Co esponding au ho : LAWRENCE AHMED UGBE
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
An E alua ion o he Insec icidal P ope ies o Neem (Azadi ach a indica) In
Con olling Diamondback Mo h (Plu ella xylos ella. (L) In Cabbage Cul i a s in Obudu
Ca le Ranch Reso , C oss Ri e S a e, Nige ia
LAWRENCE AHMED UGBE 1, *, AKINMOLA SOLOMON MOREBISE 2 and AKPANKE USHIE AGIAPULE 1
1 Depa men o Gene al Ag icul u e, Facul y o Ag icul u e, Fede al College o Educa ion Obudu, In A ilia ion wi h he
Uni e si y o Calaba , Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Plan P oduc ion, Facul y o Ag icul u e, S a e Uni e si y o San a C uz, Ilheus, Bahia, B azil.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 001-010
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 05 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 27 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 30 Ap il 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1279
Abs ac
An expe imen was conduc ed a Obudu Ca le Ranch in no he n C oss Ri e S a e o Nige ia, o e alua e he insec icidal
p ope ies o ex ac om neem seeds in con olling he dele e ious ac i i ies o diamond back mo h (Plu ella xylos ella)
in cabbage a ms. An expe imen al a m was es ablished in a 30 by 10m plo o land, and he design o he expe imen
was a Comple ely Randomized Design (CRD) wi h a 3 by 5 ac o ial lay ou . 3 cul i a s o headed cabbage (B. Ole acea
ge mmi e a: whi e, G een and Red) we e cul i a ed one o a plo wi h 5 beds pe plo . A bed ep esen ed a subplo .
The e we e 15 beds in a plo , 3 plo s in a block and 3 blocks in a eplica e, wi h each eplica e ha ing 45 beds. The en i e
lay ou was eplica ed 3 imes. Cabbage seedlings o 3 cul i a s we e ansplan ed om a 30 day nu se y o al eady
p epa ed beds a he plan ing dis ance o 70 cm wi hin and 0.5 m be ween ows. The e we e 5 s ands in a bed, 25 s ands
in a plo , 75 s ands in a block, 225 s ands in a eplica e and 675 s ands in he en i e expe imen al plo . A solu ion o
ex ac om neem seeds was p epa ed and applied in i e di e en olumes (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 li e s ai/ha) o he cabbage
cul i a s, 2 weeks a e ansplan ing o p e en ea ly a acks on he esh lea es o he cabbage by Diamond Back Mo h
(DBM). The main ea men s we e he cul i a s while he sub- ea men s we e he 5 olumes o neem seed ex ac
applied. Da a we e aken a ma u i y o he c op o he numbe o ui s pe plo , weigh o ui in g ammes pe plo
and he ui yield in ons pe hec a e ( /ha). All da a gene a ed we e subjec ed o analysis o a iance and he main
sepa a ed by leas signi ican di e ence a (p=0.05) le el o p obabili y. Findings e ealed ha he c ude ex ac o neem
seeds a 6 and 8 li /ha has he e icacy o epel Diamond back mon h e ec i ely, he eby esul ing o highe yields o he
c op, especially he whi e cul i a . I was ecommended ha a me s should adop he use o biopes icides such as neem
seed ex ac a olumes o 6 and 8 li e s ai/ha in con olling DBM in cabbage a ms. They a e sa e and en i onmen ally
iendly.
Keywo ds: C ude ex ac ; Cul i a s; E icacy; Diamondback; Bio-pes icide; Biodeg adable and e alua ion
1. In oduc ion
Cabbage is an annual empe a e c op which belongs o he amily C uci e ae, gene ally e e ed o as B assicas. The c op
o igina ed om he Medi e anean egion whe e la ge quan i ies a e cu en ly p oduced. In Nige ia, hey a e p oduced
in coole egions o Jos Pla eau S a e and in limi ed quan i ies in Obudu Ca le Ranch in C oss Ri e S a e. Cabbage a e
p oduced o hei lea es, heads, buds, lowe s o s ems depending on he a ie y. Some o hem can be ed o li es ock.
In places like Ge many and Russia, he lea es o Cabbage a e used in p epa ing a popula ood called saue k au . I is a
a ou i e ood in which slice o cabbage a e e men ed in cabbage juice oge he wi h sal [1]. The c op is ich in i amin
B and C as well as in mine als such as K, Ca, P and Mg. Many a ie ies o B assica ole acea exis , howe e , his pape will
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 001-010
2
only dwell on i e cul i a s ha a e cul i a ed in Nige ia and in his s udy a ea in pa icula . These include; B assica
ole acea L. Va . (Capi a a), B. ole acea L. Va (acephala), B. ole acea L. Va (bo y is), B. ole acea L. Va (ge mmi e a),
and B. ole acea L. Va . (sabauda).
