JACLR: Jou nal o A is ic C ea ion and Li e a y Resea ch is a bi-annual, pee -
e iewed, ull- ex , and open-access G adua e S uden Jou nal o he Uni e sidad
Complu ense Mad id ha publishes in e disciplina y esea ch on li e a y s udies,
c i ical heo y, applied linguis ics and semio ics, and educa ional issues. The jou nal
also publishes o iginal con ibu ions in a is ic c ea ion in o de o p omo e hese
wo ks.
Volume 10 Issue 2 (Decembe 2022)
Ped o Mo a-Ramí ez
“(De)cons uc ing iden i ies: he depic ion o pos -B exi mig a ion in Yea s and
Yea s (2019)”
Recommended Ci a ion
Mo a-Ramí ez, Ped o. “(De)cons uc ing iden i ies: he depic ion o pos -B exi mig a ion in
Yea s and Yea s (2019)” JACLR: Jou nal o A is ic C ea ion and Li e a y Resea ch 10.2 (2022):
<h ps://www.ucm.es/siim/jou nal-o -a is ic-c ea ion-and-li e a y- esea ch>
©Uni e sidad Complu ense de Mad id, Spain
Abs ac : The BBC TV ic ional se ies, Yea s and Yea s (2019), p esen s how policies o
exclusion complica e mig a o y mo emen s. The se ies displays con o e sies in he de ini ion
o iden i ies acco ding o he na ion-s a e and amily models. The p esen s udy in es iga es
he de/cons uc ion o iden i ies h ough a c i ical pe spec i e o pos -B exi B i ain in Yea s
and Yea s. D awing om pos colonial schola s like Bhabha o Gil oy, his essay examines he
sc ip o he se ies o shed ligh upon he cons uc ion o (na ional and mig an ) iden i ies and
he po ayal o new amily models ha eshape he na ion-s a e. The me hodology ollowed
ocuses on he c i ical and ex ual analysis o he se ies. P e ious esea ch has documen ed
he alue o “pos colonial melancholia” on he cons uc ion o iden i ies and on how mig a ion
has been ad e sely a ec ed (Gil oy 52). Las ly, he esul s o he cu en s udy show how he
se ies po ays he complex issue o mig a ion, s essing how (na ional and mig an ) iden i ies
a e de ined wi hin a pos -B exi socie y.
Keywo ds: Yea s and Yea s (2019), mig a ion, B exi , na ion-s a e, iden i ies,
pos colonialism
1
Ped o Mo a-Ramí ez
“(De)cons uc ing iden i ies: he depic ion o pos -B exi mig a ion in Yea s and
Yea s (2019)”
1. In oduc ion
Mig a ion s udies is an academic ield wi hin cul u al s udies ha a e in ol ed in he s udy o
human mig a ion and i s ep esen a ion in cul u al p oduc s.1 Cul u al s udies is an
in e disciplina y ield conce ned wi h opics ha explo e how cul u e has e ol ed o e ime
and how i cons uc s powe . I is commonly held ha mig a ion has been p esen in all e as
o his o y and has shaped cu en cul u es. Fo Ba ke , his discipline in ela ion o powe
encompasses sociocul u al issues, such as ace o e hnici y (5-9). Consequen ly, mig an s a e
a ec ed by he in e sec ions o ace, e hnici y and na ion.2 Racial di e ences a e unde s ood
as a socio-poli ical cons uc ion, whe eas he la e e e s o he ep esen a ion o cul u al
alues, albei bo h accen ua e acial disc imina ion (McLeod 131-132). In he Uni ed Kingdom,
mig a ion plays a c ucial ole in he de elopmen o B i ish (pos )impe ialism, he
Commonweal h o Na ions and he acial dispa i ies esul ing om bo h.
His o ically speaking, he UK has ended o main ain i s con ol o e he Commonweal h o
Na ions (Leach 157).3 This associa ion o s a es may lead o he ola ile poli ical and cul u al
posi ion o cu en B i ish poli ics. Thus, his iew could be associa ed wi h acial disc imina ion
due o mig a ion. Conside ing wha has jus been said, his esea ch wo k will aim o expose
he e olu ion o B i ish poli ics o examine how mig a ion has been ad e sely a ec ed by
impe ialism and B exi .
Mig a ion s udies p esen se e al inequali ies ha a e caused and ha e been wo sened by
he cu en si ua ion o B exi . I - composed by he wo ds ‘B i ain’ and ‘exi ’ - consis ed o
B i ain’s wi hd awal om he Eu opean Union. As i is widely accep ed, his p ocess was
os e ed by impe ialism and opened he ga e o acis speeches. I highligh s ha impe ialis
discou ses in e wea e he ways in which B i ish iden i y is buil (Roe-C ines 187). B exi
iden i ies he EU as he p oblem and immig an s as B i ish enemies. Fo ins ance, his “speech”
o exclusion ga e way o p oblema ise he agmen a ion o B i ish socie y.
