Enginee ing and Technology Jou nal e-ISSN: 2456-3358
Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe -2025, Page No.-7259-7264
DOI: 10.47191/e j/ 10i10.05, I.F. – 8.482
© 2025, ETJ
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ETJ Volume 10 Issue 10 Oc obe 2025, D A olabi, Olusegun Adeleke
S uc u al App aisal wi h Op imiza ion o Pe o mance E alua ion Wi hin
Limi C i e ia
D A olabi, Olusegun Adeleke
Dep o Ci il & En i onmen al Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Lagos
ABSTRACT: Applica ion o s uc u al load p oduces s ess, s ain and de o ma ion o e pe iod o load applica ion, ha educes
he s ain ene gy (U) o s uc u al sys em, and also he designed limi s a e c i ical ac o s beyond which pe o mance becomes
inadequa e and unsa e o con inuous load applica ion, which make app aisal an in eg al aspec o s uc u e’s li e cycle and o a oid
sudden ailu e o collapse. The s udy e alua ed he signi icance o s uc u al app aisal using op imiza ion me hod o de e mine
unc ionali y, i ness and pe o mance. S uc u es a e designed wi h espec o enginee ing s anda ds, codes and speci ica ions, also
by unc ionali y can only ole a e negligible de o ma ion and minimal displacemen (ie W = F. δs =0, i δs → 0) o he expec ed
limi s a e and s abili y. The pape u he conside ed s uc u al ailu e condi ion in e ms o ce ain c i e ia including s ess (ie, σp
≤ σa), s ain (εp ≤ εa) and inelas ic de o ma ion, which a e ac o s esul ing om wo k-done o suppo he applied o ces (loads),
which consumes a ailable s ain ene gy o s uc u al sys em leading o g adual educ ion o e pe iod o ime. E alua ion o hese
pa ame e s using op imiza ion echnique p o ides in o ma ion on he s uc u al li e (ie S ain ene gy less wo k done), indica ing
ha s ain ene gy educes o e pe iod o ime and as a unc ion U = Ui - ∆W, whe e ∆W is educ ion in s ain ene gy o e ime
pe iod. A ma hema ical op imiza ion is he selec ion o bes solu ion wi h ega d o some c i e ion om se o a ailable al e na i es
(eg, F, σ, ε, E and ), ha in ol e maximizing o minimizing a eal unc ion o o e all bene i o he sys em. In conclusion, app aisal
and enginee ing eliabili y a e wo impo an pa ame e s wi h simila ou come and in e p e a ion ha de ines cha ac e is ic
pe o mance equi emen o enginee ing sys em, simila ly he eliabili y unc ion exp esses he p obabili y ha an enginee ing
sys em will unc ion unde s a ed condi ions o speci ic ime pe iod which p o ide he assu ance o pe o mance.
KEYWORDS: S uc u e, App aisal, De o ma ion, Op imiza ion, Reliabili y, Pe o mance
1.0. INTRODUCTION
S uc u al app aisal is in ol e analyzing he in eg i y o
s uc u es o de e mine condi ions o i ness o load
applica ion (Melche s, 1999). S uc u es a e load bea ing
sys ems and loss s eng h o e con inuous load applica ion
due o educ ion and ene gy loss in he sys em. The s eng h
loss associa ed wi h educed in e nal ene gy o s uc u al
sys ems consumed du ing wo k-done in sus aining he
applied o ce and o emain in s a ic equilib ium s a e, ie,
negligible displacemen . Fo s uc u al s abili y displacemen
mus be minimal and insigni ican , and obse ed on s uc u es
as de o ma ion leading o a igue and ac u e depending on
ex en and loading pe iod (S auss e al, 2019). Simila ly
ma e ials’ cha ac e is ic p ope ies iden i ied h ee dis inc
s ages o componen s’ de o ma ion and esponse o applied
o ce/load, as ollowsElas ic de o ma ion: ie, sa e o load
applica ion Inelas ic/Plas ic de o ma ion: ie, be ween sa e
and unsa e o loading Ul ima e load/ ailed: No easible o
load applica ion (ie, Failu e) S uc u al ailu e is damaging
condi ion and loss o s uc u al in eg i y, which occu s when
he ma e ial is s essed beyond i s s eng h limi s, leading o
excessi e de o ma ion and ac u e. Endu ance limi o
Fa igue s eng h desc ibes he p ope y o ma e ials, such as,
he ampli ude (o ange) o cyclic s ess ha can be applied o
a ma e ial wi hou causing a igue ailu e (Melche s, 1999).
