
a
cocoa-colo ed
indi idual
(Ki kpa ick
and
Conaway,
1948);
he
memb anes
o
his
specimen
a e also
pale
han
hose
o
he
usual,
blackish
ani-
mals.
The
b own
phase,
hen,
may
ep esen
some
ype
o
gene ic
a ia ion
(dilu ion)
om
he
no mal colo .
Lasionyc e is
is
no
likely
o
be
con used
wi h
any
o he
species
o
ba
occu ing
in
Indiana.
Weigh s
and measu emen s
a e
shown
in
Table
56.
The
den al
o mula
is
2^1
p2. 3_
Sil e -hai ed
ba .
Pho o
by
An hony
B en linge ,
1
J
C
J
3 3
ISU
AV
Cen e

164
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
Table
56
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
o
Lasionyc e is
noc i agans
om
Indiana
Males
Females
To al
leng h
(mm)
n
17
38
X
98.2
100.4
ange
87-112
84-113
SD
7.0
7.2
SE
1.7
1.2
Tail
leng h
(mm)
n
17
38
X
37.9
39.2
ange
31-41
27-47
SD
4.0
4.3
SE
1.0
0.7
Hind
oo
(mm)
n
15
34
X
7.6
8.5
ange
7-10
7.5-11.0
SD
0.9
1.0
SE
0.2 0.2
T agus
(mm)
n
16
26
X
5.6
6.0
ange
4-7
5-8
SD
1.0
1.0
SE
0.2
0.2
Fo ea m
(mm)
n
16
29
X
41.4
41.5
ange
39-44
39-43
SD
1.5
1.3
SE
0.4
0.2
Weigh
(g ams)
n
11
28
X
10.6
10.4
ange
7.4-16.4
7.0-15.7
SD
2.5
2.0
SE
0.7
0.4
STATUS
AND
DISTRIBUTION.
The
sil e -
hai ed
ba
is
e iden ly
an
uncommon
sp ing
and
all
mig an
and
a
a e
win e
esiden ;
i s
exac
s a us
is
poo ly
known.
I
e iden ly
occu s
h oughou
Indiana
(Map
19).
Sp ing
specimens
we e
aken
om
18
Ap il
o
28
May
and
all
specimens
om
29
Augus
o
6
No embe .
Hibe na ing
indi iduals
ha e
been
ound
on
occasion
in
ca es
and
build-
ings.
Mos
o
he
win e
eco ds
and
speci-
mens a e
om
Tunnel
Ca e,
Cli y
Falls
S a e
Pa k
(Je e son
Coun y).
In
he
collec ion
o
he
Joseph
Moo e
Museum
a e
h ee
speci-
mens
om
Tunnel
Ca e,
a
male
da ed
10
De-
cembe
1960,
and
wo
emales
da ed
16
Feb-
ua y
1964.
An
unsexed
specimen
aken
om
a
building
on
he
Ea lham
College
campus,
Richmond,
on
16
Janua y
1956
is
also
in
his
collec ion.
I
is
possible
ha
Ma ch
and
No embe
eco ds
o
he
sil e -hai ed
ba
om
Indiana
ep esen
mig an s,
a he
han
win e ing
indi iduals.
In
sp ing
and
all,
one
may
occasionally
obse e
ou
o
i e
sil e -hai ed
ba s
o ag-
ing
abou
he
edges
o
a
woodlo
a
dusk,
bu
mo e
o en
singles
o
wo
o
h ee
ba s
a e
p esen .
On
he
e ening
o
23
Ap il
1954,
ou
sil e -hai ed
ba s
we e
sho
by
James
B.
Cope
as
hey
o aged
a
one
si e
on
he
Cla k
S a e
Fo es
(Cla k
Coun y)
nea
Hen y ille.
We
ha e
p ac ically
no
da a
conce ning
he
numbe s
o
his
ba
in
Indiana
du ing
a ious
seasons
o
he
yea .
The e
is
no
indica ion
Map
19.
The
Sil e -hai ed
Ba ,
Lasionyc e is
noc i agans,
in
Indiana
Lasionyc e is
noc i agans
•
Sil e -hai ed
Ba
165
ha
i
is
a
all
common
in
win e ;
in
ac ,
i
is
qui e
a e
and
has
only
been
seen
in
h ee
ca es.
We
ha e
no
epo s
o
la ge
numbe s
du ing
mig a ion.
HABITAT.
Mos
Indiana
specimens
o
Lasionyc e is
we e
sho
lying
abou
he
bo -
de s
o
woodlo s,
o e
ponds,
o
along
s eams.
One
was
sho
on
3
May
as
i
o aged
abou
he
edge
o
a
wooded
slope,
bo de ing
a
clo e
ield.
Two,
sho
on
18
Ap il,
we e
eeding
o e
a
oad
and
along
a
mowed
powe
line,
bo h
h ough
a
ma u e,
deciduous
woods.
Mos
o
hose
aken
in
Tippecanoe
Coun y
ha e
been
sho
abou
he
bo de s
o
wo
ma u e,
deciduous
woodlo s
su ounded
by
pas u e
o
cul i a ed
ields.
One
sil e -hai ed
ba
was
obse ed
(da e
no
eco ded)
benea h
he
loose
ba k
o
a
ee
(Po e
Coun y)
by
Raymond
G ow;
A.
H.
Wes ing
and
W.
C.
B amble
caugh
wo
be-
nea h
he
loose
ba k
o
a
dead
ee
(Pe y
Coun y)
on
6
No embe .
Dan
Bloodgood
caugh
one
benea h
he
loose
ba k
o
a
shag-
ba k
hicko y
on
14
Sep embe .
One
was
sho
o e
a
small
pond
su ounded
by
pas u e,
bu
nea
a
wooded
a ea.
In
New on
Coun y,
one
was
sho
a
dusk
as
i
o aged
a ound
la ge,
sca e ed
oak
ees
on
a
sand
idge.
Se e al
sil e -hai ed
ba s
ha e
been
ound
in
ca es,
and
a
ew
ha e
been
cap u ed
in
o
on
he
sides
o
houses.
One
was
hanging
on
he
side
o
a
house
on
6
Sep embe ,
a
11:30
A.M.
A
6:45
on
he
mo ning
o
3
Sep embe
1959,
a
sil e -hai ed
ba
was
no ed
lying
abou
a
small
conc e e
ligh house
100
ya ds
om
sho e
a
he
end
o
a
b eakwa e
ex end-
ing
ou
in o
Lake
Michigan,
a
Michigan
Ci y.
The
ba
li
on
he
side
o
he
s uc u e,
hen
c awled
in o
a
na ow
c e ice
be ween
he
building
and
he
end
o
a
s eel
ca walk,
whe e
i
was
easily
cap u ed
by
hand.
A
sec-
ond
Lasionyc e is
was
hen
no ed
lying
weakly
abou
and
i
was
easily
knocked
down
by
hand
and
caugh .
The
mo ning
was
clea
and
cool
(55
o
58°F)
and
he e
was a
7-
o
8-mile-an-hou
wind;
he
ba s
lew
mos ly
on
he
lee
side
o
he
s uc u e and
ga e
he
ap-
pea ance
o
being
qui e
i ed.
R.
D.
Ki kpa iek
ound
a
emale
hanging
8
ee
abo e
he
g ound
on
a
cli
ace,
jus
ou side
a
ca e
en ance
(Jennings
Coun y)
on
3
Janua y.
ASSOCIATED
SPECIES.
While
shoo ing
ba s
a
dusk,
we
ha e
collec ed
he
ollowing
species
along
wi h
Lasionyc e is
noc i a-
gans:
Lasiu us
bo ealis,
Nyc iceius
hume -
alis,
Ep esicus
uscus,
Myo is
sodalis,
Myo is
luci ugus,
and
Pipis ellus
sub la us.
The
ed
ba
has
been
he
mos
common
associa e
a
hese
imes,
bu
his
may
be
because
i ,
oo,
eme ges
ea ly
in
he
e ening
and
is
mo e
easily
sho
han
species
ha
may
eme ge
o
o age
la e .
Two
sil e -hai ed
ba s
ound
in
Donaldson's
Ca e
on
6
Ma ch
sha ed
he
oom
in
which
hey
oos ed
ha
day
wi h
li -
le
b own
myo is,
sou heas e n
myo is,
big
b own
ba s,
and
eas e n
pipis elles.
Sil e -
hai ed
ba s
sha e
Tunnel
Ca e
wi h
li le
b own
myo is,
Keen's
myo is,
big
b own
ba s,
and
pipis elles.
HABITS.
Sil e -hai ed
ba s
a e
usually
ob-
se ed
o aging
a he
ea ly
in
he
e ening—abou
he
same
ime
ha
ed
ba s,
pipis elles,
and
e ening
ba s
a e
lying
abou .
A
some collec ing
si es,
he
sil e -
hai ed
ba
was
he
i s
species
no ed
a
dusk.
We
should
poin
ou ,
howe e ,
ha
mos
o
he
sil e -hai ed
ba s
collec ed
by
shoo ing
in
Indiana
ha e
been
aken
whe e
pipis elles
(a
no ed
ea ly
lye )
a e
absen
o
e y
a e.
Whe e
Pipis ellus
sub la us
is
common,
as
in
sou he n
Indiana,
i
is
no mally
he
i s
species
o
become
ac i e
a
dusk.
Lasionyc e is
usually
lies
ai ly
low,
hawk-
ing
insec s
om
15
o
30
ee
abo e
he
g ound,
along
woods
bo de s.
On
15
May,
howe e ,
se e al
we e
eeding
abo e
he
c owns
o
ees
in
a
woodlo
a
La aye e;
hese
ba s
we e
eeding
50
o
/
5
ee
om
he
g ound
when
o e
he
canopy.
They
occa-
sionally
made
o ays
away
om
he
ees
ou
o e
he
adjacen
pas u e,
whe e
hey
ended
o
ly
nea e
he
g ound.
Two
sil e -hai ed
ba s
sho
on
18
Ap il
we e
eeding
along
a
mowed
s ip
benea h
a
powe
line,
pa allel
o
an
adjacen
woods;
he
ba s
lew
a he
slowly
back
and
o h
along
his
open
s ip,
eeding
no
mo e
han
20
ee
om
he
g ound.
Mos
sil e -hai ed
ba s
seen
in
Indiana
a e
mig an s,
bu
we
ha e
no
idea
whe e
hese
sp ing
and
all
ligh s
o igina e
o
e mina e.
Only
a
ew
ba s
o
his
species
ha e
been
banded
in
Indiana
(mos
o
hese
we e
cap-
u ed
in
ca es),
and
band
eco e ies
ha e
166
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
shed
no
ligh
on
mig a o y
mo emen s.
J.
B.
Cope
ecap u ed
one
a
yea
a e
banding
in
a
ca e.
I
is
possible
ha
in
win e
his
ba
is
mo e
abundan
in
Indiana han
is
now
known;
i
may
hibe na e
in
he
c e ices
o
ock
ou c ops,
in
ca es,
buildings,
o
in
ee
ca i ies.
Sp ing
mig a ion
seems
o
occu
in
a
ela i ely
sho
pe iod
om
abou
mid-Ap il
o
he
end
o
May,
bu
all
mig a ion
is
mo e
p olonged,
ex ending
a
leas
om
la e
Augus
o
ea ly
No embe .
Six
o
eigh
sil e -hai ed
ba s
sho
in
Ap il
and
i een
o
se en een
sho
in
May
we e
emales.
Eigh
o
ou een
sho
om
Augus
o
Oc obe
we e
emales.
Adul
males
a e
e iden ly
no
com-
mon
in
Indiana
o
ha e
habi s
ha
educe
hei
ulne abili y
o
being
sho .
Rela i ely
ew
sil e -hai ed
ba s
ha e
been
obse ed
in
hei
oos s
in
Indiana.
On
6
Ma ch,
a
male
and
a
emale
we e
ex ac ed
om
a
na ow
issu e
in
Donaldson's
Ca e.
The
ba s
we e
wedged
oge he
a
he
back
o
his
c e ice,
abou
18
inches
om
i s
open-
ing;
he
c ack
had
been
o med
when
a
piece
o
limes one
had
pulled
away
om
he
ca e
wall
a
he
poin
whe e
he
wall
me
he
ceil-
ing,
abou
10
ee
om
he
ca e
loo .
Bo h
ba s
we e
e y
o pid.
Thei
oos ing
si e
was
a
leas
120
ee
om
he
ca e
en ance,
in
a
a he
la ge, d y
oom.
The
male
and
emale
ound
6
No embe
in
Pe y
Coun y
we e
benea h
he
ba k
o
a
14-inch
dead
black
oak
ee;
he
ba s
we e
7
ee
om
he
g ound.
In
he
all
o
1952, Raymond
G ow
cap u ed
and
eleased
a
sil e -hai ed
ba
he
ound
benea h
he
loose
ba k
o
a
ee
in
Lake
Coun y.
In
Sep embe
1954,
Raymond
G ow
saw
one
clinging
o
he
ou side
o
a
sc een
doo
a
he
No he n
Indiana
Public
Se ice
Plan ,
Michigan
Ci y;
his
plan
is
loca ed
on
he
sho e
o
Lake
Michigan.
The
wo
sil e -
hai ed
ba s
cap u ed
a
he
ligh house
we e
nea
his
plan .
When
we
caugh
hese
ba s
(3
Sep embe )
we
no ed
ha
hey
appea ed
weak;
hey
we e
easily
cap u ed,
al hough
a
ew
momen s
be o e
hey
had
been
lying
abou .
We
belie e
he
ba s
had
jus
eached
land a e
mig a ing
om
o e
Lake
Michi-
gan.
Pe haps
ba s
ha
ly
o e
a
po ion
o
his
lake
a e
exhaus ed
when
hey
each
land
and
ake
he
i s
oppo uni y
o
hang
on
some
a ailable s uc u e,
such
as
he
sc een
doo
men ioned
abo e.
(We
will ha e
mo e
o
say
on
his
subjec
unde
he
discussion
o
Lasiu us
bo ealis,
ano he
mig a o y
species.)
Mos
sil e -hai ed
ba s
collec ed
in
Indiana
in
he
all
we e
qui e
a .
FOOD.
Whi ake
examined
wo
Indiana
sil e -hai ed
ba s
wi h
ood
in
hei
s omachs.
One
con ained
only
T ichop e a
and
he
o he
90
pe cen
T ichop e a
and
10
pe cen
Sca abaeidae.
Gould
(1955)
epo ed
a
s able
ly
(S omoxys
calci ans)
in
he
mou h
o
a
sil e -hai ed
ba
om
Massachuse s.
No a-
kowski
(1956)
eco ded
he
eeding
o
his
ba
on
dip e ous
la ae,
p esumably
ob ained
om
a
ee
hole
in
which
he
ba s
we e
li -
ing.
REPRODUCTION.
Single
emales
collec ed
26
Ap il
and
12
May
con ained
no
isible
emb yos.
A
emale
collec ed
9
May
con ained
2
emb yos
weighing
0.2
g ams
each.
Ano he
emale
aken
12
May
had
a
leas
one
5-mm
emb yo;
pa
o
he
ep oduc i e
ac
was
des oyed
by
sho .
The
label
no a ion
on
a
specimen
sho
on
14
May
men ions
ha
em-
b yos
we e
p esen ,
bu
gi es
no
o he
de-
ails.
One
o
wo
emales
aken
on
20
May
(Vigo
Coun y)
con ained
wo
emb yos
measu ing
2.4
mm,
bu
he
o he
showed
no
isible
emb yos
o
placen al
sca s.
We
ha e
ela i ely
li le
in o ma ion
on
es is
size
in
Lasionyc e is
noc i agans.
A
male
sho
on
4
May
had
es es
only
3
mm
long
and
ep esen s
he
only
sp ing- aken
specimen
o
which
we
ha e
da a.
Two
males
aken
on
3
Sep embe
each
had
es es
7
mm
long.
Single
males
had
es is
leng hs
o
5,
3,
5,
5,
and
3
mm
on
6
Sep embe ,
20
Sep em-
be ,
7
Oc obe ,
8
Oc obe ,
and
24
Oc obe
e-
spec i ely.
PARASITES
AND
DISEASES.
One
ba bug
(Cimex
adjunc us)
and
one
myobiid
mi e
(Acan hop hi ius
sp.)
we e
ound
on
8
sil e -hai ed
ba s
examined
by
Whi ake
(1973).
O
11
ba s
o
his
species
examined
o
in e nal
pa asi es,
4
ha bo ed
a
o al
o
6
ces odes
and
8
ha bo ed
63
ema odes.
These
pa asi es
ha e
no
been
iden i ied
o
species.
A
male
sil e -hai ed
ba
cap u ed
in
a
house
in
Mon gome y
Coun y
on
12
Sep em-
be
1960
es ed
posi i e
o
abies.
The
ba
had
bi en
a
woman
on
he
inge
du ing
he
nigh
as
she
was
sleeping.
Mum o d
iden-
Pipis ellus
sub la us
•
Eas e n
Pipis elle
167
i ied
he
ba
o
he
Public
Heal h
Se ice.
None
o
7
Indiana
sil e -hai ed
ba s
exam-
ined
by
Whi ake
and
Mille
(1974)
we e
abid.
DECIMATING
FACTORS.
We
ha e
no
ec-
o ds
o
p eda ion
o
o
enemies
o
his
spe-
cies.
TAXONOMY.
No
subspecies
o
L.
noc i a-
gans
is
ecognized.
SELECTED
REFERENCES.
Ba bou
and
Da is,
1969;
Mille ,
1897.
Eas e n
Pipis elle
Pipis ellus
sab la us
(F.
Cu ie )
Geo gian
Ba ,
No he n
Pipis elle
Vespe ilio
geo g enus:
Quick
and
Langdon,
1882
Vespe ugo
ca olinensis:
E e mann
and
Bu -
le ,
1894b
Pipis ellus
sub la us:
McA ee,
1907
DESCRIPTION.
The
eas e n
pipis elle
is
he
smalles
species
o
ba
ound
in
Indiana.
The
uppe
pa s
ange
om
pale
yellowish
b own
o
g ayish
b own
o
da k
eddish
b own.
Imma u es
end
o
be
he
mos
g ayish.
The e
is
conside able
a ia ion
in
he
pelage
colo
o
his
ba .
Mos
o
he
hai s
on
he
do sum
a e
icolo ed,
ha ing
a
b oad,
blackish
basal
band,
hen
a
na owe ,
yel-
lowish
band,
and
dusky
ips.
The
en e
is
much
he
same
colo
as
he
do sum,
bu
usu-
ally
has less
o
a
g ayish
cas
because
he
belly
hai s
a e
no
da k- ipped.
The
o ea m
is
usually
eddish
and
con as s
sha ply
wi h
he
blackish
wing
memb anes,
especially
in
li e
animals.
Fou
specimens
showing
a y-
ing
amoun s
o
whi e
in
he
pelage
ha e
been
aken;
in
one,
whi ish
blo ches
a e
p esen
on
he
wing
memb anes,
as
well.
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
a e shown
in
Table
57.
The
den al
o mula
is
I
_~.C
—
P—M—
=
34.