In his way, he mo emen om one coun y o ano he also emphasises he ise o “hyb id”
iden i ies. This concep is posed by Bhabha, and i e e s o he mix u e o wo o mo e cul u al
iden i ies (4). Thus, his combina ion o iden i ies occu s when indi iduals ha e a “sense o
belonging” in di e se cul u al places. B exi , in addi ion, can al e indi iduals’ pe spec i e on
iden i y. Consequen ly, he p esen s udy will analyse he ep esen a ion o he issue o ace
1 See Schol en e al. o a comp ehensi e esea ch on Mig a ion s udies.
2 I am well awa e o he in e sec ion o ace and e hnici y wi h clus e s such as gende , age and social
class. Howe e , in his esea ch, he e ms a e seldom men ioned, e en when awa e o he in e sec ion o
sex, gende and age in he deba es discussed he e.
3 The Commonweal h is an associa ion o coun ies a ound he wo ld belonging o he Uni ed Kingdom. I
is his o ically linked o he B i ish Empi e (The Edi o s o Encyclopaedia B i annica “Commonweal h”). A
he 1926 con e ence, B i ain and he coun ies domina ed by he B i ish Empi e “ag eed ha hey we e all
equal membe s o a communi y wi hin he B i ish Empi e” (“Ou his o y”).
2
h ough he TV se ies Yea s and Yea s (2019), examining iden i ies based on “ ace” be ween
B i ish people and mig an s. In ac , Dye claims ha whi eness is beginning o be conside ed
a acial iden i y among o he s, ending he sup emacy by which he whi e ace is he measu e
o e e y hing (1).4 Bo de c ossings c ea e, he e o e, new iden i ies and e hnici ies.5
The p esen s udy examines he ep esen a ion o mig a ion in he UK a e B exi and how
na ional and mig an iden i ies a e in luenced by his wi hd awal in he TV BBC ic ional se ies
Yea s and Yea s. I will also examine o wha ex en mig a ion, and he e o e how mig an s
ha e been a ec ed by acis speeches. B exi s a s om eelings o “pos colonial melancholia,”
and, in e ms o mig a ion s udies, i complica es how B i ish and mig an iden i ies a e de ined
(e.g., Gil oy 52; Cummings 605; Rod íguez 25). Thus, he esul o his s udy in ends o
analyse he e olu ion o B i ish and mig an iden i ies a e B exi , shedding ligh on how his
wi hd awal agg a a es he posi ion o mig an indi iduals.
Mo e speci ically, his essay ocuses on he ep esen a ion o Daniel Lyons and Vik o
Go aya in he se ies o examine how mig a ion a ec he de/cons uc ion o hei iden i ies. In
o de o do so, he p esen s udy ollows a c i ical app oach o he ep esen a ions o mig a ion
in he se ies in which his aspec is examined h ough a c i ical pe spec i e. The e o e, he
esea ch conduc ed in his pape ocuses on he con en s ha a e lis ed as ollows: a
sociocul u al con ex acing a co ela ion om he go e nmen o Ma ga e Tha che o cu en
B i ish poli ics; hei adap a ion po ayed in he se ies; he depic ion o e hnici y and na ional
iden i ies and a decons uc ion o iden i ies o shed ligh upon how an iden i y is cons uc ed.
The se ies Yea s and Yea s add esses he e olu ion o B i ain o e he yea s culmina ing in
a dys opic nea u u e. As such, he se ies in oduces socio-poli ical e en s h ough he
pe spec i e o he membe s o he Lyons amily, p esen ing how B exi policies ha e a ec ed
mig a ion. Yea s and Yea s displays how B exi p ocedu es ha e agg a a ed his issue o
hose e ugees and immig an s who ha e mo ed o he UK since hei coun ies a e in ol ed
in wa s. Hence, he se ies p o es he p oblems aced by mig an s and e ugees. In o de o
analyse episodes 4, 5 and 6 p ope ly, he p esen s udy ocuses on he case o Vik o Go aya
(Maxim Bald y) and Daniel Lyons (Russell To ey).6 None heless, a con ex o he se ies shall
be p esen ed o unde s and be e his analysis.
In he i s episode o he se ies, iewe s a e p esen ed wi h he si ua ion o immig an s
and e ugees. He e, Daniel Lyons explains ha e ugees mus abandon hei possessions, since
hey will li e in eme gency housings. Addi ionally, hose who a e e ugees a e o be allowed
4 Acco ding o June Ying Yee in he en y in The Encyclopedia o Race, E hnici y and Socie y, “ he concep
o acializa ion e e s o he p ocesses by which a g oup o people is de ined by hei ‘ ace.’ P ocesses o
acializa ion begin by a ibu ing acial meaning o people's iden i y and, in pa icula , as hey ela e o
social s uc u es and ins i u ional sys ems, such as housing, employmen , and educa ion. In socie ies in
which ‘Whi e’ people ha e economic, poli ical, and social powe , p ocesses o acializa ion ha e eme ged
om he c ea ion o a hie a chy in social s uc u es and sys ems based on ‘ ace.’ The isible e ec s o
p ocesses o acializa ion a e he acial inequali ies embedded wi hin social s uc u es and sys ems”
(Shae e 1110).