Acco ding o [2], cabbage a e g own mainly o he local ma ke s and o domes ic use. As ea lie men ioned, cabbage
a e aluable sou ces o i amins and mine als, as well as a sou ce o cash o small scale a me s in u al and pe i-u ban
a eas. Howe e , p oduc ion is o en cons ained by damage caused by a ange o pes s (insec s, diseases, nema odes
and weeds) [2]. [1] also epo ed ha insec s, especially hei ca e pilla s, cause se e e damage o cabbage. They added
ha insec s such as Plu ella xylos ella and Hellula phidilealis lay eggs on he lea es o cabbage. The eggs ha ch a e en
days o elease he ca e pilla s which eed e ociously on he lea es be o e eaching hei inal s age wi hin 10-15 days.
The cabbage lea es become comple ely de olia ed a e wo li e-cycles o he insec pes s. [2] had ea lie epo ed ha
he ange o pes s a acking he di e en B assicas is simila , bu he ela i e impo ance o indi idual pes species
a ies be ween he di e en c ops. They lis ed insec s like Diamondback mo h (DBM), cabbage aphids, he head bo e
(Hellula) and Bag ada bugs as he p edominan pes s o cabbage.
In he s udy a ea he e Diamondback mo h (DBM) is he p edominan pes o cabbage. Acco ding o [2] Diamondback
mo h is a se ious pes o b assicas and a acks all B assica species. The insec is said o be cosmopoli an, ole a ing
opical, sub opical and empe a e clima ic condi ions. [3] epo ed ha he insec is he p edominan pes o cabbage
in Eas e n and sou he n A ica.
The adul is a small g eyish-b own mo h abou 8 mm in leng h, wi h a wingspan o abou 15 mm 4]. The insec has a
cha ac e is ic diamond pa e n on i s back, which can be seen when he wings a e closed a es . This is wha ea ns he
insec he name diamondback [2]. [5] epo ed ha he insec lays i s eggs on he su ace o lea es o i s p ima y hos
(cabbage). The eggs a e iny, la , whi e in colo and o e all in shape [2]. The au ho s added ha he eggs a e usually
laid single o in small g oup and ha a single emale is capable o laying up o 400 eggs. A e 3 o 8 days, pale g een
la ae which a e wides in he middle pa o he body eme ged. The la ae which measu e abou 12 mm in leng h a e
o acious eede s. Thei eeding on he lea es o cabbage lea e se e e damage on he lea es esul ing o yield loses. The
newly ha ched la ae o en eed on he unde side o he cabbage lea es, pene a ing he epide mis and mining h ough
i [2]. [6] epo ed ea lie on ha in es a ions o Diamond back mo h ends o be mo e se e e du ing d y pe iods as
ain all has nega i e e ec on he ac i i ies and popula ion o he insec .
Fo se e al yea s now o ganophospha e and o gano-chlo ine insec icides such as eni o hion, chlo opy i os-me hyl,
mala hion, pi imiphos - me hyl and dichlo os ha e been used as e ec i e subs ances in con olling insec pes s [7]
howe e , esea ch has shown ha using hese chemicals con inuously in con olling insec pes s will esul s in he
de elopmen o esis ance o he chemicals[8]. In addi ion, a ecen e-assessmen o he eco oxici y o hese chemicals,
showed ha hey a e no longe sa e o be used [9, 10] he e o e, he e is an u gen need o de elop al e na i e means
o con olling insec s pes s o c ops a he han he con inuous use o chemical pes icides. The bes al e na i e means
is he use o biopes icides.
Biopes icides a e na u ally occu ing subs ances ha con ol pes s by non- oxic mechanisms [11]. The Uni ed S a es
En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency (US. EP) de ined biopes icides as pes icides de i ed om na u al ma e ials such as
animals, plan s, bac e ia and mine als. Biopes icides, acco ding o esea che s a e en i onmen ally sound and
e icacious p oduc s, [12]. Biopes icides a e non oxic o non- a ge o ganisms, including bene icial insec s and wildli e.
Many o hem a e easily biodeg adable. In e ms o decomposi ion, hey decompose easily and eadily wi hou impa ing
nega i ely on su ace and unde g ound wa e [12]. Biopes icides a e ypically e ec i e in small quan i ies, which
elimina e pollu ion conce ns, some imes usually associa ed wi h he adi ional syn he ic chemicals [13]. In addi ion,
hey a e manu ac u ed om na u ally occu ing aw ma e ials in an en i onmen ally esponsible and sus ainable
manne [14].
