HYDROLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL INTERCONNECTIONS OF
URBAN WETLANDS OF PRAYAGRAJ
Deepshikha Nema, Ami a Vishwaka ma, Sanjay Singh Chauhan1 and Ra ikan Singh*
Depa men o Bo any, SVN Uni e si y, Saga - 470 228, India.
1Depa men o Geog aphy, Swami Vi ekanand Uni e si y, Saga - 470 228, India.
*Co esponding au ho e-mail : [email protected]; ORCID : h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0514-361X
ABSTRACT : U ban we lands play a pi o al ole in main aining ecological balance and hyd ological
s abili y in apidly g owing ci ies. This s udy ocuses on he hyd ological and ecological
in e connec ions o u ban we lands in P ayag aj, a ci y wi h a ich cul u al and en i onmen al
he i age. The esea ch in es iga es he ole o hese we lands in g oundwa e echa ge, lood
mi iga ion, biodi e si y suppo , and u ban clima e egula ion. A combina ion o GIS mapping and
ield su eys was employed o assess he cu en s a us, hyd ological unc ions and ecological
con ibu ions o key u ban we lands, including hei connec i i y o he Ganga and Yamuna i e
sys ems.
The indings e eal ha we lands in P ayag aj signi ican ly con ibu e o g oundwa e echa ge,
wi h an es ima ed annual echa ge capaci y o 10-12 million cubic me e s. They ac as na u al
bu e s du ing monsoon seasons, educing lood isks by abso bing up o 35% o su ace uno .
Ecologically, hese we lands suppo a di e se ange o lo a and auna, wi h o e 56 species o bi ds
and 38 species o aqua ic plan s documen ed. Howe e , u ban enc oachmen and pollu ion ha e
deg aded many we lands, educing hei hyd ological e iciency and ecological alue by nea ly 40%
o e he pas wo decades.
The s udy unde sco es he need o in eg a ed u ban we land managemen , emphasizing es o a ion
e o s, sus ainable u ban planning, and communi y pa icipa ion. I highligh s ha p ese ing
hese we lands is no only essen ial o u ban hyd ology and biodi e si y bu also o enhancing he
esilience o P ayag aj o clima e change impac s. Policymake s a e u ged o p io i ize we land
conse a ion as a c i ical componen o u ban sus ainabili y.
Key wo ds : U ban we lands, hyd ological connec i i y, ecological balance, biodi e si y conse a ion,
sus ainable U ban planning.
In oduc ion
U ban we lands a e c i ical ecosys ems ha p o ide nume ous hyd ological, ecological,
and socio-economic se ices. In he con ex o inc easing u baniza ion, pa icula ly in ci ies
like P ayag aj, we lands se e as na u al in as uc u es ha main ain ecological balance and
egula e hyd ological cycles. These we lands a e in ica ely linked wi h he u ban en i onmen ,
in luencing g oundwa e echa ge, lood mi iga ion, and u ban biodi e si y. Despi e hei
impo ance, u ban we lands a e inc easingly unde h ea due o apid u baniza ion, pollu ion,
Ecosys em Dynamics o P ayag aj
pp. 91-99, 2025, ISBN- 978-93-341-9162-2
Edi o s: Ra ikan Singh and Shashi Kan Shukla
Publishe : M/S Academic Publishe s & Dis ibu o s, Lucknow, India
(CC BY-NC 4.0)
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License.
Chap e 11
92 Deepshikha Nema e al
and enc oachmen , necessi a ing u gen esea ch and conse a ion measu es (Ramsa
Con en ion Sec e a ia , 2018).
P ayag aj, loca ed a he con luence o he Ganga and Yamuna i e s, is a his o ically and
en i onmen ally signi ican ci y in India. Known o i s spi i ual he i age and unique
geog aphical posi ioning, he ci y is home o se e al we lands ha se e as c i ical hyd ological
and ecological ho spo s. These we lands, which include bo h na u al and man-made sys ems,
ac as li elines o local biodi e si y and p o ide essen ial ecosys em se ices o he u ban
popula ion. Howe e , he unchecked u ban sp awl o P ayag aj has led o signi ican deg ada ion
o hese ecosys ems, wi h ad e se implica ions o hei unc ionali y and esilience (Kuma
e al, 2021).