5 This ac is e iden in applica ion o ms whe e B i ish uni e si ies ask s uden s abou hei e hnici y, no
conside ing non-B i ish s uden s as “whi e.” An example o uni e si ies in he UK is Uni e si y College
London.
6 Vik o Go aya is a Uk ainian e ugee who en e s he UK o seek asylum. Daniel Lyons, on he o he hand,
is a B i ish ci izen om Manches e wo king as a housing o ice , and he is in cha ge o managing houses
o e ugees. In o de o a oid epe i ions, he name o he ac o s and ac esses will be men ioned once
when hey a e e e ed o o he i s ime.
3
o seek asylum. I is in his momen when Daniel Lyons mee s Vik o Go aya. Daniel is ma ied
a i s wi h Ralph Cousins (Dino Fe sche ). Howe e , he and Vik o s a o de elop a oman ic
ela ionship, which is conside ed a u ning poin in Daniel Lyons’ di o ce om Ralph Cousins
and in Daniel’s a emp s o p e en Vik o om ge ing depo ed. Howe e , Daniel Lyons’ ex-
pa ne , Ralph Cousins, in o ms he Home O ice ha Vik o Go aya is an illegal asylum seeke
ecei ing a sala y. The e o e, he Th ee B idges emo al cen e, which is p esen ed as an
immig a ion de en ion cen e in he se ies, depo s him o Uk aine. This is also e iden in he
policies adop ed by he B i ish Home O ice, such as he eques o pe mission o seek asylum
(Home O ice 6). Consequen ly, B exi complica es he issue o immig a ion since i con ains
policies ha agg a a e mig an condi ions.7 Fo ins ance, he se ies shows “Rule 35” which
pe mi s he de en ion and depo a ion o immig an s. In he se ies, his ule o eg ounds he
dys opian ision o B exi , as i ep esen s eali y o some ex en and also a nega i e ision o
he u u e o mig a ion.
The na a i es o B exi discou ses pe mi o examine he de/cons uc ion o na ional
and immig an iden i ies, as will be explained h ough an analysis o he p o agonis s’ amily
uni . Family uni s a e a ied in he se ies, bu his s udy ocuses on ha o Daniel and Vik o .
Howe e , he amily uni changes when Daniel Lyons and Vik o Go aya all in lo e. Bo h
homosexual couples a e accep ed in he socie y p esen ed in he se ies. Howe e , i should be
no ed ha , as will be men ioned in he analysis, Vik o Go aya is depo ed due o his sexuali y.
Many mig a ion s udies ha e mainly ocused on he B i ish socioeconomic si ua ion and
how B exi is p esen ed in li e a y wo ks. The impo ance o his pape elies on he ac ha
mig a ion will be analysed o iden i y how na ional and mig an iden i ies a e cons uc ed. Mo e
speci ically, his analysis will be conduc ed by compa ing his issue wi h he mo i o mig a ion
depic ed in he BBC ic ional se ies Yea s and Yea s.
2. Theo e ical F amewo k
Se e al esea che s ha e in es iga ed mig a ion in pos colonial s udies as a compendium o
ace and acial dispa i ies caused by xenophobia. Indeed, Said sugges ed ha cul u e - seen
as a way o o eg ounding iden i y - po ays ins ances o acism (xiii). In addi ion, i has been
p o en ha colonial unde pinnings a e essen ial in he depic ion o xenophobia in he B exi
e e endum campaign (Ashiagbo 524). Ne e heless, o he esea ch has ound a lack o
a en ion o acism in B exi discou ses; Min che , o example, no es ha his is because he
p oblem o acism is s ill un esol ed, since he e has been a pola iza ion be ween Remain and
Lea e suppo e s (129-130). The e o e, i is ce ainly possible o see how he B exi
e e endum campaign was based on impe ialis ounda ions.
Thus, his s udy analyses Gil oy’s Pos colonial Melancholia (2005) and Bhabha’s The
Loca ion o Cul u e (1994) as wo ks ha o eg ound acial concep s in cu en academic wo ks
on B exi . Bhabha’s con ibu ion o a u he de elopmen o he concep o he “o he ” wi hin
7 A his poin , i is wo h poin ing ou he di e ences be ween mig a ion and immig a ion. The o me
e e s o he mo emen o people om one coun y o ano he , whe eas he la e is en e ing in o a coun y
o se le he e. In his pape , I mos ly use he e m ‘immig a ion’ as he se ies p esen s he case o Vik o
as illegal immig an .
4
pos colonial heo y could also be ela ed o Gil oy’s e m o “pos colonial melancholia” (52).
These pos colonial concep s a e c ucial when analysing he depic ion o iden i ies in a pos -
B exi socie y, since hey a e use ul o unde s and how acism ope a es in speeches and
a i udes p esen in oday’s cul u e and media. This s udy also examines o he nume ous
academic wo ks on B exi o discuss me iculously he in luence o B exi on mig a ion. To be
mo e p ecise, hey in es iga e bo de c ossing, acial dispa i ies and he in e sec ions o ace,
class and na ion. Acco ding o Hill Collins, in e sec ionali y e e s o “ he c i ical insigh ha
ace, class . . . [na ion] ope a e no as uni a y, mu ually exclusi e en i ies, bu as ecip ocally
cons uc ing phenomena ha in u n shape complex social inequali ies” (2). Hence he
in e sec ions o ace, class and na ion a e in e ela ed and o eg ound acial dispa i ies. In
addi ion, seconda y sou ces ha e been examined o a gue mo e p ecisely he consequences
o his EU wi hd awal on mig an s.
