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Volume – III Issue - V (Sep embe -Oc obe ) 2025
F equency: Bimon hly
Mul i-S akeholde App oach o Op imising P ocu emen P ocesses o Sus ainable
De elopmen in Nige ia
Lawal Rasheed Ajibola1*, Sule Magaji2, Yahaya Ismail3
1 Sus ainable De elopmen Cen e Uni e si y o Abuja
2, 3 Depa men o Economics Uni e si y o Abuja
| Recei ed: 28.09.2025 | Accep ed: 04.10.2025 | Published: 07.10.2025
*Co esponding au ho : Lawal Rasheed Ajibola
Sus ainable De elopmen Cen e Uni e si y o Abuja
Abs ac
This s udy in es iga es he e ec i eness o a Mul i-S akeholde App oach in op imising public p ocu emen p ocesses o
sus ainable de elopmen in Nige ia. Employing a desc ip i e su ey design, he esea ch collec ed da a om 341 s akeholde s
ac oss go e nmen , he p i a e sec o , ci il socie y, and communi ies. Findings con i med ha he in luence o di e se s akeholde s
is s a is ically signi ican , wi h go e nmen policies iden i ied as he mos c i ical ac o (Mean: 4.04). Key challenges include
pe sis en co up ion and he high cos s o sus ainable op ions, ye he s udy es ablished ha le e aging digi al echnologies (e.g.,
e-p ocu emen ) signi ican ly enhances bo h anspa ency and e iciency. The esea ch concluded ha es ablishing a obus ,
collabo a i e go e nance amewo k backed by s ic e laws, con inuous moni o ing, and echnological adop ion is essen ial o
ans o m Nige ian p ocu emen om a ansac ional ac i i y in o an equi able and e ec i e d i e o he na ion’s sus ainable
de elopmen agenda.
Keywo ds: Mul i-S akeholde App oach, P ocu emen P ocesses, Sus ainable De elopmen , T anspa ency, Nige ia
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1.0 In oduc ion
Public p ocu emen plays a c i ical ole in d i ing sus ainable
de elopmen , pa icula ly in de eloping coun ies like Nige ia,
whe e e ec i e esou ce alloca ion and accoun abili y a e essen ial
o g ow h. P ocu emen is no only an adminis a i e p ocess bu
also a s a egic ool o p omo ing anspa ency, e iciency, and
inclusi eness in he deli e y o public goods and se ices (Thai,
2020). Howe e , ine iciencies such as co up ion (Mohammed &
Magaji, 2002), lack o anspa ency (Magaji & Musa, 2015), and
weak ins i u ional amewo ks ha e his o ically unde mined
p ocu emen sys ems in Nige ia, limi ing hei con ibu ion o
sus ainable de elopmen (Wo ld Bank, 2022). Thus, explo ing
inno a i e app oaches ha enhance accoun abili y and
collabo a ion is i al.
One p omising s a egy is he mul i-s akeholde app oach, which
in ol es he ac i e pa icipa ion o go e nmen , p i a e sec o
ac o s, ci il socie y o ganisa ions, and de elopmen pa ne s in
p ocu emen p ocesses. Such collabo a ion os e s inclusi i y,
ensu es checks and balances, and builds us among s akeholde s
(Uzochukwu & Eze, 2021). By engaging mul iple ac o s,
p ocu emen sys ems can add ess powe asymme ies, educe
oppo uni ies o en -seeking, and align na ional policies wi h he
global Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs).
In Nige ia, adop ing a mul i-s akeholde app oach is pa icula ly
c ucial due o pe sis en go e nance challenges. S udies show ha
public p ocu emen accoun s o up o 60% o go e nmen
expendi u e in de eloping coun ies, making i one o he mos
signi ican a eas p one o misuse o public unds (OECD, 2019).
Collabo a i e go e nance in p ocu emen has he po en ial o
mi iga e hese challenges by ins i u ionalising anspa ency
mechanisms and os e ing ci izen pa icipa ion (Onyekpe e, 2020).
This, in u n, enhances accoun abili y and helps align p ocu emen
ou comes wi h Nige ia’s b oade de elopmen agenda.
Fu he mo e, he mul i-s akeholde app oach s eng hens
sus ainabili y by in eg a ing en i onmen al, social, and economic
conside a ions in o p ocu emen decisions. I ensu es ha
p ocu emen no only deli e s cos e iciency bu also ad ances
g een inno a ion, social inclusion, and e hical p ac ices (Uni ed
Na ions De elopmen P og amme [UNDP], 2020). Fo ins ance,
p io i ising local con en policies and sus ainable supply chains
con ibu es o job c ea ion (Enabe ue e al., 2024), po e y
educ ion (Aluko & Magaji, 2020), and en i onmen al
conse a ion in Nige ia (Yakubu e al., 2025).
The mul i-s akeholde app oach p o ides a iable pa hway o
op imising p ocu emen p ocesses o suppo sus ainable
de elopmen in Nige ia. I add esses he sys emic issues o
ine iciency and co up ion while aligning p ocu emen
amewo ks wi h in e na ional bes p ac ices (El-Yaqub e al.,
2024). By engaging di e se ac o s in decision-making and
implemen a ion, Nige ia can ha ness p ocu emen as a d i e o
sus ainable g ow h, ensu ing ha public esou ces a e u ilised
e ec i ely and equi ably o he bene i o i s ci izens.
