INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION
ISSN (p in ): 2833-4515, ISSN (online): 2833-4531
Volume 04 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025
DOI: 10.58806/iji me.2025. 4i10n01 Impac ac o - 6.748
Page No. 1009-1014
1009 Page com.iji mewww. 5be 202Oc o 10Issue 4IJIRME, Volume
Assessmen o Risk Fac o s in Handling o Ag o-Chemicals among A able
Fa me s: A Public Heal h Conce n in O ii e Local Go e nmen A ea Oyo
S a e, Nige ia.
A owolo, Je emiah Oluyemi1, Ade unbi, Saheed Ige2
1College o Ag icul u e, Family Sciences and Technology, Fo Valley S a e Uni e si y, 1005 S a e Uni e si y D i e, Fo Valley
GA 31030
2Depa men o Ag icul u al Ex ension and Ru al De elopmen , Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o Technology, P.M.B. 4000
Ogbomoso, Oyo S a e, Nige ia
ABSTRACT: Recen ly, he e is p essu e on a able a me s o p oduce adequa e s aple ood i ems o ca ch up wi h e e inc easing
human popula ion and geome ic ise in demand o ood i ems. Fa me s he e o e le e age on usage o ag ochemicals o enhance
p oduc i i y in a m p oduce. The s udy in i s majo objec i e assessed he se e i y o isk ac o s in handling o ag o-chemical
among A able a me s in he s udy a ea.
Speci ically, he s udy examined he socio-economic cha ac e is ics o he a able a me s; iden i ied he commonly used
ag o-chemicals; in es iga ed he pu poses necessi a ing usage o ag o-chemicals ; assessed he se e i y o a ious isk ac o s
associa ed wi h he use o ag o-chemicals and he esea ch hypo hesis de e mined signi ican ela ionship be ween he selec ed
socio-economic cha ac e is ics o he esponden s and se e i y o isk ac o s in handling o ag o-chemicals among he Responden s.
A well- s uc u ed in e iew schedule was used o collec p ima y da a. A o al o 90 esponden s we e selec ed. Bo h
desc ip i e s a is ics and in e en ial s a is ical analysis we e employed in da a analysis. The s udy e ealed ha he e a e male
(63.3%) a able a me s in he s udy a ea han emale, he popula ion is sligh ly you h ul wi h 44yea s as he mean age and 70.0%
a e ma ied. The esponden s main ain an a e age o i e indi iduals pe household and a e mode a ely educa ed wi h only 22.2%
o hem ha ing no o mal educa ion. The s udy also deduced ha Elimina ion o weeds, imp o emen o c op yield and eju ena ion
o soil nu ien s as majo he pu poses necessi a ing he use o ag o-chemical. Howe e , exposu e o a me s o heal h isk, dis up ion
o ecosys em and ood poisoning sequel o ha m ul esidual e ec s o ag ochemicals cons i u e majo isk ac o s associa ed wi h
he use o Ag o-chemicals
Chi-squa e analysis was used o es he hypo hesis. The hypo hesis e ealed ha he e was a signi ican ela ionship be ween
selec ed socio-economic cha ac e is ics: ma i al s a us (x2 = 34.44, p=0.001), eligion (x2 =48.26, p= 0.001) and yea s o expe ience
(x2 = 14.18, p = 0.0027) meanwhile sex, membe ship o social o ganiza ion and sou ces o labou do no appea o ha e a signi ican
impac on he isk ac o s o handling o ag o-chemical in he s udy A ea.
The s udy ecommended s ic adhe ence o dosage and speci ica ions o a e o e dose o ag ochemicals ha could esul
in o ha m ul esidual e ec on a m p oduce which could cons i u e ood poisoning causing public heal h conce ns.
Also, en o cemen o wea ing o sa e y ki s and a e -use p ecau ions o ag ochemicals should be p io i ized o a e heal h isk o
a me s in he cou se o usage o ag ochemicals.
