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P oposi ion o a Typology o Tunisian Consume s
Based on hei Ecologically Conscious Beha io
Faouzia Mida
1
Depa men o Managemen , ESSECT, Tunis, Tunisia
Imed Zaiem
Depa men o Managemen , FSEGN, Nabeul, Tunisia
Abs ac
The en i onmen al mo emen led companies o conside ecology as a
s a egic decisional c i e ion. Conce ns ha e s a ed o be in eg a ed in he s udy
and p ac ice o managemen and ma ke ing. The objec o his esea ch is o
p opose a ypology o Tunisian consume s in e ms o hei ecologically
conscious beha io . Mo e speci ically, his wo k desc ibes he iden i ied g oups
based on socio-demog aphic a iables (such as gende , age, income, socio-
p o essional ca ego y and eligiosi y) and on he psychog aphic a iable
pe cei ed consume e ec i eness. To his end, we conduc ed a ques ionnai e
su ey nex o 200 consume s. The empi ical esul s show he exis ence o ou
consume p o iles which a e he con inced, awa e, mi iga ed and esis an which
led us o p oduce some use ul ecommenda ions o ma ke ing manage s wishing
o be posi ioned on he ecological axis.
Keywo ds: ecologically conscious consume beha io , pe cei ed consume
e ec i eness, socio-demog aphic a iables, ypology.
Ci e his a icle: Mida, F., & Zaiem, I. (2015). P oposi ion o a Typology o Tunisian
Consume s Based on hei Ecologically Conscious Beha io . In e na ional Jou nal o
Managemen , Accoun ing and Economics, 2(5), 360-380.
In oduc ion
Du ing he las decades, ecology has become a social p io i y in which a ious ac o s
sha e esponsibili ies (p oduce s, consume s, ci izens, go e nmen ).
En i onmen alis mo emen s d i e he companies o conside ecology as a s a egic
decisional c i e ion. Such conce ns s a ed o be in ol ed in he s udy and p ac ice o
1
Co esponding au ho ’s email: [email protected]
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managemen and ma ke ing. Wi hin he scope o ma ke ing esea ch, his mo emen is
called « Ecological Ma ke ing» o « g een ma ke ing».
G een ma ke ing co e s all he a eas ha could gene a e and acili a e any ype o
exchange aiming a sa is ying human desi es and needs in such a way ha he la e ’s
sa is ac ion akes place wi h a minimum nega i e impac on he na u al en i onmen
(S an on and Fu el, 1987).
Thus he e m « g een » is associa ed o he en i onmen o o ecology and e e s o
p oblems linked o he ai , wa e and ea h. The e m « g een » is mainly used o desc ibe
consume s wi h ecological sensi i i y (Hacke and al., 1991).
A he le el o he li e a u e, conce ns on ecology we e ea ed h ough a ious
app oaches. Some s udies explo ed he consump ion schemes wi h ecological
esponsibili y such as knowledge o ecological p oduc s (C onwell and Schwepke , 1995;
Balde jahn, 1988) as well as he pu chasing mo i a ions o an ecological p oduc
(K éziak, 1995). O he s we e in e es ed in he concep ualiza ion and ope a ionaliza ion
o conce ns o he en i onmen (Giannelloni, 1998). O he s udies we e in e es ed in he
desc ip ion o he p o iles o indi iduals who a e conce ned wi h ecology h ough he
examina ion o socio-demog aphic and psychog aphic cha ac e is ics o he esponden s
(Picke e al., 1993; K éziak and Vale e-Flo ence, 1997). Ou esea ch is insc ibed
wi hin he amewo k o he las app oach. In ac , se e al s udies ied o desc ibe he
g een consume (Sco and Willi s, 1994; Ma in and Simin i as, 1995; Sh um and al.,
1995; Awad, 2011); howe e , o his day, he e is no commonly accep ed p o ile hence
he need o he p esen esea ch which ies o p opose a ypology o consume s in e ms
o hei ecologically conscious beha io s (ECCB: Ecologically Conscious Consume
Beha io ). The desc ip ion o he iden i ied g oups will be done in addi ion o he socio-
demog aphic a iables (such as gende , age, income, socio-p o essional ca ego y o SPC
and eligiosi y) and he psychog aphic a iable « Pe cei ed Consume E ec i eness ».