2.0 Concep ual Re iew and Theo e ical
F amewo k
2.1 Concep ual Re iew
2.1.1Mul i-S akeholde App oach
The mul i-s akeholde app oach e e s o a go e nance amewo k
in which di e se ac o s, including go e nmen ins i u ions, p i a e
sec o en i ies, ci il socie y o ganisa ions, and in e na ional
de elopmen pa ne s, collabo a e in decision-making and
implemen a ion p ocesses. This app oach p omo es inclusi eness,
anspa ency, and accoun abili y by ensu ing ha no single g oup
domina es policy ou comes (Ansell & Gash, 2018). In he con ex
o public p ocu emen , a mul i-s akeholde app oach enhances
o e sigh and os e s inno a ion by pooling he expe ise,
esou ces, and di e se pe spec i es o a ious s akeholde s. I has
been ecognised as an e ec i e s a egy o add essing complex
go e nance issues, pa icula ly in de eloping coun ies whe e
ins i u ional weaknesses o en unde mine public us (Uzochukwu
& Eze, 2021).
2.1.2P ocu emen
P ocu emen is he p ocess by which o ganisa ions, pa icula ly
go e nmen s and public ins i u ions, acqui e goods, wo ks, and
se ices om ex e nal p o ide s o mee hei ope a ional and
de elopmen al needs. Beyond being a ansac ional ac i i y,
p ocu emen is inc easingly iewed as a s a egic unc ion ha can
d i e e iciency, cos -e ec i eness, and inno a ion wi hin public
adminis a ion (Thai, 2020). In de eloping economies like Nige ia,
p ocu emen accoun s o a signi ican sha e o public expendi u e,
making i a c i ical ool o se ice deli e y, economic g ow h, and
go e nance e o ms (Wo ld Bank, 2022). Howe e , challenges
such as co up ion, lack o anspa ency, and weak ins i u ional
capaci y o en hinde he e ec i eness o p ocu emen sys ems
(Magaji & Eke, 2015).
2.1.3Sus ainable De elopmen
Sus ainable de elopmen is a holis ic concep ha seeks o balance
economic g ow h, social equi y, and en i onmen al p o ec ion,
he eby mee ing he needs o he p esen wi hou comp omising he
abili y o u u e gene a ions o mee hei own needs (Wo ld
Commission on En i onmen and De elopmen [WCED], 1987). I
p o ides a guiding amewo k o go e nmen s, businesses, and
socie ies o pu sue inclusi e de elopmen while sa egua ding
na u al esou ces (Magaji, 2008). The adop ion o he Uni ed
Na ions Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) in 2015 u he
ope a ionalised his concep , emphasising global coope a ion o
add ess po e y, inequali y, clima e change, and en i onmen al
deg ada ion (Uni ed Na ions, 2015). In Nige ia, sus ainable
de elopmen has become a p essing p io i y due o challenges such
as esou ce mismanagemen (Magaji e al., 2024), apid
u banisa ion (Gabdo & Magaji, 2025), and en i onmen al
ulne abili ies (Abubaka e al., 2025). O he s include ising
po e y and inequali y (Magaji, 2007), as well as con lic s and
insecu i y (Zailani e al., 2025).
2.2 Theo e ical F amewo k
2.2.1S akeholde Theo y
S akeholde Theo y emphasises ha o ganisa ions and public
ins i u ions mus conside he in e es s o all s akeholde s, beyond
jus sha eholde s, in hei decision-making and go e nance
p ocesses. Ini ially p oposed by F eeman (1984), he heo y posi s
ha alue c ea ion is maximised when di e se ac o s, including
go e nmen agencies, p i a e sec o playe s, ci il socie y g oups,
and communi ies, a e ac i ely engaged. In he con ex o
p ocu emen o sus ainable de elopmen in Nige ia, s akeholde
heo y is highly ele an because i suppo s he mul i-s akeholde
app oach by ecognising he in e dependence o a ious g oups in
ensu ing anspa ency, accoun abili y, and inclusi eness. Applying
his heo y helps explain why p ocu emen p ocesses ha in eg a e
mul iple pe spec i es a e mo e likely o achie e legi imacy, educe
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co up ion, and align wi h b oade sus ainable de elopmen goals
(Donaldson & P es on, 1995).
2.3 Empi ical Re iew
Salim and Macha (2023) examined he impac o p ocu emen
p ocedu es on he pe o mance o public building p ojec s wi hin
he Minis y o Educa ion and Voca ional T aining (MEVT) in
Zanziba . Using a desc ip i e esea ch design, he s udy popula ion
consis ed o 28 indi iduals, and a pu posi e sample o 26
esponden s was de i ed om Yamane’s (1967) o mula. Da a
collec ion was conduc ed h ough ques ionnai es and in e iews,
wi h quali a i e esponses analysed hema ically, while quan i a i e
da a we e analysed using desc ip i e s a is ics and mul iple
eg ession analysis. The s udy ound ha p ocu emen planning,
selec ion c i e ia, and con ac moni o ing signi ican ly a ec ed
p ojec pe o mance, collec i ely explaining 59.2%, 37.3%, and
30.7% o he a iance in pe o mance, espec i ely.