Small holde a me s in many pa s o he wo ld ha e been using p oduc s om some indigenous plan s o p o ec insec
pes s in es a ions o hei ag icul u al p oduce [15]. Plan ma e ials such as he lea es, ui s, ba ks, oo s, seeds,
p ocessed powde s e c, ha e been in use o he p o ec ion o insec pes s o c ops [16].
In his expe imen , ex ac o neem was used. Neem (Azadi ach a indica A. Juss) is a as g owing, scle aphyllous ee
which is na i e o he Indian subcon inen , bu which is now dis ibu ed h oughou sou heas -Asia, Eas and sub-
sahelian A ica, Fiji, Mau i ius and pa s o cen al Ame ica [17]. Neem g ows well in clima es om semi-a id o semi-
humid and will h i e e en in places wi h less han 500 mm o ain all pe yea . The soil equi emen s a e modes and
he plan g ows equally well on poo , shallow, sandy o s ony g ound. The ee bea s ui s when i is 4-5 yea s old, on
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 001-010
3
a e age gi ing 30-50 kg o ui s pe ee [17]. Resea ch has shown ha he e ec i e ing edien o he ee a e p esen
in all pa s o he h ee, bu appea mo e highly concen a ed in he seeds [18].
Resea ch has shown ha neem p epa a ions ha e he e icacy o kill o ende ine ec i e o e 200 insec species [19].
[17] has ea lie epo ed ha he plan pa s a e e ec i e as insec icidal, epellen , an i eedan , g ow h inhibi ing,
ungicidal, and nema icidal. [19] u he epo ed ha neem ee as a wonde plan has seeds and lea es which con ain
compounds wi h possible an isep ic, an i i al, and an i ungal p ope ies. He added ha , he e a e indica ions he plan
also has he e icacy as an i-in lamma o y, hypo ensi e, and an i-ulce .
1.1. S a emen o he p oblem
The need o inc ease ood p oduc ion h ough he use o ag ochemicals o eed he apidly g owing human popula ion,
has main ained cons an p essu e on he in ensi e use o pes icides and e ilize s. Howe e , wo ldwide su eys ha e
documen ed he con amina ion and impac o ag ochemical esidues in soils, e es ial and aqua ic ecosys ems
including coas al ma ine sys ems and hei oxic e ec on human and non-human bio a. Al hough pe sis en o ganic
chemicals ha e been phased ou and eplaced by he mo e biodeg adable chemicals, con amina ion by legacy esidues
and ecen esidue s ill impac on he quali y o ood, wa e and en i onmen . The e o e al e na i e pa hs o he
in ensi e use o chemicals in c op p o ec ion mus be adop ed in o de o p oduce ood wi h be e quali y and wi h less
oxic con aminan s. The use o plan s ex ac s such as ex ac s om neem (Azadi ach a indica) is one o he accep able
al e na i es.
1.2. Objec i e o he s udy
The main objec i e o he s udy is o es ablish an al e na i e means o con olling insec pes s o c ops h ough he
adop ion o he use o biopes icides in o de o educe en i onmen al deg ada ion, chemical ood poisoning, and he
des uc ion o he ecosys em a ising om he con inuous use o syn he ic pes icides. The speci ic objec i es include o;
• p epa e an aqueous ex ac om neem seeds
• es he e icacy o he aqueous ex ac in con olling Diamondback mo h (Plu ella xylos ella)
• demons a e he e icacy o he aqueous ex ac o cabbage a me s in he s udy a ea
2. Ma e ial and me hods
This s udy was, conduc ed a he Obudu Ca le Ranch in Obudu/Obanliku Local go e nmen A eas o C oss Ri e S a e.
Obudu Ca le Ranch is bounded wi h Came oon o he Eas , Obanliku o he Wes and Benue S a e o he No h. The
Ranch is si ua ed a app oxima ely 6.6 deg ees no h la i ude and 9.2 deg ees eas longi ude. The ele a ion o he Ranch
a ies be ween 1, 524 o 1, 829 me e s (5000 o 6000 ee ) abo e sea le el. The anch is enowed o i s di e se lo a
and auna. The egion is ich in plan species including opical ain o es ees, o chids and unique ege a ion. In e ms
o wildli e, he e a e bi ds bu e lies and mammals (D ills and Leopa ds).