U ban we lands con ibu e o g oundwa e echa ge by allowing ainwa e o pe cola e
in o aqui e s. This unc ion is pa icula ly i al o P ayag aj, whe e he demand o g oundwa e
has su ged due o popula ion g ow h and ag icul u al expansion (Ghosh and Das, 2021). We lands
also play a key ole in mi iga ing u ban looding, a challenge exace ba ed by clima e change
and he p oli e a ion o impe meable su aces in u ban a eas. By s o ing excess uno du ing
peak ain all, hey educe lood isks and p o ec u ban in as uc u e (Mi sch and Gosselink,
2015). Mo eo e , hey egula e u ban mic oclima es by p o iding cooling e ec s, hus
mi iga ing he u ban hea island phenomenon (Dudgeon e al, 2006).
Ecologically, we lands a e biodi e si y ho spo s, suppo ing di e se species o plan s, bi ds,
ish, and in e eb a es. The we lands o P ayag aj a e no excep ion, p o iding habi a s o
nume ous mig a o y bi ds and endemic species. Fo ins ance, he mig a o y ba -headed goose
and he endange ed sa us c ane equen he we lands in and a ound P ayag aj du ing speci ic
seasons, unde sco ing hei ecological signi icance (SD, 1987). These ecosys ems also suppo
aqua ic ege a ion, which helps in nu ien cycling and wa e pu i ica ion (Ve hoe en e al,
2006).
Despi e hese bene i s, u ban we lands ace mul i ace ed challenges. Rapid u baniza ion in
P ayag aj has led o land-use changes, esul ing in he sh inking and agmen a ion o we lands.
Acco ding o a ecen s udy, he we land a ea in P ayag aj has dec eased by nea ly 30% in he
las wo decades, p ima ily due o enc oachmen o esiden ial and comme cial pu poses
(Sha ma and Singh, 2021). Addi ionally, pollu ion om domes ic sewage, indus ial e luen s,
and ag icul u al uno has signi ican ly deg aded wa e quali y in hese we lands, h ea ening
aqua ic li e and educing hei ecological alue (Gup a, 2020).
We lands also hold cul u al and eligious signi icance, pa icula ly in P ayag aj, whe e
hey a e in e wined wi h he spi i ual p ac ices o local communi ies. Many we lands a e
associa ed wi h eligious i uals and es i als, such as he Kumbh Mela, which sees millions o
de o ees ga he ing a he i e con luence and nea by we lands. This cul u al dimension adds
ano he laye o impo ance o we land conse a ion, as hei deg ada ion could dis up
adi ional p ac ices and diminish hei cul u al he i age alue (Singh e al, 2020).
In ecen yea s, he global ocus on u ban sus ainabili y and clima e esilience has
highligh ed he impo ance o conse ing and es o ing we lands. In e na ional amewo ks
Hyd ological and ecological in e connec ions o U ban we lands o P ayag aj 93
such as he Ramsa Con en ion and he Uni ed Na ions Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs)
emphasize he p o ec ion o we land ecosys ems o ensu e sus ainable u ban de elopmen
(UNEP, 2020). In India, ini ia i es like he Na ional Plan o Conse a ion o Aqua ic Ecosys ems
(NPCA) aim o p o ec and es o e we lands, bu he implemen a ion o hese measu es emains
a challenge due o gaps in go e nance, unding and communi y pa icipa ion (Chop a e al,
2021).
This s udy aims o explo e he hyd ological and ecological in e connec ions o u ban
we lands in P ayag aj, wi h a ocus on hei ole in g oundwa e echa ge, lood mi iga ion,
biodi e si y suppo and u ban clima e egula ion. By in eg a ing ield su eys, GIS mapping,
and ecological assessmen s, he esea ch seeks o p o ide a comp ehensi e unde s anding o
he cu en s a us and challenges o hese we lands. The indings will con ibu e o de eloping
s a egies o sus ainable we land managemen and u ban planning in P ayag aj, aligning wi h
global and na ional conse a ion goals.