Simila ly, Zuleha e al. (2023) examined he ole o p ocu emen
p ocedu es in he execu ion o cons uc ion p ojec s in public
uni e si ies in Kenya. Adop ing a desc ip i e su ey design, hey
employed ques ionnai es and an obse a ion checklis , alida ed
h ough pilo ing in p i a e uni e si ies. The pu posi e sample
consis ed o 20 uni e si y s a membe s in ol ed in cons uc ion
p ojec s. Da a analysis in ol ed pe cen ages, equencies, and
o dinal eg ession o quan i a i e indings. Resul s e ealed ha
80% o esponden s ag eed ha p ocu emen p ocedu es had a
subs an ial impac on he success o cons uc ion p ojec s in public
uni e si ies.
In Nige ia, Shwa ka and Anigbogu (2022) examined he impac o
p ocu emen e o m on public building p ojec deli e y, compa ing
ou comes in he p e- e o m e a (1995–2002) wi h hose in he pos -
e o m e a (2003–2010). Thei s udy examined 40 p ojec s in he
Fede al Capi al Te i o y, wi h 20 comple ed be o e and 20 a e
p ocu emen e o ms we e in oduced. The indings indica ed ha
e o ms had li le e ec in add essing cos o e uns, delays, and
i egula i ies, as no signi ican di e ences we e obse ed be ween
he p e- and pos - e o m p ojec ou comes. Ins ead, inadequa e
budge ing and planning by clien s and p ojec eams we e
iden i ied as he mos c i ical cons ain s a ec ing p ojec deli e y.
Likewise, Musyoka and Wainaina (2022) s udied p ocu emen
p ac ices in ela ion o Kenya Po s Au ho i y p ojec s in Mombasa
Coun y. Thei census in ol ed 100 esponden s, comp ising 15
p ojec manage s and 85 p ojec eam membe s. Da a we e
collec ed h ough ques ionnai es and analysed using desc ip i e
s a is ics and mul iple eg ession analysis. The indings showed
ha e ec i e p ocu emen planning imp o ed e iciency by
educing ime and ailo ing con ac s o speci ic needs. Supplie
selec ion was based on quali y-enhanced p ojec ou comes, while
con ac moni o ing ensu ed imely deli e y and compliance.
Fu he mo e, con inuous assessmen o p ocu emen p ocesses and
e icien in en o y managemen we e ound o be essen ial o
success ul p ojec implemen a ion.
2.4 Gap in he li e a u e
Al hough p e ious s udies ha e ex ensi ely examined he in luence
o p ocu emen p ocedu es on p ojec pe o mance in a ious
con ex s such as Zanziba (Salim & Macha, 2023), Kenyan public
uni e si ies (Zuleha e al., 2023), and he Kenya Po s Au ho i y
(Musyoka & Wainaina, 2022), as well as he e ec s o
p ocu emen e o ms in Nige ia (Shwa ka & Anigbogu, 2022),
no able gaps emain. Mos o hese s udies ocused na owly on
echnical and p ocedu al aspec s o p ocu emen , such as planning,
supplie selec ion, con ac moni o ing, and e iciency, while
gi ing limi ed a en ion o he ole o mul i-s akeholde
collabo a ion in op imising p ocu emen ou comes. Addi ionally,
indings om Nige ia sugges ha p ocu emen e o ms ha e no
adequa ely add essed sys emic ine iciencies. Howe e , he e is
limi ed empi ical e idence linking p ocu emen p ac ices o
sus ainable de elopmen ou comes in he Nige ian con ex . This
highligh s he need o u he esea ch ha in eg a es he mul i-
s akeholde app oach wi h p ocu emen p ac ices o assess how
collabo a i e go e nance can imp o e anspa ency.
3.0 Me hodology
3.1 S udy Design
The s udy adop ed a quan i a i e app oach, speci ically employing
a desc ip i e su ey design. This design was deemed app op ia e
because i allowed he esea che s o assess he ex en o which he
mul i-s akeholde app oach in luences and op imises p ocu emen
p ac ices in achie ing sus ainable de elopmen in Nige ia. The
design was also sui able, gi en he s udy’s eliance on p ima y
da a. This aligns wi h Kombo and T omp (2006), who no ed ha
desc ip i e su ey designs a e e ec i e when ga he ing
in o ma ion on a i udes, opinions, beha iou s, o social issues.
3.2 Popula ion o S udy
The s udy popula ion comp ised s akeholde s in ol ed in Nige ia’s
p ocu emen p ocesses. These included go e nmen ins i u ions,
ci il socie y o ganisa ions, p i a e sec o ac o s (such as
con ac o s, supplie s, and se ice p o ide s), and bene icia y
communi ies. Since he exac popula ion size o hese s akeholde s
was inde e mina e, he s udy concen a ed on wel e selec ed
o ganisa ions. Th ee o ganisa ions, each om he go e nmen
sec o , he p i a e sec o , and ci il socie y, we e pu posi ely
selec ed, while h ee bene icia y communi ies we e andomly
chosen. The o ganisa ions included he Uni e sal Basic Educa ion
Commission (UBEC), Fede al Capi al De elopmen Au ho i y
(FCDA), and Nige Del a De elopmen Commission (NDDC)
om he go e nmen sec o ; Dango e G oup Plc., Flou Mills Plc.,
and Guinness Nige ia Plc. om he p i a e sec o ; Pan Nige Del a
Fo um (PANDEF), A ewa Peoples Cong ess, and A eni e e
Cul u al Associa ion om ci il socie y; and Masaka (Abuja),
Eggon (Nassa awa S a e), and Yande (Benue S a e) as bene i ing
communi ies.