Simila ly, “Damage Tole an Design” is a echnique ha
accommoda es all an icipa ed ac ions expec ed on he
s uc u e du ing unc ional pe iod, and acco ding o limi s a e
philosophy, by allowing an adequa e ac o o sa e y, enables
a sys em o con inue i s in ended pu pose (Akpan e al, 2015).
This allows o an oppo uni y o inspec componen pa s
pe iodically o c acks and possibly eplace he componen ,
i he obse ed c ack is wi hin ole able magni ude which
does no a ec he expec ed se ice equi emen s. S uc u al
heal h moni o ing (SHM) is he enginee ing p ocedu e o
obse a ion, iden i ica ion and e alua ion o damages and
laws, including cha ac e iza ion o s a egy o ehabili a ion
o s uc u es, which enables assu ance o con inui y o
unc ionali y and load applica ion. The p ocess in ol es
obse a ion o s uc u al sys em o e ime pe iod, using
pe iodically sampled and dynamic esponse measu emen
and equipmen (Mo i and Nonala, 2001). Fundamen al o
s uc u al moni o ing is a concep applied widely o a ious
o m o in as uc u es, such as building, highways, and
b idges e c. Collec ion o damage-sensi i e ea u es om he
measu emen s, and s a is ical analysis a e used o de e mine
“S uc u al App aisal wi h Op imiza ion o Pe o mance E alua ion Wi hin Limi C i e ia”
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he cu en s a e and condi ion o s uc u al sys ems (Hasni e
al, 2017). Fo long e m obse a ions, ou pu o he p ocess
a e pe iodically upda ed, which can p o ide in o ma ion
ega ding he abili y o s uc u e o pe o m unc ionally and
adequa ely, in he mids o p e ailing in o ma ion and
deg ada ion esul ing om ope a ional en i onmen s. The
me hods in ol e he ollowings, S ess analysis on s uc u al
componen s Deg ee o de o ma ion and s ain assessmen
De ec ing he exis ence o damage such as c acks on he
s uc u es Loca ing and iden i ying he posi ion o laws
(C acks) E alua ing he se e i y o he damage; ( equi es
compa ison be ween wo s a es (ie, an ini ial s a e, and he
p esen s a e).
E alua ion o ehabili a ion me hod and p ocess o s uc u al
epai s
1.1: S uc u es a e designed acco ding o equi emen o
enginee ing s anda ds and codes, and can only ole a e
in ini esimal de o ma ion which o en limi s he ex en o
load applica ion bea ing he ma e ial’s cha ac e is ic
p ope ies Kazaz e al, 2012 & Abdulqade and A ushi,
2022). Enginee ing cha ac e is ics limi s a e iden i ied
c i ical h eshold o ma e ial beha io s wi hin which he
ma e ial will pe o m adequa ely and i o he wise i becomes
c i ical i he ma e ial canno p o ide esis ance o load
applica ion and un eliable. I is usually known as pe missible,
ole able o design limi , which includes, s ess and s ain
limi , de o ma ion limi , c ack limi , a igue limi e c. Limi
S a e design is a design me hod ha desc ibes “limi s a e” as
condi ion o a s uc u e beyond which i no longe ul ills
ele an design c i e ia (Kennedy and Aly, 2011). The
condi ion may e e o deg ee o loading o o he ac ions on
he s uc u e, while he c i e ia e e o s uc u al in eg i y,
i ness o use, du abili y o o he design equi emen s. A
s uc u e designed by LSD is p opo ioned o sus ain all
ac ions likely o occu du ing i s design li e and o emain i
o use, wi h an app op ia e le el o eliabili y o each limi
s a e. Limi s a e design equi es he s uc u e o sa is y wo
p incipal c i e ia, which a e Ul ima e limi s a e (ULS) and
Se iceabili y limi s a e (SLS). All design p ocess in ol es
a numbe o assump ions, and all enginee ing design c i e ia
ha e a common goal, which is ensu ing a sa e s uc u e. (BS
0, 2021) A s uc u e is deemed o sa is y he ul ima e limi
s a e c i e ion, i ac o ed bending, shea and ensile o
comp essi e s esses a e below he ac o ed esis ances
calcula ed o he sec ion unde conside a ion. The ac o ed
s esses e e ed o a e de e mined by applying magni ica ion
ac o s o he loads on he sec ion, while educ ion ac o s a e
applied o de e mine he a ious esis ances o he sec ion.