Ano he ocus o in e es is he ac ha he poli ics o Ma ga e Tha che se ed o
o eg ound acis policies. Fo ins ance, De G ego io-Godeo poin s ou ha he e is a
co ela ion be ween Tha che ’s speech and cu en B i ish poli ics (8). Acco ding o Gil oy,
“[ ]he ole o ace hinking … is a pi o al issue in speci ying how he acializa ion o
go e nmen al p ac ice impac ed upon he p agma ic exe cise o colonial powe ” (45). Hence,
his a iabili y in indings sugges s ha mig a ion plays a c ucial ole in how mig an s a e seen
by B i ish poli icians. McLeod, in u n, poin s ou ha acial di e ences - seen as poli ical
cons uc ions - a e employed wi h he pu pose o i ing in o he ideological conce ns o some
indi iduals (131). B exi , he e o e, o eg ounds impe ial nos algia and gi es way o acis
a i udes and speeches. Consequen ly, Bhamb a concludes ha a comp ehensi e s udy o
inequali y based on he his o y o B i ish impe ial policy is needed o a oid acial dispa i ies
(97). In his way, i can be obse ed how B exi is p ominen in he way ha immig an s a e
seen nowadays, since i emphasizes acial inequali ies.
The p esence o mig an s has been widesp ead on he B i ish Isles. Fu he mo e, because
o ha eme gence o immig a ion, he e has been a g owing conce n abou he aim o
con olling i . In ac , his con ol has been ein o ced by B exi , as can be seen in he
es ic ions adop ed in he B i ish bo de s. Fo ins ance, hese es ic ions a e e lec ed in he
change in isas, denying asylum o Uk ainian people, as was men ioned in The Gua dian in
Feb ua y his yea (“Changes o UK isa ules o Uk ainians called ‘shame ul’ by Labou ”).
Mo e speci ically, B exi and acis speeches ha e emphasised he concep o impe ial nos algia
based on he desi e o exe powe o e o he s. The e a e pieces o e idence ha indica e ha
B exi is a p ocedu e embedded in impe ial a ai s (Koegle e al. 585), pe mi ing a ee hand
o acis speeches and a i udes. Thus, xenophobia is p esen in B i ish socie y as i has been
no malised since he beginning o B exi speeches (Ashiagbo 524).8 I is widely accep ed ha
pos colonialism helps one econside he his o y o impe ialism, mig a ion and cul u al
p oduc ions (I inson “pos colonialism”), and, o his eason, i seems necessa y o
con ex ualise B i ain’s impe ialism o shed ligh on how B exi eme ged.
8 This no malisa ion o acism is e iden in poli ical discou ses in which poli ical leade s blame Black people
o b eaking he law (“P ime Minis e Bo is Johnson’s wo ds on Black Li es Ma e ” 1:49-3:14) e en i hey
a e no culpable.
5
To pu i sho ly, and ocusing on he e en s du ing he wen ie h cen u y, B i ish
impe ialism was a ec ed by a p ocess o decoloniza ion in he decades ollowing Wo ld Wa II.
The e m ‘decolonisa ion’ e e s o he ac o losing con ol o e a coun y o e i o y. One o
he p ima y consequences o decoloniza ion in B i ain was he a i al o immig an s.
Subsequen ly, he subs an ial in lux o immig a ion om he Commonweal h a e 1958
c ea ed social and acial ensions due o i s concen a ion in conges ed a eas o indus ial
ci ies, which e en ually became la ge u ban ghe os. A ew yea s la e , in 1962, he
Conse a i e Pa y passed he i s Commonweal h Immig an s Ac s o es ic en y o
Commonweal h ci izens who had no p ospec o employmen means o sel -su iciency. This
ac had a c ucial ole in o eg ounding acial dispa i ies, as i ejec s indi iduals who do no
mee ha equi emen .
The end o he B i ish Empi e was achie ed, in mos cases a e he Fi s and Second Wo ld
Wa s, wi h e y li le con lic . The e o e, a e becoming independen , he o me colonies
chose o s ay in he Commonweal h as membe s o a ee associa ion o so e eign independen
na ions. None heless, in 1968, Conse a i e Membe o Pa liamen , John Enoch Powell, ga e
his “Ri e s o Blood” speech agains immig a ion om Commonweal h coun ies (Mee 417).