This will help p opose use ul ecommenda ions o ma ke ing manage s hoping o posi ion
hemsel es in he ecological axis.
Theo e ical F amewo k
En i onmen al Conce n (EC)
The e ha e been a ious de ini ions o en i onmen al conce n p oposed in he
li e a u e. These de ini ions depend on he complex and uns able na u e o he e m (Chan
and Lau, 2004).
Maloney and Wa d (1973) concep ualize en i onmen al conce n as being he o ali y
o knowledge abou ecology, he deg ee o a ec ion owa ds ecology and he le el o
e bal commi men « ecological in en ion » and o conc e e commi men « ecological
beha io » o ecological p oblems. C osby and al. (1981) de ine en i onmen al conce n
as an ex emely p o ec i e a i ude owa ds he en i onmen . To Chan and Lau (2004),
EC is synonymous o a i ude owa ds he en i onmen .
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S udies on conce n o he en i onmen deal wi h se e al le els o analyses. Some
s udies ocused on he e alua ion o speci ic beha io such as ecycling, g een
consump ion, and ene gy conse a ion. (A bu hno , 1977; Picke and al., 1993). O he s
deal wi h he e alua ion o gene al beha io (An il, 1984; Robe s, 1996a and b).
The e o e, he e is no g ound o compa e he conduc ed s udies. In ac , compa ing wo
s udies can only be done i hey a e abou he same le el o analysis.
The analysis o he li e a u e shows he links be ween en i onmen al conce n and some
ecological beha io s (Robe s, 1996; Chan and Lau, 2000).
Fo ins ance, Bambe g (2003) shows ha he deg ee o en i onmen al conce n has a
di ec and s ong in luence on beha io in e ms o ecycling and ene gy sa ing, choice
o pu chase en i onmen ally iendly p oduc s o e en in he way people a el.
Bang and al. (2000) s ipula e ha consume s who a e mo e conce ned wi h
en i onmen al issues a e mo e eady o pay highe p ices o enewable ene gy han hose
who a e less conce ned.
Kim and Choi (2005) highligh ha i is mo e p obable ha people who a e mo e
conce ned abou en i onmen al issues buy en i onmen ally iendly p oduc s han hose
who ha e less conce ns in his espec .
The li e a u e e iew on en i onmen al conce n indica es ha esea che s ha e no
managed o explain he social bases o an ecological beha io whence he necessi y o
es ablish he p o ile o ecological consume s.
P o ile o he ecological consume
Ecological ma ke ing li e a u e ied o iden i y he cha ac e is ics o he p o iles o
indi iduals who a e conce ned wi h ecology. The i s a emp s da e back o he 1960s
when Be kowi z and Lu e man (1968) s udied he p o ile o socially esponsible
consume s. In ac , a socially esponsible consume is « a consume who akes in o
accoun he public consequences o his/he p i a e consump ion and who ies o use
his/he pu chasing powe o in oduce change in socie y » (Webs e , 1975).
S a ing om he 1990s (called « ea h decade »), in e es in ecology was conside able
on he academic le el. Resea ch hen ocused on he desc ip ion o he consume s a ing
om his/he ecological beha io . The wo ks o Robe s (1996a) highligh ed he concep
o « ECCB: Ecologically Conscious Consume Beha io ». Robe s indica ed ha he
consume is conside ed as en i onmen ally conce ned i he/she buys p oduc s and
se ices ha ha e a posi i e impac o ha ha e less nega i e impac s on he en i onmen .
In o de o be e desc ibe g een consume s, se e al s udies ied o de ine hei
cha ac e is ics. The esul s o he s udies we e con adic o y in he way some ound
signi ican esul s and o he s ound insigni ican esul s (Do Paço and Raposo, 2009).