Simila ly, a s uc u e may become un i o use, when i
iola es he se iceabili y equi emen s o de lec ion,
ib a ions, c acks due o a igue, co osion and i e
(Melche s, 1999 and BS 0, 2021)). The e o e, in addi ion o
he ULS check, a se ice limi s a e (SLS) compu a ional
check mus be pe o med. The aim is o p o e ha unde he
ac ion o cha ac e is ic design loads (un- ac o ed) and/o
whils applying ce ain (un- ac o ed) magni udes o imposed
de o ma ions, se lemen s o ib a ion o empe a u e
g adien s e c, he s uc u al beha io complies wi h and does
no exceed he SLS design c i e ia alues, speci ied on he
ele an enginee ing s anda ds. Enginee ing S anda ds
p omo e and ensu e eliabili y, e iciency, sa e y and
p oduc i i y Kaza e al, 2012). They a e o mal documen o
consis en and uni o m echnical c i e ia, o enginee ing
me hods, p ocess and p ac ices, which a e de eloped om
obse able cha ac e is ic pe o mance o enginee ing
componen s, equipmen s and ma e ials o e pe iod o ime
(BS 0, 2021). Design codes, a e se o ules and speci ica ions
o sys ema ic p ocedu es o design, ab ica ion, ins alla ion
and inspec ion me hods, and a e p epa ed, legisla ed, and
adop ed by ele an p o essional ins i u ions o be used as
e e ence documen du ing design and o he s uc u al wo ks.
2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1: Ins abili y is a c i ical s uc u al condi ion ha occu s
when s uc u e lacks abili y o p o ide adequa e suppo o
load applica ion (O ia e and Ma ias, 1996), which is a
si ua ion o lowe pe missible s eng h o s uc u al
componen (ie, σa > σp ) o inadequa e eac i e o ces a
suppo s o keep he s uc u e in s a ic equilib ium posi ion ie,
ΣF≠0, and ΣM≠0, (Waszczys z N, 1983). The condi ion
canno be ole a ed, o he wise s uc u al ailu e o collapse
will esul . S abili y is a cha ac e is ic p ope y o an
enginee ing sys em (ie, s uc u es), and a unc ion ha
desc ibes ime dependen o poin s/pa icles in geome ical
space n s a ic equilib ium (ΣF =0, and ΣM=0),. Equilib ium
is said o be s a ic i small ex e nally induced displacemen s
om ha s a e p oduce o ce ha end o oppose he
displacemen and can e u n he body o pa icle o he
equilib ium s a e (Zienkiewicz e al, 2005), also equilib ium
is uns able i he leas displacemen p oduces o ces ha end
o inc ease he displacemen s.
2.2: Lyapuno S abili y heo y (Pukdeboon, 2011) exp essed
ha I he solu ions ha s a ou nea equilib ium poin xe
s ay nea xe o e e hen xe is lyapuno s able. Also i xe is
lyapuno s able and all solu ions ha s a ou nea xe
con e ge o xe, hen xe is asymp o ically s able. No ion o
exponen ial s abili y gua an ees minimal a e o decay, ie an
es ima e o how quickly he solu ions con e ge. Lyapuno
s abili y can be ex ended o in ini e-dimensional mani olds,
whe e i is known as s uc u al s abili y which conce ns he
beha io o di e en bu “nea by” solu ions o di e en ial
equa ions. Inpu - o-s a e s abili y (ISS) applies lyapuno
no ions o sys ems wi h inpu . ISS is a s abili y concep used
o s udy s abili y o nonlinea con ol sys ems wi h ex e nal
inpu s. S uc u al s abili y is a undamen al p ope y o a
dynamical sys em which means ha he quali a i e beha io
o he ajec o ies is una ec ed by small pe u ba ions (Jia e
al, 2025). Examples o such quali a i e p ope ies a e
numbe s o ixed poin s and pe iodic o bi s. Unlike lyapuno
s abili y ha conside he pe u ba ions o ini ial condi ions
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o a ixed sys em, s uc u al s abili y deals wi h pe u ba ions
o he sys em i sel (Kaza e al, 2012). S abili y heo y
add esses he s abili y o solu ions o di e en ial equa ions
and o ajec o ies o dynamical sys ems unde small
pe u ba ions o ini ial condi ions.