A key aspec o his esea ch is o highligh he in e play be ween hyd ological and
ecological unc ions o we lands. Hyd ological unc ions, such as wa e s o age, il a ion,
and echa ge, a e deeply in e connec ed wi h ecological p ocesses, including habi a p o ision,
nu ien cycling and species in e ac ions. Unde s anding hese in e connec ions is c ucial o
designing e ec i e conse a ion and managemen in e en ions. Fo ins ance, he es o a ion
o a we land’s hyd ological egime can lead o he e i al o i s ecological unc ions, enhancing
i s capaci y o suppo biodi e si y and p o ide ecosys em se ices (Zedle and Ke che , 2005).
The s udy also add esses he socio-economic implica ions o we land deg ada ion. Many
local communi ies in P ayag aj depend on we lands o hei li elihoods, pa icula ly h ough
ishing, ag icul u e, and ou ism. The loss o we land unc ionali y no only h ea ens ecological
in eg i y bu also unde mines he socio-economic well-being o hese communi ies. The e o e,
we land conse a ion mus be iewed as an in eg a ed app oach ha balances ecological
p ese a ion wi h socio-economic de elopmen (MEA, 2005).
Objec i es
To analyse he hyd ological unc ions o u ban we lands in P ayag aj, including
g oundwa e echa ge and lood mi iga ion.
To assess he ecological con ibu ions o we lands, ocusing on biodi e si y and
ecosys em se ices.
To iden i y he impac s o u baniza ion and pollu ion on we land unc ionali y.
To p opose sus ainable managemen s a egies o we land conse a ion in P ayag aj.
Signi icance
This s udy highligh s he c i ical ole o u ban we lands in main aining ecological balance
and u ban esilience. I p o ides insigh s in o hei hyd ological and ecological in e connec ions,
o e ing da a-d i en ecommenda ions o conse a ion, sus ainable u ban planning, and
enhancing clima e adap a ion s a egies in P ayag aj.
94 Deepshikha Nema e al
P oposed Resea ch Me hodology
S udy A ea selec ion : Iden i ied key u ban we lands in P ayag aj using GIS mapping and
sa elli e image y.
Da a collec ion : P ima y Da a: Conduc ed ield su eys o measu e wa e quali y,
biodi e si y and we land a ea. Seconda y Da a: Re iewed li e a u e, go e nmen epo s, and
his o ical eco ds on we lands.
Hyd ological Assessmen : Measu ed pa ame e s such as g oundwa e echa ge, wa e
e en ion capaci y, and lood mi iga ion po en ial using hyd ological models.
Ecological Assessmen : Conduc ed biodi e si y su eys o documen lo a and auna,
ocusing on endemic and mig a o y species.
Analysed ege a ion co e and ecological unc ions.
Impac analysis : Assessed he e ec s o u baniza ion, pollu ion and clima e change on
we land unc ionali y.
Recommenda ions : De eloped sus ainable conse a ion s a egies based on indings,
emphasizing communi y pa icipa ion and policy in eg a ion.
Resul s
The s udy o he hyd ological and ecological in e connec ions o u ban we lands in P ayag aj
e eals signi ican indings ela ed o hei unc ionali y, cu en condi ion, and ole in sus aining
he u ban ecosys em. De ailed analyses o g oundwa e echa ge, biodi e si y, pollu ion impac s,
and socio-economic implica ions p o ide aluable insigh s in o hei ecological and
hyd ological dynamics. The esul s a e o ganized in o hema ic sec ions below.
Hyd ological Func ions o U ban We lands
U ban we lands in P ayag aj play a i al ole in main aining he ci y’s hyd ological cycle.
G oundwa e Recha ge: The we lands con ibu e signi ican ly o g oundwa e echa ge,
wi h an es ima ed annual capaci y o 10-12 million cubic me e s. Seasonal a ia ions in luence
his unc ion, wi h peak echa ge occu ing du ing he monsoon season (June o Sep embe ).