3
12
3
STATUS
AND
DISTRIBUTION.
This
li le
ba
is
a
common
pe manen
esiden
in
sou he n
Indiana,
and
an
uncommon
summe
esiden
in
no he n
Indiana
(Map
20).
The e
a e
ew
eco ds
o
he
no he n
hal
o
he
s a e.
The
no he n
ex en
o
i s
known
ange
is
Tip-
pecanoe
Coun y
and
Wells
Coun y,
in
wes -
e n
and
eas e n
Indiana
espec i ely.
I
win-
Eas e n
pipis elle.
Pho o
by Richa d
LaVal
e s
as
a
no h
as
Pa ke
Coun y
(in
Tu key
Run
S a e
Pa k).
Pipis ellus
sub la us
is
one
o
he
mos
abundan
ba s
in
summe
h oughou
he
sou he n
one- hi d
o
Indiana.
Win e
popula ions
he e
a e
qui e
small
in
compa ison,
indica ing
ha
mos
pipis elles
lea e
he
s a e
in
he
all.
The
la ges
win e -
ing
popula ion
ound
in
one
ca e
was
112,
in
Wilson's
Ca e
(Je e son
Coun y).
Only
one
b eeding
a ea
has
been
disco e ed
(Cope,
Bake ,
and
Con e ,
1961),
in
Jackson
Coun y,
whe e
ma e ni y
colonies
ha e been
ound
o
se e al
yea s.
Almos
e e y
ca e
examined
du ing
he
168
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
Table
57
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
o
Pipis ellus
sub la us
om
Indiana
Males
Females
To al
leng h
(mm)
n
28
24
X
83.5
82.5
ange
74-91
76-90
SD
5.0
4.46
SE
0.94
0.91
Tail
leng h
(mm)
n
28
24
X
34.3
36.4
ange
31-39
31-42
SD
2.75
3.14
SE
0.52
0.64
Hind
oo
(mm)
n
28
24
X
8.6
7.9
ange
7-11
6-9
SD
1.49
0.97
SE
0.28
0.19
Fo ea m
(mm)
n
19
9
X
34.3
34.2
ange
32-41
33-36
SD
2.06
1.3
SE
0.47
0.43
T agus
(mm)
n
15
3
X
5.4
5.0
ange
3.5-6.5
4-6
SD
0.90
1
SE
0.23
0.57
Weigh
(g ams)
n
26
23
X
6.0
5.6
ange
2.8-9.2
2.6-71
SD
1.58
1.35
SE
0.31
0.28
win e
has
con ained
a
leas
one
pipis elle;
some
o
hese
ca es
a e
qui e
small
and
no
o he
species
o
ba
hibe na es
in
hem.
The
numbe
o
pipis elles
seen
pe
isi
o
72
Indiana
ca es
anged
om
1
o
112.
In
49
o
hese
ca e ns,
1
o
10
we e
p esen ;
11
o
24
we e
ound
in
10 ca es;
25
o
50
we e
in
10
ca es.
In
only
3
ca es
did
we
ind
mo e
han
50
pipis elles:
in
Dillon
Ca e
(O ange
Coun y),
Coon's
Ca e
(Mon oe
Coun y)
and
Wilson's
Ca e
(Je e son
Coun y).
The e
a e
ew
da a
o
making
compa isons
Map
20.
The
Eas e n
Pipis elle,
Pipis ellus
sub la us,
in
Indiana
o
pipis elle
popula ions
o
di e en
yea s.
Wal e
L.
Hahn
obse ed
"no
mo e
han
50"
eas e n
pipis elles
in
Coon
s
Ca e
on
29
Ma ch
1908.
We
ha e
eco ds
o
31,
80,
and
40
he e
on
23
Feb ua y
1952,
13
Decembe
1952,
and
22
Feb ua y
1954
espec i ely.
Hahn
saw
"abou
10"
pipis elles
in
Elle 's
Ca e
(Mon oe
Coun y)
on
29
Ma ch
1908.
Ou
eco ds
show
18
he e
on
26
Ma ch
1952
and
25
on
3
Janua y
1953.
Ban a
(1907:
wo ked
in
May ield's
Ca e
(also
Mon oe
Coun y)
om
1903
o
1905
and
no ed
ha
P.
sub la us
was
" ai ly
abundan ,"
bu
ga e
no
igu es.
Hahn
obse ed
17
pipis elles
he e
on
11
Janua y
1907;
only
4
we e
ound
on
26
Janua y
1952.
We
can
conclude
li le
conce n-
ing
popula ion
ends
om
hese
compa isons
un il
we
lea n
mo e
abou
no mal,
annual
luc ua ions
in
win e
popula ions.
We
also
know
li le
abou
summe
popula-
ions
o
Pipis ellus
sub la us,
and
e y
ew
b eeding
colonies
ha e
been
loca ed.
Bu
judging
om
he
numbe
o
pipis elles
ob-
Pipis ellus
sub la us
•
Eas e n
Pipis elle
169
se ed
and
sho
h oughou
sou he n
Indiana
du ing
he
summe
and
ea ly
all,
he
sum-
me ing
popula ion
mus
be
many
imes
g ea e
han
he
win e ing
popula ion.
Fo
example,
on
he
e ening
o
8
Augus
1957,
Mum o d
obse ed a
leas
75
pipis elles
along
a
3-mile
s e ch
o
oad
in
Ma in
Coun y.
A
one
spo
he e
we e
30
o
40
eed-
ing
o e
a
small
a ea;
a
ano he
si e
a
leas
25
we e
o aging
o e
an
a ea
100
ya ds
squa e.
Smalle
cong ega ions
o
pipis elles
ha e
been
no ed
in
se e al
pa s
o
sou he n
Indiana
du ing
he
summe .
HABITAT.
Pipis ellus
sub la us
appea s
o
be
mos
abundan
in
well-wooded
egions
which
con ain
s eams
and
ponds.
I
p obably
oos s
by
day
in
ees
( he e
a e
no
obse a-
ions
o
con i m
his),
o
a
dusk
i
eme ges
abou
woodland
bo de s.
Obse ed
day
oos s
a e
ca es,
mines,
and
( a ely)
buildings.
On
6
May
1961,
he e
we e
5
pipis elles
hanging
benea h
he
oo
o
a
small,
open-sided
picnic
shel e .
Two
emales
we e
hanging
om
he
ceiling
o
a
oom
in
an
abandoned
house
on
5
May
1954.
On
27
Ap il
1952,
a
male
was
cap-
u ed
while
hanging
unde
a
small
po ch
o
a
building.
All
o
hese
oos ing
si es
we e
well
ligh ed.
Ma e ni y
colonies disco e ed
in
Indiana
ha e
been
associa ed
wi h
buildings.
Eigh
p egnan
pipis elles
we e
aken
om
one
ma e ni y
colony
in
a
ba n
3
miles
sou h
o
Riley
(Vigo
Coun y)
1
June
1964.
ASSOCIATED
SPECIES.
In
sou he n
In-
diana,
ed
ba s
and
pipis elles
a e
mos
e-
quen ly
seen
o aging
oge he
in
sp ing,
summe , and
all.
Bo h
species
eme ge
ea ly
in
he
e ening
and
pe haps
ou
da a
a e
biased
somewha
by
his
ac .
Fo
example,
he
li le
b own
myo is
has
seldom
been
sho
while
eeding
wi h
pipis elles
a
dusk,
bu
Myo is
luci ugus
appea s
o
eme ge
om
i s
day ime
oos
conside ably
la e
han
Pipis-
ellus sub la us.
In
ac ,
ela i ely
ew
li le
b own
myo is
ha e
been
collec ed
in
Indiana
by
shoo ing
in
he
e ening,
and
obse a ions
a
hei
ma e ni y
colonies
sugges
ha
hey
do
no
eme ge
o
eed
un il
deep
dusk,
o en
oo
la e
o
he
ba
hun e
o
collec
hem.
O he
ba s
collec ed
wi h
eas e n
pipis elles
by
shoo ing
we e
big
b own
ba s,
e ening
ba s,
hoa y
ba s,
ed
ba s,
sil e -hai ed
ba s,
and
Indiana
myo is.
Du ing
he
win e ,
eas e n
pipis elles
hibe na e
in
ca es
wi h
all
o he
species
o
ba s
ha
use
ca es
a
his
season.
I
is
no
unusual,
howe e , o
ind
only
P.
sub la us
hibe na ing
in
small
ca es.
Pipis elles
do
no
hang
in
clus e s
wi h
o he
species
o
ba s
du ing
he
win e .
HABITS.
When
hibe na ing,
Pipis ellus
sub la us
is
no mally
soli a y;
indi iduals
a e
ound
hanging
singly
h oughou
he
ca es.
We
ha e
only
once
ound
e en
wo
hanging
oge he :
on
3
Sep embe
1963,
wo
pipis-
elles
hanging
on
he
wall
in
Ray
s
Ca e
ap-
pea ed
o
be
copula ing;
he
ba s
we e
cap-
u ed
and
bo h
we e
males,
bu
one
had
an
e ec
penis.
Mos
pipis elles
hang
on
he
walls
o
he
ca es
du ing
hibe na ion;
ela i ely
ew
oos
on
he
ceiling,
bu
some
en e
dome-like
de-
p essions
in
he
ceiling
o
hang
inside
hollow
s alac i es.
Whe e
he e
a e
b eakdowns,
consis ing
o
la ge
chunks
o
limes one
which
ha e allen
om
he
walls
o
ceilings,
pipis-
elles
equen ly
hibe na e
on
he
unde side
o
hese
chunks,
some imes
no
mo e
han
wo
ee
om
he
ca e
loo .
They
also
hang
on
he
unde side
o
ledges
along
he
ca e
wall,
again
equen ly
nea
he
ca e
loo
o
he
su ace
o
he
ca e
s eam.
On
a e
occa-
sions,
a
single
ba
o
his
species
may
be
ound
in
a
small
c e ice
in
he
ca e
ceiling.
Once
he
win e ing
si e
is
selec ed,
an
in-
di idual
ba
may
hang
he e
o
long
pe iods.
Two
pipis elles
occupied
he
same
spo s
om
a
leas
1
Ma ch
o
5
May
in
a
small
ca e
in
Washing on
Coun y.
Hahn
(1908)
ound
ha
he
eas e n
pipis elle
mo ed
abou
in-
side
he
ca e
du ing
he
win e
less
han
o he
species
he
s udied
in
wha
is
now
Sp ing
Mill
S a e
Pa k.
He
epo ed
ha
an
indi idual
emained
in
he
same
spo
an
a -
e age
o
wo
weeks,
and
one
hung
a
he
iden ical
spo
o
44
days.
We
ha e
he
gen-
e al
imp ession
ha
o he s
may
ac ually
use
he
oos ing
si e
o
e en
longe
pe iods,
when
no
unduly
dis u bed.
In
ac ,
Ban a
(1907)
eco ded
one
ha
hung
a
he
same
spo
om
20
No embe
o
5
Ap il;
he
implied
ha
o he s
spen
long
pe iods
a
o he
si es.
The
u
o
many
hibe na ing
eas e n
pipis-
elles
is
co e ed
wi h
ine
d ople s
o
con-
densed
mois u e,
possibly
indica ing
ha
hese
ba s
ha e
spen
long
inac i e
pe iods
a
one
spo .
We
ha e
li le
in o ma ion
on
he
buildup
170
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
o
hibe na ing
popula ions
in
he
all.
A
ew
pipis elles
(p incipally
males)
may
be
ound
in
ca es
h oughou
he
summe .
The e
a e
e iden ly
some
in e es ing
mo emen s
in-
ol ing
numbe s
o
pipis elles
in o
ce ain
ca es
a
imes.
Fo
example,
he e
we e
no
mo e
han
8
pipis elles
in
Ray's
Ca e
a
5:00
P.M.
on
2
Sep embe
1963;
he
nex
mo ning,
63
(including
bo h
sexes)
we e
ound
in
he
ca e.
The
new
a i als
had
ob iously
en e ed
he
ca e
du ing
he
nigh .
We
we e
unable
o
s udy
hese
animals
o
de e mine
how
many,
i
any,
emained
in
he
ca e
du ing
he
win-
e .
Bu
ou
pe iodic
censuses
o
win e ing
pipis elles
in
Ray's
Ca e
ha e
e ealed
ha
mo e
han
hal
a
dozen
p esen
on
a
single
win e
isi
is
unusual;
he
mo e
han
25
seen
on
7
Feb ua y
1953
is
an
excep ion.
Ban a's
wo k
in
May ield's
Ca e
also
u -
nished
some
da a
on
he
pa e n
o
seasonal
ac i i y
o
pipis elles.
He
ound
one
in
he
ca e
on
24
Sep embe ;
he
numbe
o
pipis-
elles
had
inc eased
conside ably
by
30
Oc-
obe .
By
20
No embe ,
he
el
all
had
en e ed
he
ca e
ha
we e
o
hibe na e
he e.
The e
was
e y
li le
mo emen
no ed
a e
1
Decembe ;
he
ba s
became
mo e
easily
a oused
in
la e
win e
and
ea ly
sp ing.
Du -
ing
Ap il
he e
appea ed
o
be
some
luc ua-
ion
in
numbe s p esen
on
Ban a's
weekly
isi s.
Pipis elles
we e
" e y
seldom"
seen
in
he
ca e
la e
in
he
sp ing
and
du ing
he
summe .
We
ha e
no iced
ha
a
leas
om
May
o
July
pipis elles
hang
nea
he
ca e
en ance;
in
win e ,
hey
a e
no mally
ound
a he
inside
he
ca e.
We
ha e
eco ds
o
Pipis ellus
sub la us
in
Indiana
ca es
o
each
mon h
o
he
yea ,
bu
ela i ely
ew
a e
p esen
om
mid-May
o
mid-Augus .
F om
ou
meage
in o ma ion,
we
canno
de e mine
whe he
mos
o
he
pipis elles
ound
in
ca es
in
summe
a e
males;
bo h
sexes
ha e
been
aken
in
June
and
July.
Fu he
esea ch
may
shed
some
ligh
on
his
p oblem.
Tha
emales
a e
ound
in
ca es
du ing
he
season
o
he
yea
when
young
a e
being
ea ed
sugges s
ha
all
emales
do
no
bea
young
each
yea ;
pe haps
some
a e
no
b ed
o
some
imma u es
do
no
b eed.
We
ha e
no
e idence
ha
his
species
o ms
ma e ni y
colonies
in
ca es.
We
know
p ac ically
no hing
abou
he
day ime
oos ing
habi s
o
P.
sub lacu.s
du ing
he
nonhibe na ing
season.
A
dusk
his
ba
appea s
abou
he
bo de s
o
wooded
a eas,
along
s eams
lined
wi h
ees,
and
abou
ponds
o
lakes
nea
o es ed
a eas.
We
as-
sume
ha
he
no mal
day ime
oos
is
among
he
oliage
o
o
in
hollow
ees,
bu
we
ha e
ne e
ac ually
seen
one
in
such
a
si e.
The
pipis elle
eme ges
ea ly
in
he
e e-
ning,
and
he
ea lies
indi iduals
o
appea
o en
o age
qui e
high,
abou
he ee ops
o
abo e
hem.
As
dusk
deepens,
he
ba s
usu-
ally
eed
close
o
he
g ound,
coming
down
o
hawk
insec s
and
o
d ink.
On
3
Augus
1948,
abou
20
pipis elles
we e
eeding
o e
and
along
Suga
C eek,
in
Tu key
Run
S a e
Pa k.
The
i s
ba
appea ed
a
7:05
P.M.,
hen
he
g oup
cen e ed
i s
ac i i y
o e
a
g a el
ba
and
swi
i le
in
he
s eam;
pe haps
some
ype
o
insec
was
eme ging
om
he
wa e
o
mos
o
his
ac i i y was
conce ned
wi h
d inking.
The
ba s
ed
ac i ely
o
abou
30
minu es
hen
dispe sed.
The
ollowing
e ening,
a
he
same
si e,
a
pipis elle
ap-
pea ed
a
6:57,
i
ed,
d ank,
and
lew
abou
o
a
leas
10
minu es
be o e
o he
pipis elles
we e
seen.
Du ing
his
pe iod,
i
d ank
only
in
he
quie
wa e
o
an
eddy
benea h
an
o e hanging
ock
o
jus
downs eam
om
a
la ge
ock
in
he
wa e .
I s
o aging
a ea
was
30
o
40
ya ds
long
and
10
ya ds
wide.
Wi hin
he
nex
45
minu es,
25
o
30
pipis elles
we e
p esen .
As
i
became
da ke ,
hese
ba s
le
he
c eek
and
began
eeding
among
he
ee ops
along
i ;
in
his
case,
i
appea ed
ha
he
ea ly
pa
o
he
e ening
ac i i y
was
cen-
e ed
a ound d inking.
On
14
Augus 1948,
a
a
small
a m
pond
abou
2
miles
om
he
Suga
C eek
si e,
a
leas
20
pipis elles
we e
eeding
and
d inking a
7:15
P.M.
By
7:30
only
2
o
3
we e
p esen ;
he
ba s
had
dis-
pe sed
a he
quickly,
e iden ly
a e
d ink-
ing. On
27
July
1961,
along
Coal
C eek
(Foun ain
Coun y),
he
i s
pipis elles
seen
a
dusk
we e
o aging
abou
75
ee
in
he
ai
abou
he
c owns
o
all
ees
bo de ing
he
s eam.
The
same
beha io
was
obse ed
along
a
small
s eam
in
Jackson
Coun y,
on
8
July
1952.
On
11
Augus
1959,
in
Mon oe
Coun y,
Mum o d
was
wa ching
o
ba s
a
dusk
nea
a
small
pond
adjacen
o
a
low,
la
woods
composed
mos ly
o
pin
oak.
A
ew
ed
ba s
we e
o aging
a
8:05;
a
8:10,
abou
20
pipis-
elles
suddenly
appea ed
in
he
ai
and
ed
o e
he
woods,
he
pond,
a
soybean
ield.
Pipis ellus
sub la us
•
Eas e n
Pipis elle
171
and
a
nea by
weed
ield.
The e
we e
no
buildings
o
ca es
in
he
icini y
and
he
ba s
had
e iden ly
eme ged
om
he
ees.
F om
15
o
20
pipis elles
we e
eeding
a
dusk
in
Vigo
Coun y
on
5
June
1958
o e
a
allow
ield
bo de ing
a
woods.
The
ba s
o -
aged
in
small
ci cles
low
o e
he
ield
and
along
he
woods
bo de
a
ele a ions
below
he
ee ops.
On
25
July
1954,
in
Ba hol-
omew
Coun y,
a
leas
15
pipis elles
and
2
ed
ba s
we e
eeding
o e
a
whea
s ubble
nea
he
edge
o
a
woods,
and
15
ed
ba s
and
30
pipis elles
we e
obse ed
along
he
oad
wi hin
a
ew
miles.
In
Ma in
Coun y,
on
8
Augus
1957,
app oxima ely
40
pipis elles
we e
o aging
o e
a
weed
ield
along
a
small
c eek
nea
he
edge
o
a
o es ed
a ea.