Finally, de ailed illus a ion and sa e y measu es should be manda ed o be conspicuously pas ed on all ag ochemicals by hei
p oduce s o guide ame s on sa e use o ag ochemicals
INTRODUCTION
Ag icul u al p ac ice is he majo li elihood in u al Nige ia, i en ails all ac i i ies di ec ly ela ed o cul i a ion o c ops, ea ing
o animals and all o he ac i i ies bo he ing on ag o-p ocessing in he ag icul u al alue chain (P agya & Abha 2018). Fa me s in
hei ques o ca ch up wi h geome ic inc ease in demand o ag icul u al p oduc s and he need checkma e des uc i e endencies
o oden s, pes s and weeds ha e esul ed o use o Ag o-chemicals. Cul i a ion o s aple ood i ems is a majo esponsibili y o he
ag icul u al sec o , and he need o expand a ming p ac ices is essen ial o ca ch up wi h e e inc easing demand o ood and
ag icul u al p oduc s. Recen ly howe e , a ming has encoun e ed nume ous cons ain s anging om limi ed e ile land,
diminished c op yields, pes con ol challenges, sho age o labou , and consequences o clima ic change Elumalai and Punniyako i
(2025). To enhance ood p oduc ion and checkma e incidence o pes s du ing c op cul i a ion, he e has been a hea y eliance on
Assessmen o Risk Fac o s in Handling o Ag o-Chemicals among A able Fa me s: A Public Heal h Conce n in
O ii e Local Go e nmen A ea Oyo S a e, Nige ia.
1010 Page com.iji mewww. 5be 202Oc o 10Issue 4IJIRME, Volume
ag ochemicals such as ho mones, e ilize s, an ibio ics and pes icides. In ecen imes, he global use o hese chemicals has
inc eased geome ically. Fe ilize s, including ni ogen, phospha e, and po assium, along wi h pes icides such as insec icides,
he bicides, and ungicides, a e widely used in ag icul u al p oduc ion Ha una A.E., e al. (2024). Howe e , excessi e applica ion
and eckless handling o hese chemicals has led o widesp ead con amina ion o he ecosys em, pollu ion, a ec ing ai , soil,
eshwa e , aqua ic li e, clima ic changes, plan s, animals, and ul ima ely humans
Ag o-chemicals a e subs ances used o induce c op g ow h, con ol weeds, elimina e oden s and pes s and o p ese e ag icul u al
p oduc s gi ing a m p oduce a p olonged shel -li e. Muhibbullah and Sa wa (2017) de ined ag o-chemical as a gene ic e m o
he a ious chemical p oduc s, such as e ilize s, an ibio ics, ho mone, ungicides, insec icides o soil ea men ha imp o es he
p oduc ion o c ops and sa egua d he heal h o animals and induce g ow h and p oduc i i y in animals. Awad e al. (2018) no ed
ha pes icides a e widely used by a me s o p o ec c ops agains insec s and diseases. Howe e , excessi e and indisc imina e use
and handling o ag o-chemicals may ha e ad e se e ec s a ising om inadequa e knowledge o he Ag o-chemicals and he sa e y
p ac ices. The unsa e handling and use o Ag o-chemicals can lead o excessi e exposu es and accumula ion o haza dous chemicals
in he body sys em; his accumula ion can lead o ad e se e ec s on heal h and di e en associa ed symp oms anging om acu e
poisoning, kidney damage, ood sa e y isk, ch onic non communicable li e- h ea ening public heal h issues, such as endoc ine
diso de s Olowogbon TS, e al (2021). While esea che s ha e epo ed on a ious e ec s ha ag ochemical use s ega ding he
sa e handling o hese chemicals. The e is mo e emphasis on he need o he physical sel -p o ec ion agains unnecessa y con ac
wi h he Ag o-chemicals h ough he educa ion on he use o pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen and en i onmen al con amina ion Wei
Zhou, Mengmeng Li, Va enyam Achal, (2025) In Nige ia, Ag o-chemicals a e used o nume ous ag icul u al managemen
p ac ices such as weed con ol, enhancemen and p ese a ion o soil e ili y, elimina ion o oden s, p ese a ion o ha es ed
c ops while in s o age and a m p oduce; hese a e usually applied by a me s who ha e li le o no knowledge ega ding some o
he heal h implica ions o hese chemicals
The mo ali y a e associa ed wi h he handling o Ag o-chemicals has been shown o be high in de eloping coun ies, such as
Nige ia. Oma , A. W. H. e al. (2023). Ag ochemical ha e posed a numbe o p oblems o ag icul u e, including he killing o
bene icial insec s, seconda y pes ou b eak, he de elopmen o pes icides esis ance pes s, heal h p oblems o a me s ha handle
he chemicals such as abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, nausea, omi ing as well as skin and eye p oblems. Many o ganiza ions
and indi iduals in ol ed in ag icul u al ac i i ies in Nige ia pay li le a en ion o sa e chemical handling (Age s and, 2017).