3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques
The sample size was de e mined using Coch an’s o mula o la ge
o unknown popula ions. Based on a 95% con idence le el and a
5% ma gin o e o , he equi ed sample size was 324. To accoun
o po en ial non- esponse, 36 addi ional ques ionnai es we e
included, b inging he o al o 360. S a i ied sampling was
employed o ensu e ep esen a ion ac oss he ou s akeholde
g oups. Each o he wel e o ganisa ions o communi ies was
alloca ed 30 esponden s, esul ing in a balanced dis ibu ion o
esponden s ac oss all g oups.
3.4 Sou ces o Da a
The s udy u ilised bo h p ima y and seconda y da a. P ima y da a
we e collec ed di ec ly om go e nmen agencies, p i a e sec o
o ganisa ions, ci il socie y g oups, and communi y bene icia ies.
Seconda y da a we e d awn om schola ly a icles, epo s, and
o he ele an li e a u e.
3.5 Me hod o Da a Collec ion
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Da a we e collec ed using s uc u ed ques ionnai es adminis e ed
o p ocu emen s akeholde s. Responden s included p ocu emen
o icials in minis ies, depa men s, and agencies (MDAs);
p ocu emen manage s in p i a e i ms; ci il socie y
ep esen a i es; and communi y bene icia ies. The ques ionnai es
sough o cap u e opinions and expe iences ega ding he ex en o
which p ocu emen p ocesses ha e been op imised h ough mul i-
s akeholde pa icipa ion.
3.6 Da a Analysis Techniques
Da a analysis employed bo h desc ip i e and in e en ial s a is ical
me hods. Desc ip i e s a is ics, including equencies, pe cen ages,
means, and s anda d de ia ions, we e used o summa ise and
p esen esponses. In e en ial s a is ics we e applied using ANOVA
(F-s a is ics) o es o signi ican di e ences in he impac o
op imised p ocu emen p ac ices on sus ainable de elopmen . Da a
we e p ocessed using he S a is ical Package o he Social
Sciences (SPSS). A cu o mean o 3.00 was applied, wi h
esponses coded on a i e-poin Like scale anging om
“S ongly Disag ee” (1) o “S ongly Ag ee” (5). This app oach
acili a ed bo h a comp ehensi e in e p e a ion o desc ip i e
indings and obus hypo hesis es ing h ough in e en ial analysis.
4.0 Da a P esen a ion, Analysis, and
Discussion o Resul s
4.1 In oduc ion
The da a was collec ed om he ield h ough he su ey me hod.
These da a a e p esen ed, analysed, compu ed, and he esul s
discussed o asce ain he alidi y o o he wise o he esea ch
hypo heses. A o al o 360 ques ionnai es we e sen ou o solici
in o ma ion om he a ge esponden s. Howe e , only 341
ques ionnai es, ep esen ing a 95% esponse a e, we e e u ned,
while 19, ep esen ing 5% we e no e u ned. I can he e o e be
concluded ha he indings o his esea ch a e eliable, as adequa e
in o ma ion was ob ained om he esponden s.
4.2 Reliabili y Tes o he Ins umen
To es he eliabili y o he Mul i-Like Ques ionnai e (MLQ)
ins umen , we conside ed de e mining he C onbach's Alpha
coe icien o he a iables unde conside a ion.
Table 4.1: Summa y o Reliabili y S a is ics
S/N
Cons uc I em
No o I ems
C onbach
Alpha
1
La en Va iable 1
(S akeholde s' In luence
in he P ocu emen
P ocess)
5
0.886
2
La en Va iable 2
(Challenges in he
Adop ion o P ocu emen
P ac ices)
5
0.843
3
La en Va iable 3
(Adop ion o Digi al
Technology in Enhancing
P ocu emen P ocesses
5
0.765
4
La en Va iable 4
(E ec i eness o
Regula o y F amewo ks)
5
0.723
5
La en Va iable 5 (Bes
P ac ices in Implemen ing
P ocu emen P ocesses)
5
0.774
Sou ce: Compu ed wi h he aid o SPSS 20
F om he able abo e, he C onbach alpha alues o all he
cons uc i ems exceed he h eshold o 0.70, indica ing a high
deg ee o in e nal consis ency among he a iables o scales used
o measu e he Mul i-S akeholde App oach o Op imising
P ocu emen P ocesses o Sus ainable De elopmen in Nige ia.
The magni ude o eliabili y o he scales is almos pe ec (Close
o 1). Thus, he ques ionnai e ins umen s ha we e used a e
conside ed in e nally s able and consis en , indica ing ha hey
measu e wha hey we e in ended o measu e.
4.3 Demog aphic Cha ac e is ics o Responden s
This sec ion p esen s he demog aphic analysis o esponden s,
including hei gende , age b acke , Yea s in Se ice, Educa ional
Quali ica ion, and cad e.
Table 4.2: Gende o Responden s
Op ion
F eq.
Pe cen (%)
Male
220
65
Female
121
35
To al
341
100
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2025
Table 4.2 and Fig. 1 show he gende cha ac e is ics o he esea ch
pa icipan s. The analysis indica es ha 65% o he esponden s a e
Male, while he emaining 35% a e emale. Based on his analysis,
male esponden s pa icipa ed signi ican ly mo e han hei emale
coun e pa s.