Pipis elles
a e
among
he
i s
ba s
o
eme ge
om
hei
day ime
oos s
a
dusk.
In
sou he n
Indiana,
hey
can
equen ly
be
seen eeding
wi h
ed
ba s
and
chimney
swi s
while
he e
is
s ill
conside able
ligh .
As
has
been
no ed
se e al
imes
wi h
ed
ba s,
a
pipis elle
occasionally
lies
owa d
a
swi .
Whe he
he
ba
and
he
bi d
a e
a e
he
same
insec
we
do
no
know,
bu
his
is
a
possibili y.
Some imes
pipis elles
appea
a
dusk
be o e
ed
ba s
a e
on
he
wing;
on
o he
occasions,
ed
ba s
a e
seen
ea lie
han
pipis elles.
Bo h
o
hese
species
ha e
also
been
seen
a
dawn,
lying
abou
a e
he
sky
is
qui e
ligh .
On
28
July
1954,
a
5:32
A.M.,
a
leas
h ee
pipis elles
we e
wa ched
wi h
binocula s
as
hey
lew
abou
jus
abo e
he
ee ops.
They
appea ed
o
ly
in o
he
oliage
o
a
la ge
oak
and
disappea ed
om
sigh
a
5:40.
The
mo ning
was
clea
and
calm
and
he
empe a u e
was
abou
64°F.
One
pipis-
elle
was
sho
a
2:00
on
a
b igh ,
sunny
a -
e noon
in
ei he
Oc obe
o No embe
in
Posey
Coun y.
In
ou
s udy
o
he
eme gence
o
ba s
om
Donnehue's
Ca e
(Law ence
Coun y)
we
ound
ha
pipis elles
we e
he
i s
ba s
o
lea e
he
ca e
on
eigh
o
ele en
nigh s
(May
o
Oc obe )
ha
we
ne ed
his
species
(Mum o d
and
Whi ake ,
1975).
We
cap u ed
4
be o e
sunse
in
a
ne
se
ac oss
he
mou h
o
he
ca e.
Al hough
P.
sub la us
le
Don-
nehue's
Ca e
ela i ely
ea ly
in
he
e ening,
he
species
emained
ac i e
o e
a
conside -
able
pe iod
o
ime
on
ce ain
nigh s.
Some
we e
ne ed
i e
hou s
a e
sunse ,
and
his
species
was
p obably
ac i e
h oughou
he
nigh
on
occasion
(we
did
no
end
he
ne s
all
nigh
o
de e mine
his).
Since
we
caugh
he
g ea es
numbe
(114
o
143)
o
pipis-
elles
du ing
Augus
and
Sep embe ,
mos
o
hem
we e
undoub edly
in
mig a ion.
The
ac i i y
pa e ns
o
mig an s
may
di e
om
ha
o
mo e
seden a y
animals;
his
equi es
u he
s udy.
The
pa e n
o
ba s,
especially
ansien s,
eme ging
om
a
ca e
may
di e
om
ha
o
ba s
eme ging
om
nonca e
oos s
a
o he ,
o
he
same,
seasons.
O he
ba s
using
he
ca e
du ing
he
pe iod
o
ou
s udy
we e
he
li le
b own
myo is,
Keen's
myo is,
he
sou heas e n
myo is,
he
Indiana
myo is,
and
he
big
b own
ba .
We
ha e
been
in e es ed
in
de e mining
how
long
indi idual
ba s
a e
ac i e
a
nigh
and
whe he
hey
e u n
pe iodically
o
hei
day ime
oos
a e
da k.
Since
p ac ically
all
summe
day ime
oos s
o
P.
sub la us
a e
p obably
in
ees,
his
ype
o
in o ma ion
is
lacking.
Ba s
a e
e icien
eede s,
and
hey
can
ill
hei
s omachs
wi h
ood
in
a
pe iod
o
minu es
a
dusk
when
insec s
a e
abun-
dan .
Bu
wha
does
a
ba
do
he
es
o
he
nigh
a e
i
has
ed a
dusk?
And
how
o en
does
a
ba
eed
du ing
he
nigh ?
While
ne -
ing
he
ca e
en ances,
we
ha e
usually
banded
and
eleased
each
ba
sho ly
a e
i
was
ne ed.
A
pipis elle
banded
and
e-
leased
a
8:30
P.M.
on
18
May
a
Big
Wyan-
do e
Ca e
was
again
ne ed
as
i
en e ed
he
ca e
a
10:25
P.M.
Some
clue
as
o
nigh ly
ac-
i i y
was
ob ained
he
nigh
o
22-23
Augus ,
when
we
ne ed
Big
Wyando e
Ca e
h oughou
he
nigh .
We
cap u ed
pipis-
elles
om
7:20
P.M..
o
5:00
A.M.,
ne ing
1
o
6
(a e age
3.3)
in
each
hal -hou
in e al
o
he
pe iod.
In
a emp ing
o
cap u e
pipis elles
by
he
use
o
ine
wi es
s e ched
jus
abo e
he
wa e
o
pools
whe e
ba s
d ink,
Mum o d
no ed
ha
ba s
knocked
in o
he
wa e
by
s iking
he
wi es
would
equen ly
ly
di-
ec ly
om
he
wa e 's
su ace.
O he s
would
swim
o
he
edge
o
he
pool
and
could
be
easily
cap u ed
by
hand.
Pe haps
hose
ha
go
hei
pelage
excessi ely
we
when
hey
s uck
he
wa e
we e
hen
unable
o
ly
as
easily
as
hose
ha
did
no ;
also,
some
may
ha e
been
s unned
by
s iking
he
wi es.
SEX
RATIOS.
We
ha e
ob ained
some
sex
a io
da a
om
ne ing
ca e
en ances
and
172
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
some
om
banding
o
obse a ions
in
ca es.
Du ing
he
win e s
o
1951-52
and
1952-53,
a
o al
o
137
eas e n
pipis elles
we e
banded
in
Coon's
Ca e
(Mon oe
Coun y);
o
hese,
105
we e
males.
Males
ou numbe ed
emales
in
smalle
samples
om
hi een
o he
ca es.
In
Beck's
Mill
Ca e
(Washing on
Coun y)
emales
ou numbe ed
males
9
o
2
on
22
Decembe
1952,
and
in
Uppe
Twin
Ca e
(Law ence
Coun y)
5
males
and
7
emales
we e
p esen
on
23
No embe
1951.
The
o e all
pe cen age
o
males
banded
in
ou een
ca es
du ing
he
win e
was
75.4.
Sex
a io
da a
om
he
ne ing
o
eas e n
pipis elles
a
ca e
en ances
du ing
he
all
swa ming
pe iod
a e
a ailable
om
ou
ca es.
A
Donnehue's
Ca e
on
h ee
nigh s
in
Augus
and
one
in
Sep embe ,
we
cap u ed
98
males,
12
emales,
and
4
o
which
sex
was
un eco ded.
On
he
nigh
o
22-23
Augus
1974,
we
ne ed
Big
Wyando e
Ca e
om
dusk
o
dawn,
ca ching
50
males,
9
emales,
and
7
o
which
sex
was
un eco ded.
A
ne
se
ac oss
he
mou h
o
Ray's
Ca e
om
6:30
o
9:00
P.M.
on
3
Sep embe
1964
cap u ed
30
male
and
9
emale
pipis elles.
A
Boone's
Ca e
(Owen
Coun y),
15
males
and
no
emales
we e
ne ed
on
24
Augus
1962.
Mos
o
he
ela i ely
ew
pipis elles seen
in
ca es
in
June
and
July
we e
males.
Rep e-
sen a i e
obse a ions
ollow:
Sal
Pe e
Ca e
(C aw o d
Coun y),
10
June
1954,
a
single
male;
B anson's
Ca e
(Law ence
Coun y),
11
July
1949,
1
male;
May's
Ca e
(Mon oe
Coun y),
7
June
1954,
5
males;
Buckne 's
Ca e
(Mon oe
Coun y),
7
June
1954,
7
males.
On
h ee
nigh s
in
June
and
July
1971,
a
Donnehue's
Ca e, 16
males
and
2
emales
we e
ne ed
a
he
ca e
en ance.
LONGEVITY.
The
ela i ely
ew
banding
e u ns
o
hibe na ing
pipis elles
ha e
shed
li le
ligh
on
longe i y.
O
314
males
and
104
emales
banded,
19
males
and
8
emales
ha e
been
ecap u ed.
Only
3
o
hese
animals
had
been
banded
mo e
han
wo
yea s
p e iously;
hese
we e
ecap u ed
a e
26,
36,
and
57
mon hs.
The
a e age
leng h
o
ime
be ween
banding
and
he
las
ecap u e
o
hese
27
pipis elles
was
abou
18
mon hs.
MIGRATION.
We
know
p ac ically
no hing
abou
he
mig a ion
o
P.
sub la us
in
In-
diana,
whe e
he
ba
li es
nea
he
no he n
bo de s
o
i s
geog aphic
ange.
A
male
sho
26
May
in
Tippecanoe
Coun y,
no h
o
any
known
win e ing
si es,
was
undoub edly
a
mig an .
Ci cums an ial
e idence
o
he
mo emen s
o
la ge
numbe s
o
animals
is
he
ac
ha
summe
popula ions
in
sou he n
Indiana
a e
high,
bu
hibe na ing
numbe s
a e
qui e
low.
HOMING.
A
male
pipis elle
aken
om
Sulli an's
Ca e
on
1
Ma ch
1955
was
banded
and
hen
eleased
he
nex
day
in
Don-
nehue's
Ca e.
On
1
Feb ua y
1958,
he
ba
was
again
cap u ed
in
Sulli an's
Ca e.
The
ca es
a e
abou
8
miles
apa .
We
ha e
ca -
ied
ou
no
homing
expe imen s
wi h
his
ba
in
Indiana,
since
so
ew
ma e ni y
colonies
ha e
been
ound
and
hey
we e
all
small.
FOOD.
Whi ake
(1972b)
examined
he
s omachs
o
23
pipis elles
om
Indiana
(Ta-
ble
58).
Homop e ans
o
he
amily
Cicadel-
lidae
(lea hoppe s)
we e
he
mos
commonly-
ea en
ood,
ollowed
by
g ound
bee les
(Ca abidae).
O he
oods
ep esen ed
a
highe
olumes
we e
Dip e a,
Coleop e a,
Lepidop e a,
and
delphacids
(Homop e a).
Ross
(1967)
ound
he
s omach
o
one
pipis-
elle
om
Indiana
o
con ain
80
pe cen
Cicadellidae
and
20
pe cen
Fo micidae.
Since
he
pipis elle
is
he
smalles
Indiana
ba ,
mos
o
he
oods
ea en
we e
small.
We
we e
su p ised
ha
se en
eas e n
pipis-
elles
ne ed
a
he
en ance
o
Donnehue's
Ca e
on
he
e ening
o
20
Augus
be ween
8:31
and
10:00
had
emp y
s omachs.
Fi e
o
hese
we e
cap u ed
be ween
9:01
and
10:00
and
seemingly
had
had
ample
ime
o
eed,
o
i
was
da k
sho ly
a e
8:30
ha
e ening.
REPRODUCTION.
The
usual
numbe
o
young
a
bi h
is
p obably
wo.
We
ha e
ec-
o ds
o
wel e
g a id
emales
wi h
win
em-
b yos
and
wo
emales
each
wi h
a
single
emb yo.
In
addi ion,
each
o
six een
g a id
emales
examined
(bu
no
collec ed)
ap-
pea ed
o
con ain
wo
emb yos
(Cope
and
Humph ey).
Wal e
L.
Hahn
(1908)
ook
a
emale
on
6
June
ha
con ained
h ee
small
(2-mm)
emb yos,
and
Lindsay
(1958)
exam-
ined
a
emale
aken
on
21
May
ha
had
ou
emb yos
measu ing
3
mm.
Pe haps
some
emb yos
a e
eso bed
be o e
pa u i ion
in
his
species.
Pa u i ion
in
pipis elles
in
In-
diana
e iden ly
occu s
in
la e
June
and
ea ly-
July.
We
ha e
no
ac ual
da es,
al hough
wo
emales
con ined o
cages
ga e
bi h
(pe haps
p ema u ely)
o
young
on
21
June
and
30
June.
Ano he
caged
emale,
inju ed
by
sho
Pipis ellus
sub la us
•
Eas e n
Pipis elle
173
Table
58
Foods
ea en
by
Pipis ellus
sub la us
(n
=
23)
om
Indiana
( om
Whi ake ,
1972b)
Pe cen
Pe cen
Food
I em
Volume
F equency
Cicadellidae
(lea hoppe s)
21.7
52.2
Ca abidae
(g ound
bee les)
18.1
34.8
Dip e a
10.7
26.1
Coleop e a
7.8
34.8
Lepidop e a
7.3
21.7
Ce copidae
( oghoppe s)
7.2
13.0
Muscoid
lies
4.6
8.7
Fo micidae
(an s)
4.6
8.7
Redu iidae
(assassin
bugs)
3.7
13.0
Ch ysomelidae
(lea
bee les)
3.7
13.0
Ch ysopidae
(lacewings)
2.8
4.3
Tipulidae
(c ane lies)
2.2
4.3
Hemip e a
( ue
bugs)
2.2
4.3
Ichneumonidae
(ichneumon- lies)
1.1
8.7
G ass
s ems
0.9
4.3
Insec s
(uniden i ied)
0.7
8.7
Culicidae
(mosqui os)
0.7
4.3
Chi onomidae
(midges)
0.2
4.3
100.2
on
7
July,
ga e
bi h
o
wins
on
9
July.
Mum-
o d
and
Handley
(1956)
published
an
ac-
coun
o
he
beha io
o
one
o
hese
amilies
jus
a e
bi h.
The
combined
weigh
o
wo
emb yos
emo ed
om
a
emale
on
22
June
was
2.3
g ams.
Males
wi h
he
la ges
es es
ha e
been
collec ed
om
July
o
Sep embe .
Fou
males
aken
in
July
had
es es
a e aging
4.8
mm
in
leng h;
35
males
aken
in
Augus
had
es es
a e aging
4.8
mm
in
leng h;
3
males
col-
lec ed
in
Sep embe
had
es es
anging
om
3.5
o
6
mm
(a e aging
4
mm)
in
leng h.
F om
ou
da a,
es is
size
is
smalles
in
mid-
win e
(one
male
wi h
1-mm
es es
on
24
Feb ua y),
hen
inc eases
o
a
maximum
in
summe ,
wi h
a
a he
ab up
dec ease
in
all
(3
males
wi h
2-mm
es es
on
1
Oc obe ).
We
suspec
ha
a
conside able
amoun
o
copu-
la ion
akes
place
in
Augus .
PARASITES
AND
DISEASES.
The
single
in e nal
pa asi e
ound
in
55
indi iduals
o
his
ba
was
one
nema ode
in
one
ba .
Only
he
chigge
Euschoengas ia
pipis elli
(54
indi iduals)
was
ound
on
13
pipis elles
ex-
amined
o
ex e nal
pa asi es.
The
only
p e-
ious
pa asi e
eco ds
o
his
species
a e
hose
o
Wilson
(1961),
who
ound
wo
specimens
o
he
ba
lea
(Nyc e idopsylla
chapini),
no mally
ound
on
Ep esicus
us-
cus.
O
wen y- ou
pipis elles
om
Indiana
examined
o
abies,
3
(12.5
pe cen )
we e
abid
(Whi ake
and
Mille ,
1974).
DECIMATING
FACTORS.
We
occasionally
ind
a
dead
pipis elle
hanging
in
a
ca e,
bu
we
ha e
no
idea
o
he
cause
o
dea h
o
hese
indi iduals.
Some
mus
mee
wi h
ac-
ciden s,
o
we
ha e
examined
se e al
wi h
pa
o
he
wing
memb ane
o
u opa agium
missing.
A
ma e ni y
colony
in
Jackson
Coun y
was
discou aged
om
using
i s
oos
o
he
p e ious
yea
when
hea y
g ease
was
smea ed
on
he
a e s
whe e
he
ba s
hung.
A
pipis elle
sho
while
lying
abou
on
a
sunny
day
had
pa
o
i s
body
co e ed
wi h
wha
appea ed
o
be
ed
pain .
No
doub
a
ew
o
hese
ba s
a e
killed
by andalism
in
ca es.
TAXONOMY.
The
subspecies
in
Indiana
is
Pipis ellus
sub la us
sub la us
(F.
Cu ie ).
The e
is
conside able
colo
a ia ion
in
Indi-
ana
specimens.
SELECTED
REFERENCES.
Ba bou
and
Da is,
1969;
Cope,
Bake ,
and
Con e ,
1961;
Da is
and
Mum o d, 1962;
Jones
and
Su kus,
1973;
Lindsay,
1956b;
Mum o d
and
Cope,
1964;
Walk:'
an^
Ja is>
1971.

174
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
Big
B own
Ba
Ep esicus
uscus
(Beau ois)
B own
Ba ,
La ge
B own
Ba
Ep esicus
melanops:
Ra inesque,
1820
Vespe ilio
uscus:
Quick
and
Langdon,
1882;
Ban a,
1907
Adelonuc e is
uscus:
E e mann
and
Bu le ,
1894b
Ep esicus
uscus:
Hahn,
1909
DESCRIPTION.
Ep esicus
uscus
is
a
a he
la ge
( he
second
la ges
species
o
ba
in
Indiana),
b ownish
ba
wi h
blackish
mem-
b anes
and
ea s.
The
wings
a e
b own.
The
body
pelage
a ies
in
colo
om
an
o
choco-
la e
b own
and
may
be
eddish
b own
in
some
indi iduals.
I
is
di icul
o
desc ibe
a
" ypical"
specimen
o he
han
o
say
ha
i
is
some
shade
o
b own.
We
ha e
seen
se e al
Indiana
specimens
wi h
whi e
spo s and
a
ew
sca e ed,
whi ish
gua d
hai s.
The
agus
is
b oad
and
blun - ipped,
and
he
ea s
a e
ela i ely
sho
o
so
la ge
a
ba .
The
wingspan
is
abou
310
o
355
mm,
and
he
o ea m
a ies
om
abou
42
o
54
mm
(a e -
age
46
mm).
The
ail
p o udes
a
ew
mm
be-
yond
he
end
o
he
in e emo al
memb ane.
The
calca
has
a
dis inc
keel.
The e
a e
p ominen
odo i e ous
glands
on
he
uppe
lips.
The
only
o he
b ownish
colo ed
ba
in
Indiana
wi h
a
o ea m
eaching
42
mm
is
he
a e
g ay
myo is,
which
has
a
o ea m
anging
om
42
o
45
mm
and
a
ela i ely
long,
na -
ow,
poin ed
agus.
Myo is
g isescens
is
usually
g ay,
bu
emales
may
de elop
a
b own
pelage
du ing
he
ep oduc i e
season.
'
"
Big
b own
ba .
Pho o
by
Whi ake
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
a e
shown
in
Table
59.
The
den al
o mula
is
I
A
c
—
P
—
M
—
=
32.