The clima e a he Ranch is a blend o opical and empe a e cha ac e is ics which makes i unique. The e a e wo
seasons in he Ranch; he d y season and he ainy season. The d y season spans om No embe o Feb ua y. Du ing
his ime, he Ranch expe iences lowe humidi y and ela i ely coole empe a u es. Day ime empe a u es usually
ange om 18o C o 25o C.
The ainy season s a s om Ma ch o Oc obe . This is he pe iod when na u e shows i s ib an and lush beau y.
Rain all is abundan , nou ishing he e ile soil and encou aging he g ow h o ege a ion. Humidi y le els ise du ing
he ainy season and day ime empe a u es ypically ange be ween 20o C and 26o C. The ainy season has a dis inc
pa e n, wi h mos o he p ecipi a ion occu ing be ween Ap il and Sep embe . Annual ain all a e ages a ound 2000
mm, ensu ing a h i ing ecosys em and a beau i ul landscape.
Du ing d y season, he ela i e coole empe a u es and d ie wea he c ea e ideal condi ions o cul i a ion o a a ie y
o c ops. Fa me s in he anch ake ad an age o his pe iod o g ow c ops such as maize, po a oes and cabbage which
h i e in hese condi ions. The milde empe a u es du ing his season p o ide a com o able en i onmen o bo h
plan g ow h and a m wo k. The ainy season b ings abundan ain all o he egion, which sus ain he lush ege a ion.
This pe iod is pa icula ly sui able o c ops like oma oes, le uce and o he ege ables which equi e consis en
mois u e. The e ile soil in he anch, coupled wi h he egula ain all, leads o obus yields o hese c ops (Minis y
o Ag icul u e, Obudu Local Go e nmen A ea O ice).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 001-010
4
2.1. Expe imen al design
The design o he expe imen was a Comple ely Randomized Design (CRD) on a 3 x 5 ac o ial. A plo o land measu ing
30 m x 10 m was used as he expe imen al plo . The plo was clea ed packed and hen beds we e cons uc ed. The beds
we e measu ing 1.5 m x 0.5 m wide, wi h in e -bed spacing o 0.5 m. All oge he he e we e 5 beds in each plo , wi h
each bed ep esen ing a subplo . The e we e 3 plo s in a block, he e o e, he e we e 15 beds in a block o 3 plo s, and
3 blocks in a eplica e, gi ing a o al o 45 beds in a eplica e. Meanwhile, he en i e expe imen al se up was eplica ed
3 imes wi h 135 beds in he 3 eplica es o he expe imen al plo .
Cabbage seedlings o 3 cul i a s we e ansplan ed om a 30 day nu se y o he beds, a a spacing o 70 cm wi hin ows
and 0.5 m be ween ows. The e we e 5 s ands o cabbage in each bed, 25 s ands in each plo o 5 beds, 75 s ands in each
block, 225 s ands in each eplica e and 675 s ands in he en i e expe imen al a m. Each plo was plan ed o a sepa a e
cul i a o headed cabbage. Th ee cul i a s we e used in he expe imen ; B assica ole acea L. gemmi e a (G een), B.
ole acea L. gemmi e a (Red), and B. ole acea L. gemmi e a (whi e).
2.2. P epa a ion o aqueous solu ion o neem
Aqueous solu ion o neem was p epa ed by emo ing he lesh om abou 100 g o ma u e seeds o neem. The seeds
we e washed and d ied o a oid ungal g ow h. The seeds we e shelled and inely g a ed, hen s eeped o e nigh in a
clo h suspended in wa e a he a e o 50 g/li e s o cool wa e . Some quan i y o soap (10 g) was added o he solu ion
o acili a e he solubili y o he neem in wa e . The aqueous solu ion was illed in 16 capaci y backpack knapsack
sp aye and applied on he lea es o cabbage seedlings 2 weeks a e ansplan ed om nu se y o he mean ield. The
aqueous solu ion was andomly dis ibu ed o he c ops a i e di e en le els o olumes, 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8
li e s/ai/hec a e o con ol he damaging ac i i ies o Diamond back mo h (Plu ella xylos ella). The main ea men s
we e he h ee cabbage a ie ies while he sub- ea men s we e he i e le els o olumes o applica ion o aqueous
solu ion o neems, each bed ep esen ed a sub-plo .
Da a was aken on, he numbe o ui pe plo , ui weigh in g ammes (g) and ui yield in ons pe hec a e ( /ha)
du ing ma u i y o he cabbage. The ui weigh s ob ained in g ammes (g) we e la e con e ed o ons pe hec a e by
ex apola ion on ea men basis pe sub-plo o ob ain ui yield in ons pe hec a e ( /ha). All da a gene a ed we e
analysed using analysis o a iance (ANOVA) p ocedu e and he means we e sepa a ed by Leas Signi ican Di e ence
(LSD) a (p=0.05) le el o p obabili y.