Resea che s ha e no ed he impo ance o sa e chemical handling o he p e en ion o ch onic non communicable diseases
Fagbohun A. A. (2024): Li le is known abou ac o s ha may in luence he a i udes o ag ochemical use owa ds he p e en ion
o heal h- ela ed inju y associa ed wi h he adminis a ion o Ag o-chemicals. In addi ion o he heal h issues esul ing om he use
o Ag o-chemicals, no much is known abou he isk associa ed wi h sa e chemical handling. The e o e his s udy assessed he isk
ac o s in handling o ag o-chemicals as a public heal h conce n among a able c op a me s in O ii e Local Go e nmen , Ogbomoso,
Oyo s a e, Nige ia.
The gene al objec i e o he s udy is o assess he isks ac o s associa ed wi h he use o Ag o-chemicals as a public heal h conce n
among he a able c op a me s in Su ule e Local Go e nmen o Oyo s a e. The speci ic objec i es a e o:
1. desc ibe he socio-economic cha ac e is ics o he a able c op a me s wi hin he s udy A ea
2. iden i y he commonly used ag ochemical by he esponden s
3. examine he pu pose necessi a ing he usage o Ag o-chemicals
4. examine he se e i y o a ious isks associa ed wi h he use o Ag o-chemicals by he esponden s
Hypo hesis o he S udy
To achie e he s a ed objec i es s a ed abo e, he hypo hesis o he s udy is s a ed in a null o m as:
Ho: The e is no signi ican ela ionship be ween selec ed socio-economic cha ac e is ics o he esponden s and he se e i y o isk
ac o s associa ed wi h usage o Ag o-chemicals.
METHODOLOGY
Mul i-s age sampling p ocedu e was used o selec esponden s o he s udy. The i s s age in ol ed he andom sampling o 30%
o wa ds om he 10 wa ds in he local go e nmen . The pu posi ely selec ed wa ds sequel o p e alence o usage o ag ochemicals
a e Ikoyi, Abe-Abaja and Iluju. The second s age in ol ed andom selec ion o wo illages om each o he wa ds making a o al
o six illages. The lis o egis e ed a me s om he selec ed illages was ob ained and 15% o he popula ion was andomly
selec ed o gi e a o al numbe o nine y esponden s ha o med sample ame o he s udy.
Assessmen o Risk Fac o s in Handling o Ag o-Chemicals among A able Fa me s: A Public Heal h Conce n in
O ii e Local Go e nmen A ea Oyo S a e, Nige ia.
1011 Page com.iji mewww. 5be 202Oc o 10Issue 4IJIRME, Volume
Table 1: The sampling P ocedu e and Sample Size
Pu posi e Selec ion o 30%
poli ical wa ds ou o 10 based
on p e alence o
Ag ochemical Usage
Random selec ion o 2
illages om each o he
wa ds
To al Numbe o Regis e ed
a me s in he andomly
selec ed Villages
Selec ion o 5% esponden s
om Lis o Regis e ed
Fa me s in he Randomly
selec ed illages
Ikoyi
Abule Elemo Aipo
120
113
18 17
Abe-Abaja
Abe-Abaja
Alasapa
87
94
13
14
Iluju
Ladokun,
Saamo
86
102
13
15
3 Wa ds
6 illages
602
90
Sou ce: Au ho compu ed, 2025
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The s udy e ealed an e enly dis ibu ed sex g oups wi h 63.3% male o ela i ely you h ul Responden s wi h 44 yea s as he mean
age who a e mos ly ma ied (70.0%). Majo i y o he esponden s (78.0%) a e educa ed a di e en le els om p ima y o e ia y
le el keeping an a e age o i e indi iduals in hei households. Abou an a e age o he esponden s (51.0%) use amily labou
wi h an a e age o six yea s amily expe ience. A good numbe o hem pa icipa e in coope a i e g oups o suppo and sus ain
hei a ming en e p ise.