3
12
3
STATUS
AND
DISTRIBUTION.
The
big
b own
ba
is
a
common
esiden
h oughou
he s a e
(Map
21),
especially
in
sp ing,
summe ,
and
all.
I
is
p obably
he
mos
o
second
mos
abundan
ba
in
he
s a e.
In
win e
i
is
much
less
conspicuous
and
ei he
hibe na es
in
p o ec ed
si es
o
possibly
mi-
g a es.
Du ing
he
hibe na ion
season,
big
b own
ba s
a e
obse ed
mos
o en
in
he
a ious
limes one
ca es
ol
sou h-cen al
In-
diana;
hese
ba s
hibe na e
also
in
hea ed
buildings
in
o he
pa s
o
he
s a e,
bu
we
ha e
ela i ely
ew
win e
eco ds
om
he
no he n
one- hi d
o
Indiana.
The e
is
some
e idence
om
banding
ha
he
big
b own
ba
is
somewha
mig a o y.
Numbe s
p esen
in
Indiana
in
he
summe
a e
a
g ea e
han
he
ela i ely
ew
ound
in
Indiana
ca es
du -
ing
he
win e .
HABITAT.
Summe
oos
si es
o
Ep esicus
uscus
include
buildings,
b idges,
ocky
es-
ca pmen s,
and
ca es,
bu
he
species
is
mos
common
in
old
buildings.
We
ha e
seen
ba ns
o
o he
buildings
ha ha bo
200
o
400
o
mo e
indi iduals
in
he
summe .
T ees
and
mines
a e
also
undoub edly
used,
bu
de ini e
eco ds
a e
lacking.
We
ha e
one
e-
po
o
a
ma e ni y
colony
in
a
ee
ca i y.
In
he
nonhibe na ing
season,
E.
uscus
has
been
aken
by
shoo ing
o e
ponds,
a ound
deciduous
woodlo s,
along
s eams,
and
in
esiden ial
a eas.
Many
big
b own
ba s
win e
in
ca es,
and
o he s
win e
in
hea ed
buildings;
he
pe -
cen age
ha
uses
buildings
is
unknown,
bu
may
be
conside ably
g ea e
han
eco ds
now
indica e.
Li le
is
known
abou
he
spe-
cies
in
hibe na ion,
bu
26
big
b own
ba s
we e
ound
in
appa en
hibe na ion
on
Ma ch
26
in
a
ba n
no h
o
Te e
Hau e.
I
is
possi-
ble
ha
hey
came
he e
om
some
o he
a ea
a e
ini ial
a ousal
om
hibe na ion,
al-
hough his
did
no
seem
likely
since
he
ba s
we e
wedged
e y
igh ly
in o
iny
c e ices,
Ep esicus
uscus
•
Big
B own
Ba
175
Table
59
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
o
Ep esicus
uscus
om
se e al
coun ies
o
Indiana
Vigo
Je e son
Vande bu gh
No he n
Indiana
Males
Females
Males
Females
Males
Females
Males
Females
To al
leng h
(mm)
n
26
61
23 21
13
6
19
11
X
108.4
113.4
113.0
111.9
112.2
108.0
112.9
112.9
ange
99-124
106-129
106-121
101-126
105-123
94-113
100-129
102-119
SD
20.85
13.61
4.95
8.14
5.16
7.42
5.65
4.61
SE
4.08
1.74
1.03
1.77
1.43
3.03
1.29 1.39
Tail
leng h
(mm)
n
30
64
22
21
13
6
19
11
X
39.0
42.3
40.5
42.4
41.2
39.8
42.4
41.3
ange
29-47
37-50
33-47
36-50
35-48
35-43
34-46
35-47
SD
4.64
3.81
3.14
4.91 4.59
2.71
3.46
4.00
SE
0.84
0.47
0.65
1.07
1.28
1.10
0.79
1.20
Hind
oo
(mm)
n
30
62
22
19
13
6
18
10
X
10.0 10.0
10.5
10.5
10.2
10.3
10.3
10.5
ange
8-12
8-13
9-12
8-13
7-13
8-13
8-12
8-13
SD
1.07 1.07
1.02
1.42
1.87
1.63
1.57
1.50
SE
0.19
0.13
0.21
0.32 0.52
0.66
0.37
0.47
Fo ea m
(mm)
n
24
46
23
20
10
6
17
13
X
45.8
46.5
45.8
46.9
46.2
46.5
46.1
47.3
ange
42-48
42-50
41-54
42-50
43-49
44-51
44-50
44-50
SD
1.48
1.89
2.90
2.05
1.81
2.88
1.49
2.05
SE
0.30
0.27
0.61
0.46
0.57
1.17
0.36
0.57
T agus
(mm)
n
11
29
6 6
2
3 3
6
X
6.5
6.9
6.8
6.2
5.8
6
6.2
6.9
ange
6-7
5-8
5-7
6-8
5.5-6.0
6
6.0-6.5
4.5-6.0
SD
0.52
0.91
0.75 0.75
0.35
0
0.28
3.52
SE
0.15
0.16
0.30 0.30
0.25
0
0.16
1.44
Weigh
(g ams)
n
29
63
22
19
9
4
19
12
X
15.2
16.7
15.7
16.7
14.5
15.8
14.2
15.2
ange
12.2-19.5
12.1-26.1
13.0-19.5
12.8-26.5
12.0-20.6
12.6-17.1
12.0-16.5
12.4-18.6
SD
2.59
2.82
1.85
3.9
2.48
2.12
1.42
1.68
SE
0.48
0.35
0.39
0.89 0.82
1.06
0.32
0.48
bo h
as
indi iduals
and
in
g oups.
The
ba s
we e
wedged
so
igh ly
ha
many
we e
o n
as
hey
we e
emo ed
wi h la ge
o ceps,
and
many
myobiid
mi es
a ached
o
hei
abdo-
mens
we e
squashed.
This
same
ba n
was
isi ed
in
midwin e
he
nex
yea ,
bu
no
ba s
we e
ound
in
hese
c e ices.
We
suspec
ha
some
o
he
ba s
ound
in
la ge
numbe s
in
buildings
in
summe
squeeze
in o
na ow
c e ices
in
he
same
buildings
o
hibe na-
ion,
while
some
mig a e
o
ca es
(in
sou h-
e n
Indiana?).
Howe e ,
we
ha e
no
idea
whe e
he
majo i y
o
big
b own
ba s
sum-
me ing
in
Indiana
spend
he
win e .
Much
mo e
wo k
is
needed
on
his.
Ou
win e
popula ion
da a
(ga he ed
om
1951
o
1975)
o
67
Indiana
ca es
show
ha
23
ca es
con ained
no
big
b own
ba s;
33
ca es
had
om
1
o
10;
in
7
ca es
11
o
24
we e
p esen ;
1
con ained
25
o
50;
and
3
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
176
Map
21.
The
Big
B own
Ba ,
Ep esicus
uscus,
in
Indiana
ca es
con ained
mo e
han
50.
The
la ges
numbe s
o
big
b own
ba s
we e
ound
in
Donaldson's
Ca e
and
Donnehue's
Ca e
(bo h
in
Law ence
Coun y)
and
in
Tunnel
Ca e
(Je e son
Coun y),
whe e
maxima
o
74,
58,
and
93
we e
ound,
espec i ely.
Ki kpa ick
and
Conaway
(1948)
epo ed
"abou
200"
big
b own
ba s
in
Donaldson's
Ca e
on
29
Decembe
1946.
To
ou
knowl-
edge,
his
is
he
la ges
numbe
eco ded
in
an
Indiana
ca e.
I
is
su p ising
ha
ela-
i ely
ew
big
b own
ba s
hibe na e
in
Indi-
ana
ca es,
since
he
species
is
so
plen i ul
in
summe
in
he
s a e.
I
is
also
in e es ing
ha
ce ain
ca es
appea
o
a ac
a
pa icula
species
o
ba
and
o he
ca es
do
no .
This
is
ue
o
Ep esicus
uscus
as
i
is
o
mos
(o
all)
na i e
species
ha
hibe na e
in
ca e ns.
The
h ee
Indiana
ca es
ha
con ain
he
la ges
win e
popula ions
o
E.
uscus
may
ha e
been
a o ed
adi ionally
by
his
ba ,
al hough
da a
om
Donaldson's
Ca e,
ga he ed
in
he
ea ly
1900s
by
Hahn,
indica e
ha
e y
ew
big
b own
ba s
used
his
ca e
du ing
ha
pe iod.
Donaldson's
and
Don-
nehue's
ca es
ha e
s eams
unning
h ough-
ou
hei
en i e
leng h;
Tunnel
Ca e
is
d y.
In
1906
and
1907,
Hahn
ound
small
num-
be s
o
big
b own
ba s
in
he
ca es
whe e
we
ha e
wo ked.
He
s a ed
(1908b)
ha
six
was
he
la ges
numbe
o
big
b own
ba s
he
ound
in
one
ca e;
his
was
in
May ield's
Ca e
(Mon oe
Coun y)
on
21
Decembe
1906.
Ban a
(1907)
eco ded
his
species
only
in May ield's
Ca e
on
ou
occasions
be-
ween
Janua y
1903
and
Augus
1905.
We
ound
none
in
his
ca e
on
26
Janua y
1952.
Hahn
s udied
he
ca es
on
he
Uni e si y-
Fa m
(now
wi hin
Sp ing
Mill
S a e
Pa k]
om
Sep embe
1906
o
Sep embe
1907.
He
epo ed
E.
uscus
as
"compa a i ely
a e"
and
collec ed
only
h ee
specimens
(Hahn,
1908b).
He
does
no
lis
he
species
in
his
pape
on
he
mammalian
emains
o
Donaldson's
Ca e
(Hahn,
1907b).
Fu he
e idence
o
he
a i y
o
big
b own
ba s
in
ca es
in
Sp ing
Mill
S a e
Pa k
and
in
o he
sou he n
Indiana
ca es
is
Hahn's
s a emen
ha
he
ound
"only
en
o
his
species"
in
Indiana
and
Ken ucky
ca es
he
isi ed.
Ce -
ainly,
he
s a us
o
Ep esicus
uscus
had
d as ically
changed
in
Donaldson's
Ca e
by
1946,
when
Ki kpa ick
and
Conaway
ound
200
p esen
on
a
single
isi .
We
ha e
eco ds
o
74
in
his
ca e
on
12
Feb ua y
1955,
only
12
on
22
Janua y
1962,
and
3
on
13
Feb ua y
1975.
Again,
we
do
no
know
how
much
hese
igu es
ac ually
e lec
popula ion
changes.
A
single
isi
o
a
ca e
pe
win e
does
no
p o ide
a
eliable
es ima e
o
he
hibe na ing
popula ion
o
big
b own
ba s
(o
any
o he
species).
We
ha e
p ac ically
no
eco ds
o
Ep esicus
uscus
in
ca es
du ing
June
o
July,
bu
ou
isi s
o
ca es
du ing his
season
ha e
no
been
nume ous
o
sys ema ic.
Ten
June
and
July
ips
o
se en
ca es
known
o
ha bo
big
b own
ba s
in
win e
esul ed
in a
single
obse a ion— wo
big
b own
ba s
in
Don-
nehue's
Ca e
on
22
July.
No
doub
some
ca es
a e
used
pe iodically
o
nigh
oos ing
by
his
species
in
summe ,
bu
we
need
mo e
s udy
o
his
phenomenon.
In
Augus ,
a
ew
big
b own
ba s
begin
o
oos
by
day
in
some
ca es,
and
his
numbe
g adually
inc eases
un il
he
win e
popula ion
is
mo e
o
less
s able,
om
abou
mid-Decembe
o
mid-
Ep esicus
uscus
Big
B own
Ba
177
Feb ua y,
when,
wea he
pe mi ing,
he
ba s
may
begin
lea ing
he
ca es.
ASSOCIATED
SPECIES.
Ep esicus
uSCUS
hibe na es
in
ca es
used
by
all
o he
species
o
ba s
ha
u ilize
ca es
in
his
season. In
a
conc e e
cul e
a La aye e,
s udied
o
20
yea s,
a
single
Pleco us
a inesquii
was
he
only
o he
ba
ound
in
win e
wi h
E.
uscus.
Possibly
his
hibe naculum
is
oo
cold
o
less
ha dy
species
o
win e
he e
success ul-
ly.
Big
b own
ba s
do
no
mix
wi h
o he
species
in
he
ca es.
Many
hang
singly;
o he s
a e
ound
in
small
g oups;
he
la ges
agg ega ions
a e
in a iably
ound
in
c e ices,
and
la ge
clus e s
a e
no
o med
on
he
walls
o
ceilings.
Also,
big
b own
ba s
end
o
hang
nea e
he
ca e
en ance
han
do
o he
ba s;
his
is
especially
ue
in
win e .
When
eeding,
big
b own
ba s
ha e
been
sho
along
wi h
ed
ba s,
hoa y
ba s,
e ening
ba s,
pipis elles,
sil e -hai ed
ba s,
Indiana
myo is,
and
li le
b own
myo is.
On
3
Sep embe ,
3
big
b own
ba s
and
12
li le
b own
myo is
we e
ound
behind
he
window
shu e s
on
an
occupied
house.
Ou
no es
do
no
indica e
whe he
sepa a e
shu -
e s
we e
used
by
each
species;
he e
we e
wel e
shu e s,
all
on
one
side
o
he
house.
In
he
summe
o
1948,
big
b own
ba s,
In-
diana
myo is,
Keen's
myo is,
and
li le
b own
myo is
all
oos ed
by
day
benea h
a
la ge
conc e e
b idge
in
Tu key
Run
S a e
Pa k.
The
species
we e
sepa a ed
om
one
an-
o he ,
howe e .
An
e ening
ba
was
sho
a
dusk
on
8
May
as
i
eme ged
om
he
oo
o
a
house;
he
ollowing
e ening,
a
big
b own
ba
was
sho
as
i
lew
om
he
same
exi
hole.
HABITS.
Ep esicus
uscus
appea s
o
be
qui e
ha dy
and
able
o
wi hs and
mo e
cold
han
mos
o he
species
o
ba s
ound
in
Indi-
ana.
Fo
example,
on
5
Ma ch
1954,
he e
we e
4
big
b own
ba s
in
a
c e ice
jus
ou -
side
he
mou h
o
King's
Ca e
(Ha ison
Coun y).
Fou
ee
di ec ly
below
he
ba s
was
a
pool
o
wa e
co e ed
wi h
one- ou h
inch
o
ice.
In
a
somewha
simila
si ua ion,
11
emales
we e
ound
in
a
c e ice
ou side
he
mou h
o
May's
Ca e
(Mon oe
Coun y)
on
20
Feb ua y
1954.
Many
big
b own
ba s
ha
hibe na e
in
ca es
choose
si es
nea
he
ca e
mou h,
whe e
conside able
ai
mo e-
men
and
eezing
empe a u es
may
occu .
Mos
o he
ba s
o
his
species
a e
ound
in
win e
in
he
on
sec ions
o
he
ca es.
In
an
in ensi e
s udy
o
Donnehue's
Ca e,
only
2
big
b own
ba s
we e
obse ed
mo e
han
364
ee
om
he
ca e
en ance
(Mum o d,
1958).
Since
his
is
a
ha dy
species,
i
would
no
be
su p ising
o
lea n
ha
i
also
win e s
in
holes
in
ees.
One
is
d awn
o
his
conclu-
sion
by
se e al
ac s:
he e
is
a
d ama ic
de-
c ease
in
numbe s
o
big
b own
ba s
om
summe
o
win e
in
Indiana;
banding
has
ailed
o
es ablish
ha
he e
a e
ex ensi e
mig a ions
ou
o
Indiana
in
he
all;
he
known
numbe
hibe na ing
in
buildings
does
no
accoun
o
he
summe
popula ion;
Ep-
esicus
uscus
mo es
in
and
ou
o
a
leas
some
o
i s
hibe nacula
h oughou
he
win-
e .
Clea ly,
ca es
a e
no
equi ed
o
suc-
cess ul
hibe na ion;
hus,
un il
we
ob ain
mo e
da a
on
he
use
o
buildings
by
big
b own
ba s
du ing
he
win e ,
we
eel
ha
ees
may
be
housing
a
la ge
pa
o
he
win-
e ing
ba s.
I
seems
ha
E.
uscus
is eally
less
o
a
ca e-dwelle
han
a e
he
a ious
na i e
species
o
Myo is
o
Pipis ellus
sub-
la us
(Hahn,
1909),
bu
pe haps
i
is
in
he
p ocess
o
changing
i s
habi s
in
his
ega d.
We
ha e
some
e idence
ha
big
b own
ba s
mo e
eadily
seek
ca es
in
colde
wea he .
The e
we e
12
in
Ray's
Ca e
(G eene
Coun y)
on
30
Janua y
1975,
bu
18
o
20
he e
on
13
Feb ua y
1975;
du ing his
pe iod
he
ou side
empe a u e
d opped
o
10
o
15
deg ees
below
ze o
Fah enhei .
In
he
ca es,
mos
big
b own
ba s
hang
singly
on
he
side
walls.
They
o en
use
small
c e ices
o med
by
lakes
o
limes one
ha
ha e
become
pa ially
sepa a ed
om
he
walls.
Bo h
e ical
and
ho izon al
c e ices
a e
used;
some
ba s
in
a
ho izon al
c ack
will
be
lying
on
hei
backs.
Ba s
o en
wedge
hemsel es
in o
na ow
places
om
which
hey
canno
be
emo ed
wi hou
inju y
o
he
ba s.
Choice
c e ices
no mally
a e
occupied
annually.
The e
we e
40
big
b own
ba s
in
such
a
si e
(Tunnel
Ca e)
on
6
Janua y
1954;
he
18
ha
could
be
ex ac ed
o
examina ion
we e
all
males.
SEX
RATIOS.
The
sex
a ios
o
win e ing
Ep esicus
uscus
e iden ly
di e
om
place
o
place.
In
he
cul e
s udied
in
Tip-
pecanoe
Coun y
om
1951
o
1971,
he
o al
known
popula ion
o
he
pe iod
consis ed
o
178
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
29
males,
86
emales,
and
2
o
which
sex
was
un eco ded.
Males
ou numbe ed
emales
he e
in
only
wo
seasons
o
hose
s udied.
This
cul e
was
used
by
only
3
o
12
big
b own
ba s
pe
win e ,
so
ou
sample
is
a he small.
Sex
a ios
o
big
b own
ba s
banded
du ing
hibe na ion
in
ca es
in
sou h-
e n
Indiana
gene ally
a o
males,
wi h
some
excep ions.
In
Donnehue's
Ca e,
40
males,
34
emales,
and
2
unsexed
indi iduals
we e
banded
du ing
one
win e
season.
Fo
h ee
di e en
win e s
combined,
he e
we e
86
males,
40
emales,
and
15
unsexed
big
b own
ba s
in
Donaldson's
Ca e,
abou
en
miles
away.
In
May's
Ca e,
on
20
Feb ua y
1954,
we
ound
1
male,
18
emales,
and
a
ba
ha
could
no
be
cap u ed
o
examina ion.