The li e a u e e iew shows ha he socio-demog aphic a iables help ame he
p o ile o he g een consume . In ac , hese a iables o e an easy ool o announce s o
segmen he ma ke (Ande son and al., 1974; Samdahl and Robe son, 1989; Robe s,
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1996 a and b; Jain and Kau , 2006; D’Souza and al., 2007). Among he socio-
demog aphic a iables ha we e objec o ecological beha io s udy we ind : age (Van
Lie e and Dunlap, 1981 ; Picke and al., 1993), gende (Baldassa e and Ka z 1992,
B ooke , 1976), income (Ande son and al. 1974 ; An il 1984 ; Van Lie e and Dunlap,
1981), educa ion (Webs e , 1975 ; Kinnea and al., 1974), place o esidence (Zimme
and al., 1994 ; Schwa z and Mille , 1991), household size, densi y o he popula ion
(An il 1984) and economic and social s a us (An il,1984 ; Vining and Eb eo, 1990).
In addi ion o he socio-demog aphic a iables, psychog aphic a iables be e explain
and p edic ecological beha io (S aughan and Robe s, 1999). Among he
psychog aphic a iables ha ing been he objec o s udy on ecological beha io , we ind:
poli ical o ideological o ien a ion (Hine and Gi o d, 1991; Robe s, 1996a), pe cei ed
consume e ec i eness (PCE) (F aj and Ma inez 2006), aliena ion (Ande son, Henion
and Cox, 1974), cen e o pe ime e o con ol (Dolich and al., 1981) and
socializa ion (Webs e , 1975).
Thus, D’Souza and al. (2007) desc ibe he g een consume as a young educa ed well-
o ci izen. Schwepke and Co nwell (1991) desc ibe he g een consume as one wi h a
high income and highe educa ion diploma.
To Webs e (1975), he g een consume is a dominan , ole an and esponsible pe son.
He/she is also a pe son who is highly pe suaded ha he/she can educe pollu ion p oblems
and akes in o conside a ion he ecological impac o his pu chases (Kim and Choi, 2005;
Lee and Holden, 1999). This is wha we call « pe cei ed consume e ec i eness ». To
A bu hno (1977), his consume is a he a pe son wi h a libe al poli ical ideology.
Ande son, Henion and Cox (1974) de ine he g een consume as one wi h a mo e
aliena ed and cosmopoli an pe sonali y, less conse a i e and dogma ic.
Howe e , hese ew p o iles canno es ablish a pa icula ecologically conscious
consume p o ile and he e o e con i m he inexis ence o a commonly accep ed one
(Sh um and al., 1995; Tilikidou and Zo os, 1999). The p oposi ion o an ecologically
conscious consume ypology becomes hen necessa y. This is wha we will demons a e
wi hin he scope o ou empi ical s udy.
Me hodology
Ou s udy aims o iden i y a ypology o consume s in e ms o hei ecologically
conscious beha iou . To his end, we conduc ed a ques ionnai e su ey and he da a we e
collec ed h ough he adminis a ion o ques ionnai es ia ace o ace in e iewe nex o
200 consume s. Ou sample was selec ed using he con enience me hod. Howe e , we
ha e ied o ha e a s uc u e o age and gende ha is simila o he Tunisian popula ion
s uc u e. You will ind he cha ac e is ics o ou sample in appendix 2.
Rega ding he choice o measu ing ins umen s, we ha e selec ed Robe s’ scales
(1996a). The i s e alua es ecologically conscious consume beha iou and is composed
o i ems e lec ing he deg ee o commi men o he consume who only buys p oduc s
ha a e less ha m ul o he en i onmen . The au ho epo s a C onbach alpha o 0.96.
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This scale was also used by Awad (2011) in he con ex o ecologically conscious
consume segmen a ion.