This inc eased social ensions o he ex en ha , in he 1970s, acial iolence e up ed in se e al
ci ies. La e , du ing Tha che ’s pe iod o go e nmen , she complica ed he connec ion o he
Commonweal h h ough he s ic policies. Fo ins ance, she emained opposed o sign he
sanc ions o depose he Apa heid egime. Signi ican ly, Tha che ’s opposi ion owa ds
Apa heid can be ela ed o he B exi si ua ion nowadays, since bo h emphasise acial
dispa i ies. Ma ga e Tha che ’s call o “a clea end o immig a ion” (“TV In e iew o G anada
Wo ld in Ac ion”) ad oca ed o B exi as he e we e s ill p o ound inequali ies and class
di isions when she became P ime Minis e in he 1978. These dispa i ies led o a pe iod o
iolence and decline, and, oge he wi h scep icism owa ds Eu ope and i s p oposed union,
exace ba ed B i ish nega i e a i udes owa ds im/mig a ion (Roe-C ines 187).
Dis us in Eu ope was one o B i ain’s p ima y legacies om he 1960s. Eu ope was a
di isi e issue. None heless, P ime minis e Hea h began nego ia ions o en e he Eu opean
Common Ma ke in 1971. In 1972, he Pa liamen o ed in a ou o he Conse a i e pa y,
which in 1973, in u n in oduced he UK in o a membe o he Common Ma ke . Labou
con i med i h ough a e e endum in 1975. I en e ed he Eu opean pa liamen in 1979,
al hough B i ish Eu oscep icism emained powe ul and ne e disappea ed. The Conse a i e
Pa y had always been in a ou o a p o-Eu opean ision. None heless, o e ime, Labou
became ully commi ed o B i ain’s ole in Eu ope, while he Conse a i es we e a ec ed by
Eu oscep icism (Mo gan 98). This Eu oscep icism is e iden in he B exi Re e endum in 2016,
and in B exi nego ia ions om 2017 o 2020. The eal p oblems o econciling he B i ish wi h
Eu ope came in 1974, when Labou and Ha old Wilson e u ned o powe . The pa y had been
disuni ed a he ime o Hea h’s nego ia ions and, in u n, o icially o ed agains B i ish
membe ship in 1972.
Thus, his e olu ion o B i ish poli ics ga e way o a mis us owa ds immig a ion and
Eu ope, ending in B exi and pe pe ua ing he idea ha he B i ish comes i s . Consequen ly,
mig a ion o he UK a e B exi has become mo e es ic i e. Fo ins ance, hese es ic ions
caused mig an s o ha e wo se li ing condi ions, such as heal h s a us o low-quali y housing
6
(McDowall 177). Today, B exi Immig a ion policies ha e a ec ed mo emen s such as he
“Black Li es Ma e ” mo emen ha was ini ia ed in he S a es. In he UK, his mo emen has
a ge ed acial dispa i ies caused by B exi . Fo ins ance, he B i ish PM Bo is Johnson
emphasised he sense o con olling mig a ion in his speech, s a ing ha
. . . we a e all igh , o say Black Li es Ma e ; . . . Bu I mus also say ha we a e in a ime o
na ional ial, when o mon hs his whole coun y has come oge he o igh a deadly plague.
A e such sac i ice, we canno now le i ge ou o con ol . . . And no, I will no suppo o
indulge hose who b eak he law, o a ack he police, o desec a e public monumen s. We ha e
a democ acy in his coun y. I you wan o change he u ban landscape, you can s and o
elec ion, o o e o someone who will (“P ime Minis e Bo is Johnson’s wo ds on Black Li es
Ma e ” 1:49-3:14).
He e Johnson blames black and mino i y e hnic communi ies o igno ing he ules agains
COVID-19. Ye , his makes clea he acis message o pu ing “B i ain back on i s ee ” by
c iminalising e hnic mino i ies. Fo ins ance, his go e nmen does no hing o ac ually help
con ol he COVID-19 heal h si ua ion, such as no p o iding hem wi h heal h esou ces.
Ra he , he cla i ies ha hey will ace he law. Examples o his lack o con ol include his
go e nmen ’s ailu e o es and ace COVID-19 and o o de lockdown be o e he heal h
si ua ion wo sened.
The an i acis mo emen is ge ing inc easingly e iden on social media and in socie y a
la ge. Nowadays, he e a e p o es s o inc ease awa eness abou acial dispa i ies wi h he
objec i e o pu ing an end o hese inequali ies. None heless, occasionally he e a e indi iduals
o poli icians who y o exploi hese si ua ions in o de o eap he bene i s o hem. This
issue is e iden in he p e ious quo a ion, since one can obse e he emains o immig a ion
policies o he Tha che i e go e nmen in he speech o Bo is Johnson: “we canno le i ge
ou o con ol” (“P ime Minis e Bo is Johnson’s speech on ackling illegal mig a ion”). Thus, as
Mee sugges s, i is c ucial o “name acial inequali ies and no p e end hese inequali ies a e
an abe a ion in an o he wise aceless, me i oc a ic socie y” o c ea e an equal socie y (422).
As Bhamb a concludes, B i ain is a emp ing o elimina e he acial issues p esen in oday’s
socie y and poli ics h ough he “whi e iden i y poli ics” o B exi (97).