We
ha e
no
da a
on
he
su i al
o
ba s
ha
choose
o
hibe na e
in
hea ed
buildings.
On
he
Pu due
Uni e si y
campus,
29
big
b own
ba s
ha e
been
cap u ed
be ween
26
No embe
and
14
Ma ch
du ing
he
pas
17
yea s.
Some
o
hese
animals
we e
ound
on
he
g ound
(some
ali e,
some
dead),
bu
mos
we e
ound
lying
abou
in
buildings.
O
hese,
17
we e
males,
8
we e
emales,
and
he
sex
was
no
eco ded
o
4.
Mos
o
hose
examined
had
e y
li le
o
no
a ,
e en
du -
ing
he
middle
o
he
hibe na ion
season.
This
may
indica e
ha
empe a u es
in
he
buildings
a e
oo
high
o
success ul
hibe -
na ion.
We
need
da a
on
banded
indi iduals
o
cla i y
his
poin .
On
10
Ma ch,
a
big
b own
ba
was
ound
on
he
g ound
(ali e)
in
he
snow
a F .
Wayne
(Allen
Coun y);
i s
pelage
was
co e ed
wi h
wha
appea ed
o
be
soo .
Pe haps
he
ba
had
en e ed
a
chimney
sho ly
be o e
being
ound.
A
male
banded
in
Kosciusko
Coun y
on
23
July
1959
was
ound
in
ha
coun y
on
24
Decembe
1960.
Nonhibe na ing
big
b own
ba s
ha e
been
ound
in
and
on
buildings,
in
ca es,
on
ock
esca pmen s,
benea h
conc e e
b idges,
and
in
co e ed
wooden
b idges.
Abou
buildings
hey
ha e
been
ound
in
a ics,
hanging
on
he
side
o
a
b ick
s uc u e,
in
ines
on
he
side
o
a
building,
benea h
loose
a pape
on
he
sides
o
a
house,
behind
window
shu e s,
in
he
a e s
o
small,
open-sided
s uc u es,
and
be ween
he
s one
side
o
a
building
and
he
gu e
downspou .
MIGRATION.
Banding
has
e ealed
li le
abou
he
mo emen s
o
Ep esicus
uscus.
Pe haps
he
species
mig a es
li le,
o
pe haps
he
lack
o
eco e ies
o
banded
animals
is
because
mos
o
he
popula ion
win e s
in
unknown
si es.
A
emale
banded
in
Donnehue's
Ca e
on
9
Janua y
1954
was
killed
nea
Sulli an,
52
miles
wes -
no hwes ,
on
16
Ap il
1955.
A
male
banded
a
he
same
ca e
on
9
Janua y
1954
was
ound
ali e
nea
Elk on,
Ken ucky
(142
miles
sou h-sou hwes ,
on
31
Decembe
1954.
A
emale
banded
a
May's
Ca e
on
20
Ap il
1954
was
killed
nea
Hidalgo,
Illinois
(85
miles
wes ),
in Ap il
1962.
And
a
emale
banded
in
Donaldson's
Ca e
on
12
Feb ua y
1955
was
cap u ed
and
eleased
in
a
ca e
nea
Geo gia,
Indiana
(7
miles
wes ),
on
29
No embe
1958.
Each
yea
in
Augus
we
ecei e
elephone
calls
and
le e s
om
homeowne s
abou
ba s
in
houses,
ga ages,
o
b eezeways.
Mos
o
hese
animals
ha
we
ha e
examined
we e
big
b own
ba s.
The e
is
undoub edly
con-
side able
mo emen
in
Augus ,
when
ba s
p obably
wande
om
summe
o
win e
habi a s;
ansien s
e iden ly
en e
houses
and
o he
buildings
empo a ily
a
his
sea-
son.
F equen ly
an
indi idual
is
seen
only
o
a
day.
Many
o
he
known
ma e ni y
colonies
in
Indiana
a e
in
unhea ed
ba ns,
om
which
he
ba s
depa
in
win e .
Al hough
a
consid-
e able
numbe
o
big
b own
ba s
has
been
banded
in
hese
summe
colonies,
ew
ani-
mals
ha e
been
ecap u ed
a
si es
o he
han
whe e
banded.
Thus,
we
know
he
species
mo es
om
summe
o
win e
locali ies
bu
we
do
no
know
he
dis ances
in ol ed
in
hese
mo emen s.
Banding
has
e ealed
li le
seasonal
o
an-
nual
changes
o
ca e
oos s
by
E.
uscus.
Mos
ma ked
indi iduals
ha e
been
ecap-
u ed
in
he
same
ca es
whe e
hey
we e
banded.
HOMING.
Cope
e
al.
(1961)
conduc ed
se e al
homing
expe imen s
wi h
Ep esicus
uscus
in
sou heas e n
Indiana.
F om
70
o
90
pe cen
o
20
big
b own
ba s
eleased
20
miles
wes
o
he
cap u e
si e
homed
wi hin
4.5
o
9
hou s.
Abou
32
o
40
pe cen
o
47
eleased
40
miles
sou h
o
ano he
si e
e-
u ned,
bu
none
came
back
be o e
wo
nigh s
had
elapsed.
An
es ima ed
8
o
11
e-
u ned
a e
h ee
nigh s
a e
being
eleased
100
miles
no h
o
hei
colony.
F om
ou
o
Ep esicus
uscus
Big
B own
Ba
179
six
nigh s
a e
elease,
31
o
36
homed
om
250
miles
sou h.
Only
1
o
18
eleased
250
miles
no h
e u ned
o
he
colony,
a e
an
absence
o
ou
nigh s.
The
expe imen al
animals
we e
all
adul s
(males
and
emales)
and
he
wo k
was
ca ied
ou
in
July
and
Au-
gus .
We
can
o e
no
explana ion
o
he
di e ence
in
homing
pe o mance
in
hese
animals.
The
a ia ion
in
he
pe cen age
ha
success ully
homed
om
250
miles
sou h
and
250
miles
no h
is
in e es ing.
On
30
Augus
1954,
a
sample
o
41
males
and 48
emales
was
aken
om
a
ma e ni y
colony
in
Bed o d,
banded,
and
eleased
la e
ha
nigh
a
Te e
Hau e
(80
miles
no h-
wes ).
The
colony
was
nex
isi ed
in
Ap il
1955,
when
a
leas
5
banded
males
and
9
banded
emales
we e
p esen .
Since
his
g oup
was
banded
wi h
egula
aluminum
bands
only,
i
is
possible
ha
some
indi id-
uals
we e
no
loca ed
isually
in
he
colony.
Cope
and
his
co-wo ke s
had
used
adioac-
i e
bands
on
hei
animals
and
we e
able
o
de ec
unseen
ba s
in
he
oos s.
LONGEVITY.
O
12
males
and
11
emales
banded
du ing
hibe na ion
and
eco e ed
h ee
o
mo e
yea s
la e ,
1
male
and
1
emale
we e
a
leas
se en
yea s
old,
4
emales
and
2
males
we e
a
leas
six
yea s
old,
2
males
and
2
emales
we e
a
leas
i e
yea s
old,
2
males
and
1
emale
we e
a
leas
ou
yea s old
and
5
males
and
3
emales
we e
a
leas
3
yea s
old.
The
age
o
none
o
hese
animals
was
known
a
he
ime
o
banding.
Ano he
sample
o
unknown
age,
banded
du ing
hibe na ion,
con ained
1
male
and
2
emales
a
leas
h ee
yea s
old,
1
male
and
2
emales
a
leas
ou
yea s
old,
1
emale
a
leas
i e
yea s
old,
1
emale
a
leas
six
yea s
old,
and
a
emale
a
leas
nine
yea s
old.
HABITS.
E iden ly
Ep esicus
uscus
wa-
kens
and
becomes
ac i e
pe iodically
du ing
he
win e .
On
unusually
wa m
e enings
( empe a u e
a ound
60°F)
in
Janua y
and
Feb ua y,
big
b own
ba s
may
be
seen
in
ligh
on
he
Pu due
Uni e si y
campus,
whe e
hey
hibe na e
in
buildings.
Gwilym
S.
Jones
saw
a
big
b own
ba
lying
slowly
o e
Fa me sbu g
(Sulli an
Coun y)
in
he
p e-dusk
on
21
Feb ua y
1976;
he
day
was
clea ,
bu
a
s o m
was
mo ing
in.
Win e
ob-
se a ions
in
ca es
also
e eal
ha
a
pa icu-
la
ba
does
no
emain
long
in
one
spo ,
bu
mo es
abou
h oughou
he
hibe na ing
pe iod.
Some
indi iduals
en e
and
lea e
he
ca es
all
win e
long
and
e iden ly
ha e
al e na e
(unknown)
oos s
which
hey
oc-
cupy
when
absen
om
he
ca es.
We
suspec
ha
he
p e ailing
win e
empe a u es
ou -
side
he
hibe nacula
a e
co ela ed
wi h
hese
mo emen s.
The
ex en
o
win e
mo emen
in
and
ou
o
Donnehue's
Ca e
was
epo ed
by
Mum o d
(1958).
Al hough
109
big
b own
ba s
used
his
ca e
om
Au-
gus
o
Ap il,
he
maximum
numbe
obse ed
on
any
one
o
76
isi s
o
he
ca e
was
39
(36.1
pe cen ).
Mo e
han
30
ba s
pe
isi
we e
seen
on
3
and
29
Decembe ,
7,
12,
and
16
Janua y,
and
17
Feb ua y— he
h ee
coldes
mon hs
o
he
yea .
Tempe a u e
minima
o
i e
o
hese
da es
anged
om
19°F
o
28°F;
he
minimum
o
he
o he
da e
was
33°F.
F om
Augus
1970
o
Augus
1971
and
in
Feb ua y
1973
we
ne ed
he
en ance
o
Donnehue's
Ca e
on
wen y
nigh s,
in-
cluding
each
mon h
bu
Janua y.
We
cap u ed
big
b own
ba s
each
mon h
bu
Ap il,
again
demons a ing
win e
ac i i y
o
his
species
(Mum o d
and
Whi ake ,
1975).
The
big
b own
ba
is
a
ai ly
ea ly
lye
a
dusk,
bu
does
no
eme ge
om
i s
day ime
oos
as
ea ly
as
do
ed
ba s
o
pipis elles.
We
ha e
o en
sho
big
b own
ba s
in
he
ea ly
e ening
while
he
sky was
ai ly
b igh .
In
ne ing
Donnehue's
Ca e,
we
caugh
only
one
big
b own
ba
wi hin
he
i s
hal
hou
and
six
wi hin
he
i s
hou
a e
sunse .
In
he
second,
hi d,
ou h,
and
i h
hou s
a e
sunse
we
ne ed
16,
14,
13,
and
6
big
b own
ba s
espec i ely.
Since
we
did
no
end
he
ne s
la e
han
12:20
A.M.,
we
do
no
know
whe he
his
species
was
ac i e
all
nigh .
A
ne
a
he
mou h
o
Big
Wyando e
Ca e
(C aw o d
Coun y),
ended
om
7:20
P.M.
o
6:30
A.M.
he
nigh
o
22-23
Augus ,
ook
E.
uscus
du ing
each
hal -hou
pe iod
om
8:15
P.M.
o
5:10
A.M.
O
he
100
cap u ed
66
we e
aken
be ween
10:30
P.M.
and
2:30
A.M.;
du ing
his
ou -hou
pe iod,
we
ne ed
13,
20,
19,
and
14
espec i ely
pe
hou .
The
ime
o
eme gence
om
a
ma e ni y
colony
in
a
building
was
co ela ed
wi h
he
ime
o
sunse
and,
p esumably,
he e o e
wi h
ligh
in ensi y.
As
he
days
became
sho e ,
he
ba s
began
eme ging
ea lie
in
he
e ening
(Table
60).
Ilahn
(1908a)
es ima ed
ha
E.
uscus
lew
180
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
as e
han
10
o
12
mph,
bu
his
igu es
we e
la gely
guesswo k.
FOOD.
Hahn
(1909)
epo ed
ha
in
cap-
i i y
Ep esicus
uscus
a e
"any
kind
o
mea ."
A
emale
sho
a
dusk
on
24
July
had
a
cha e
(Cyclocephala
bo ealis)
in
he
mou h.
The
s omachs
o
184
big
b own
ba s
we e
examined
o
ood
(Table
61).
G ound
bee les
(Ca abidae)
o med
he
g ea es
olume
o
ood.
These
we e
p obably
aken
on
he
wing.
The
ood
second
in
abundance
was
Sca abaeidae,
and
hi d
was
he
spo ed
cucumbe
bee le,
Diab o ica
undecimpunc-
a a
(Ch ysomelidae),
common
in
s omachs
in
la e
summe .
(I
is
no
clea
why
his
pa -
icula
species
was
so
common
in
s omachs,
bu
his
ag icul u al
pes
was
seen
in
num-
be s
a
ligh s.)
Thus
he
h ee
mos
hea ily
consumed
oods
we e
bee les
—
indeed,
bee les
o med
49.1
pe cen
o
he
en i e
ol-
ume
o
ood
in
he
sample.
The
ou h
mos
p e alen
ood
aken
was
s inkbugs,
which
occu ed
in
nea ly
a
hi d
o
he
s omachs
and
cons i u ed
nea ly
10
pe cen
o
he
olume
o
ood.
Mos
we e
a
b igh
g een
species,
possibly
Ae o
s e num
hila e
(Say).
I
was
no
clea
why
s inkbugs
we e
so
o en
aken.
Mos
o
he
o ms
men ioned
abo e
(48.0
pe cen
o
he
o al
olume)
we e
la ge,
being
a
leas
a
cen ime e
in
o al
leng h.
Flying
an s
we e
i h
in
abundance,
some imes
occu ing
in
numbe s
o
10
o
50
pe
s omach.
C icke s
(G yllidae),
al hough
including
a
ew
lying
o ms,
cons i u ed
a
pa
o
he
non lying
ood,
which
also
included
ege a-
ion,
Cu culionidae,
insec
la ae,
Diplopoda,
and
mi es.
The
o al
olume
o
ood
consid-
e ed
o
be
o
non lying
o ms
was
4.3
pe cen .
Fou
ba s
had
ea en
in e nal
o gans
o
la ge
insec s,
possibly
Sca abaeidae,
p esumably
by
spli ing
he
insec
open
and
emo ing
he
abdominal
con en s.
The
cock oach
ea en
was
appa en ly
Pa cobla a,
a
lying
o m. No
cellula
s uc u e
was
appa en
in
he
un-
iden i ied
amo phous
ma e ial.
I
had
he
ap-
pea ance
o
milk
seen
in
he
s omachs
o
ju eniles,
and
was
ound
in
emale
ba s
wi h
young.
Vege a ion
consis ed
o
g ass
s ems
in
one
s omach
(abou
ull),
and
95
pe cen
whea
seeds
in
ano he .
O he
i ems
aken
om
s omachs
o
big
b own
ba s
in
ace
amoun s
and
no
included
in
he
able
we e
click
bee les
(Ela e idae),
insec
la ae,
hysodid
bee les,
sy phid
lies,
mi es,
mil-
lipedes,
and
a ious
o he
lies
(O i idae,
Chi onomidae,
and
Myce ophilidae).
Da a
we e
a ailable
om
se e al
sou ces
o
de e mine
whe he
big
b own
ba s
eed
in
win e .
The
s omachs
o
178
ba s
aken
om
Table
60
Eme gence
o
Ep esicus
uscus,
a
5-minu e
in e als,
om
a
ma e ni y
colony,
Bed o d,
Indiana,
1954
( om
Mum o d
and
Whi ake ,
1975)
Time
Pe iods
P.M.
9
Aug.
Da e
and
Numbe
Lea ing
Roos
18
Aug.
29
Aug.
31
Aug.
8
Sep .
7:20
o
7:25
— —
— —
4
7:25
o
7:30
—
— — —
30
7:30
o
7:35
—
—
1
1
82
7:35
o
7:40
— —
9
1
70
7:40
o
7:45
— —
20
7
44
7:45
o
7:50
—
2
65
28
21
7:50
o
7:55
—
17
38
48
12
7:55
o
8:00
4
62
31
44
8:00
o
8:05
11
54
36
34
8:05
o
8:10
47
75
7
3
8:10
o
8:15
60
45
13
8:15
o
8:20
72
23
8:20
o
8:25
83
19
8:25
o
8:30
49
10
8:30
o
8:35
16
8:35
o
8:40
7
Ep esicus
uscus
•
Big
B own
Ba
181
Table
61
Foods
ea en
by
Ep esicus
uscus
(n
=
184)
om
Indiana
( om
Whi ake ,
1972b)
Pe cen
Pe cen
Food
I em
olume
equency
Ca abidae
(g ound
bee les)
14.6
29.8
Sca abaeidae
(sca ab
bee les)
12.4
25.0
Ch ysomelidae,
Diab o ica
undecimpunc a a
11.5
21.7
Pen a omidae
(s inkbugs) 9.5
29.3
Fo micidae
(an s)
8.5
16.8
Coleop e a
6.6
15.2
Ichneumonidae
(ichneumon
lies)
5.0
14.1
Lepidop e a
4.5
7.6
Cicadellidae
(lea hoppe s)
4.4
20.7
Insec s
(uniden i ied)
3.1
11.4
Ch ysomelidae
(lea
bee les)
3.0
9.8
G yllidae
(c icke s)
3.0
9.2
Dip e a
1.8
7.1
Redu iidae
(assassin
bugs)
1.8
7.6
Insec s
(in e nal
o gans)
1.5
2.2
T ichop e a
(caddis
lies)
1.4
3.3
Vege a ion
1.1
1.6
Amo phous
ma e ial
(uniden i ied)
0.9
1.6
Alleeulidae
(comb-clawed
ba k
bee les)
0.8
2.2
Delphacidae
(plan hoppe s)
0.7
3.3
Hymenop e a
0.5
1.6
Muscoid
lies
0.5
0.5
Ch ysopidae
(lacewings)
0.5
2.7
Cu culionidae
(snou
bee les)
0.4
2.7
Bla idae
( oaches)
0.3
0.5
Coccinelidae
(ladybi d
bee les)
0.2
0.5
Mi idae
(lea
bugs)
0.2
2.2
Co eidae
(squash
bugs)
0.2
0.5
Tipulidae
(c ane
lies)
0.2
1.1
Mydaidae
(mydas
lies)
0.1
0.5
Callipho idae
(blow
lies)
0.1
0.5
Rhagionidae
(snipe
lies)
0.1
0.5
Nabidae
(nabid
bugs)
0.1
0.5
An hieidae
(an hicid
bee les)
0.1
0.5
Chi onomidae
(midges)
0.1
0.5
To al
99.7
A
ew
oods
ound
in
ace
amoun s
a e
lis ed
in
he
ex .
No embe
h ough
Ma ch
(no
included
in
Table
61)
we e
examined.
All
we e
emp y
ex-
cep
o
one
om
Decembe ,
which
con-
ained
g ay
amo phous
ma e ial,
appa en ly
no
ood.
Many
o
hese
ba s
we e
ac i e
and
appa en ly
had
been
lying
a ound,
since
hey
appea ed
in
and
on
he
ou side
o
build-
ings.