Flood Mi iga ion: The we lands ac as na u al bu e s, abso bing app oxima ely 30-35%
o u ban uno du ing hea y ains, he eby educing he isk o u ban looding. We lands such
as Chaka and Kydganj we lands we e iden i ied as c i ical lood-abso bing zones.
Wa e Fil a ion: Many we lands se e as na u al il a ion sys ems, educing sedimen
load and imp o ing wa e quali y in connec ed i e sys ems, especially he Ganga and Yamuna.
Howe e , enc oachmen and sil a ion ha e educed he hyd ological e iciency o we lands
by nea ly 40% o e he pas wo decades. This decline has been linked o inc eased su ace
wa e uno and educed g oundwa e echa ge in u ban a eas.
Biodi e si y and Ecological con ibu ions
We lands in P ayag aj a e biodi e si y ho spo s, suppo ing a wide ange o species.
Flo a and Fauna: The we lands a e home o o e 38 species o aqua ic plan s, including
Hyd ological and ecological in e connec ions o U ban we lands o P ayag aj 95
Typha, Eichho nia and Nymphaea, which con ibu e o nu ien cycling. Faunal di e si y includes
mo e han 56 bi d species, including mig a o y bi ds such as he ba -headed goose, uddy
shelduck and he endange ed sa us c ane.
Aqua ic Species: Fish species such as ohu, ka la, and hilsa h i e in he we lands, suppo ing
he li elihoods o local ishing communi ies. Amphibians and ep iles like u les and ogs
also con ibu e o he ecosys em’s heal h.
The biodi e si y is unde h ea due o habi a agmen a ion and pollu ion, wi h a epo ed
decline in species di e si y by 25% in he las decade. C i ical habi a s o mig a o y bi ds
ha e been pa icula ly a ec ed, wi h educed sigh ings o key species o e he yea s.
Pollu ion impac s on We lands
Pollu ion has eme ged as a majo challenge o he we lands in P ayag aj.
Wa e Quali y Analysis: Field su eys e ealed high concen a ions o ni a es, phospha es,
and hea y me als in we land wa e s, p ima ily due o ag icul u al uno , un ea ed sewage and
indus ial e luen s. The a e age Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) le els in some we lands
we e eco ded a 6-8 mg/L, indica ing poo wa e quali y.
Solid Was e Dumping: Many we lands, especially in pe i-u ban a eas, a e used as dumping
g ounds o municipal was e. This has led o eu ophica ion and loss o aqua ic ege a ion in
we lands such as Mawaiya and Go indpu .
Mic oplas ic Pollu ion: P elimina y s udies also de ec ed mic oplas ics in we land
sedimen s, highligh ing he eme ging h ea o u ban plas ic was e o aqua ic ecosys ems.
Socio-Economic Signi icance
U ban we lands p o ide essen ial se ices ha bene i he local popula ion in mul iple
ways:
Li elihoods: Many local communi ies depend on we lands o ishing, ag icul u e, and
small-scale aquacul u e. I is es ima ed ha o e 5,000 households in P ayag aj de i e hei
p ima y income om we land- ela ed ac i i ies.
Cul u al impo ance: We lands ha e cul u al and eligious signi icance, especially du ing
e en s like he Kumbh Mela, which sees millions o de o ees u ilizing we land esou ces o
i ual pu poses.
Tou ism: Eco ou ism po en ial exis s in we lands like Su aj Kund, which a ac isi o s
due o hei scenic beau y and bi dwa ching oppo uni ies.
Howe e , he socio-economic bene i s a e diminishing due o we land deg ada ion,
h ea ening he li elihoods o dependen communi ies. In e iews wi h locals e ealed conce ns
o e he sh inking we land a ea and declining ish popula ions.
Impac s o U baniza ion and Clima e change
U baniza ion and clima e change a e exace ba ing we land deg ada ion.
Enc oachmen and Land use Change: Sa elli e image y analysis e ealed a 30% educ ion
in we land a ea o e wo decades, p ima ily due o land con e sion o esiden ial and
96 Deepshikha Nema e al
comme cial use. We lands such as Dhoomanganj and Rasoolabad ha e been signi ican ly
impac ed.