The second scale allows measu ing he pe cei ed consume e iciency (PCE) which is
composed o ou s a emen s ha e lec consume s’ a i udes o en i onmen al conce ns
and hei es ima ion ha hei ac ions and pu chases can make a change (see appendix
1). These a ious measu es we e g aded om 1 (comple ely disag ee) o 5 (comple ely
ag ee).
The su ey’s da a we e ea ed using SPSS 18 and AMOS 18 so wa es. In ac , we
ha e adop ed an explo a o y ac o ial analysis in o de o e i y he unidimensionali y o
each o he heo e ical cons uc s and o es hei eliabili y a a la e s age. Then, we ha e
de e mined he esul s o he con i ma o y analysis in he hope o e i ying he eliabili y
and alidi y o he cons uc s based on Fo nell and La cke ’s me hodology (1981).
Finally, we classi ied he dynamic mul i udes in o de o elabo a e a ypology o
consume s in e ms o hei ecologically conscious beha io . The ob ained consume
segmen s a e desc ibed by socio-demog aphic a iables (such as age, gende , place o
esidence, eligiosi y, PCS and income) and by he psychog aphic a iable « pe cei ed
consume e ec i eness ».
Analysis and in e p e a ion o esul s
Analysis o ecologically conscious consume beha io (ECCB)
Explo a o y and con i ma o y analyses p esen and speci y he measu emen o
ecologically conscious consume beha io . We ha e conduc ed an explo a o y analysis
(PCA) in o de o be eassu ed on he unidimensionali y o he scale’s eliabili y. In ac ,
able 1 shows he esul s o he p incipal componen s analysis as well as he in e nal
cohe ence.
This analysis p oduced 2 axes ha explained he ECCB. Consequen ly, he scale is
bidimensional. Axis 1 is called « ecologically conscious pu chasing beha io » and axis
2 is called « ene gy p ese a ion and ecycling beha io ».
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Table 1 P incipal Componen Analysis
I ems
Quali y o
ep esen a ion
Componen s
a e a imax o a ion
Ecologically conscious
pu chasing beha io
Ene gy p ese a ion and
ecycling beha io
ECCB3
0,561
-
0,645
ECCB5
0,617
0,779
-
ECCB7
0,662
0,814
-
ECCB8
0,553
0,743
-
ECCB9
0,641
-
0,724
ECCB10
0,696
0,659
-
ECCB11
0,678
-
0,820
ECCB12
0,719
0,842
-
ECCB13
0,576
-
0,676
ECCB14
0,625
0,766
-
ECCB15
0,715
0,803
-
ECCB16
0,572
0,542
-
ECCB21
0,864
0,890
-
C onbach Alpha
0,907
0,70
K.M.O (Kaise -Meye -Olkin) = 0,774 Ba le ’s sphe ici y es = 0,000
Va iance explained in %= 62,134%
Table 1 indica es a sa is ying KMO alue jus i ying he p esence o a ac o ial solu ion
o bo h dimensions. Ba le ’s sphe ici y es is signi ican o a h eshold o 5%. Besides,
he quali y o i ems’ ep esen a ion is good o he i ems e ained excep o ECCB1,
ECCB2, ECCB4, ECCB6, ECCB17, ECCB18, ECCB19, ECCB20, and ECCB22 ha
we e elimina ed.
Table 1 equally shows ha he C onbach Alpha coe icien s () a e eliable a he
explo a o y le el o he dimensions « ecologically conscious pu chasing beha io » and
« ene gy p ese a ion and ecycling beha io ».
Then he con i ma o y analysis allows us o e i y he eliabili y and alidi y o he
ob ained dimensions (Table 2). The e o e, we ha e op ed o he Fo nell and La cke
p ocedu e (1981) in o de o calcula e he con e gen alidi y and he disc iminan
alidi y o he cons uc s.