2.3: Failu e heo ies a e exp essed in o m o a ious c i e ia,
and which some imes may be speci ic o ce ain ma e ials,
since enginee ing ma e ials a e de ined wi h speci ic
cha ac e is ics p ope y (Gao, 2014). Failu e c i e ia a e
unc ions ha can be desc ibed in e ms o s ess (ie, σa < σp),
s ain (ie, εa < εp) o de o ma ion (ie s ain space wi hin
“plas ic yield o ul ima e s ess limi ). Ma e ial ailu e
indica es ha he ma e ial lacks abili y o sus ain and suppo
signi ican load inc emen which is loss o load suppo
capaci y o ma e ial and s uc u al componen s. Failu e can
be examined using a ie y o scales om mic oscopic eg,
ma e ials cons i uen pa icles) o mac oscopic (ie, s uc u al
componen s, join s/connec ions, s uc u es e c, (Akpan e al,
2015). Also ailu e heo y can be used o e alua e he
s uc u al in eg i y (o i ness) o s uc u es using ac u e
mechanics echnique, which in ol e he s udy o p opaga ion
o c acks in ma e ials. Mic oscopic Failu e, in ol es he
s abili y o pa icle poin s wi hin he con inuum o a solid
unde s ess o concen a ion o s ess, and de ines ailu e in
e ms o c ack ini ia ion, p opaga ion and disloca ion wi hin
he igid body, including abili y o sus ain load un il ac u e
occu . The common ailu e models a e he mic omechanical
ailu e models which combine he ad an ages o con inuum
mechanics and classical ac u e mechanics, based on he
concep ha du ing plas ic de o ma ion, mic o- oids nuclea e
and g ow un il a local plas ic neck o ac u e o he in e - oid
ma ix occu s, which causes he coalescence o neighbo ing
oids. Mac oscopic Failu e is de ined in e ms o load
ca ying capaci y o ene gy s o age capaci y (eg, s ain
ene gy) o a s uc u al elemen (Thi-my-dung, 2020). The
classi ica ion o mac oscopic ailu e c i e ia a e,S uc u al
de o ma ion S ess concen a ion, disloca ion and c acks
Fa igue ailu e F ac u e ailu e Empi ical ailu e, ie s ess-
s ain analysis and in eg i y es
3.0: STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION
S uc u al op imiza ion is an op imiza ion echnique wi h
aims o inding he bes a angemen o s uc u al
componen s, ma e ials s eng h, and de o ma ion
cha ac e is ics o achie e ce ain design objec i es unde
p esc ibed unc ionali y condi ions, including minimizing
cos and ensu ing du able s uc u e (zheng-zheng e al, 2020)
Op imiza ions e e o acqui ing he bes ou come unde
speci ic condi ions, and can be pe o med in each s ep o a
p ojec li e cycle such as design, cons uc ion, ope a ion and
main enance. S uc u es a e load-bea ing objec and
implemen ed h ough he enginee ing p ocess o modeling
eg, simula ion o an icipa ed o ces, ac ions and ma e ial
s eng h e c, (Liang, 2005), design and cons uc ion o enable
pe o mance and sa e y du ing load applica ion. C i ical
s uc u al condi ion du ing load applica ions a e de o ma ion,
c acks, o sion (ie wis ing), longi udinal displacemen and
ans e se displacemen e c, which a e measu ed wi h
speci ic limi ing se ice magni ude known as
pe missible/ ole able condi ions o ailu e mode. S ain
ene gy is he ex e nal wo k done on an elas ic membe
unde going de o ma ion om he ini ial uns essed s a e
(Jiang e al, 2022), hence he s ain ene gy educes o e
pe iod o ime due o wo k done in esis ing he applied o ce
Ie, U = Ui - ∆W
and, U = (σ, ε, E, ) = (de o ma ion)
whe e ∆W = wo k-done by he componen suppo ing he
applied load o e ime
Ui = ini ial s ain ene gy and U = s ain ene gy a e pe iod
o loading
Dynamical Sys ems a e sys ems in which unc ion desc ibe
he ime dependence o poin in a geome ical space, and a
any gi en ime, a dynamical sys em has a s a e gi en by a
uple o eal numbe s (ie, a ec o ) ha can be ep esen ed by
a poin in an app op ia e s a e space (Bace a e al, 2017).