Table 4.3: Age o Responden s
Op ion
F eq.
Pe cen age
18-35 Yea s
82
24.0
36-50 Yea s
151
44.3
51 & Abo e
108
31.7
To al
341
100.0
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2025
65%
35%
Fig. 1: Gende o
Responden s
Male Female
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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17283618
139
Table 4.3 and Figu e 2 show he Age b acke o he esea ch pa icipan s. The analysis indica ed ha 24.5% o he esponden s a e be ween 18
and 35 yea s old, 43.3% all be ween 36 and 50 yea s old, and only 32.2% a e abo e 51 yea s o age. Howe e , he majo i y o esponden s a e
wi hin he 36-50 yea s age ange, sugges ing ha he esea ch pa icipan s a e e ec i ely ac i e wi hin he wo king popula ion.
Table 4.4: Leng h o Se ice
Op ion
F eq.
Pe cen age
1-10 Yea s
51
15.0
11-20 Yea s
166
48.7
21 Yea s abo e
124
36.4
To al
341
100.0
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2025
Table 4.4 and Fig. 3 desc ibe he leng h o se ice/wo king expe ience o he esea ch pa icipan s. The analysis shows ha 15.2% o he
esponden s ha e be ween 1 and 10 yea s o wo king expe ience. 47.8% esponden s ha e be ween 11-20 yea s o wo king expe ience, and 37.%
o he esea ch pa icipan s ha e 21 yea s and abo e. The s udy concludes ha he majo i y o esponden s a e be ween 11 and 20 yea s old,
sligh ly abo e hose aged 21 yea s and abo e. This sugges s ha he esea ch pa icipan s possess su icien knowledge o he esea ch subjec
ma e .
Table 4.5: Cad e o Responden s
Op ion
F eq.
Pe cen (%)
Lowe Cad e
54
15.8
Middle Managemen
168
49.3
Senio Managemen
119
34.9
To al
341
100.0
24.50%
43.30%
32.20%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
18-35 Yea s 36-50 Yea s 51 & Abo e
Fig 2: Age o Responden s
15.20%
47.80%
37.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
1-10 Yea s 11-20 Yea s 21 Yea s abo e
Fig 3: Leng h o Se ice
Copy igh © ISRG Publishe s. All igh s Rese ed.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17283618
140
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2025
Table 4.5 and Fig. 4 p esen he cad e o which each o he esea ch pa icipan s belongs. As seen om he analysis, only 16% a e in he lowe
cad e. The Majo i y o he esea ch pa icipan s (48.40%) a e a he middle managemen le el, and 35.50% a e in he Senio Managemen Cad e.
This also sugges s ha he majo i y o esea ch pa icipan s possess adequa e knowledge and expe ience on he subjec ma e , and he e o e, he
ou come o hese indings can be conside ed eliable.
Table 4.6: Educa ional Quali ica ion o Responden s
Op ion
F eq.
Pe cen (%)
Fi s Deg ee
81
23.8
Mas e s
138
40.5
Doc o a e
92
27.0
O he s
30
8.8
To al
341
100.0
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2025
Table 4.6 and Fig. 5 depic he educa ional quali ica ions o he esponden s. The desc ip i e analysis o he Academic quali ica ions o he
esea ch pa icipan s indica es ha abou 24% o he esponden s ha e a i s deg ee as a quali ica ion, he majo i y o he esponden s,
ep esen ing 39.4% ha e a mas e 's deg ee, 27.5% o he esponden s ha e a doc o a e, and only 9% o he esponden s ha e o he academic
quali ica ions. Thus, we can conclude ha indi iduals wi h a mas e 's deg ee pa icipa ed mo e in he s udy han hose in he o he ca ego ies.
16.10%
48.40%
35.50%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Lowe Cad e Middle Managemen Senio Managemen
Fig. 4 Cad e o Responden s
24.20%
39.40%
27.50%
9%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
Fi s Deg ee Mas e s Doc o a e O he s
Fig.5 Educa ional Quali ica ion o Responden s
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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17283618
141
4.4 Desc ip i e S a is ics
This sec ion aims o analyse all ques ions ela ed o he Mul i-S akeholde App oach o Op imising P ocu emen P ocesses o Sus ainable
De elopmen in Nige ia. The mean is calcula ed by mul iplying he equencies by hei assigned alue. The ea e , he sum is mul iplied by he
o al sample. The h eshold o cu -o mean is 3.00, i.e, ((5+4+3+2+1)/15). The s anda d De ia ion (SD) was gene a ed using SPSS, and he -
s a is calcula ed by di iding he mean sco e by he SD. The c i ical/ able alue o he -s a is 2.06 a 5% signi icance le el. The e o e, a
pa icula s a emen (i em) is s a is ically signi ican i he calcula ed -s a is g ea e han he c i ical alue o 2.06. The essence o he -s a is ic
(T-s a ) is o show he s a is ical signi icance o each s a emen .
Table 4.7 In luence o s akeholde s on he e ec i eness o p ocu emen p ocesses in achie ing sus ainable de elopmen in Nige ia. N =
341
S/N
S a emen s
Mean
STD
T-S a
Rema ks
1
Go e nmen policies s ongly in luence he adop ion o sus ainable
p ocu emen p ac ices in Nige ia.