Table 2 Reliabili y and Validi y o Scale
Dimensions
Reliabili y (Rho
o Jö eskog)
Con e gen
alidi y
Disc iminan
alidi y
Ecologically conscious
pu chasing beha io
0,86
0,76
0,76> 0,21
0,66> 0,21
Ene gy p ese a ion and
ecycling beha io
0,92
0,66
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As shown by able 2, Jö eskog’s Rhô indica ed sa is ying alues exceeding he
minimum h eshold o 0.7. The Rhô o he con e gen alidi y is supe io o he minimum
p esc ibed h eshold o 0.5 o each o he ob ained dimensions. The disc iminan alidi y
was e i ied as he ex ac ed mean a iance is supe io o he squa e o he co ela ion
be ween he la en a iables. We can hen conclude ha he ob ained dimensions a e
eliable and alid.
Table 3 shows ha he measu ing model o he ECCB p esen s a good adjus men .
Table 3 Adjus men Model
Indica ion
Chi-squa e / ddl
GFI
AGFI
RMR
RMSEA
NFI
CFI
Value
1,773
0,911
0,944
0,069
0,074
0,938
0,925
Analysis o he pe cei ed consume e ec i eness (PCE)
We conduc ed an explo a o y analysis (PCA) in o de o ensu e he unidimensionali y
and he eliabili y o he scale.
Table 4 P incipal Componen Analysis
I ems
Quali y o ep esen a ion
Componen s
EPC1
0,820
0,906
EPC2
0,542
0,646
EPC3
0,544
0,662
EPC4
0,884
0,940
K.M.O (Kaise -Meye -Olkin) = 0,658 Ba le ’s sphe ici y es = 0,000
Va iance explained in %= 64%
C onbach Alpha = 0,803
Table 4 indica es a sa is ying KMO alue jus i ying he p esence o a ac o ial solu ion.
Ba le ’s sphe ici y es is signi ican o a h eshold o 5%. The quali y o ep esen a ion
is good as all he pe cei ed consume e ec i eness measu emen indica o s ha e a alue
ha is supe io o he minimum h eshold o 0.5. The pe cen age o he explained a iance
d i es us o e ain only one componen .
Table 4 shows ha he C onbach Alpha coe icien () is eliable a he explo a o y
le el.
Using a con i ma o y analysis (FCA) alida es he measu emen model and ensu es
he eliabili y and alidi y based on Fo nell and La cke p ocedu e (1981).
Table 5 shows ha he measu emen model p esen s a good adjus men by e e ing o
he ob ained alues o absolu e, inc emen al and pa cimonious indices.
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Table 5 Adjus men Model
Indica ion
Chi-squa e / ddl
GFI
AGFI
RMR
RMSEA
NFI
CFI
Value
2,914
0,989
0,976
0,029
0,068
0,987
0,991
Table 6 below de e mines he alues o Jö eskog’s Rhô, Rhô o he con e gen alidi y
as well as he disc iminan alidi y. These indica o s e alua e eliabili y and alidi y o
he ob ained dimensions o he measu emen model.
Table 6 Reliabili y and Validi y o Scale
Scale
Reliabili y (Rho
o Jö eskog)
Con e gen alidi y
Disc iminan
alidi y
EPC
0,77
0,82
0,82> 0,21
By eading able 6, we conclude ha he alue o Jö eskog’s Rhô is supe io o 0.7 o
he measu emen model. Equally, he Rhô o he con e gen alidi y is supe io o he
minimum h eshold o 0.5. Finally, we no e ha he disc iminan alidi y is ensu ed as
he ex ac ed mean a iance is supe io o he squa e o he co ela ion be ween he la en
a iables. We can he e o e judge ha he scale is eliable and alid a he con i ma o y
le el.
Iden i ica ion and speci ica ion o consume s’ p o iles in e ms o hei
ecologically conscious beha io .