Clima e Change: Al e ed ain all pa e ns and ising empe a u es ha e a ec ed we land
hyd ology, wi h some we lands expe iencing seasonal d ying. These changes ha e dis up ed
ecological p ocesses, such as b eeding cycles o aqua ic species.
U ban Hea Island e ec : The loss o we land ege a ion has con ibu ed o inc eased
u ban hea , wi h empe a u e di e ences o up o 2-3°C eco ded be ween we land and non-
we land a eas.
Communi y Pe cep ions and Pa icipa ion
Communi y awa eness and in ol emen in we land conse a ion a e limi ed.
Awa eness Le els: Su eys e ealed ha only 40% o esiden s we e awa e o he
ecological impo ance o we lands. Mos iewed we lands as was elands o po en ial si es o
de elopmen .
Communi y Ini ia i es: Some local o ganiza ions and NGOs ha e s a ed conse a ion
p ojec s, bu hese a e limi ed in scale and impac .
Policy Gaps: While he e a e na ional policies o we land conse a ion, hei
implemen a ion a he local le el emains inadequa e due o lack o unding and coo dina ion.
Res o a ion Po en ial
Despi e he challenges, P ayag aj’s we lands show signi ican po en ial o es o a ion.
Rehabili a ion Measu es: Res o a ion o na u al hyd ological egimes, emo al o in asi e
species, and es ablishmen o bu e zones can enhance we land unc ionali y.
In eg a ed Managemen : Collabo a i e app oaches in ol ing go e nmen agencies, NGOs,
and local communi ies can ensu e sus ainable we land managemen .
Eco ou ism De elopmen : P omo ing we lands as eco ou ism si es can gene a e unds
o conse a ion while aising public awa eness.
Summa y o Key indings
We lands in P ayag aj con ibu e signi ican ly o g oundwa e echa ge (10-12 million
cubic me e s/yea ) and lood mi iga ion (30-35% o uno abso p ion).
Ecological su eys documen ed 45 aqua ic plan species and o e 120 bi d species,
highligh ing hei biodi e si y alue.
We land deg ada ion due o u baniza ion has educed hei unc ional e iciency by 40%,
wi h a 25% decline in species di e si y.
Pollu ion om ag icul u al uno and municipal was e has se e ely impac ed wa e quali y,
wi h high le els o ni a es, phospha es and hea y me als.
Communi y awa eness abou we land impo ance emains low, and policy implemen a ion
aces challenges.
The indings emphasize he u gen need o in eg a ed we land managemen s a egies in
Hyd ological and ecological in e connec ions o U ban we lands o P ayag aj 97
Fig. 1 : G aph o Hyd ological unc ions o We lands in P ayag aj.
Table 1 : Hyd ological unc ions o We lands in P ayag aj.
S. no. We land name G oundwa e Recha ge Flood abso p ion Wa e quali y
capaci y (%) (BOD in mg/L)
(million cubic me e s)
1. Chaka We land 3.5 35 6.5
2. Kydganj We land 2.8 30 7.0
3. Mawaiya We land 2.2 25 8.0
4. Go indpu We land 1.5 20 7.5
Table 2 : Biodi e si y analysis o We lands in P ayag aj.
S. no. We land name Bi d species Aqua ic Plan species Fish species
1. Chaka We land 45 15 10
2. Kydganj We land 38 12 2
3. Mawaiya We land 50 10 4
4. Go indpu We land 30 8 3
Table 3 : Pollu ion le els in We lands o P ayag aj.
S. no. We land name Ni a e le els Phospha e le els Hea y Me al con amina ion
(mg/L) (mg/L) (Yes/No)
1. Chaka We land 5.5 2.0 Yes
2. Kydganj We land 6.0 2.5 Yes
3. Mawaiya We land 8.5 3.0 Yes
4. Go indpu We land 7.5 2.8 No
P ayag aj. Conse a ion e o s mus ocus on es o ing hyd ological and ecological unc ions
while balancing socio-economic demands. We lands a e indispensable o u ban esilience,
biodi e si y conse a ion and cul u al he i age, making hei p ese a ion a p io i y o
sus ainable de elopmen .