4.04
0.88
4.60
Signi ican
2
P i a e sec o companies ac i ely pa icipa e in g een p ocu emen and
sus ainabili y ini ia i es.
3.41
1.03
3.30
Signi ican
3
NGOs and ci il socie y o ganisa ions play a key ole in p omo ing
anspa ency in p ocu emen .
3.70
1.21
3.05
Signi ican
4
Local communi ies a e adequa ely consul ed in p ocu emen decisions
a ec ing hem.
4.00
0.85
4.72
Signi ican
5
Collabo a ion among s akeholde s imp o es he e ec i eness o
sus ainable p ocu emen .
2.77
0.84
3.29
Signi ican
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2025
Table 4.7 p esen s he desc ip i e s a is ics, including he mean, s anda d de ia ion, and -s a is ics, o Resea ch Ques ion 1. I aimed a
analysing he In luence o s akeholde s on he e ec i eness o p ocu emen p ocesses in achie ing sus ainable de elopmen in Nige ia. All he
means o he cons uc i ems exceed he h eshold o 3.00, which is conside ed accep able, and ha e indi idual -s a is ics g ea e han 2.06,
indica ing ha all he cons uc i ems a e s a is ically signi ican .
Table 4.8. Challenges hinde ing he adop ion o sus ainable p ocu emen p ac ices among public and p i a e sec o s akeholde s in
Nige ia. N = 341
S/N
S a emen s
Mean
STD
T-S a
Rema ks
1
Co up ion and lack o anspa ency a e signi ican ba ie s o sus ainable
p ocu emen in Nige ia.
3.49
1.19
2.98
Signi ican
2
Many p ocu emen o ice s lack su icien knowledge abou sus ainable
p ocu emen p inciples.
3.31
1.19
2.77
Signi ican
3
High cos s p e en o ganisa ions om adop ing eco- iendly p ocu emen
op ions.
4.04
1.07
3.74
Signi ican
4
Exis ing laws on sus ainable p ocu emen a e poo ly en o ced in Nige ia.
3.40
1.16
2.91
Signi ican
5
Resis ance o change wi hin ins i u ions hinde s he shi o sus ainable
p ocu emen .
3.74
1.01
3.70
Signi ican
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2025
Table 4.8 p esen s he desc ip i e s a is ics, including he mean, s anda d de ia ion, and -s a is ics, o Resea ch Ques ion 2. I aimed a
iden i ying he key Challenges hinde ing he adop ion o sus ainable p ocu emen p ac ices among public and p i a e sec o s akeholde s in
Nige ia. All he means o he cons uc i ems ha e alues g ea e han he h eshold o 3.00, which a e conside ed accep ed, and ha e indi idual
-s a is ics g ea e han 2.06, which signi ies ha all he cons uc i ems a e s a is ically signi ican .
Table 4.9: Ex en o which digi al echnologies enhance anspa ency and e iciency in mul i-s akeholde p ocu emen p ocesses in
p omo ing sus ainabili y in Nige ia. N = 341
S/N
S a emen s
Mean
STD
T-S a
Rema ks
1
E-p ocu emen sys ems signi ican ly educe delays and ine iciencies in
p ocu emen p ocesses.
3.99
1.17
3.41
Signi ican
2
Blockchain echnology can e ec i ely p e en aud in public p ocu emen .
3.41
1.09
3.12
Signi ican
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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17283618
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3
AI and da a analy ics help op imise p ocu emen decisions o cos and
sus ainabili y.
3.76
1.03
3.54
Signi ican
4
Mos s akeholde s in Nige ia a e well- ained o use digi al p ocu emen ools.
3.73
1.03
3.62
Signi ican
5
Cybe secu i y conce ns educe us in digi al p ocu emen sys ems.
3.35
1.22
2.75
Signi ican
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2025
Table 4.9 p esen s he desc ip i e s a is ics, including he mean, s anda d de ia ion, and -s a is ics, o Resea ch Ques ion 3. I aimed o analyse
he Ex en o which digi al echnologies enhance anspa ency and e iciency in mul i-s akeholde p ocu emen p ocesses, p omo ing
sus ainabili y in Nige ia. All he means o cons uc i ems ha e alues g ea e han he h eshold o 3.00, which a e conside ed accep ed, and
ha e indi idual -s a is ics g ea e han 2.06, which signi ies ha all he cons uc i ems a e s a is ically signi ican .
Table 4.10: Regula o y amewo ks needed o s eng hen collabo a ion among s akeholde s in Nige ia’s p ocu emen sys ems o ensu e
sus ainabili y. N = 341
S/N
S a emen s
Mean
STD
T-S a
Rema ks
1
Nige ia needs s ic e laws manda ing sus ainable p ocu emen p ac ices.
3.45
1.07
3.19
Signi ican
2
Tax incen i es would encou age mo e o ganisa ions o adop g een
p ocu emen p ac ices.
3.46
1.18
2.91
Signi ican
3
A obus moni o ing sys em is essen ial o ensu e sus ainable p ocu emen
compliance.
4.12
0.91
4.53
Signi ican
4
S akeholde s should be egula ly consul ed in he de elopmen o
p ocu emen policies.
3.07
1.23
2.47
Signi ican
5
Penal ies o iola ing sus ainable p ocu emen ules should be en o ced
s ic ly.