E alua ion ule o dynamical sys em is a unc ion ha
desc ibes wha u u e s a es ollow om he cu en s a e,
which o en is de e minis ic, ha is o a gi en ime in e al
only one u u e s a e ollows om he cu en s a e. Howe e ,
some sys ems a e s ochas ic in ha andom e en s also a ec
he e olu ion o he s a e a iables. Dynamical sys ems heo y
is he ma hema ical app oach ha desc ibe he beha io o
complex dynamical sys ems, usually by employing
di e en ial equa ions o di e ence equa ions. When
di e en ial equa ions a e used he heo y is called Con inuous
dynamical sys ems and Disc e e dynamical sys ems when
di e ence equa ions a e employed (Fa ahani e al, 2024). In
ma hema ical dynamics, disc e e ime and con inuous ime
a e wo al e na i e amewo ks wi hin which o model
a iables ha e ol e o e ime.
3.1: Ma hema ical Op imiza ion, is he selec ion o bes
solu ion wi h ega d o some c i e ion om se o a ailable
al e na i es (Zheng-zheng e al, (2020). The e o e, an
op imiza ion p oblem consis s o maximizing o minimizing
a eal unc ion by sys ema ically choosing inpu alues om
wi hin an allowed se o compu e he alue o he unc ion.
Mo e gene ally, op imiza ion in ol es inding “bes
a ailable” alues o some objec i e unc ion, gi en a de ined
domain (o inpu ), including a a ie y o di e en ypes o
objec i e unc ions and di e en ypes o domains (Liang,
2005).
An op imiza ion p oblem can be ep esen ed in he ollowing
way,
Gi en a unc ion : A → R (ie, Real numbe )
De e mine an elemen xo Є A such ha ,
(xo) ≤ (x) o all x Є A (minimiza ion), o
(xo) ≥ (x) o all x Є A (maximiza ion)
Op imiza ion p oblem can be di ided in o wo ca ego ies
depending on whe he he a iables a e con inous o disc e e
An op imiza ion p oblem wi h disc e e a iables is known as
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disc e e op imiza ion, in which an objec such as an in ege ,
pe mu a ion o g aph mus be ound om a coun able se . A
disc e e a iable is a a iable whose alue is ob ained by
coun ing, in o de wo ds, a disc e e a iable o e a pa icula
ange o eal alue, is one o which any alue in he ange
ha he a iable is pe mi ed o ake on, he e is a posi i e
minimum dis ance o he nea es o he alue. A p oblem wi h
con inuous a iables is known as con inuous op imiza ion in
which op imal alue om a con inuous unc ion mus be
de e mined. They include cons ained p oblems and
mul imodal p oblems. Cons ained op imiza ion is he
p ocess o op imizing an objec i e unc ion wi h espec o
some a iables in he p esence o cons ain s on hose
a iables. A cons ain is a condi ion o an op imiza ion
p oblem ha he si ua ion mus sa is y, and he e a e se e al
ypes o cons ain , such as p ima y equali y cons ain s,
inequali y cons ain s, and in ege cons ain s. Model
selec ion is he ask o selec ing a s a is ical model om se
o candida e model, gi en da a in he simples cases, a p e-
exis ing se o da a is conside ed. Howe e , he ask can also
in ol e he design o expe imen s such ha he da a collec ed
is well-sui ed o he p oblem o model selec ion.
3.2: P inciple o To al Po en ial Ene gy – Equilib ium is
said o be s a ic i small ex e nally induced displacemen s
om ha s a e p oduce o ce ha end o oppose he
displacemen and can e u n he body o pa icle o he
equilib ium s a e. Also equilib ium is uns able i he leas
displacemen p oduces o ces ha end o inc ease he
displacemen s.