Dis ibu ion o Responden s by Socioeconomic Cha ac e is ics
Socio-economic Cha ac e is ics
F equency
Pe cen age
Mean
Sex
Male
57
63.3
Female
33
36.7
Age (yea s)
≤ 30
17
18.9
31-40
49
54.4
41-50
15
16.7
44.0 yea s
≥ 51
9
10.0
Religion
Ch is iani y
52
57.8
Islam
38
42.2
Ma i al S a us
Ma ied
63
70.0
Single
22
24.4
Widow
4
4.4
Di o ced
1
1.1
Le el o Educa ion
Non- o mal Educa ion
20
22.2
P ima y Educa ion
41
45.6
Seconda y Educa ion
20
22.2
Te ia y Educa ion
9
10.0
Household Size (People)
1-3
25
27.8
4-6
44
48.9
≥ 7
21
23.3
5 Indi iduals
Yea s o Expe ience
1-10
58
64.4
10 and abo e
32
35.6
6.2yea s
Sou ce o Labou
Family
46
51.1
Hi ed
28
31.1
Family and Hi ed
16
17.8
Membe ship o Social O ganiza ion
Coope a i e Socie y
53
58.9
Fa me s g oup
37
31.1
Sou ce: Field Su ey, 2025
Assessmen o Risk Fac o s in Handling o Ag o-Chemicals among A able Fa me s: A Public Heal h Conce n in
O ii e Local Go e nmen A ea Oyo S a e, Nige ia.
1012 Page com.iji mewww. 5be 202Oc o 10Issue 4IJIRME, Volume
Pu pose Necessi a ing he Use o Ag o-chemicals
The s udy u he iden i ied he pu poses necessi a ing usage o ag ochemicals among he esponden s and pa o he majo
jus i ica ions o he use o ag ochemical include bu no limi ed o: elimina ion o weeds (100.0%), eju ena ion o soil nu ien s
(100.0%), educ ion o pes s and disease in es a ion (87.8%), enhancemen o c op p oduc i i y (97.8%), has ening o c op g ow h
and de elopmen (97.8%), ese a ion o ha es ed a m p oduce (83.3%), enhancemen o c op quali y (80.0%). O he pu poses
a e gene ic inducemen o c ops and inc eased a m e iciency.
Dis ibu ion o Responden s by Pu pose Necessi a ing he Use o Ag o-chemicals
S/N
Pu pose
F equency
Pe cen age
1
Enhancemen o c op p oduc i i y
88
97.8
2
Inc eased a m e iciency
75
83.3
3
Elimina ion o weeds
90
100.0
4
Reduc ion pes s and disease in es a ion
79
87.8
5
Reju ena ion o soil nu ien s
90
100.0
6
Has ening c op g ow h and de elopmen
88
97.8
7
Enhancemen o c op quali y
72
80.0
8
Imp o emen o c op yield
90
100.0
9
Gene ic inducemen o c op
63
70.0
10
P ese a ion o ha es ed a m p oduce
75
83.3
Sou ce: Field Su ey, 2025
Risks Fac o s Associa ed wi h he Use o Ag o-chemicals
The s udy assessed he se e i y o a numbe o isk ac o s a ising om handling and usage o ag ochemicals and he s udy e ealed
ha anked as he mos se e e isk ac o s on usage o ag ochemicals (wms:1.60) a e dis up ion o he ecosys em and exposu e o
a me s o heal h isks. Also, nex in se e i y anking wi h wms 1.37 esidual e ec s o ag ochemicals on he c op and dis o ion in
he gene ic make-up o c ops. Also se e e (wms: 1,17) is he case o ood poisoning a ising om esidual e ec s o ag ochemicals
on c op. Fu he mo e, elimina ion o soil mic o-o ganisms (wms:1.08) cons i u e ano he majo isk ac o in he usage o
ag ochemical. Howe e , inc eased c op esis ance o ag ochemicals, inc eased compac ion and con amina ion o wa e sou ces all
wi h wms: 0.21 a e he leas se e e isk ac o s o handling and usage o ag ochemicals among he esponden s.