3. Resul s
Table 1 Insec icidal e ec o ex ac om neem (Azadi ach a indica) on Diamond back mo h (Plu ella xylos ella) and on
he numbe o ui s pe plo o cabbage cul i a s
Cul i a
Applica ions a e (li /ha)
R1
R2
R3
∑x
X
C (1)
B. ole acea
gemmi e a
(G een)
0
14.0
15.0
15.0
44.0
14.66
2
16.0
15.0
15.0
46.0
15.33
4
18.0
19.0
19.0
56.0
18.66
6
19.0
21.0
22.0
62.0
20.66
8
23.0
22.0
24.0
69.0
23.00
Sub- o al
90.0
92.0
95.0
C (2)
B. ole acea
gemmi e a
(G een)
0
13.0
15.0
14.0
42.0
14.00
2
14.0
17.0
16.0
47.0
15.66
4
16.0
16.0
17.0
49.0
16.33
6
18.0
19.0
18.0
55.0
18.33
8
18.0
16.0
17.0
51.0
17.00
Sub- o al
79.0
83.0
82.0
0
12.0
14.0
15.0
41.0
13.66
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 001-010
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C (3)
B. ole acea
gemmi e a
(G een)
2
16.0
15.0
16.0
47.0
15.66
4
18.0
18.0
17.0
53.0
17.66
6
20.0
22.0
24.0
66.0
22.00
8
24.0
25.0
25.0
75.0
25.00
Sub- o al
90.0
95.0
97.0
Table 2 Analysis o a iance o e ec o ex ac om Neem (Azadi ach a indica) on Diamondback mo h (Plu ella
xylos ella) and on numbe o ui s pe plo o cabbage
Sou ce o a iance
D
Sum o squa es
Mean o squa es
-cal
- ab
Replica e
2
248.34
Fac o (A) cabbage cul i a ion
2
68.62
34.31
6.20
2.43*
E o (a)
4
22.24
5.56
Fac o (B) (Ra e o applica ion)
4
160.22
40.10
12.15
10.64*
In e ac ion (A x B)
7
320.15
45.74
13.86
11.52*
E o
14
46.21
3.30
*signi ican a 0.05 le el o signi icance
Table 2 abo e shows he analysis o a iance (ANOVA) o e ec o ex ac om neem on Diamondback mo h and he
numbe o ui s pe plo o cabbage cul i a s du ing ha es . The numbe o ui s pe plo di e signi ican ly (p<0.05)
amongs he cul i a s o he cabbage (F-calcula ed olume o 6.20 was g ea e han F- abula ed alue o 2.43). he
cul i a 3 (B. ole aceae: gemmi e a) (whi e) eco ded he highes numbe o ui s pe plo . Be ween 20 and 25 ui s
pe plo we e eco ded he e. This was ollowed by cul i a 1 (B. ole aceae: gemni e a) (G een) which eco ded be ween
19 and 24 ui s pe plo (Table 1). Fac o (B), he a e o applica ion o aqueous solu ion o neem was also signi ican
(p<0.05) as 6 and 8 li e s pe hec a e we e e ec i e in con olling Diamondback mo h han o he olumes o 2 and 4
li /ha. 8 li e s pe hec a e was mo e e ec i e han all o he olumes. The in e ac ion e ec (AB) be ween cabbage
a ie y and he a e o applica ion o neem ex ac was signi ican (p<0.05) a (0.05) le el o p obabili y (Table 2).