We classi ied he dynamic mul i udes in o de o iden i y he consume s’ p o iles in
e ms o hei ecologically conscious beha io . We ob ained 4 di e en g oups o
consume s in e ms o he ECCB and pe cei ed consume e ec i eness. The cen e s o
classes we e es ablished a he le el o he second i e a ion. The ANOVA able (see
appendix 3) shows ha he segmen a ion c i e ia a e disc iminan and p oduce his
ypology. The allo men o obse a ions in g oups is p esen ed in able 7 as ollows:
Table 7 The inal cen e s o classes ob ained
I ems
Classes
1
2
3
4
ECCB5
3,50
4,00
2,81
1,91
ECCB7
2,00
3,50
1,48
1,62
ECCB8
4,33
2,59
1,19
1,56
ECCB10
2,00
2,66
2,24
1,43
ECCB12
2,00
3,94
1,81
1,60
ECCB14
2,00
3,47
1,24
1,67
ECCB15
5,00
3,38
1,38
1,86
ECCB16
5,00
2,91
3,38
1,85
ECCB21
4,00
3,66
1,24
1,93
ECCB3
5,00
4,13
2,00
2,35
ECCB9
3,83
4,47
1,81
2,88
ECCB11
5,00
3,41
1,10
3,26
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I ems
Classes
ECCB13
2,67
4,19
1,81
3,57
EPC1
3,67
4,34
2,05
3,86
EPC2
2,00
2,53
1,57
1,87
EPC3
3,83
3,66
2,90
3,48
EPC4
4,00
4,34
2,19
3,89
Size
6
32
21
141
Pe cen age
3%
16%
10,5%
70,5%
Table 7 shows ha he ob ained class 1 cons i u es 3% o ou sample. I is cha ac e ized
by bo h « an ecologically conscious pu chasing beha io » and « an ene gy sa ing and
ecycling beha io » ha a e signi ican ly high. This g oup o indi iduals is almos
con inced ha i can educe he p oblems o pollu ion and p e ends aking in o
conside a ion he ecological impac o hei pu chases. These a e he « awa e » cus ome s.
The second ob ained class cons i u es 16% o ou sample. I is cha ac e ized by a high
« ECCB » and by a high « ene gy sa ing and ecycling beha io ». This g oup o
indi iduals is pa icula ly pe suaded ha i can educe pollu ion ela ed p oblems and
akes in o conside a ion he ecological impac ha his pu chases could ha e. We he e
speak o he « con inced » cus ome s.
The 3 d ob ained class cons i u es 10.5% o ou sample. This g oup o indi iduals is
pe suaded ha i could educe pollu ion p oblems. Howe e , when he e is a need o buy
an ecological p oduc , his g oup shows a weak conscious beha io as opposed o a
ela i ely a e age ene gy sa ing and ecycling beha io . I is he case o he « mi iga ed »
cus ome s.
The ou h ob ained class cons i u es he mos impo an sec ion o ou sample. I is
composed o 70,5% o obse a ions and is cha ac e ized by a weak ecologically conscious
beha io wi h a weak ene gy sa ing and ecycling beha io . This g oup o indi iduals is
weakly pe suaded ha i can educe pollu ion p oblems. These a e he « esis an »
cus ome s.
Fu he mo e, i is wo h speci ying ha all he ob ained classes a e based on he
pe sonal a iables o he sample. The conduc ed Chi-squa e es s (see appendix 4) help
s udy he a ia ion o he ob ained classes based on gende , age, le el o ins uc ion, CSP,
mon hly income, eligiosi y, place o esidence and ci il s a us. The esul s a e signi ican
o all he a iables a a isk o 5%. The examina ion o he able in appendix 4 shows ha
he socio-demog aphic p o ile o he a ious classes is as ollows:
Class 1 ( he awa e) is exclusi ely composed o young, single emale s uden , aged 20
o 34, eligious wi h a mon hly income o less han 400 dina s and li ing in a u al
en i onmen .
Class 2 ( he con inced) is essen ially composed o ma ied o single women (ei he
s uden s o housewi es) he majo i y o whom a e aged be ween 20 and 34 yea s old wi h
a highe educa ion, mos ly eligious wi h a mon hly income o less han 400 dina s and
li ing in a u al en i onmen .