Williams adds he hi d meaning o “ ep esen a i e democ acy,” which consis s o
ep esen ing he iews o he indi iduals who chose hem (q d. in Ha ison 99). Thus, bo h
Remaine s and Lea e s o e o a poli ical pa y ha ep esen hei ideas. Hence
“ ep esen a i e democ acy” pe haps gi es ee way o acis speeches i poli ical pa ies s and
o hose demeaning ideas. I is ce ainly possible o a gue ha pa liamen a y sup emacy can
pass acis laws i indi iduals o e o poli ical pa ies wi h hese ideas.
As Younge poin s ou , he e we e a lo o con ibu ing ac o s o he esul , he as majo i y
o which had been la en o yea s, i no decades, and which we e b ough in o he open by
he e e endum (“B exi : a disas e decades in he making”). Chie among hese was a kno o
issues encapsula ed by he “ ake back con ol” slogan. A lo o people el B i ish “so e eign y”
had been e oded by membe ship o he EU. Ce ainly, anishingly ew B i s el pa o Eu ope
in he way ha Spanish, I alians, F ench o Ge mans do; Eu ope was always, o se e al i no
7
mos membe s o an olde gene a ion, o e he e somewhe e else, which somehow excluded
he UK.
The UK media - owned majo ly by igh -wing magna es - was ins umen al in pushing an
an i-Eu ope agenda o decades. In ac , Bo is Johnson was an ac i e pa o his, as a poli ical
columnis o The Teleg aph, being paid o in en s o ies c i icising and idiculing he EU (“How
Bo is Johnson’s B ussels-bashing s o ies shaped B i ish poli ics”). Addi ionally, he ‘back’
elemen in he “ ake back con ol” slogan was c ucial as well, as i con i med o people ha by
lea ing he EU B i s we e gaining some hing ha “ hey” had aken om “us.” Those who o ed
o B exi did so p incipally because o hei xenophobia, as is e iden in he slogans o “B i ain
i s ” o “ aking back con ol.” They amed B exi as a “ hem” and “us” scena io in which hey
jus wan ed o dispose o immig an s a any cos . Howe e , a ional analyses ne e en e ed
he B exi campaign deba e.
I was ne e made clea wha exac ly he lea e s wan ed o con ol, beyond a ague
eedom o EU-imposed ules (such as he Decla a ion o Human Righ s) and, o cou se,
immig a ion. The popula na a i e was ha , because o eedom o mo emen wi hin he EU,
he UK was being o e lown wi h immig an s who we e aking “ou ” jobs, d aining “ou ”
esou ces, and li ing in “ou ” housing. Fo ins ance, his is exempli ied in Yea s and Yea s when
Vik o Go aya s ays in Daniel Lyons’s house a e his dea h. In hese scenes, he amily o
Daniel Lyons go o his house and s a shou ing a Vik o . Wha he a i udes o he Lyons
amily membe s demons a e is a eeling o amily nos algia. They wan o ha e Daniel Lyons
back, bu , as he dies helping Vik o Go aya, hey e balise hei so ow h ough ha e agains
him. Thus, xenophobia is p esen in cul u al ep esen a ions o immig a ion o he ex en ha
he e a e a acks - bo h e bal and physical - on mino i ies. In addi ion, among a la ge pa o
he UK popula ion he e was and s ill is a e en ha ed o Muslims, acialized people, Eas e n
Eu opeans and anyone else who is no Anglo-Saxon. This ha e is ac ually based on he “ ake
back con ol” o he B exi campaign.
The B exi campaigne s wan ed indi iduals o belie e ha he e was an economic case o
lea ing, bu his a gumen was disman led a he sligh es analysis, as he UK would lose i s
main ading pa ne and would no gain much in e ms o new ade ag eemen s wi h he es
o he wo ld. Fo ins ance, he £350 million a week pain ed on a bus was admi ed being a lie
posed by Nigel Fa age jus hou s a e his coho ’s ic o y. In ac , e en e en lea e o e s
ul ima ely admi ed ha he UK would su e economically bu said i would be wo h i
ne e heless.
Addi ionally, B exi ee o me PM The esa May s a ed ha “B exi means B exi ” (“The esa
May’s launch s a emen : ull ex ”). Al hough she did no achie e he exi o Eu ope as P ime
Minis e , she laid he ounda ions o B exi . In 2020, he UK emained commi ed o making
no majo changes o he immig a ion sec ion. Al hough he e we e no changes in ha sec ion,
B exi opened he deba e o na ionalisms and xenophobic discou ses. Thus, his deba e ga e
way o he di ision o he na ion in e ms o social c ea ed by B exi policies (Du 8).
8
3. The Rep esen a ion o Mig a ion in Yea s and Yea s.
In episodes 4 and 5 o he se ies, he s o yline ha ollows he p esen s udy is he depo a ion
o Vik o Go aya om he UK and Daniel Lyons’ a emp s o b ing him back o he UK. As
men ioned be o e, iewe s a e p esen ed o Ralph Cousins denouncing Vik o in o de o ge
him depo ed. Thus, h ough “Rule 35,” as explained abo e, he police go o Vik o Go aya’s
house o a es him. This makes spec a o s awa e o he poli ics o exclusion caused by B exi .