Se e i y o Va ious Risks Fac o s Associa ed wi h he Use o Ag o-chemicals
S/N
Risk-Fac o
Yes
No
High
Risk
Mild
Risk
No a
Risk
WMS
Ranks
1
Exposu e o a me o heal h isk
90
100
56(62.2)
32(35.6)
2(2.2)
1.60
1s
2
Dis up ion o Eco-sys em
90
100
56(62.2)
32(35.6)
2(2.2)
1.60
1s
3
Residual e ec o Ag o-chemicals
on c ops
86
95.6
33(36.7)
57(63.3)
-
1.37
2 d
4
Dis o ion o gene ic make-ups o
c ops
86
95.6
33(36.7)
57(63.3)
-
1.37
2 d
5
Con amina ion o wa e sou ces
79
87.8
9(10.0)
1(1.1)
80(88.9)
0.21
6 h
6
Pollu ion o a mosphe ic ai
79
87.8
8(8.9)
3(3.3)
79(87.8)
0.23
5 h
7
Elimina ion o soil mic o-
o ganisms
10
11.1
11(12.2)
75(83.3)
4(4.4)
1.08
4 h
8
Inc eased soil compac ion
15
16.7
7(7.8)
5(5.6)
78(86.7)
0.21
6 h
9
Inc eased pes esis ance
6
6.7
6(6.7)
6(6.7)
78(86.7)
0.21
6 h
10
Food poisoning
75
83.3
12(13.3)
63(70.0)
15(16.7)
1.17
3 h
Sou ce: Field Su ey, 2025
Tes o Hypo hesis
HO: The null hypo hesis s a ed ha he e is no signi ican ela ionship be ween selec ed socio-economic cha ac e is ics o C ops
Fa me s and se e i y o isk ac o s in Handling and usage o Ag o-chemicals among C op Fa me s in O ii e Local Go e nmen .
The able below e ealed ha he e is signi ican ela ionship be ween socio economics cha ac e is ics such as eligion (x2 = 48.26,
p = 0.001), ma i al s a us (x2 = 34.44, p = 0.001), yea s o a ming expe ience (x2 = 14.18, p = 0.0027) and se e i y o isk ac o s
in handling and usage o ag o-chemicals among a able c op a me s in O ii e Local Go e nmen A ea
The e o e, he null hypo hesis was ejec ed.
Assessmen o Risk Fac o s in Handling o Ag o-Chemicals among A able Fa me s: A Public Heal h Conce n in
O ii e Local Go e nmen A ea Oyo S a e, Nige ia.
1013 Page com.iji mewww. 5be 202Oc o 10Issue 4IJIRME, Volume
This esul implies ha eligion, ma i al s a us, yea s o expe iences a ec he se e i y o isk ac o s in handling and usage o ag o-
chemicals among he Responden s
The e o e he null hypo hesis was ejec ed and he al e na i e hypo hesis was accep ed which a e sex (x2 = 0.178, p = 0.673),
membe ship o social o ganiza ion (x2 = 2.44, p = 0.1185), and sou ce o labou (x2 = 4.8, p = 0.0906)
HA: The al e na i e hypo hesis he e o e s a ed ha he e is signi ican ela ionship be ween he socio-economics cha ac e is ics o
he esponden s and se e i y o isk ac o s in handling and usage o ag o-chemicals among a able he Respondne s .
Chi-squa e showing Rela ionship be ween Socio-economic Cha ac e is ics o he Responden s and Assessmen o Risk
Fac o s in Handling o Ag o-chemicals Among A able C op Fa me s.