Fou
ba s
we e
caugh
as
hey
en e ed
Donnehue's
Ca e
in
he
la e
all
(one
on
Oc-
obe
30,
wo
on
No embe
18,
and
one
on
Decembe
2)
in
1970.
The
s omachs
and
in-
es ines
o
all
we e
comple ely
emp y.
The
diges i e
ac s
o
17
o pid
big
b own
ba s
aken
om
a
ba n
in
Vigo
Coun y
on
26
Ma ch
1970
we e
emp y,
excep
o
small
masses
o
insec
ma e ial
in
he
pos e io
end
o
he
in es ines
o
some.
This
appa en ly
had
been
p esen
o
a
long
ime,
judging
by
he
discolo ing
o
he
ma e ial
and
by
he
amoun
o
diges ion
which
had
aken
place,
e en
o
he
ha d
pa s.
Ano he
g oup
o
11
ba s
was
aken
in
he
hi d
week
o
Oc obe
1965,
also
a
Te e
Hau e.
The
in es ines
o
all
and
he
s omachs
o
10
we e
emp y.
One
specimen,
194
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
Table
65
Foods
ea en
by
Lasiu us
bo ealis
(n
=
128)
om
Indiana
( om
Whi ake ,
1972b)
Pe cen Pe cen
Food
i em
olume
equency
Lepidop e a
26.2
32.0
Sca abaeidae
(sca ab
bee les)
12.1
21.9
Delphacidae
(plan hoppe s)
11.8
25.8
Fo micidae
(an s)
6.3
11.7
Cicadellidae
(lea hoppe s)
5.9
20.3
Coleop e a
(uniden i ied
bee les)
5.6
21.9
Ca abidae
(g ound
bee les)
5.6
10.9
Redu iidae
(assassin
bugs)
4.1
14.1
Muscoid
lies
2.5 6.3
Hyd ophilidae
(wa e
sca enge
bee les)
1.8
3.9
Dip e a
1.8
7.0
Insec s
(uniden i ied)
1.6
4.7
G yllidae
(c icke s)
1.6
4.7
Mi idae
(lea
bugs)
1.2
3.1
Ch ysomelidae
(lea
bee les)
1.1
3.1
Cu culionidae
(snou
bee les)
1.0
3.9
So
ma e ial
0.8
0.8
Di
0.8 0.8
Alleculidae
(comb-clawed
ba k
bee les)
0.8 0.8
Tipulidae
(c ane lies) 0.8
3.1
Nabidae
(nabid
bugs)
0.8 0.8
Fulgo idae
(lan e n lies)
0.8 0.8
Pen a omidae
(s inkbugs)
0.7
2.3
Lygaeidae
(chinch
bugs)
0.7
0.8
Bla idae,
Pa cobla a
( oaches)
0.6
0.8
Ichneumonidae
(ichneumon
lies)
0.6
4.7
Ch ysopidae
(lacewings)
0.5
1.6
Cbi onomidae
(midges)
0.5
0.8
T ichop e a
(caddis lies)
0.4
1.6
Vege a ion
0.4
2.3
An homyidae
(an homyid
lies)
0.2
0.8
Hymenop e a
0.2
1.6
Sy phidae
(ho e
lies)
0.2
0.8
Flesh
(baby
ba
o
placen a?)
0.2
0.8
Ch ysomelidae,
Diab o ica
undecimpunc a a
0.1
0.8
A aneae
(spide )
ace
0.8
Epheme idae
(may lies)
ace
0.8
D osophilidae
(pomace lies)
ace
0.8
100.3
p ominen .
Jackson
(1961)
hough
ha
ed
ba s
migh
eed
om
oliage,
o
e en
nea
he
g ound,
since
c icke s
(G yllus)
we e
ound
in
hei
s omachs.
REPRODUCTION.
We
ha e
been
unable
o
ob ain
de ini e
da a
ega ding
copula ion
in
Indiana
Lasiu us
bo ealis.
While
hun ing
o
obse ing
ed
ba s
a
dusk,
we
ha e
e-
quen ly
seen
one
ba
pu sue
ano he ;
se e al
o
hese
"chases"
ha e
esul ed
in
he
wo
ba s
making
ac ual
con ac
in
he
ai .
In
one
case
(9
Ap il),
he
ba s
came
in o
con ac
while
lying
30
ee
abo e
he
g ound,
ell
o-
ge he
un il abou
5
ee
om
he
g ound,
hen
sepa a ed.
We
ha e
no
way
o
knowing
he
sexes
o
he
ba s
in ol ed
o
i
hey
we e
ac ually
copula ing.
We
ha e
eco ded
chases
in Ap il
( wo),
June
( wo),
July
(eigh ),
Augus
(nine),
Sep embe
( ou ),
and
Oc obe
(one).
On
24
July
and
4
Sep embe ,
one
o
he
wo
Lasiu us
bo ealis
•
Red
Ba
195
pa icipa ing
in
a
chase
was
sho ;
in
each
case
i
was
a
male.
Two
o he s,
sho
as
hey
made
con ac
on
15
Augus ,
we e
bo h
males.
Thus,
one
wonde s
whe he
obse ed
chases
ha e
any hing
o
do
wi h
copula ion.
Thomas
W.
Hoeks a
wa ched
a
ed
ba
chase
ano he
on
12
Ap il;
he
ba s
came
oge he ,
hen
ell
o
he
su ace
o
a
oad,
whe e
Hoeks a
cap-
u ed
hem.
One
was
a
male,
he
o he
a
emale.
He
was
o
he
opinion
ha
hey
we e
copula ing.
On
5
Sep embe ,
Pe e
Phendle
caugh
wo
ed
ba s
ha
we e
lying
on
he
g ound
(e iden ly
igh ing);
bo h
we e
males,
one
o
which
es ed
posi i e
o
abies.
We
ha e
ound
ha
es is
size
in
ed
ba s
is
la ges
in
July,
Augus ,
and
Sep embe
(Whi ake
and
Mum o d,
1972c).
I
es is
size
can
be
aken
as
an
indica o
o
he
ma ing
season,
we
assume ha
mos
copula ion
akes
place
du ing
hese
mon hs.
Hamil on
(1943)
collec ed
emale
ed
ba s
wi h
spe m
in
hei
u e i
he
i s
week
o
Augus .
Mos
young
o
ed
ba s
a e
e iden ly
bo n
a ound
mid-June
in
Indiana,
bu
ac ual
da es
o
pa u i ion
a e
qui e
di icul
o
ob ain
om
noncap i e
indi iduals.
Females
nea
e m
may
abo
hei
young
p ema u ely
in
con inemen ,
so
one
should
be
cau ious
in
accep ing
pa u i ion
da es
o
cap i e
( e-
quen ly
inju ed)
g a id
emales.
We
ound
small
(1.8
mm
diame e )
emb yos
in
a
emale
collec ed
30
Ap il,
and
emb yos
as
la e
as
19
June
(10
mm
c own- ump
leng h).
Since
we
ha e
seen
emb yos
as
la ge
as
22
mm
c own-
ump
leng h,
he
emale
aken
19
June
was
no
a
e m.
The
32
g a id
ed
ba s
examined
each
con-
ained
om
2
o
5
emb yos.
The
a e age
numbe
o
young
pe
emale
was
3.2
and
he
mode
was
3.
A
summa y
o
he
numbe
o
emb yos
pe
emale
ollows:
2
young
(1
emale);
3
young
(24
emales);
4
young
(6
emales);
5
young
(1
emale).
We
ha e
eco ds
o
33
adul
emale
ed
ba s
(6
June-26
July)
wi h
a ached
young;
many
o
hese
we e
ound
on
he
g ound.
O
hese
emales,
14
had
4
young,
12
had
3,
6
had
2,
and
1
had
1.
I
was
su p ising
o
no e
ha
such
a
la ge
pe cen age
had
4
young
pe
li -
e ,
because
om
emb yo
coun s
3
young
pe
li e
was
he
mos
common.
Pe haps
he
ac
ha
a
emale
is
ca ying
4
young
makes
he
mo e
ulne able
o
s o ms
o
o he
dis u -
bances
ha
may
dislodge
he
om
he
oos
and
cause
he
o
all
o
he
g ound.
Placen al
sca s
we e
obse ed
in
19
emales.
Se en
o
hese
animals
exhibi ed
sca s
in
June
and
10
in
July;
none
was
ound
in
emales
aken
in
Augus .
One
indi idual
said
o
ha e
been
aken
on
3
May
had
placen-
al
sca s,
as
did
ano he
emale
supposedly
aken
on
18
Sep embe .
Bo h
o
hese
da es
seem
unusual,
in
ligh
o
he
o he
da a;
pe haps
he e
we e
e o s
in
he
da es;
bo h
emales
we e
among
ba s
ound
and
sen
o
he
Indiana
S a e
Boa d
o
Heal h.
Fi e
o he
adul
emales
collec ed
in
Sep embe
had
no
isible
placen al
sca s,
no
did
six
aken
in
Augus .
I
appea s
ha
placen al
sca s
do
no
pe sis
o
long
pe iods
a e
pa u i ion.
A
emale
ound
wi h
ou
a ached
young
a -
e aging
74
mm
in
o al
leng h
(1
July)
con-
ained
ou
ain
sca s.
Ano he
emale
aken
wi h
h ee
a ached
young
a e aging
75
mm
in
o al
leng h
on
20
June
had
a
leas
wo
e y
ain
sca s.
In
he
collec ion
o
Manches-
e
College
is
an
adul
emale
ed
ba
and
i e
small
young
o
equal
size
p ese ed
in
alco-
hol.
No
label
accompanies
he
specimens,
bu
i
is
possible
ha
hey
ep esen
a
emale
and
he
li e .
We
ha e
examined
emales
in
lac a ion
om
14
June
o
3
Augus ,
bu
no
doub
hese
da es
could
bo h
be
ex ended
wi h
mo e
da a.
GROWTH
OF
YOUNG.
The e
a e
e iden ly
ew
weigh
and
size
da a
o
newbo n
ed
ba s.
Ba bou
and
Da is
(1969)
lacked
in o -
ma ion
on
his
poin ,
and
Jackson
(1961)
mus
ha e
e ed
in
s a ing
ha
hey
weighed
only
0.5
g ams
each
a
bi h.
We
ha e
no
exam-
ined
known,
ull- e m,
newbo n
ed
ba s,
bu
om
a
ew
obse a ions
we
ha e
made
some
in e pola ions.
On
17
June
a
emale
wi h
wo
young,
s ill
ca ying
umbilical
co ds,
we e
ound
on
he
g ound.
Fo ea m
measu emen s
o
hese
young
we e
12
and
13
mm.
The
la ges
emb yos
we
ha e
examined
in
a
g a id
ed
ba
measu ed
22
mm
in
c own-
ump
leng h
and
had
o al
leng hs
o
44,
44,
and
41
mm.
Th ee
emb yos
measu ing
20
mm
each
in
c own- ump
leng h
had
o ea ms
o
10
mm
each.
We
eel
ha
hese
mus
ha e
been
nea
e m.
Ano he
emale
was
ound
on
he
g ound
wi h
3
a ached
young
on
20
June.
These
young
had
o ea ms
measu ing
24,
21,

196
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
and
20
mm
and
weighed
3.1,
2.9,
and
2.5
g ams
espec i ely.
This
amily
ep esen s
he
smalles
a ached
young
ha
we
ha e
da a
o
and
may
be
an
indica ion
o
he
size
o
young
a ,
o
sho ly
a e ,
pa u i ion.
The
la ges
young
we
ha e
ound
wi h
hei
mo he
was
on
26
July.
When
dis u bed,
wo
o
he
young
lew
away
and
he
o he
glided
o
he
g ound
and
was
cap u ed.
I
weighed
8.4
g ams,
was
85
mm
in
o al
leng h,
and
had
a
o ea m
leng h
o
38
mm.
Th ee
young
ound
wi h
a
emale
on
14
July
measu ed
79, 79,
and
81
mm
in
o al
leng h
and
weighed
6.4,
7.4,
and
7.6
g ams
espec-
i ely.
An
imma u e
male
sho
in
ligh
on
4
July
weighed
6.6
g ams,
was
81.5
mm
in
o al
leng h,
and
had
a
o ea m
o
36
mm.
Mo e
in-
o ma ion
is
needed
o
de e mine
a
wha
size
Lasiu us
bo ealis
young
become
indepen-
den ,
bu
he
animals
men ioned
he e
may
ha e
been
nea
his s age.
S omach
analyses
o
imma u es
p o ided
some
in e es ing
in o ma ion
(Whi ake
and
Mum o d,
1972c).
One
young
weighing
only
4.4
g ams
and
ha ing
a
o al
leng h
o
64
mm
had
60
pe cen
chi onomid
and
40
pe cen
coleop e a
emains
in
he
s omach,
bu
no
milk.
All
o
he
29
o he
imma u es
ound
wi hou
accompanying
emales
and
wi h
o al
leng hs
o
less
han
80
mm
and
ha ing
ood
in
hei
s omachs
con ained
milk.
Bu
2
o
hem
( o ea ms
27
and
31
mm)
also
con ained
pa s
o
an s
and
o he
insec s.
Two
lone
im-
ma u es,
collec ed
28
July
and
11
Augus ,
con ained
only
insec
emains
and
hus
we e
e iden ly
independen .
They
had
o al
leng hs
o
85
and
86
mm
and
o ea ms
o
36
and 39
mm
espec i ely.
One
young,
measu -
ing
91
mm
in
o al
leng h
and
wi h
a
38-mm
o ea m,
had
milk
in
i s
s omach
and
in es-
ines.
This
indica es
ha
some
young,
hough
able
o
eed
on
insec s,
con inue
o
nu se,
and
some
become
qui e
la ge
be o e
hey
a e
o
milk.
PARASITES
AND
DISEASES.
The e
is
ela-
i ely
li le
in o ma ion
on
ex e nal
pa asi es.
Tip on
and
Boese
(1958)
desc ibed
S ea onyssus
u mani
om
a
ed
ba
aken
in
Je e son
Coun y.
A
epo
o
S ea onyssus
occiden alis
on
L.
bo ealis
by
Whi ake
and
Wilson
(1968) was
in
e o ;
he
wo
indi id-
uals
ound
we e
ju enile
S.
u mani.
Two
la al
specimens
o
he
ick
De macen o
a iabilis
we e
aken
om
a
ed
ba
in
Tip-
pecanoe Coun y
(Wilson,
1961).
Whi ake
(1973)
epo ed
on
he
ec opa asi es
o
234
Indiana
ed
ba s.
O
he
wo
species
o
pa a-
si es
ound,
59
we e
mac onyssid
mi es
(S ea onyssus
u mani)
and
13
we e
a
new
species
o
myobiid
mi e
(Acan hop hi ius
lasiu us) ecen ly
desc ibed
by
Fain
and
Whi ake
(1976).
Pa icula ly
la ge
numbe s
o
ema odes
and
a
ew
ces odes
we e
ound
in
he
in es-
ines
o
Indiana
ed
ba s.
None
o
hese
in e nal
pa asi es
has
been
iden i ied.
Rabies
was
diagnosed
in a
ed
ba
om
Tippecanoe
Coun y
in
Sep embe
1960,
and
24
o
338
Indiana
ed
ba s
examined
o
abies
by
Whi ake
and
Mille
(1974)
es ed
posi i e.
In
his
s udy
he
ed
ba
anked
hi d
in
incidence
o
abies,
ollowing
he
hoa y
ba
and
he
pipis elle,
bo h
o
which
we e
ep esen ed
by
small
numbe s.
DECIMATING
FACTORS.
Se e al
au ho s
ha e
epo ed
he
a acks
o
blue
jays
on
ed
ba s
(S ecke ,
1924;
McClu e,
1942;
Allan,
1947;
Elwell,
1962;
Ho meis e
and
Downes,
1964;
Mum o d,
1973).
This
ype
o
p eda ion
migh
be
o
signi ican
impo ance
in
he
ex ensi e
a ea
whe e
he
summe
anges
o
he
ed
ba
and
he
blue
jay
o e lap.
E iden ly
he
jay
disco e s
oos ing
ed
ba s
while
i
is
o aging
among
ee
oliage.
O he
a ian
enemies
o
ed
ba s
a e
known,
includ-
ing
hawks
and
owls.
Mum o d
ound
he
skull
o
a
L.
bo ealis
in
he
pelle
o
an
un-
iden i ied
owl
om
Jackson
Coun y.
Wo ke s
a
he
Jaspe -Pulaski
Fish
and
Wildli e
A ea
wa ched
cap i e
ing-necked
pheasan s
pu -
sue
and
kill
a
ed
ba
ha
go
inside
he
pheasan
pen.
Au omobiles
kill
some
o aging
animals;
we
ha e
eigh
eco ds
o
ed
ba s
ound
ei he
dead
on
oads
o
on
he
adia o s
o
on
ends
o
ca s.
Va ious
acciden s
ha e
be-
allen
o he
indi iduals.
One
was
ound
ali e
in
a
swimming
pool,
he
sides
o
which
we e
e iden ly
oo
high
and
oo
smoo h
o
he
ba
o
climb
ou .
Ano he
was
ound
caugh
on
a
ence.
Se e al
ha e
been
ound
in
insec
ligh
aps
(Wilson,
1965),
o
which
hey
may
ha e
been
a ac ed
by
he
insec s
o
by
he
sound
p oduced
by
ce ain
ypes
o
aps
("black"
ligh s).
One
was
ound,
dead,
im-
Lasiu us
cine eus
•
Hoa y
Ba
197
paled
on
he
ipe
seed
head
o
a
bu dock
plan
(A c ium
minus).
A
leas
nine
ed
ba s
ha e
been
ound
dead
along
he
beach
a
he
sou h
end
o
Lake
Michigan;
ou
o
hese
we e
ound
by
Raymond
G ow
in
mid-
Sep embe .
The
implica ion
is
ha
hese
we e
mig an s
caugh
o e
he
lake
by
ad-
e se
wea he
condi ions
and
o ced
in o
he
wa e .
TAXONOMY.
Lasiu us
bo ealis
bo ealis
(Mulle )
is
he subspecies
in
Indiana.
SELECTED
REFERENCES.
Ba bou
and
Da is,
1969;
Cons an ine,
1966; Da is
and
Lidicke ,
1956; Kunz,
1968;
McClu e,
1942;
Mum o d,
1973;
Whi ake ,
1972b,
1973.
Hoa y
Ba
Lasiu us
cine eus
(Paliso
de
Beau ois)
Vespe ilio
p uinosis:
Plumme ,
1844
A alpha
cine eus:
Langdon,
1881b
A alaphacine ea:
E e mann
and
Bu le ,
1894b
Lasi u us
cine us:
Engels,
1933
Lasiu us
cine eus:
McA ee,
1907
DESCRIPTION.
Lasiu us
cine eus
is
a
la ge,
g ayish
ba
wi h
sho ,
b oad,
ounded
ea s
bea ing
black
bo de s.
I
is
he
la ges
species
o
ba
in
Indiana.