Daniel Lyons no ices his and becomes wo ied abou Vik o Go aya. Thus, his e lec s Daniel
Lyons’ conce n when he ells his amily ha Vik o is a c iminal in Uk aine o being
homosexual, as is e iden in Daniel Lyons’ lines: “We’ e go o ge him in o a coun y ha
g an s asylum bu o do ha he has o c oss he bo de [illegally]” (“Episode 3” 09:25). As a
ma e o ac , Vik o Go aya is depo ed, bu he c osses he bo de in o Spain. Consequen ly,
he Spanish au ho i ies a es him, and he applies o asylum, so ha hey canno depo him.
Subsequen ly, in he ou h episode, Daniel Lyons a emp s o ge Vik o Go aya back o
he UK, showing how human beings (o speci ically e ugees and immig an s) igh o hei
li es and hei lo ed ones. To do so, Daniel Lyons eques s his sis e Edi h Lyons (Jessica
Hynes) a ake passpo as Vik o canno do so legally because o B exi policies. He knows
ha , e en i Vik o en e s B i ain, he will no be a legal ci izen, bu he s ill decides o isk his
li e by helping him. The e o e, he goes o Spain o c oss he bo de in o he UK wi h. These
e en s also o eg ound how a Daniel Lyons will go o sa e his li e. To do so “legally,” hey go
o an unspeci ied place in he se ies o ob ain a alse passpo and a b ea h es . I is in his
momen ha Alodie (Tama Ba uch), he woman who de auds he p o agonis s, eques s hem
money and Daniel’s passpo o copy. He supplies i o he , bu hen she lea es wi h he
passpo s and he money. A his poin , he iden i y o Daniel Lyons de elops in o ha o an
undocumen ed ci izen. This is a e y powe ul image because wi hou “pape s” nobody is sa e.
Wha he se ies is ying o show is ha ace o e hnici y do no eside in he skin bu in he
legal sys em.
Following his, Daniel Lyons becomes an undocumen ed ci izen and simila in s a us o
Vik o Go aya, an illegal immig an , esul ing in he immig a ion policies complica ing hei
en y in o he UK. Knowing ha , hey go aboa d a boa o en e illegally he coun y.
Ne e heless, he e a e se e al mig an s who s uggle o ge on he boa . Daniel Lyons knows
he dange in ol ed bu decides o ake he isk. They c oss he bo de , bu Daniel, he B i ish
ci izen, dies and his body is le on he beach. Signi ican ly, his dea h e lec s wha happens o
people wi hou “pape s” when hey y o c oss he bo de s o coun ies in sea ch o a be e
u u e. As was men ioned in he p e ious pa ag aph, undocumen ed people su e he
consequences o he no ms ha egula e he legal sys em. Fo ins ance, De Diego poin s ou
ha he pho og aph o Aylan Ku di’s li eless body symbolises ha he pligh o e ugees is
being neglec ed by he legal and poli ical sys ems (“La mue e del pequeño Aylan ya iene
condena: 4 años po á ico de pe sonas”).9 Simila ly, his si ua ion ans o ms wes e n c uel y
o he eas in o a i ial e en , since bo h Daniel Lyons and Aylan Ku di die d own while
s uggling o su i e.
9 See Figu e 1 in Appendix 1.
15
each o he . Ins ead, na ions a e p oduced in he imagina ion by concep s, na a i es, memo ies
and adi ions: ha is, h ough he wo k o cul u e (1).
6. Conclusion
A his poin , and a e analysing he ep esen a ion o mig a ion in Yea s and Yea s, i can be
a i med ha he impe ialis pas o he Uni ed Kingdom played a key ole in he de elopmen
o B exi poli ics and i s accompanying discou ses. Al hough a e he B exi e e endum, i
was e iden ha a wi hd awal om he EU was going o happen, one can see how na ional
iden i y has e ol ed o e he yea s. Wi h his in mind, i is no eally s iking how B exi has
eme ged as a way o ede ining na ional iden i y. In he wake o his wi hd awal, B i ish poli ics
ha e ede ined he acis alues o he impe ial pas . The slogans “B i ain comes i s ,” “pu ing
B i ain back on i s ee ” o “ ake back con ol” e lec how a longing o an impe ial pas plays
a key ole in he cons uc ion o na ional iden i y. The se ies has showed amily oles and how
poli ics ha e a s ong in luence on he cons uc ion o iden i y and how mig a ion si ua ions
a e ep esen ed in cul u al p oduc ions. The cha ac e o Daniel Lyons is e y in e es ing as i
shows in a ic ional and dys opian way how B exi policies could also exclude hose who ha e
a claim o belong o he communi y B exi has pu o wa d. Addi ionally, he cha ac e o Vik o
Go aya d aws cu iosi y o he poin ha B exi excludes all non-UK ci izens. An in-dep h
analysis o he in e sec ions o ace, gende and sexuali y should be inco po a ed o u he
examine he de/cons uc ion o iden i ies.
Ma ga e Tha che played a c ucial ole in o eg ounding B i ish scep icism owa ds Eu ope
and he desi e o con olling immig a ion and, he e o e, had a signi ican in luence on how
cu en B i ish poli ics a ec s mig a ion. Fo ins ance, B exi discou ses, as no ed abo e, a e
la gely based on he desi e o con ol. Thus, he e is an eage ness o con inue B i ish impe ial
legacy, which is mani es ed in he desi e o con ol bo de s. As explained abo e, Ma ga e
Tha che also es ablished he ounda ions o Eu oscep icism.