Table 3 Insec icidal e ec o ex ac om neem (Azadi ach a indica) on diamondback mo h (Plu ella xylos ella) and on
he ui weigh in g ammes (g) pe hec a e (g/ha) o cabbage
Cul i a
Applica ions a e (li /ha)
R1
R2
R3
∑x
X
C (1)
B. ole acea
Gemmi e a
(G een)
0
30.0
22.21
25.32
77.53
25.84
2
49.0
47.34
48.22
144.56
48.18
4
49.62
48.92
48.81
147.35
49.12
6
50.22
49.98
51.23
151.43
50.47
8
52.10
50.52
51.86
154.48
51.49
Sub- o al
230.94
218.97
225.44
C (2)
B. ole acea
Gemmi e a
(Red)
0
23.40
26.22
30.62
80.24
26.75
2
32.41
34.32
33.22
99.95.0
33.32
4
34.52
35.26
32.81
102.59
34.20
6
35.88
36.31
34.72
106.91
35.63
8
36.22
36.35
35.88
108.45
36.15
Sub- o al
162.43
168.48
167.25
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 001-010
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C (3)
B. ole acea
Gemmi e a
(G een)
0
32.11
34.23
31.56
97.90
32.63
2
41.22
44.28
43.23
128.73
42.91
4
56.31
48.22
52.61
157.14
52.38
6
58.21
57.34
56.28
171.83
57.27
8
59.22
58.91
57.86
175.99
58.66
Sub- o al
247.07
242.98
241.54
Table 4 Analysis o a iance o he e ec o ex ac om neem (Azadi ach a indica) on Diamondback mo h (Plu ella
xylos ella) and he weigh in g ammes pe hec a e (g/ha) o cabbage ui s
Sou ce o a iance
D
Sum o squa es
Mean o squa es
-cal
- ab
Replica e
2
342.26
Fac o (A) (cabbage cul i a )
2
98.23
49.12
8.82
2.64
E o (a)
4
22.28
5.57
Fac o (B) (Ra e o applica ion)
4
142.36
35.59
10.27
6.42
In e ac ion (A x B)
7
426.25
60.89
17.49
6.42
E o
14
48.74
3.48
* Signi ican a 0.05 le el o signi icance
Table 4 abo e ep esen s he analysis o a iances (ANOVA) o he e ec o ex ac o neem on Diamondback mo h and
he weigh in g ammes (g) o cabbage cul i a s. The weigh in g ammes di e signi ican ly (p<0.05) amongs he
cabbage cul i a s (F- calcula ed alue o 8.82 was g ea e han F- abula ed alue g 2.64) (Table 4). The highes weigh
in g ammes pe s and was eco d in cul i a 3 (B. ole aceae: ge mmi e a) (whi e) whe e be ween 52.61 and 59.22g
we e eco ded. The second highes weigh s in g ammes we e eco ded in cul i a 1 (B.ole aceae: gemmi e ) (g een)
whe e be ween 47.34 and 51.86 g ammes we e eco ded, hen inally by cul i a 2 (B.ole aceae: gemmi e a) ( ed) wi h
g ammes weigh s o be ween 32.81 and 36.35g (Table 3). The a e o applica ion o neem ex ac was signi ican
(p<0.05) as applica ion a be ween 4 and 8 li e s hec a e o he aqueous solu ion was mo e e ec i e in con olling he
Diamondback mo h han applica ion a 2.0 li /ha. The in e ac ion e ec (AB) be ween he cabbage cul i a and he a e
o applica ion o he plan ex ac was equally signi ican (p<0.05) as he highe a e o applica ion o he aqueous
solu ion we e mo e e ec i e in some cul i a s han o he s (Table 3)
Table 5 Insec icidal e ec o ex ac om neem (Azadi ach a indica) on diamondback mo h (Plu ella xylos ella) and on
he yield in ons pe hec a e o cabbage ui s.
Cul i a
Applica ions a e (li /ha)
R1
R2
R3
∑x
X
C (1)
B. ole acea
gemmi e a
(G een)
0
5.00
6.21
8.22
19.43
6.67
2
8.62
7.51
8.46
24.59
8.19
4
10.21
9.65
10.82
30.68
10.23
6
11.52
10.88
12.62
35.02
11.67
8
14.24
12.68
12.92
39.84
13.28
Sub- o al
49.59
46.93
53.04
C (2)
B. ole acea
0
4.62
5.28
4.34
14.24
4.75
2
4.84
5.31
4.88
15.03
5.01
4
5.21
4.62
5.64
15.47
5.20
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 001-010
7
gemmi e a
(Red)
6
6.32
5.84
5.72
17.88
5.96
8
6.41
7.32
6.45
20.18
6.73
Sub- o al
27.40
28.37
27.03
C (3)
B. ole acea
gemmi e a
(G een)
0
10.21
9.88
10.34
30.43
10.14
2
15.34
15.64
16.35
47.33
15.77
4
18.56
17.68
18.150
54.24
18.08
6
25.42
28.41
28.52
82.35
27.45
8
27.18
29.43
30.53
87.14
29.05
Sub- o al
96.71
101.04
103.74
Table 6 Analysis o a iance o he e ec o ex ac om neem (Azadi ach a indica) on Diamondback mo h (Plu ella
xylos alla) and on he ui yield in ons pe hec a e ( /ha) o cabbage cul i a s
Sou ce o a iance
D
Sum o squa es
Mean o squa es
-cal
- ab
Replica e
2
168.20
Fac o (A) cabbage cul i a ion
2
46.35
23.17
5.52
2.32*
E o (a)
4
16.62
2.20
Fac o (B) (Ra e o applica ion)
4
120.20
30.10
11.62
10.12*
In e ac ion (A x B)
7
220.0
31.43
12.13
10.11*
E o
14
36.32
2.59
Signi ican a 0.05 le el o p obabili y
Table 6 abo e shows he esul o analysis o a iances (ANOVA) o he e ec o ex ac o neem on Diamondback mo h
and on he yield o cabbage in ons pe hec a e ( /ha). The esul shows ha he yield in ons pe hec a e ( /ha) was
signi ican (p<0.05) amongs he cabbage cul i a s (F-calcula ed alues o 5.52 was g ea e han F- abula ed alues o
2.32). The highes yield in ons pe hec a e o 25 o 30 ons we e ob ained in cul i a 3 (B.ole aceae: gemmi e a) (whi e).