3.71
0.99
3.74
Signi ican
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2025
Table 4.10 p esen s he desc ip i e s a is ics, including he mean, s anda d de ia ion, and -s a is ics, o Resea ch Ques ion 4. I aimed o
analyse he ex en o which egula o y amewo ks help s eng hen collabo a ion among s akeholde s in Nige ia’s p ocu emen sys ems o ensu e
sus ainabili y. All he means o cons uc i ems ha e alues g ea e han he h eshold o 3.00, which a e conside ed accep ed, and ha e
indi idual -s a is ics g ea e han 2.06, which signi ies ha all he cons uc i ems a e s a is ically signi ican .
Table 4.11 Bes p ac ices in implemen ing mul i-s akeholde p ocu emen models o sus ainable de elopmen . N = 341
S/N
S a emen s
Mean
STD
T-S a
Rema ks
1
O he de eloping coun ies ha e be e sus ainable p ocu emen models han
Nige ia.
3.28
1.14
2.87
Signi ican
2
In e na ional bes p ac ices can be success ully adap ed o Nige ia’s economic
con ex .
3.82
1.01
3.78
Signi ican
3
Nige ia should adop o eign digi al p ocu emen solu ions o imp o e
e iciency.
3.86
1.01
3.82
Signi ican
4
Public-P i a e Pa ne ships (PPPs) ha e been e ec i e in p omo ing
sus ainable p ocu emen ab oad.
3.22
1.24
2.57
Signi ican
5
Nige ia’s p ocu emen policies should be e ised based on lessons om o he
coun ies.
3.71
1.09
3.40
Signi ican
Sou ce: Field Su ey 2024
Table 4.11 p esen s he desc ip i e s a is ics, including he mean,
s anda d de ia ion, and -s a is ics, o Resea ch Ques ion 4. I
aimed o analyse bes p ac ices in implemen ing mul i-s akeholde
p ocu emen models o sus ainable de elopmen . All he means o
he cons uc i ems ha e alues g ea e han he h eshold o 3.00,
which a e conside ed accep ed, and ha e indi idual -s a is ics
g ea e han 2.06, which signi ies ha all he cons uc i ems a e
s a is ically signi ican .
4.5 Discussion o Findings
The indings o his s udy e eal ha go e nmen policies play he
mos in luen ial ole in op imising p ocu emen p ocesses o
sus ainable de elopmen in Nige ia, wi h he highes mean sco e
(4.05). This unde sco es he impo ance o s ong legisla i e and
egula o y amewo ks, simila o hose in Sou h A ica, whe e
p ocu emen laws ha e ad anced sus ainabili y objec i es.
Howe e , while Nige ia demons a es s eng h in policy in luence
compa ed o some coun ies, such as Kenya, gaps emain in
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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17283618
143
en o cemen and he in eg a ion o explici sus ainabili y clauses
wi hin exis ing legisla ion. This highligh s he need o Nige ia no
only o s eng hen bu also o b oaden i s p ocu emen amewo k
o align wi h in e na ional bes p ac ices.
P i a e sec o in ol emen and NGO pa icipa ion showed
mode a e in luence on p ocu emen ou comes, wi h mean sco es o
3.40 and 3.70, espec i ely. The p i a e sec o ’s ole was ound o
be inconsis en , mainly due o inancial and awa eness cons ain s,
in con as o mo e ad anced economies, whe e egula ions en o ce
s onge sus ainabili y engagemen . NGOs and ci il socie y
o ganisa ions demons a ed a i al ole in p omo ing anspa ency
and accoun abili y, hough capaci y dispa i ies ac oss egions
limi ed hei e ec i eness. Add essing hese weaknesses h ough
iscal incen i es, capaci y building, and suppo i e policies could
boos bo h p i a e sec o and NGO engagemen in p ocu emen
e o m.
Local communi ies epo ed a high mean sco e (4.01), indica ing
g owing in ol emen in decen alised p ocu emen ; howe e ,
a iabili y exis s ac oss egions, aising conce ns abou equi y.
Howe e , s akeholde collabo a ion sco ed he lowes (2.77),
exposing a sys emic weakness in Nige ia’s p ocu emen p ocess.
Unlike coun ies such as Denma k and Rwanda, whe e in eg a ed
digi al pla o ms acili a e collabo a ion and accoun abili y,
Nige ia’s siloed and us -de icien sys em unde mines sus ainable
ou comes. While all cons uc s we e s a is ically signi ican , he
dispa i ies highligh con ex -speci ic challenges ha mus be
add essed. O e all, he esul s indica e ha while Nige ia’s
p ocu emen sys em is go e nmen -d i en and ela i ely e ec i e
in ce ain a eas, weak collabo a ion mechanisms and une en
pa icipa ion con inue o be signi ican obs acles o achie ing
holis ic and sus ainable p ocu emen ou comes.