Ex e nal wo kdone by o ces Fi on linea elas ic solid ha
p oduces se o displacemen Di along he o ce “line o
ac ion” is de ined as,
W = ½ΣFi Di = ½(F1D1 + F2D2 + … + FnDn)
Displacemen is a ec o , whose leng h is he sho es
dis ance om he ini ial o inal posi ion o a poin P. I
quan i ies bo h he dis ance and di ec ion o mo ion along a
s aigh line, and de ined as he di e ence be ween he inal
and ini ial posi ion ec o s (ie, Δs = S – Si ).
Po en ial ene gy 9 emu e al, 2017) is associa ed wi h o ces
which ac on a body, such ha o al wo k done by hese o ces
on he body depend only on displacemen , which a e he
ini ial and inal posi ion o he body in space. The p inciple
o leas displacemen (ie, Δs ≈ 0 ), o mo e p ecisely he
p inciple o minimal displacemen ac ion, indica es ha ,
displacemen o a igid body mus be ela i ely minimal and
negligible, o i o be assumed s a ione y and/o a es
posi ion.
Minimum To al Po en ial Ene gy exp ess ha ha a body (eg,
s uc u e), shall de o m o displace o a posi ion ha locally
minimizes he o al “po en ial ene gy”, wi h he los in
po en ial ene gy being con e ed o kine ic ene gy o
possible mo ion and displacemen , e c (Temu e al, 2017).
Simila ly, i ual wo k p inciple s a es ha a body subjec ed
o o ce applica ion and esponses wi h negligible
displacemen he wo k-done is ze o.
Ie, W = F ΔD ≈ 0
since ΔD ≈ 0 and negligible ha is i ual displacemen .
To al po en ial ene gy (π) is he sum o elas ic s ain ene gy
U, s o ed in he de o med body and he po en ial ene gy (PE)
associa ed o he applied o ces
π = U + PE
This ene gy is a a s a iona y posi ion, when an in ini esimal
a ia ion om such posi ion in ol es no change in ene gy,
Thus, Δ π = δU + δ(PE) = 0 (ie, Conse a ion o ene gy
p inciple)
The o al po en ial ene gy and i ual wo k p inciple a e
necessa y o minimized displacemen and de o ma ion o
igid body sys em (P eissne and Vinson, 2003), since any
displacemen beyond pe missible limi will subjec he
s uc u e o uns able equilib ium condi ion which may no be
com o able o com o able load applica ion.
4.0: DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
De o ma ion is he change, in physical dimension, size and
shape, o an objec as a esul o load applica ion (Ghali and
El-Bad y, 2012), and a e de ined as elas ic when de o ma ion
is empo a y and can egain i s’ ini ial o m, shape and
dimension a e he emo al o s ess. I becomes inelas ic
o e pe iod o con inuous loading ha ing sus ained
pe manen se , a e which i ac u es a he ul ima e s ess
limi . De o ma ion p ocess, is sequen ial h ough Load
applica ion, S ess, S ain, Fa igue, Fa igue S eng h and
F ac u e o Collapse, also he de o ma ion beyond ce ain
h eshold/limi will make he componen un i o con inuous
loading, and can lead o ailu e and e en ual collapse o he
s uc u e/componen s (Tam azyan e al, 2022). F ac u e will
occu a he ul ima e s ess limi , when he ma e ial canno be
subjec ed o any inc emen o s ain, a he i b eaks, because
he mic os uc u e can no mo e accommoda e any s ain.
F ac u e could be duc ile (ie, p og essi e) o b i le (ie,
sudden), depending on he ex en o he ma e ial’s s ain
be o e ailu e. F ac u e o solid occu s in wo s eps, which a e
(i) C ack o ma ion, and (ii) C ack p opaga ion. De o ma ion
a e, p o ides a limi on he app oach o deg ada ion o he
a igue s eng h, ie, a ac u e, which desc ibes educ ion o
in e nal ene gy o e pe iod o ime.
de o ma ion a e = 𝛿𝜀
𝛿𝑡
4.1: S uc u al In eg i y es ing (No has i e al, 2021), is an
in eg al pa o he mode n cons uc ion and enginee ing
p ocedu es and p ac ice, and a e implemen ed as quali y
con ol and assu ance p ocess. Real-li e s uc u es o
componen s may equi e es ing by es si ua ion o in he
de elopmen o models o de e mine he possibili y ha an
exis ing in as uc u e can con inue o mee he s anda d and
unc ional pe o mances. S uc u al es ing a e gene ally
classi ied, Non Des uc i e Tes (NDT), and Des uc i e Tes
(DT). Non-des uc i e es s a e implemen ed o e alua ion
o exis ing acili ies, o de e mine he p esen capabili y,
using bo h analy ical s ess es ing and expe imen al
“S uc u al App aisal wi h Op imiza ion o Pe o mance E alua ion Wi hin Limi C i e ia”
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p ocedu es, while des uc i e es equi es es ing o ailu e
s ess, and a e use ul as s eng h da a analysis (Ali, 2023).