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375
Appendix 2 Sample cha ac e is ic
Gende
Pe cen age
Male
47,5
Female
52,5
Age
Pe cen age
20 -34
46,0
35-44
27,5
45-59
10,0
60 and o e
16,5
Educa ion le el
Pe cen age
P ima y
13,0
Seconda y
14,0
Uni e si y
73,0
CSP
Pe cen age
Unemployed
4,5
Re i ed
11,5
Libe al p o ession
9,0
Employee
9,0
Manage s and in highly in ellec ual
p o essions
30,0
S uden
26,0
Housewi e
10,0
Mon hly income (Uni : DT)
Pe cen age
Less han 400
37,5
400-800
24,0
800 -1200
7,0
1200 -1600
11,5
Mo e han 1600
20,0
Religiosi y
Pe cen age
Religious
40,5
Non- eligious
59,5
Place o esidence
Pe cen age
U ban en i onmen
78,5
Ru al en i onmen
21,5
Ci il s a us
Pe cen age
Single
36,5
Ma ied
58,0
Di o ced
5,5
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376
Appendix 3 Resul s o he classi ica ion o dynamic mul i ude
ANOVA
Class
E o
F
Signi icance
Mean squa es
ddl
Mean squa es
ddl
ECB3
41,250
3
,897
196
45,998
,000
ECB5
41,954
3
,876
196
47,887
,000
ECB7
32,135
3
,440
196
72,969
,000
ECB8
24,797
3
,464
196
53,394
,000
ECB9
34,836
3
,842
196
41,384
,000
ECB10
15,460
3
,446
196
34,631
,000
ECB11
37,587
3
1,331
196
28,246
,000
ECB12
47,703
3
,402
196
118,543
,000
ECB13
26,513
3
,949
196
27,930
,000
ECB14
31,701
3
,606
196
52,314
,000
ECB15
40,393
3
,712
196
56,706
,000
ECB16
36,111
3
,692
196
52,217
,000
ECB21
39,025
3
,349
196
111,959
,000
EPC1
24,604
3
,983
196
25,030
,000
EPC2
4,948
3
,610
196
8,112
,000
EPC3
2,871
3
1,271
196
2,259
,083
EPC4
21,705
3
,830
196
26,156
,000
Appendix 4 Speci ica ion o classes ob ained based on pe sonal a iables
Gende :
Chi-squa e es s
Value
ddl
Asymp o ic
signi icance
(bila e al)
Pea son chi-squa e
16,048a
3
,001
Likelihood a io
18,588
3
,000
Linea associa ion by
linea
15,230
1
,000
Numbe o alid
obse a ions
200
a. 2 cells (25.0%) ha e heo e ical size less han 5. The minimum
heo e ical size is 2.85.
C oss able Gende * Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
Size
Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
To al
1
2
3
4
Gende
Male
0
9
7
79
95
Female
6
23
14
62
105
To al
6
32
21
141
200
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377
Age:
Chi-squa e es s
Value
ddl
Asymp o ic
signi icance
(bila e al)
Pea son chi-squa e
82,514a
9
,000
Likelihood a io
86,754
9
,000
Linea associa ion by
linea
,341
1
,560
Numbe o alid
obse a ions
200
a. 7 cells (43.8%) ha e heo e ical size less han 5. The minimum
heo e ical size is .60.
Educa ion le el:
Chi-squa e es s
Value
ddl
Asymp o ic
signi icance
(bila e al)
Pea son chi-squa e
68,615a
6
,000
Likelihood a io
63,476
6
,000
Linea associa ion by
linea
4,892
1
,027
Numbe o alid
obse a ions
200
a. 7 cells (58.3%) ha e heo e ical size less han 5. The minimum
heo e ical size is.78.