The
whi ish
ips
o
he
body
hai s
gi e
he
ba
he
appea ance
o
being
co e ed
widi
hoa os ,
hence
i s
com-
mon ( e nacula )
name.
The
do sal
su ace
o
he
in e emo al
memb ane
is
comple ely
u ed.
The
h oa
is
yellowish,
and
he e
is
a
small,
i egula
yellowish
spo
a
he
base
o
each
humb.
Imma u es
a e
somewha
pale
in
colo
han
adul s.
Indi idual
hai s
on
he
back
o en
ha e
ou
bands
o
colo —a
black-
ish
base,
hen
yellowish,
ollowed
by
black-
ish
o
b own
nea
he
whi ish
ip.
Males
and
emales
a e
colo ed
alike,
in
con as
o
he
sexually
dimo phic
colo a ion
o
Lasiu us
bo ealis.
The
skull
o
L. cine eus
is
squa ish
and
simila
o
ha
o
L.
bo ealis,
bu
la ge .
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
a e
shown
in
Table
66.
An
imma u e
male
aken
20
July
weighed
18.4
g ams
and
had
ligh
a .
An
adul
emale
aken
on
9
Augus
and
an
im-
aged
male
collec ed
28
Augus
we e
bo h
e y
a ,
weighing
33.6
and
21.0
g ams
e-
spec i ely.
The
den al
o mula
is
I
—C
—
P—M—
=
32.
3
12
3
STATUS
AND
DISTRIBUTION.
The
hoa y
ba
no
doub
occu s
h oughou
Indiana,
bu
is
Hoa y
ba .
Pho o
by
B uce
J.
Haywa d
p obably
uncommon.
Specimens
a e
now
in
museums
om
27
coun ies
(Map
24).
Reli-
able
sigh
eco ds
o
epo s
o
los
and
dis-
ca ded
specimens
a e
a
hand
om
addi ional
coun ies.
Findley
and
Jones
(1964)
sum-
ma ized
he
seasonal
dis ibu ion
o
he
hoa y
ba
h oughou
i s
con iguous
ange,
and
Mum o d
(1969b)
supplemen ed
hei
da a
o
Indiana.
O
83
eco ds
o
occu ence
in
he
s a e
o
which
he
mon h
is
known,
52
a e
o
he
mon hs
o
June
(29)
and
July
(23).
Mos
da es
all
be ween
12
Ap il
and
5
Oc o-
be ;
he
majo i y
o
hese a e
o
May
o
Au-
gus ,
e iden ly
he
pe iod
when
hoa y
ba s
a e
mos
abundan
in
Indiana.
The e
a e
198
0 de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
Table
66
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
o
Lasiu us
cine eus
om
Indiana
Males
Females
To al
leng h
(mm)
n
20
41
X
124.0
134.8
ange
110-138
102-152
SD
8.7
9.6
SE
1.9
1.5
Tail
leng h
(mm)
n
19
39
X
52.8
56.5
ange
44-64
49-65
SD
5.4
5.0
SE
1.2
0.8
Hind
oo
(mm)
n
19
41
X
10.2
10.6
ange
8-14
6.0-13.5
SD
1.5
1.9
SE
0.3
0.3
Fo ea m
(mm)
n
16
35
X
52.2
54.9
ange
47-57
42-59
SD
2.4
3.4
SE
0.6
0.6
T agus
(mm)
n
14
37
X
7.8
7.9
ange
5-10
5-11
SD
1.5
1.7
SE
0.4
0.3
Weigh
(g ams)
n
10
27
X
18.1
28.5
ange
14.0-28.2 18.0-38.3
SD
4.1
6.1
SE
1.3
1.2
single
eco ds
o
20-29
Oc obe
(Allen
Coun y),
21
No embe
and
18
Decembe
(bo h
Tippecanoe
Coun y),
and
31
Janua y
(Vigo
Coun y).
The e
is
a
good
possibili y
ha
some indi iduals
a e
p esen
in
win e .
Since
he
species
is
p esumed
o
be
highly
mig a o y,
conside able
mo emen s
mus
ake
place
ac oss
he
s a e
in
sp ing
and
all,
bu
we
ha e
li le
indica ion
o
he
numbe s
o
animals
in ol ed.
B eeding
occu s
h oughou
Indiana,
al hough
we
ha e
ela-
i ely
ew ac ual
eco ds
o
emales
wi h
a -
ached
young.
Map
24.
The
Hoa y
Ba ,
Lasiu us
cine eus,
in
Indiana
Since
Lasiu us
cine eus
is
a
ee-inhabi ing
ba ,
accu a e
censusing
is
i ually
impossi-
ble.
A
imes,
se e al
may
be
seen
o aging
oge he
o
coming
o
wa e ing
a eas.
On
he
e ening
o
29
May
1948,
a
leas
h ee
we e
eeding
oge he
along
he
bo de
o
a
wood-
lo
(Tippecanoe
Coun y);
wo
o
hem
we e
sho
and
bo h
we e
emales.
Thomas
W.
Hoeks a
and
J.
Sco
G undy
sho
i e
hoa y
ba s
a
dusk
on
27
June
1962,
as
he
ba s
lew
o e
a
small
pond
nea
Muns e
(Lake
Coun y);
ou
we e
emales
and
one
a
male.
Ba s
we e
nume ous
he e
ha
e ening,
bu
all
appea ed
o
be
he
same
species,
acco d-
ing
o
Hoeks a.
James
B.
Cope and
his
s u-
den s
ne ed
h ee
hoa y
ba s
he
nigh
o
12
July
1962,
nea
Richmond
(Wayne
Coun y).
HABITAT.
The
hoa y
ba
is
conside ed
o
be
essen ially
a
ee-inhabi ing
ba ,
oos ing
by
day
among
he
oliage.
I
appea s
o
show
a
de ini e
endency
o
oos
in
a eas
whe e
ees
a e
sca e ed and
ha e
openings below
hei
c owns.
Such
known
oos ing
si es
in
Indiana
include
a
pas u e,
esiden ial
a eas,
a
Lasiu us
cine eus
•
Hoa y
Ba
199
wooded
lake
sho e,
a
wooded
campus,
and
an
open
s and
o
mixed
woodland,
b ush,
and
old
ields.
Two
indi iduals
we e
aken
in
buildings;
ano he
was
ound
clinging
o
he
side
o
a
building.
The e
a e
a
ew
eco ds
o
skulls
and
o he
emains
o
hoa y
ba s
in
In-
diana
ca es
(Hahn,
1907b;
Mum o d,
1953b),
bu
nei he
a
li e
no
an
in ac
animal
has
been
disco e ed
in
ca e ns
in
his
s a e.
I
would
be
in e es ing
o
know
a
wha
seasons
and
unde
wha
condi ions
hoa y
ba s
en e
ca es.
Mos
Indiana
specimens
o
L.
cine eus
ha e
been
sho
o
ne ed
abou
woodlo
bo -
de s,
along small
s eams
h ough
pas u e
o
c opland,
o
o e
ponds
(mos ly
in
unwooded
a eas).
Eigh
emales
we e
sho
a
La aye e
a ound
he
bo de s
o
a
pas u ed,
deciduous
woodlo
su ounded
on
h ee
sides
by
pas u e
and
on
he
ou h
by
a
cul i a ed
ield.
Judging
by
he
equency
wi h
which
hoa y
ba s
a e
submi ed
o
he
Indiana
S a e
Boa d
o
Heal h,
esiden ial
a eas
may
be
used
by
his
species
o
a
conside able
ex en .
ASSOCIATED
SPECIES.
O he
ba s
sho
along
wi h
hoa y
ba s
a
dusk
include
big
b own
ba s,
Indiana
myo is,
pipis elles,
sil e -hai ed
ba s,
ed
ba s,
and
e ening
ba s.
Red
ba s
a e
a
common
associa e
in
Indiana,
possibly
indica ing
ha
bo h
species
o
Lasiu us
ind
ce ain
habi a s
o
hei
liking.
A
man
ea ing
down
a
small
building
on
his
esiden ial
lawn
(La aye e)
on
21
No embe
ound
a
hoa y
ba
and
h ee
smalle
ba s
in
he
building.
He
des oyed
he
smalle
ba s
be o e
gi ing
he
L.
cine eus
o
Mum o d.
HABITS.
The
hoa y
ba
is
p ima ily
a
soli-
a y
species,
excep
a
a o ed
eeding
and
d inking
a eas,
whe e
h ee
o
mo e
may
be
seen
oge he .
Family
g oups
consis ing
o
a
emale
and
he
wo
young
a e
also
en-
coun e ed.
I
appea s
o
us
ha
he
hoa y
ba
eme ges
o
o age
a
bi
la e
on
he
a e age
han
does
he
ed
ba ,
al hough
some
hoa y
ba s
ha e
been
obse ed
in
he
e ening
when
i
was
s ill
ela i ely
b igh .
Many
o
he
indi iduals
ha
ha e
been
no ed
ea ly
in
he
e ening
we e
lying
qui e
high
(o en
ou
o
sho gun ange).
Some
o
hese
passed
o e head
in
a he
s aigh
ligh
and
may
ha e
been
animals
mo ing
om
hei
day-
ime
oos s
o
eeding
o
d inking
a eas
some
dis ance
away.
As
dusk
deepens,
he
ba s
seem
o
o age
nea e
he
g ound.
This
may
pa ially
explain
why
ewe
hoa y
ba s
ha e
been
collec ed
by
shoo ing.
The
ligh
o
he
hoa y
ba
is
usually
s ong,
as ,
and
di ec .
The
wingbea s
seem
egula ,
a he
delibe a e,
and
somewha
bi dlike.
Amazingly
e a ic
ligh
may
be
exhibi ed
by
o aging
indi iduals,
especially
on
windy
e enings.
On
calm
e enings,
hoa y
ba s
ha e
been
wa ched
lazily
ci cling
abou
200
ee
in
he
ai
o
pe iods
o
up
o
wel e
minu es.
One
wa ched
(and
la e
sho )
on
a
windy
e ening
seemed
o
eed
mos ly
in o
he
wind,
hen
i
climbed
sligh ly
and
"hung"
mo ion-
less
o
a
ew
momen s,
be o e
going
in o
a
downwa d
glide
on
se
wings.
We
hink
ha
L.
cine eus
glides
mo e
han
do
o he
Indiana
species
o
ba s
when
eeding.
The
size
o
he
o aging
a ea
has
no
been
p ecisely
de e mined,
bu
ou
imp ession
is
ha
an
indi idual
ba
anges
a he
widely.
On
one
occasion,
howe e ,
a
single
hoa y
ba
was
kep
unde
obse a ion
o
en
minu es,
as
i
ed
nea
he
g ound
and
o e
an
a ea
p obably
no
mo e
han
50
ee
in
diame e .
As
many
as
h ee
hoa y
ba s
ha e
been
no iced eeding
oge he
( wo
o
hem
we e
collec ed)
abou
he
bo de
o
a
woodlo ;
he
ba s
ed
mos ly
om
12
o
25
ee
om
he
g ound
and
oughly
15
ya ds
om
he
edge
o
he
woods,
o e
he
edge
o
a
pas u e.
On
six
e enings
om
14
June
o
12
July,
a
hoa y
ba
(p esumably
he
same
each
nigh )
le
i s
day ime
oos
(no
disco e ed)
in
a
la ge
ee
in
a
esiden ial
a ea
be ween
8:16
and
8:35.
I s
beha io
was
abou
he
same
each
e ening;
i
appea ed
o
eme ge
om
an
a ea
abou
40
ee
abo e
he
g ound,
ci cle
b ie ly,
hen
ly
di ec ly
away
un il
ou
o
sigh .
The
ba
appea ed
each
e ening
a
abou
he
same
ime
a e
sundown.
Only
a
ew
hoa y
ba s
ha e
been
ound
in
hei
day
oos s;
ou
oos
si es
we e
in
ees.
On
15
June
an
adul
emale
wi h
wo
a -
ached
young
was
hanging
25
ee
om
he
g ound
in
a
ho nless
honey
locus .
A
male
was
cap u ed
in
a
honey
locus
a
an
unspec-
i ied
heigh
abo e
he
g ound
on
29 Augus .
On 26
Sep embe ,
F ed
Mille
ound
one
hanging
6
ee
om
he
g ound
on
a
g een
ui
o
a
black
walnu
ee
in
a
pas u e.
The
ba
hung
in
ull
sunligh .
A
emale
was
caugh
in
an
uniden i ied
ee
on
6
May
and
a
emale
wi h
wo
young
was
oos ing
in
a
box
elde
ee
on
14
June.
A
male
was
cap u ed
in
a
small
building
on
21
No embe ;
i
hung
200
0 de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
wi h
h ee
smalle
ba s
(which
we
we e
un-
able
o
ob ain
o
examina ion).
Ano he
male
was
ound
clinging
o
he
side
o
a
b ick
building
on
31
Janua y
(Whi ake ,
1967b).
An
adul
emale
was
cap u ed
while
clinging
o
he
oo
inside
a
ing-necked
pheasan
pen
cons uc ed
o
poul y
ne ing
suppo ed
by
poles.
When
he
ba Mille
ound
was
s oked
wi h
a
inge ,
i
snapped
i s
jaws
and
ga e
he
usual
chi e ing
noise
cha ac e is ic
o
agi-
a ed
hoa y
ba s.
Mos
obse a ions
and
collec ions
o
hoa y
ba s
ha e
been
made
a
dusk.
The
ac i i y
pa e ns
o
he
species
a e
la gely
unknown.
An
adul
emale
was
ne ed
a
12:20
A.M.
on
29
July.
Adul
male
hoa y
ba s
a e
e iden ly
qui e
a e
in
Indiana.
One
was
aken
31
May
in
Jennings
Coun y.
Males
collec ed
21
No embe
(Tippecanoe
Coun y)
and
31
Jan-
ua y
(Vigo
Coun y)
could
no
be
de ini ely
aged
as
young
o
he
yea
o
ully
adul .
In
con as ,
we
ha e
some
40
eco ds
o
adul
emales
om
he
s a e.
We
ha e
abou
40
ad-
di ional
eco ds
o
hoa y
ba s
collec ed
in
Indiana
om
July
o
No embe ,
bu
accu a e
age
da a
a e
no
a ailable
o
mos
o
hem.
Li le
is
known
abou
he
win e
habi s
o
his
species,
bu
mos
au ho s
indica e
ha
hoa y
ba s
mig a e
sou h
o
spend
he
win e .
The
e idence
o
his
is
somewha
scan y
and
no
based
on
eco e ies
o
ma ked
animals.
FOOD.
We
ha e
accumula ed
ela i ely
li le
in o ma ion
ega ding
he
ood
o
Lasiu us
cine eus
in
Indiana.
Th ee
speci-
mens
had
insec s
in
hei
s omachs.
Two
con-
ained
100
pe cen
Lepidop e a
and
he
hi d
con ained
65 pe cen
Lepidop e a,
25
pe cen
Ch ysomelidae,
and
10
pe cen
muscoid
lies.
One
indi idual
aken
in
July
had
only
ege-
a ion
in
i s
s omach.
De ails
o
collec ion
we e
no
a ailable,
bu
ege a ion
is
p obably
no
a
no mal
ood.
Possibly
he
ba
had
been
hu
and
con ined
o
he
g ound,
whe e
i
consumed
plan
ma e ial
as
an
eme gency
ood.
A
hoa y
ba
aken
31
Janua y
(Vigo
Coun y)
a e
a
wa m
pe iod
o
ou
o
i e
days, had
a
"plug"
o
well
diges ed
g ass
s ems
in
he
pos e io
end
o
he
in es ine.
This
ma e ial
appea ed
o
ha e
been
he e
o
a
conside able
pe iod.
F esh
g ass
s ems
and
some
shed
snake
skin
we e
in
he
s omach
(Whi ake ,
1967b).
Ross
(1967)
examined
he
diges i e
ac s
o
139
hoa y
ba s
om
New
Mexico.
O
hese,
136
con ained
Lepidop e a (Phalaenidae,
Geome idae,
Gelechiidae)
in
numbe s
up
o
25
pe
ba .
O he
insec s
p esen
we e
Fo -
micidae
(78
indi iduals),
Ac ididae
(1),
Isop e a
(7),
Ch ysopidae
(1),
Coleop e a
(9),
Sca abaeidae
(4),
Ch ysomelidae
(2),
and
Ce ambycidae
(1).
Poole
(1932)
ound
a
pen-
a omid
and
a
culicid
in a
s omach
o
L.
cine eus
om
Pennsyl ania.
Bishop
(194/)
ound
a
hoa y
ba
eeding
on
Pipis ellus
sub la us
in
New
Yo k,
and
O
(1950)
ob-
se ed
one
pu suing
a
small
ba
in
Cali o nia.
Low
numbe s
o
coleop e ans
ha e
been
ound
in
s omachs
o
his
species,
and
B isbin
(1966)
epo ed
L.
cine eus
as
eluc an
o
ake
bee les.
O e all,
his
species
is
p ima ily
a
mo h
eede .
REPRODUCTION.
Each
o
ele en
g a id
hoa y
ba s
collec ed
in
Indiana
om
5
May
o
8
June
con ained
wo
emb yos.
Pa u i ion
e iden ly
occu s
mos ly
in
la e
May
and
ea ly
June.
A
emale
cap u ed
on
28
May
(Vigo
Coun y)
ga e
bi h
(pe haps
p ema u ely)
o
wo
young
he
same
day.
Th ee
adul
emales
wi h
a ached
young
ha e
been
eco ded
on
14
June
(Wayne
Coun y),
15
June
(Tip-
pecanoe
Coun y),
and
19
June
(Vigo
Coun y).
Two
pa ially
g own
young
we e
ob ained
(wi hou
a
emale)
on
12
June
(Clay
Coun y)
and
a
small
young
was
collec ed
on
30
June
(Wayne
Coun y).
Fou
lae a ing
emales
we e
collec ed
be ween
28
May
and
14
July.
A
emale
aken
5
May
con ained
emb yos
only
6
mm
in
c own- ump
leng h.
The
la ges
emb yos
examined
by
us
(1
June)
had
o ea m
leng hs
o
16.5
mm
each and
we e
p obably
nea
e m.
These
wo
young
weighed
3.9
and
4.0
g ams.
Two
young
bo n
o
a
cap i e
emale
on
28
May
had
o ea m
leng hs
o
15
and
17
mm
and
o al
leng hs
o
55
and
57
mm
espec i ely.
Two
emb yos,
each
wi h
16-mm
o ea ms,
examined
29
May,
weighed 3.3
and
3.5
g ams,
while
wo
o he s
on
3
June
had
15-mm
o ea ms
and
weighed
3.1
g ams
each.
F om
hese
da a,
i
appea s
ha
newbo n
hoa y
ba s
ha e
o ea ms
o
abou
16
mm,
o al
leng hs
o
om
55
o
57
mm,
and
weigh s
o
abou
3.5
o
4.0
g ams.
Ou
measu emen s
a e
nea ly
iden ical
wi h
hose
o
Bogan
(1972),
al-
hough
he
p esen ed
no
weigh s
o
newbo n
young.