Failu e analysis p ocess elies on collec ing ailed
componen s o subsequen examina ion o he cause o
causes o ailu e using a wide a ay o me hods, especially
mic oscopy and spec oscopy. The e a e se e al use ul
me hods o p e en p oduc ailu es occu ing, such as ailu e
mode and e ec s analysis (FMEA) and aul ee analysis
(FTA) me hods which can be used du ing p o o yping o
analyze ailu es (Zuniawan, 2020). Failu e mode and e ec s
(FMEA) is he p ocess o e iewing as many componen s,
assemblies, and subsys ems as possible o iden i y po en ial
ailu e modes in a sys em and hei causes and e ec s. Fo
each componen , he ailu e modes and hei esul ing e ec s
on he es o he sys em a e eco ded in speci ic FMEA
wo kshee . FMEA (Abdel and Fayek, 2010) can be a
quali a i e analysis, bu may sugges a quan i a i e basis
when ma hema ical ailu e a e models a e combined wi h
s a is ical ailu e mode a io da abase. FMEA is an induc i e
easoning ( o wa d logic) single poin o ailu e analysis, and
is a co e ask in eliabili y enginee ing, sa e y and quali y
enginee ing. A success ul FMEA ac i i y helps iden i y
po en ial ailu e modes based on expe ience wi h simila
p oduc s and p ocesses, o based on physics o ailu e logic
(Zuniawan 2020), and widely used in de elopmen and
manu ac u ing indus ies in a ious phases o he p oduc li e
cycle.
5.0: CONCLUSION
5.1: The eliabili y unc ion is heo e ically de ined as
p obabili y o success ul pe o mance a ime , deno ed as
R( ), and es ima ed om de ailed analysis o p e ious da a
se s, o h ough eliabili y es ing and modeling. and
main ainabili y. The goal o eliabili y assessmen is o
p o ide a obus se o quali a i e and quan i a i e e idence
ha he use o a componen o sys em will no be associa ed
wi h unaccep able isk. Quan i a i e isk assessmen equi es
calcula ions o wo componen s o isk (R), ie, he magni ude
o he po en ial loss (L), and he p obabili y (p) ha he loss
will occu .An accep able isk is a isk ha usually can be
ole a ed, he eby implying sa is ac o y app aisal o he
sys em
5.2: S uc u al damage is conside ed as changes o he
condi ion o he ma e ial and/o geome ic p ope ies o a
s uc u al sys em, including changes in bounda y condi ions
and sys em connec i i y, which could ad e sely a ec he
sys em’s pe o mance, such as, load sus ainabili y e c.
De o ma ion da a mus be checked o s a is ical signi icance,
and also checked agains speci ied limi s, and e iewed o
asce ain i is wi hin speci ic he limi , and i o he wise
implies po en ial isks and possibili y o ehabili a ion
measu es
5.3: C acks a e deg ada ion and damaging condi ions o
conc e e s uc u es, which commence om a s ess
concen a ion poin wi hin he igid body and p opaga e, g ow
in o expanded openings on he su ace o he s uc u al
componen s. C ack ini ia ion and p opaga ion enhances
ac u e, and he na u e by which he c ack p opaga es
h ough he ma e ial gi es g ea insigh in o he mode o
s uc u al ailu e. C acks a e ini ia ed h ough disloca ion,
ha is, a c ys allog aphic de ec , o i egula i y wi hin a
c ys al s uc u e o me als o compounds, and can be
isualized as being caused by he e mina ion o “plane o
a oms” in he middle o a c ys al (ie, s uc u al disloca ion).
C acks can u he be classi ied, as ei he ac i e o do man .
I ac i e, hey show mo emen in di ec ion, wid h, and/o
dep h o e pe iod o ime, and when do man emain
unchanged
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