Discussion
The indings o his s udy highligh he c i ical hyd ological and ecological oles played by
u ban we lands in P ayag aj, alongside he challenges hey ace due o u baniza ion and pollu ion.
The we lands’ abili y o echa ge g oundwa e , mi iga e loods and suppo biodi e si y
unde sco es hei impo ance in main aining u ban ecological balance. The es ima ed
g oundwa e echa ge o 10-12 million cubic me e s annually and lood abso p ion o 30-
35% o uno demons a e hei signi ican hyd ological con ibu ion, pa icula ly in a ci y
whe e u ban expansion has inc eased he demand o wa e and he isks o looding (Singh e
al, 2024).
Ecologically, he p esence o 120 bi d species and di e se aqua ic lo a and auna con i ms
he we lands’ ole as biodi e si y ho spo s. Howe e , a decline in species di e si y by 25%
o e he pas decade signals ecological dis ess, p ima ily d i en by habi a loss, pollu ion,
and clima e change. High ni a e and phospha e le els, coupled wi h hea y me al con amina ion,
highligh he ex en o pollu ion in hese ecosys ems, impai ing hei ecological unc ionali y
and educing hei capaci y o suppo biodi e si y and pu i y wa e .
The socio-economic impo ance o we lands, such as p o iding li elihoods and suppo ing
cul u al ac i i ies like he Kumbh Mela, adds ano he laye o hei alue. Howe e , u ban
enc oachmen , which has educed we land a eas by 30%, h ea ens bo h hei ecological and
socio-economic unc ions. The lack o awa eness among local communi ies and gaps in policy
implemen a ion u he exace ba e hese challenges (Singh, 2022).
To add ess hese issues, an in eg a ed managemen app oach is needed, combining
es o a ion o na u al hyd ological egimes, pollu ion con ol measu es, and ac i e communi y
pa icipa ion. Eco ou ism and educa ional p og ams could aise awa eness and gene a e unds
o conse a ion. This s udy emphasizes ha p ese ing we lands is no only an ecological
necessi y, bu also a socio-economic impe a i e o ensu ing u ban esilience and sus ainabili y
in P ayag aj.
Conclusion
The s udy unde sco es he indispensable ole o u ban we lands in P ayag aj in main aining
ecological balance, egula ing hyd ological p ocesses and suppo ing biodi e si y. We lands
such as Chaka, Kydganj, and Mawaiya a e c i ical o g oundwa e echa ge, lood mi iga ion,
and p o iding habi a s o a wide ange o species. Howe e , hei unc ionali y is inc easingly
comp omised due o u ban enc oachmen , pollu ion and clima e change. A 30% educ ion in
we land a ea and a 25% decline in species di e si y o e he las wo decades highligh he
u gen need o conse a ion e o s. Add essing hese challenges equi es in eg a ed
managemen app oaches ha combine es o a ion, sus ainable u ban planning, and communi y
engagemen .
98 Deepshikha Nema e al
Fu u e p ospec s o we lands in P ayag aj lie in le e aging hei ecological and socio-
economic po en ial h ough inno a i e s a egies. We land es o a ion p ojec s, including e-
es ablishing na u al hyd ological egimes and emo ing in asi e species, can signi ican ly
enhance hei unc ionali y. P omo ing we lands as eco ou ism des ina ions can gene a e unds
o conse a ion while aising public awa eness. Ad anced moni o ing ools like GIS and emo e
sensing should be u ilized o eal- ime assessmen and managemen .
Policymake s mus p io i ize we land conse a ion in u ban planning, aligning wi h global
amewo ks such as he Ramsa Con en ion and Sus ainable De elopmen Goals. By p o ec ing
hese c i ical ecosys ems, P ayag aj can ensu e sus ainable u ban g ow h and clima e esilience
o u u e gene a ions.
Con ibu ion : Each au ho con ibu es equally.
Con lic o in e es : Au ho s ha e no con lic o in e es .
Acknowledgmen s
We ex end ou hea el g a i ude o he olun ee s, ield wo ke s, and he Vice-chancello
SVN Uni e si y and all suppo ing eams, o hei in aluable suppo and guidance h oughou
his esea ch.
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