Ba bou
and
Da is
(1969)
s a ed
ha
Lasiu us
cine eus
•
Hoa y
Ba
201
Table
67
Ex e nal
pa asi es
o
se e al
species
o
ba s
om
Indiana,
lis ed
by
hos ,
in
o de
o
dec easing
abundance
Pa asi es
Hos s
pa asi ized
Species
examined
To al
A e age
To al
Pe cen
Sou heas e n
Myo is
5
Mi es
(Aca ina)
o he
han
chigge s
60.0
Olabidoca pus
whi ake i
52 10.40
3
60.0
Chigge
mi es
(T ombiculidae)
20.0
Euschoengas ia
pipis elli
1
0.20
1
20.0
Indiana
Myo is
43
Mi es
(Aca ina)
o he
han
chigge s
32.6
Mac onyssus
c osbyi
70
1.63
14
32.6
Pa aspin u nix
globosus
6
0.14
4
9.3
Acan hoph hi ius
luci ugus
2
0.05
1
2.3
Sil e -hai ed
Ba
8
Ba bugs
(Cimicidae)
12.5
Cimex
adjunc us
1
0.13
1
12.5
Mi es
(Aca ina)
o he
han
chigge s
62.5
Mac onyssus
mac odac ylus
19
2.38
5
62.5
Acan hoph hi ius
sp.
1
0.13
1
12.5
Eas e n
Pipis elle
56
Chigge
Mi es
(T ombiculidae)
23.2
Euschoengas ia pipis elli
54
0.96
13
23.2
E ening
Ba
12
Mi es
(Aca ina)
o he
han
chigge s
41.7
S ea onyssus
ce a ogna hus
12
1.00
5
41.7
Red
Ba
234
Mi es
(Aca ina)
o he
han
chigge s
11.1
S ea onyssus
u mani
59
0.25
26
11.1
Acan hoph hi ius
lasiu us
13
0.06
7
3.0
Hoa y
Ba
25
Mi es
(Aca ina)
o he
han
chigge s
8.0
P e aca us
comple us
2
0.08
2
8.0
Acan hoph hi ius
lasiu us?
13
0.52
1
4.0
newbo n
young
ha e
o ea m
leng hs
o
18
o
19
mm.
We
ha e
ew
da a
on
g ow h
a es
o
young
hoa y
ba s
om
Indiana.
Rela i ely
ew
young
ha e
been
examined and
all
kep
in
con inemen
died
wi hin
se en
o
eigh
days,
hus
weigh
and
measu emen
da a
o
hem
a e
p obably
no
meaning ul.
An
imma u e
emale
was
sho
in
ligh
on
18
July;
i
had
a
o ea m
leng h
o
53
mm
and
a
o al
leng h
o
114
mm.
I
was
lying
slowly
and
s eadily
in
a
s aigh
line,
wi h
a he
delibe a e
wingbea s.
I
exhibi ed none
o
he
d i ing,
e a ic
ligh
cha ac e is ics
o
adul s
and
p obably
had
no
been
independen
e y
long.
A
young
male,
sho
in
ligh
on
19
July,
had
a
53-mm
o ea m
and
was
135
mm
in
o al
leng h.
An
imma u e
male
collec ed
6
July
weighed
17
g ams,
had
a
o ea m
o
51
mm
and
a
o al
leng h
o
124
mm;
he
speci-
men
label
does
no
indica e
whe he
his
animal
was
capable
o
ligh .
Da a
o
adul
males
a e
lacking.
Tes is size
was
no
eco ded
o
he
only
adul
male
we
examined.
A
male
aken
31
Janua y
had
es es
2.4
mm
long.
Tes is
leng hs
o
nine
subadul s
a ied
om
3
o
6
mm
and
a e -
aged
4.1
mm.
PARASITES
AND
DISEASES.
Whi ake
(1973)
examined
25
Indiana
hoa y
ba
specimens,
bu
he
only
ex e nal
pa asi es
ound
we e
13
uniden i ied
indi iduals
o
Acan hop hi ius
and
2
o he
myobiid
mi es
o iginally
lis ed
as
P e aca us
chalinobus
bu
now
eiden i ied
as
P e aca us
comple us.
Table
6/
sum-
ma izes
da a
on
ex e nal
pa asi es
om
se -
e al
species
o
ba s
in
Indiana.
202
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
Nixon
A.
Wilson
ound
he
ces ode
Cyclo-
sk jabinia
abo ensis
in
a
hoa y
ba
om
In-
diana
(S unka d,
1962).
Whi ake
and
Mille
(1974)
ound
10
o
51
Indiana
hoa y
ba s
posi i e
o
abies.
DECIMATING
FACTORS.
One
hoa y
ba
specimen
ob ained
had
lown
in o
a
guy
wi e.
Boys
wi h
a
BB
gun
sho
a
emale
ca ying
wo
young
om
he
day ime
oos
in
a
ee.
Ano he
amily
was
ound
on
he
g ound
a e
he
wind
blew
i s
oos
ee
down.
McA ee
eco ded
a
emale
and
wo
la ge
young
ha
we e
chased
om
hei
day ime
oos
in
a
ee
by
a
obin.
On
18
Decembe
1976,
he
wings
and
mos
o
he
skin
o
a
hoa y
ba
we e
ound
benea h
some
pines
being
used
as
a
oos ing
si e
by
long-ea ed
owls
(Tip-
pecanoe
Coun y).
The
ba
emains
we e
qui e
esh,
and
ci cums an ial
e idence
sugges s
he
owls
cap u ed
he
ba .
TAXONOMY.
The
subspecies
in
Indiana
is
Lasiu us
cine eus
cine eus
(Beau ois).
SELECTED
REFERENCES.
Ba bou
and
Da is,
1969;
Poole,
1932;
P o os
and
Ki kpa ick,
1952;
Mum o d,
1969b:
Whi ake ,
1967b.
Ra inesque's
Big-ea ed
Ba
Pleco us
a inesquii
Lesson
Big-ea ed
Ba
Co yno hinus
mac o is:
Bu le ,
1895
Co yno hinus
megalo is:
Allen,
1916
Co yno hinus
a inesquii:
Mille ,
1924
Co yno hinus
ownsendii:
Hall
and
Kelson,
1959
(p obably)
Pleco us
a inesquii:
Handley,
1959
DESCRIPTION.
This
medium
sized
ba
is
b ownish
abo e,
whi ish
below,
and
has
ex-
emely
long
ea s
(mo e
han
one
inch
long)
unlike
hose
o
any
o he
species
o
ba
in
Indiana.
The
hai s
on
he
do sum
a e
da k
b own
o
blackish
on
he
basal
wo- hi ds,
hen
pale
eddish
o
yellowish
b own
on
he
dis al
one- hi d.
The
en al
hai s
a e
black
o
blackish
a
hei
bases,
wi h
whi e
o
whi ish
ips.
The
h oa
and
chin
may
be
abou
he
colo
o
he
back
in
some
indi id-
uals.
As
he
pelage
becomes
wo n,
he
o e all
colo
o
he
do sum
becomes
da ke .
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
a e
shown
in
Table
68.
The
den al
o mula
is
I
—C
—
P—M
—
=
36.
3
13
3
STATUS
AND
DISTRIBUTION.
PleCO US
a inesquii
is
a e
in
Indiana
and
seemingly
es ic ed
o
he
sou h-cen al
po ion
o
he
s a e.
Mos
o
ou
eco ds
a e
om
Law ence
and
Washing on
coun ies
(Map
25);
h ee
a e
om
wo
small
ca es
abou
2
miles
no heas
o
Sal illo
and
eigh
a e
om
he
ca es
on
Sp ing
Mill
S a e
Pa k,
eas
o
Mi chell.
The
las
obse a ion
known
o
us
om
Sp ing
Mill
was
made
in
No embe
1907.
Two
indi idu-
als
o
Pleco us
(p esumably
his
species)
we e
seen
and
one
collec ed
nea
G een-
cas le
(Pu nam
Coun y)
on
26
Decembe
1894.
A
big-ea ed
ba
was
collec ed
(Ohio
S a e
Museum
1741)
om
a
small
ca e
nea
Kossu h
(Washing on
Coun y)
on
25
Oc obe
1955;
ano he
was
cap u ed
in
a
ca e
nea
Smedley
(Washing on
Coun y)
on
21
Decem-
be
1962.
The
p esence
o
a
Pleco us
a inesquii
a
Wes
La aye e
(Tippecanoe
Coun y)
on
13
Decembe
1959
was
a
su -
p ise;
his
specimen
ep esen s
he
no he n-mos
known
eco d
o
his
species
in
he
Uni ed
S a es
(Wilson,
1960).
HABITAT.
All
eco ds
excep
one
o
Pleco us
a inesquii
o
Indiana
a e
om
ca es;
a
single
specimen
was
aken
om
a
long,
conc e e
cul e .
The
ca es
whe e
he
big-ea ed
ba
has
been
ound
in
Law ence
and
Washing on
coun ies a e
loca ed
in
a eas
o
deciduous
woodlands.
The
Sp ing
Mill
S a e
Pa k
ca es
whe e
Wal e
L.
Hahn
made
his
obse a ions
o
his
species
a e
loca ed
in
a solid,
nea - i gin
ac
o
la ge
ees.
The
Washing on
Coun y
si es
a e
no
so
ex en-
si ely
wooded,
bu
ha e
cul i a ed
and
wooded
a eas in e mixed.
We
do
no
know
wha
he
appea ance
o
he
Pu nam
Coun y-
si e
was
in
1894,
when
Pleco us
was
ound
Pleco us
a inesquii
•
Ra inesque's
Big-ea ed
Ba
203
Ra inesque's
big-ea ed
ba .
Pho o
by
Philip
C.
Shel on
he e,
bu
oday
i
is
spa sely
wooded
and
mos ly
cul i a ed
land.
The
cul e
men-
ioned
abo e
is
loca ed
benea h
a
well-
imbe ed
slope
nea
he
Wabash
Ri e ;
his
o es ed
a ea
has
p obably
been
ela i ely
undis u bed
o
many
yea s.
I
would
appea ,
hen,
ha
P.
a inesquii
is
a
o es -inhabi ing
ba .
In
o he
pa s
o
i s
ange
i
has e-
quen ly
been
ound
in
buildings.
Some
o
he
ca es
housing
big-ea ed
ba s
in
Indiana
ha e
a
s eam
lowing
h oughou
hei
leng h,
bu
some
a e
wi hou
s eams.
The
cul e
whe e
a
big-ea ed
ba
was
col-
lec ed
equen ly
has
he
loo
co e ed
wi h
wa e ,
as
i
was
he
day
he
specimen
was
aken
he e.
ASSOCIATED
SPECIES.
The
ca es
a
Sp ing
Mill
we e
also
used
by
li le
b own
myo is,
Keen's
myo is,
Indiana
myo is,
sou heas e n
myo is,
g ay
myo is,
pipis elles,
and
big
b own
ba s
when
Hahn
made
his
obse a-
ions
he e
on
he
big-ea ed
ba .
The
Pleco us
a inesquii
ound
nea
Kossu h
on
25
Oc obe
1953
was
he
only
ba
no ed
in
he
ca e.
Two
big-ea ed
ba s
cap u ed
on
28
Decembe
1954
sha ed
he
ca e
wi h
six
pipis elles
and
one
li le
b own
myo is.
Big
b own
ba s
also
used
he
cul e whe e
a
Pleco us
was
aken
a
Wes
La aye e;
his
big-ea ed
ba
ep e-
sen s
he
only
o he
species
o
ba
obse ed
in
his
cul e
du ing
pe iodic
checks
be-
ween
Decembe
1946
and
he
win e
o
1972-73.
Table
68
Weigh s
and
measu emen s
o
Pleco us
a inesquii
om
Indiana
Cha ac e
n
x
Range
SD
SE
To al
leng h
(mm)
6
96.5
84-104
8.0
3.3
Tail
leng h
(mm)
6
45.8
43-50
2.8
1.1
Hind
oo
(mm)
5
10.0
9-11
0.7
0.3
Ea
(mm)
6
32.1
27-35
1.1
2.7
T agus
(mm)
5
13.6
13-15
0.9
0.4
Fo ea m
(mm)
6
43.8
43-45
0.4
1.0
Wing
expanse
(mm)
3
276.3
225-305
25.7
44.6
Weigh
(g ams)
3
10.6
10.2-11.2
0.5
0.3
204
O de
/
Chi op e a
•
Family
/
Vespe ilionidae
Map
25.
Ra inesque's
Big-ea ed
Ba ,
Pleco us
a inesquii,
in
Indiana
HABITS.
Mos
o
he
17
big-ea ed
ba s
ob-
se ed
in
Indiana
we e
single
animals,
bu
wo
we e
ound
in
a
ca e
on
h ee
occasions.
Two
ound
on
28
Decembe
we e
hanging
abou
2
inches
apa
on
a
ca e
wall,
acco ding
o
R.
D.
Ki kpa ick,
who
i s
obse ed
hem.
Hahn
obse ed
six
big-ea ed
ba s
in
he
Sp ing
Mill
ca es
du ing
he
win e
o
1906-07
and
ano he
du ing
May
1907.
He
was
making
almos
daily isi s
o
hese
ca es
o e
ha
ime
pe iod.
The
big-ea ed
ba
appea s
o
p e e
o
oos ,
e en
in
win e ,
in
he
wiligh
zone
nea
ca e
en ances.
He e,
he
empe a u e
is
o en
qui e
cool
and
ai
mo emen
is
some-
imes
conside able.
The
only
o he
ba
occu ing
in
Indiana
ha
chooses
simila
win e
oos ing
si es
is
he
big
b own
ba .
E iden ly
bo h
species
a e
equally
ha dy.
The
Pleco us
a inesquii
ha
Wilson
cap-
u ed
in
Tippecanoe
Coun y
had
en e ed
he
cul e
be ween
6
and
13
Decembe .
Minimum
daily
empe a u es
a
a
nea by
wea he
s a ion
du ing his pe iod
anged
om
22
o
37°F,
and
maximum
empe a u es
anged
om
30
o
49°F.
A
he
si e
whe e
he
ba
hung
he
empe a u e
was
48°F.
Hahn
(1909)
epo ed
wo
big-ea ed
ba s
ha
" lew
ou
in o
he
cold
ai "
om
a
ca e
on
22
Feb-
ua y,
bu
he
did
no
indica e
he
ai
empe a-
u e
a
he
ime.
Hahn
(1908b)
ound
ha
big-ea ed
ba s
a
Sp ing
Mill
in
1906-07
we e
all
"no
a
wi hin
he
ca e."
O he
ob-
se e s
ha e
ound
big-ea ed
ba s 25
ee
wi hin
a
small
ca e,
wo
o he s
abou
60
ee
om
he
ca e
en ance,
and
one
137
ee
om
a
cul e
en ance.
Mos
we e
hanging
om
he
ca e
wall,
bu
he
one
in
he
cul e
was
suspended
om
he
ceiling.
Two
indi iduals
we e
hanging
sepa a ely
abou
6
ee
om
he
ca e
loo ,
and
wo
we e
hanging
nea
each
o he
12
ee
om
he
loo
o
a
ca e n.
E iden ly
his
ba
is
easily
a oused
om
hibe na ion
o
is mo e
ale
han
mos
o he
ba s
du ing
he
win e .
Hahn
was
able
o
cap-
u e
only
wo
o
he
se en
he
obse ed.
A
ew
minu es
a e
Ki kpa ick
ound
wo
hanging
nea
each
o he ,
one
had
mo ed
o
a
new
loca ion
in
he
ca e.
When
he
ba s
a e
sleeping,
hei
long
ea s
a e
usually
cu led
along
ei he
side
o
he
neck,
and
he
end
o
he
o ea m
o
he
ba
o e laps
he
ea .
As
he
ba s
awaken,
he
ea s
a e
uncu led
slowly
un il
hey
a e
s aigh .
A
male
ound
in
deep
o po
on
28
Decembe
had
he
ea s
laid
along
he
neck
and
shoulde s, bu
he
ea s
we e
uncu led.
Despi e
Hahn's
in ensi e
wo k in
he
Sp ing
Mill
ca es
and
he
ac
ha
he
ob-
se ed
mo e
big-ea ed
ba s
han
any
o he
pe son
in
Indiana,
he
did
no
see
he
species
lying
abou
a
dusk
and
decided
ha
i
was
a
la e
lye ,
p obably
no
eme ging
un il
he
ligh
was
oo
dim
o
obse a ion.
Ba s
o
his
species
ha
Hahn
kep
in
cap i i y
we e
swi
and
s eady
lye s.
Like
Hahn,
we
ha e
ne e
seen
a
Pleco us
in
ligh
ou side
a ca e,
and
none
ha e
been
collec ed
by
shoo ing
ba s
a
dusk
in
Indiana.
FOOD.
We
ha e
no
da a
on
he
ood
habi s
o
his
species
in
Indiana,
bu
we
assume
ha
i
eeds
hea ily
on
mo hs.
Cap i e
animals
kep
by
Hahn
e used
o
ea
and
soon
died.
REPRODUCTION.
No
Pleco us
has
been
eco ded
om
Indiana
du ing
he
b eeding
season.
A
male
aken
13
Decembe
had
es es
Pleco us
a inesquii
•
Ra inesque's
Big-ea ed
Ba
205
measu ing
2
by
4
mm,
bu
single
males
col-
lec ed
28
Decembe
and
12
Janua y
had
sc o al
es es
measu ing
4
by
7
mm.
PARASITES
AND
DISEASES.
We
ha e
no
da a
om
Indiana
specimens.
DECIMATING
FACTORS.
No
da a
a e
a ail-
able
om
Indiana.
TAXONOMY.
The
subspecies
in
Indiana
is
cu en ly
known
as
Pleco us
a inesquii
a inesquii
Lesson.
O he
names
ha
ha e
been
applied
o
Indiana
big-ea ed
ba s
ap-
pea
in
he
synonymy
a
he
beginning
o
his
accoun .
On
he
assump ion
ha
he
wo
Pleco us
men ioned
by
Bu le
(1895)
om
Pu nam
Coun y
we e
P.
ownsendii,
some
au ho s
ha e
indica ed
ha
P.
ownsendii
oc-
cu s
in
Indiana.
The
specimen
ha
Bu le
ex-
amined
(now
los )
was
ne e
seen
by
hese
au ho s,
bu
Hall
and
Kelson
(1959)
mapped
he
ange
o
P.
ownsendii
ac oss
Indiana.
Since
all
ex an
specimens
o
Pleco us
om
he s a e
a e
a inesquii,
we
hink
P.
ownsendii
should
be
elimina ed
om
he
Indiana
lis .
We
a e
awa e
ha
bo h
P.
ownsendii
and
P.
a inesquii
b eed
in
Ken-
ucky.
Clea ly,
u he
esea ch
on
his
genus
is
needed
in
ou
egion.
SELECTED
REFERENCES.
Ba bou
and
Da is,
1969;
Hall,
1963;
Handley,
1959;
Ho meis e
and
Goodpas e ,
1963;
Jones
and
Su kus,
1975;
Wilson,
1960.