The p esen s udy has sough o examine Yea s and Yea s o highligh he
ep esen a ion o B exi policies and he issue o mig a ion in ecen cul u al p oduc s.
Pa icula ly, his s udy has a emp ed o ocus on how iden i ies - bo h na ional and mig an -
a e decons uc ed and a ec ed by acis speeches and a i udes. The esul s o his s udy ha e
ound ha he cons uc ion o iden i ies is de e mined by he in e sec ions o ace, sexuali y,
na ion and social class. Expe iences o place and na ionhood h ough mig a ion imply b oade
con ex s h ough which we migh unde s and cul u e as oo ed in and de eloping om hese
mo emen s.
The concep o ci izenship - sense o belonging - is p esen ed in he se ies based on he
documen a ion a pe son has. The concep o na ional iden i y is e y clea in he case o Daniel
Lyons, who is a ull ci izen because he can p o e his ci izenship. Howe e , his na ional iden i y
is ans o med when Daniel Lyons’ passpo is s olen, and he has o c oss he bo de in o he
UK. As p e iously men ioned, B exi poli icians ha e placed mo e impo ance on he eeling o
Englishness. B exi has he e o e opened he deba e in such a way ha Sco ish, I ish and
Welsh ci izens a e ques ioning hei na ional iden i y. Al hough his sen imen o igina ed much
ea lie , pe haps he poli ics o B exi ha e allowed his eeling o be exposed.
16
Howe e , schola s may be s ill examining o which ex en B exi a ec s mig a ion and he
na ion. Diaspo a s udies enable o b oaden and expand he bounda ies commonly associa ed
wi h na ional cul u es. Thus, u he esea ch is necessa y since i is a ield in which much
p og ess has no been made ye . Fu he esea ch should be ca ied ou o es ablish he
connec ion be ween iden i ies and new amily models as hey appea in popula cul u al
p oduc s. I is also c ucial o inco po a e sexuali y and gende as pa ame e s in he s udy o
he amily models, mig a ion issues and iden i ies. In addi ion, i would be in e es ing o
examine B exi as ep esen ed in li e a y wo ks such as Ali Smi h’s Au umn (2016).
Finally, some di icul ies and limi a ions need o be acknowledged. Fo example, i was
complex o analyse B exi , as his wi hd awal ook place las yea and many s udies on B exi
ocused on he socioeconomic si ua ion and how B exi is p esen ed in li e a u e. Finally, an
impo an limi a ion has been ha he se ies cu en ly has only six episodes. Many e en s in
he episodes a e shown as sequences wi hou dialogue. This he e o e makes he analysis
conside ably mo e di icul , as e en s a e limi ed o in e p e a ion.
Conside ing he obse a ions abo e, a cul u al iden i y is no ixed, bu is o med and
e ol es acco ding o ac o s such as cul u e, e hnici y, ace o he place o belonging. People’s
ci izenship is based on he documen a ion hey ha e. The loss o documen a ion - as e lec ed
in he se ies in he case o Daniel Lyons - causes exclusiona y mig a ion policy sys ems such
as B exi o dis ega d indi iduals’ ci izenship.
17
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Depic ion o he li eless body o Aylan Ku di
Figu e 1: Rep esen a ion o Alan Ku di’s li eless body on a beach on he G eek island o Kos
(Pho og aph: Reu e s). Re ie ed om El Con idencial (De Diego “La mue e del pequeño
Aylan ya iene condena: 4 años po á ico de pe sonas”).
Appendix 2: Vi ienne Rook’s speech
VIVIENNE ROOK:
G ea B i ain s ands alone in he wo ld.
To he Wes , Ame ica is he lone wol . To he Eas , Eu ope is in lames. And beyond ha , China
is ising. And I wan o ell you ha in s anding alone… his coun y has ne e been mo e
magni icen !
I p omise you eedom and he abili y o enjoy ha eedom!
An embolden socie y wi h he s eng h o enable i sel !
I am only jus beginning. I look ahead and see glo ies!
Finally, ladies and gen lemen, le me wish you a e y me y Ch is mas (“Episode 5” 00:52).
Biop o ile o he au ho
Ped o Mo a Ramí ez is cu en ly doing a MA in “Ad anced English S udies: Languages and
Cul u es in Con ac ” a he Uni e si y o Salamanca. He holds a BA in English S udies om he
Uni e si y o Huel a (2018-2022). Du ing his deg ee, he pa icipa ed in he o ganisa ion o
se e al semina s and con e ences. He was awa ded an E asmus g an o s udy a he
Uni e si y o S i ling (2021-2022). His esea ch in e es s ocus on ace, mig a ion, esilience,
ea and auma.
Con ac : <[email p o ec ed]>
ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1604-7159
Academia: h ps://usal.academia.edu/Ped oMo aRami ez
Resea chGa e: h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /p o ile/Ped o-Mo a-Rami ez