This was ollowed by be ween 11.00 and 12.92 ( /ha) in cul i a 1 (B. ole aceae) (G een) (Table 5). Fac o (B) he a e
o applica ion o neem ex ac was also signi ican (P<0.05) (F-calcula ed alue o 11.62 was g ea e han F- abula ed
alue o 10.12. Volumes o be ween 6 and 8 li /ha we e mo e e ec i e han o he olumes o 0, 2 and 4 (Table 5). The
in e ac ion e ec (AB), he cabbage cul i a and he a e o applica ion o he aqueous neem ex ac was also signi ican
(p<0.05) a 0.05 le el o signi icance (Table 6).
4. Discussion
The numbe o ui s o cabbage pe plo di e s signi ican ly (p<0.05) amongs he h ee cul i a s o cabbage cul i a ed
in his expe imen (Table 2). Cul i a 3, (B assica ole aceae: gemmi e a) (whi e) eco ded he highes numbe o ui s
pe plo . Be ween 20 and 25 ui s pe plo we e eco ded in plo s ha ecei ed 6 and 8 li e s ai/ha espec i ely o he
aqueous solu ion o neen (Azadi ach a indica) (Table 1). This was only ollowed by cul i a 1, B. ole acea gemmi e a
(G een) which eco ded be ween 19 and 24 ui s pe plo , on applica ion o 6 and 8 li e ai/a espec i ely o he neem
ex ac . The ed cul i a (cul i a 2) B. ole acea gemmi e a ( ed) eco ded only be ween 16 and 19 ui s pe plo on
applica ion o 4, 6 and 8 li e s o he aqueous solu ion o neem (Table 1). The high yield o numbe o ui s pe plo o
he whi e cul i a he e is in line wi h he epo o [20] who epo ed ha he whi e cul i a was a high yielding cul i a
mo e han o he cul i a s o he headed cabbage. The high numbe o ui s pe plo by he whi e and G een. Cul i a
was no unconnec ed wi h he ac ha he neem solu ion e ec i ely epel he insec pes , Diamondback mo h (Plu ella
xylos ella) he eby gi ing way o he g ow h o esh g een lea es leading o good ui p oduc ion. The con ol plo s
whe e ze o applica ion was done (no applica ion o he neem ex ac ), he e was low eco d o he numbe o ui s pe
plo o all he h ee cul i a s o he cabbage cul i a ed he e. The lea es we e seen a e ed in con ol plo s as hey we e
hea ily a acked by Diamondback mo h (Plu ella xylos ella), he eby educing ui yield d as ically. The highes numbe
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 001-010
8
o ui s eco ded in con ol plo s was 15 in all he h ee cul i a s (Table 1). The weigh o ui s in g ammes pe hec a e
o he cabbage cul i a s was signi ican ly di e en (p<0.05) amongs he cabbage cul i a s (Table 4). The whi e cul i a
eco ded he highes weigh o 59 g/ha. This was ollowed by he g een cul i a wi h he weigh o 52 g/ha. The ed
cul i a only eco ded he highes weigh o 36 g/ha (Table 3). The highes weigh s o be ween 58 and 59 g/ha in he
whi e cul i a , and be ween 51 and 52 g/ha in he g een cul i a , we e eco ded in plo s ha ecei ed be ween 6 and 8
li e s pe hec a e o he aqueous solu ion o neem (Table 3). The highe ui weigh s eco ded by he whi e and g een
headed cabbage he e is in line wi h he iews o [20] ha some cul i a s o he headed cabbage (B. ole acea: gemmi e a)
bea bigge ui s han o he s, hence highe weigh s. The yield in ons pe hec a e ( /ha) o he cabbage cul i a s was
signi ican ly di e en (p<0.05) amongs he h ee cul i a s (Table 6). The highes yield in ons pe hec a e o be ween
28.52 and 30.53 /ha was eco ded by he whi e cul i a in plo s ea ed wi h 6 and 8 li e s/ha espec i ely o he
aqueous solu ions o neem (Table 5). This was ollowed by he G een cul i a which eco ded be ween 12.62 and 14.24
/ha in plo s ea ed wi h 6 and 8 li e s/ha espec i ely o he aqueous neem solu ion. The ed cul i a eco ded only
be ween 6.32 and 7.32 /ha in plo s ea ed wi h 6 and 8 li e s ai/ha espec i ely, o he aqueous solu ion (Table 5). The
highe yields in ones/ha we e eco ded in plo s ha ecei ed be ween 6 and 8 li e/ha o he aqueous solu ion o neem.