Va iable
X2
P alue
d
Rema k
Sex
0.178
0.673
1
NS
Religion
48.26
0.001
2
S
Ma i al s a us
34.44
0.001
4
S
Membe ship o Social O ganiza ion
2.44
0.1185
1
NS
Yea s o expe ience
14.18
0.0027
3
S
Sou ce o Labou
Sou ce: Compu ed da a 2025
S: Signi ican ; ejec null hypo hesis
NS: No Signi ican ; accep null
hypo hesis
H0 : Null Hypo hesis
DF: Deg ee o eedom
X 2:Chi-squa e
5% le el o signi ican
4.8
0.0906
2
NS
CONCLUSION
The public heal h conce ns and mo ali y a e due o poo handling and usage o Ag o-chemicals ha e been on he high side la ely.
Fa me s ha e been exposed o heal h isks such as espi a o y p oblems, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, nausea, and omi ing
as well as skin i ching and eye p oblems. The ac ha a me s make use o ag ochemicals o p oduce wha he socie y consume
makes he s udy mo e ele an o public heal h conce ns. The s udy e ealed a male domina ed you h ul and ac i e popula ion in
hei p oduc i e age. Mos common among he ag ochemicals used by Responden s include: Pa a o ce, Clea weed, A azine,
Sunphospha e, and Glyphosa e sys emic he bicide(100%), Fo ce-up and U ea e ilize Wedlezz he bicide, Up oo he bicide,
Touchdown o e and Gibbe ellin Acid
Majo among pu poses necessi a ing he usage o ag o-chemicals include: elimina ion o weeds, eju ena ion o soil nu ien s,
imp o emen o c op yield and lowe labou cos esul ing in be e p o i ma gin, enhancemen o c op p oduc i i y and has ening
c op g ow h, educed pes s and disease in es a ion, inc eased a m e iciency and gene ic inducemen o c op and p ese a ion o
ha es ed a m p oduce
The a ious isks associa ed wi h usage o Ag o-chemicals we e: exposu e o a me o heal h isk, dis up ion o Eco-sys em, ood
poisoning sequel o esidual e ec o Ag o-chemicals on c ops, dis o ion o gene ic make-ups o c ops, deg ada ion o soil mic o-
o ganism, Pollu ion o a mosphe ic ai , con amina ion o wa e sou ces and inc eased soil compac ion.
RECOMMENDATION
A ising om he indings o he s udy, s ic adhe ence o sa e y ules and egula ions coupled wi h applica ion o ecommended
speci ica ion and dosage o ag ochemicals o a e incidence o ha m ul chemical esidual e ec s on a m p oduce ha could be a
sou ce o h ea o public heal h conce ns should be p io i ized.
Also, i was ecommended ha P oduce s o ag ochemicals should be explici and de ailed abou Use s’ ins uc ions and illus a ions
o sa e y measu es in handling o all ag ochemicals o a me s’ use.
Finally, conce ned au ho i ies and s akeholde s in he ag icul u al sec o should emba k on agg essi e en o cemen o wea ing o
sa e y ki s and adequa e a e -use p ecau ions in he cou se o usage o ag ochemicals by a me s.
REFERENCES
1) Elumalai and Punniyako i (2025) : Ag ochemical pollu ion: A se ious h ea o en i onmen al heal h. Jou nal o Cu en
Opinion in En i onmen al Science & Heal h ol 43,2025 pg 2468 5844 h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100597UR
- h ps://www.sciencedi ec .com/science/a icle/pii/S2468584425000066
Assessmen o Risk Fac o s in Handling o Ag o-Chemicals among A able Fa me s: A Public Heal h Conce n in
O ii e Local Go e nmen A ea Oyo S a e, Nige ia.
1014 Page com.iji mewww. 5be 202Oc o 10Issue 4IJIRME, Volume
2) Fagbohun Adebisi Akinyemi, Dauda Ma y Sunday, Anjo in Samuel Toba (2024): Occu ence and Heal h Risk
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