C oss able Educa ion le el * Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
Size
Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
To al
1
2
3
4
Educa ion le el
P ima y
0
0
4
22
26
Seconda y
0
0
14
14
28
Uni e si y
6
32
3
105
146
To al
6
32
21
141
200
C oss able Age * Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
Size
Classe d'a ec a ion (nuées dynamiques)
To al
1
2
3
4
Age
20 - 34
6
24
3
59
92
35 -44
0
0
0
55
55
45 - 59
0
0
10
10
20
60 and o e
0
8
8
17
33
To al
6
32
21
141
200
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378
CSP:
Chi-squa e es s
Value
ddl
Asymp o ic
signi icance
(bila e al)
Pea son chi-squa e
116,679a
18
,000
Likelihood a io
129,521
18
,000
Linea associa ion by
linea
13,742
1
,000
Numbe o alid
obse a ions
200
a. 17 cells (60.7%) ha e heo e ical size less han 5. The minimum
heo e ical size is .27.
C oss able CSP * Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
Size
Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
To al
1
2
3
4
CSP
Unemployed
0
0
0
9
9
Re i ed
0
8
0
15
23
Libe al p o ession
0
0
6
12
18
Employee
0
0
4
14
18
Manage s and in highly
in ellec ual p o essions
0
0
0
60
60
S uden
6
14
3
29
52
Housewi e
0
10
8
2
20
To al
6
32
21
141
200
Mon hly income:
Chi-squa e es s
Value
ddl
Asymp o ic
signi icance
(bila e al)
Pea son chi-squa e
36,419a
12
,000
Likelihood a io
49,808
12
,000
Linea associa ion by
linea
13,032
1
,000
Numbe o alid
obse a ions
200
a. 10 cells (50.0%) ha e heo e ical size less han 5. The
minimum heo e ical size is .42.
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C oss able Mon hly income * Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
Size
Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
To al
1
2
3
4
Mon hly income
Less han 400
6
18
11
40
75
400 - 800
0
6
8
34
48
800 - 1200
0
0
2
12
14
1200 - 1600
0
0
0
23
23
Mo e han 1600
0
8
0
32
40
To al
6
32
21
141
200
Religiosi y:
Chi-squa e es s
Value
ddl
Asymp o ic
signi icance
(bila e al)
Pea son chi-squa e
29,667a
3
,000
Likelihood a io
39,059
3
,000
Linea associa ion by
linea
7,302
1
,007
Numbe o alid
obse a ions
200
a. 2 cells (25.0%) ha e heo e ical size less han 5. The minimum
heo e ical size is 2.43.
C oss able Religiosi y * Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
Size
Class assignemen (dynamic clus e s)
To al
1
2
3
4
Religiosi y
Religious
6
20
0
55
81
Non- eligious
0
12
21
86
119
To al
6
32
21
141
200
Place o esidence:
Chi-squa e es s
Value
ddl
Asymp o ic
signi icance
(bila e al)
Pea son chi-squa e
14,997a
3
,002
Likelihood a io
22,792
3
,000
Linea associa ion by
linea
14,410
1
,000
Numbe o alid
obse a ions
200
a. 3 cells (37.5%) ha e heo e ical size less han 5. The minimum
heo e ical size is 1.29.
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C oss able Place o esidence * Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
Size
Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
To al
1
2
3
4
Place o
esidence
U ban
en i onmen
6
32
18
101
157
Ru al
en i onmen
0
0
3
40
43
To al
6
32
21
141
200
Ci il s a us:
C oss able Ci il s a us * Class assignmen (dynamic clus e s)
Size
Class assignemen s (dynamic clus e s)
To al
1
2
3
4
Ci il
s a us
Single
6
14
3
50
73
Ma ied
0
18
18
80
116
Di o ced
0
0
0
11
11
To al
6
32
21
141
200
Chi-squa e es s
Value
ddl
Asymp o ic
signi icance
(bila e al)
Pea son chi-squa e
20,890a
6
,002
Likelihood a io
25,778
6
,000
Linea associa ion by
linea
5,969
1
,015
Numbe o alid
obse a ions
200
a. 5 cells (41.7%) ha e heo e ical size less han 5.
b. The minimum heo e ical size is .33.