This e ealed he ac ha he ideal olumes o he aqueous solu ion o he neem ex ac ha can be e ec i e agains
Diamondback mo h (DBM) a e 6 and 8 li e s ai/ha. The aqueous neem solu ion as a biopes icide is sa e o use and easily
biodeg adable, compa ed o he syn he ic insec icides. Howe e , he biopes icides a e needed in g ea e quan i ies in
o de o he e ec i e agains he insec pes s, whe eas, he syn he ic pes icides a e e ec i e agains insec pes s e en in
small quan i ies [21]. The highe olumes o 6 and 8 li es ai/ha o he neem solu ion o e ec i e con ol o DBM he e
is in line wi h he obse a ion o [17] who epo ed ha plan ex ac s a e mo e e ec i e agains insec pes s in la ge
doses han in small quan i ies. The syn he ic pes icides a e e ec i e e en in small quan i ies. Fo ins ance [1] epo ed
he applica ion o 2 o 3 li e s ai/ha o Diaginon o Cype men h ine, which was e ec i e in con olling Plu ella xylos ella
and Hellula phidilealis in cabbage.
5. Conclusion
Resea che s globally a e sending signals con i ming he ac ha some chemicals which a e ou inely used in
con en ional ag icul u e a e associa ed wi h ala ming heal h and en i onmen al haza ds. F om human ecological heal h
impac s, he e a e g owing conce ns abou how a me s ca y ou hei a ming ac i i ies. On he o he hand, sus ainable
ag icul u e desc ibes a obus and balanced ag icul u al sys em which equi es a mo e cau ions use o ag ochemicals.
This is o en done h ough es ing and ca e ul isk assessmen and he need o he a me s and he ag ochemical use s
in gene al o adop measu e o be e p o ec ion o he ecosys em. This include good p ac ices o sus ainable
de elopmen o ag icul u e, ishe ies and aquacul u e. The use o bo anical pes icides in con olling insec pes s o c ops
is a be e al e na i e o he use o syn he ic pes icides which ha e ad e se e ec s on he en i onmen and he
ecosys em. Bo anical pes icides such as c ude ex ac s o neem used whe e, a e easily biodeg adable, ecosys em and
en i onmen ally iendly, and ypically e ec i e wi h b oad spec ums o e icacy in he managemen o a wide ange o
insec pes s. Since hey a e ex ac ed om plan ma e ials, hey a e en i onmen ally iendly o sus ainable ag icul u al
p oduc ion.
Recommenda ions
F om he indings o he esea ch wo k, i was ecommended as ollows:-
• Cabbage a me s should emb ace he use o c ude ex ac om neem seeds in con olling Diamond Back Mo h
(DBM). Plan ex ac s a e cheape and less expensi e o p epa e.
• The use o bo anical pes icides will educe he o e dependence on syn he ic pes icides which ha e oxic e ec s
on he use and he en i onmen .
• Syn he ic pes icides should be used only when a pes ’s in es a ion has eached economic h eshold le el
(The apeu ic ea men ).
• The use o bo anical pes icides such as c ude ex ac o neem seeds should be used p ophylaxis o p e en insec
pes ’s in es a ions.
• The ecommended dosage o he c ude ex ac should be be ween 4 and 8 li e ai/ha. The dosage should no be
below 4 li es ai/ha, as his may no be e ec i e agains he insec pes . Dosage abo e 8 li es ai/ha may be o e
dosage and can esul o o he ad e se e ec .
• The whi e cul i a o cabbage (B assica ole acea: gemmi e a) is highe yielding amongs he h ee cul i a s o
he headed cabbage. I s cul i a ion should be gi en emphasises
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 001-010
9
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed. Re e ence o he a ached co e le e .
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