4.5.1 Discussion o Findings on Resea ch Ques ion Two
The indings on esea ch ques ion wo iden i ied i e c i ical
ba ie s o he adop ion o sus ainable p ocu emen p ac ices in
Nige ia, each o which was s a is ically signi ican . Co up ion and
lack o anspa ency (mean = 3.49) eme ged as a sys emic
challenge, consis en wi h ends in Uganda and Kenya, hough less
se e e han in Venezuela. Knowledge gaps among p ocu emen
o ice s (mean = 3.31) we e also highligh ed, echoing s udies om
India and Sou h A ica, which ound ha insu icien aining
p og ams hinde he adop ion o sus ainabili y. Financial
cons ain s (mean = 4.04) p o ed o be he mos signi ican
obs acle, e lec ing he condi ions in Pakis an and o he de eloping
economies, whe e he addi ional cos s o sus ainable p ocu emen
de e implemen a ion. Weak en o cemen o exis ing laws (mean =
3.40) u he compounded hese challenges, showing ha Nige ia
lags behind coun ies like Rwanda, whe e compliance sys ems a e
obus . Resis ance o ins i u ional change (mean = 3.74) was also
iden i ied, wi h indings aligning wi h Egyp bu con as ing
sha ply wi h Denma k’s success ul in eg a ion o change
managemen s a egies.
These esul s demons a e ha Nige ia’s ba ie s a e no unique bu
a e shaped by he combined weigh o inancial, ins i u ional, and
cul u al challenges. While he coun y’s si ua ion is mo e
a ou able han some s uggling economies, i lags behind egional
leade s like Rwanda and global exempla s such as Denma k. The
indings unde sco e he impo ance o a ge ed in e en ions,
including s eng hening an i-co up ion amewo ks, in eg a ing
sus ainabili y in o p ocu emen aining, o e ing inancial
incen i es, ein o cing en o cemen mechanisms, and
implemen ing s uc u ed change managemen p og ams.
Collec i ely, hese measu es a e essen ial o ans o ming
Nige ia’s p ocu emen sys ems in o d i e s o sus ainable
de elopmen .
4.5.2 Discussion o Findings on Resea ch Ques ion Th ee
The indings on esea ch ques ion h ee highligh he
ans o ma i e ole o digi al echnologies in Nige ia’s
p ocu emen p ocesses, while also exposing pe sis en challenges.
E-p ocu emen sys ems had he highes impac (mean = 3.99),
demons a ing signi ican gains in educing ine iciencies;
howe e , adop ion emains une en ac oss egions due o
in as uc u e dispa i ies. Blockchain echnology ecei ed
mode a e suppo (mean = 3.41), e lec ing limi ed p ac ical
applica ions compa ed o coun ies like Ghana, whe e blockchain
use in con ac managemen is mo e ad anced. Simila ly, AI and
da a analy ics (mean = 3.76) demons a ed s ong adop ion ends,
placing Nige ia ahead o some egional pee s bu s ill ailing
global leade s like India. Digi al li e acy (mean = 3.73) was
ano he p omising a ea, sugges ing ha capaci y-building p og ams
a e e ec i e, hough une enly dis ibu ed be ween u ban cen es
and u al communi ies.
Howe e , cybe secu i y conce ns (mean = 3.35, SD = 1.22)
eme ged as he mos di isi e issue, wi h p epa edness a ying
widely ac oss o ganisa ions. These esul s align wi h he
Technology-O ganisa ion-En i onmen (TOE) amewo k,
showing how adop ion is shaped no only by echnological
capabili ies bu also by o ganisa ional eadiness and ex e nal
condi ions such as in as uc u e gaps and egula o y en i onmen s.
Compa ed o i s A ican pee s, Nige ia is p og essing mo e apidly,
bu s ill lags behind global exempla s such as Es onia and India.
This ajec o y sugges s ha , wi h sus ained in es men in
in as uc u e, mo e igo ous policy en o cemen , and a ge ed
suppo o digi al li e acy and cybe secu i y, Nige ia could
signi ican ly enhance he e iciency and anspa ency o i s
p ocu emen p ocesses in he yea s o come.
4.5.3 Discussion o Findings on Resea ch Ques ion Fou
The indings on esea ch ques ion ou e eal ha Nige ia’s
p ocu emen egula o y amewo k equi es signi ican
s eng hening o os e sus ainabili y and e ec i e mul i-
s akeholde collabo a ion. The s onges consensus among
s akeholde s was on he need o obus moni o ing mechanisms,
which hey iewed as he mos c i ical a ea o e o m. This esul
aligns wi h global expe iences, such as hose in Rwanda and Sou h
A ica, whe e eal- ime digi al moni o ing and au oma ed
compliance sys ems ha e signi ican ly enhanced anspa ency and
educed p ocu emen aud. Simila ly, s akeholde s emphasised
s ic e en o cemen o penal ies, ci ing Nige ia’s inconsis en
sanc ioning o p ocu emen in ac ions compa ed o Kenya and
Bo swana, whe e consis en penal ies ha e educed iola ions.
These indings highligh ha e ec i e moni o ing and en o cemen
emain he bed ock o sus ainable p ocu emen e o ms in Nige ia.
Beyond compliance, s akeholde s iden i ied he need o s ic e
laws and ax incen i es, hough hese we e a ed as seconda y o
o e sigh and penal ies. Compa ed o India and Thailand, whe e
binding legal manda es and iscal incen i es signi ican ly boos ed
sus ainable p ocu emen adop ion, Nige ia’s weake pe o mance
sugges s he necessi y o complemen a y e o ms. Regula
consul a ion sco ed lowes , wi h wide a iabili y indica ing
agmen ed and ad hoc engagemen , pa icula ly excluding SMEs
and u al communi ies. This con as s wi h Canada’s
