Page | 1
Rela ionship o Wa e bo ne Disease wi h Sou ce o wa e and
Sani a ion Facili ies in Flood-a ec ed & Ri e E osion
A eas o Noakhali
Page | 2
Table o Con en
Ti le
Page 1
Abs ac
Page 5
Chap e One: In oduc ion
Page 6-10
1.1 Backg ound o he S udy
Page 6
1.2 S a emen o he P oblem
Page 7
1.3 Jus i ica ion o he S udy
Page 7
1.4 Objec i e
Page 8
1.4.1 Gene al Objec i e
Page 8
1.4.2 Speci ic Objec i e
Page 8
1.5 Ope a ional De ini ion
Page 9
1.6 Limi a ion o he S udy
Page 9
1.7 E hical Conside a ion
Page 9
Chap e Two: Li e a u e Re iew
Page 11-13
Chap e Th ee: Da a and Me hodology
Page 14-18
3.1 In oduc ion o Da a and Me hodology
Page 14
3.2 Type o Da a
Page 14
3.3 S udy A ea
Page 14
3.4 Geog aphy o he A ea
Page 14
3.5 S udy Popula ion
Page 15
3.6 Sample Design and Sample Size
Page 15
3.6.1 Sampling Techniques
Page 15
3.6.2 Sample Size
Page 16
3.7 Field S udy and Tool De elopmen
Page 16
3.8 P epa a ion o he Ques ionnai e
Page 16
3.8.1 Pilo Su ey
Page 17
3.8.2 Da a Collec ion
Page 17
3.9 Da a P ocessing
Page 17
Page | 3
3.9.1 Edi ing and Coding
Page 17
3.9.2 Compu e iza ion
Page 18
3.10 Selec ion o Va iable
Page 18
3.10.1 Dependen Va iable
Page 18
3.10.2 Independen Va iable
Page 18
3.11 S a is ical Analysis
Page 18
Chap e Fou : Findings
Page 19-32
4.1 Demog aphic and Socio-economic Cha ac e is ics
Page 19
4.2 Wa e Sou ce and Use
Page 20
4.3 O e iew o Sani a ion Facili ies and Thei Uses P ac ice
Page 23
4.4 Hygiene P ac ice
Page 25
4.5 Impac o Flood and Ri e E osion
Page 28
4.6 P e alence and Managemen o Wa e bo ne Disease
Page 29
4.7 Associa ion Be ween Wa e bo ne Disease and Independen Va iables
Page 32
Chap e Fi e: Discussion and Limi a ion
Page 35-38
Chap e Six: Recommenda ion
Page 39
Chap e Se en: Conclusion
Page 40
Re e ence
Page 41-44
Figu e One: Map o Companigonj Upazila
Page 15
Table One: Demog aphic and Socio-Economic Cha ac e is ics
Page 19
Table Two: Wa e Sou ce and Use
Page 20
G aph One: Sou ce o Wa e
Page 21
G aph Two: T ea men o Wa e
Page 22
Table Th ee: O e iew o Sani a ion Facili ies and Thei Uses P ac ice
Page 23
G aph Th ee: Type o Toile
Page 24
Table Fou : Hygiene P ac ice
Page 25
Cha One: Ba Cha o Handwashing Habi
Page 26
G aph Fou : Household Was e Disposal
Page 27
Table Fi e: Impac o Flood and Ri e E osion
Page 28
Table Six: P e alence and Managemen o Wa e bo ne Disease
Page 29
Page | 4
Table Se en: Associa ion Be ween Wa e bo ne Disease and Independen
Va iable
Page 30
Page | 5
Abs ac
WASH p ac ices a e c ucial o public heal h issue, bu nea ly 2 billion people lack access o sa e
d inking wa e and sani a ion acili ies globally. Na u al disas e s, such as loods, can dis up
WASH acili ies, con amina e wa e sou ces, and in luence hygiene p ac ices, leading o inc eased
wa e -bo ne diseases.
The s udy in es iga es he link be ween WASH p ac ices and wa e bo ne disease p e alence in
i e e osion a eas pos - lood, iden i ying key isk ac o s and e alua ing cu en p ac ices and
acili ies.
A c oss-sec ional quan i a i e s udy was conduc ed among 183 households in Companigonj
Upazila om Janua y 10 o Janua y 14, 2025. Da a we e collec ed h ough s uc u ed in e iews
and analyzed using STATA o assess associa ions be ween wa e sou ce usage, sani a ion
condi ions, hygiene beha io s, and disease p e alence.
The s udy shows ha despi e 96.7% o households using sa e wa e o d inking, 80.3% ely on
pond wa e o cooking, inc easing disease ansmission. Floods damaged 49.1% o oile s, leading
13.1% o households o open de eca ion. Poo hygiene p ac ices we e e iden , wi h 78.7% no
ea ing d inking wa e and 67.0% imp ope ly disposing o was e. 56.3% epo ed a leas one
wa e bo ne disease case, wi h 43.1% expe iencing dia hea, 12.0% dysen e y, and 1.1% yphoid.
S a is ical analysis highligh s signi ican associa ions be ween inadequa e sani a ion, lood-
induced in as uc u e damage, and he p e alence o wa e bo ne diseases. The s udy unde sco es
he u gen need o lood- esilien sani a ion in as uc u e, imp o ed wa e ea men me hods,
and a ge ed beha io al change in e en ions o mi iga e heal h isks in ulne able a eas.
Keywo ds: WASH, wa e bo ne diseases, sani a ion, hygiene, lood-a ec ed a eas, i e e osion,
Noakhali, Bangladesh.
Page | 6
Chap e One: In oduc ion
1.1 Backg ound o The S udy: Wa e , sani a ion, and hygiene (WASH) p ac ices a e ecognized
as majo de e minan s o public heal h. Access o clean wa e and p ope sani a ion acili ies may
signi ican ly educe he p e alence o wa e bo ne diseases. Acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h
O ganiza ion (WHO), nea ly 2 billion people do no ha e access o sa e d inking wa e wo ldwide
and mo e han 4 billion do no ha e sa e sani a ion acili ies(1 in 3 People Globally Do No Ha e
Access o Sa e D inking Wa e – UNICEF, WHO, 2025). This p oblem is mo e p e alen in na u al
disas e -p one egions such as loods, which ha e a signi ican impac on public heal h. Na u al
calami ies like loods can dis up WASH acili ies, con amina e d inking wa e sou ces, and
in luence he basic hygiene p ac ices o indi iduals who a e a ec ed by he disas e . Which may
lead o an inc eased incidence o wa e -bo ne diseases like dia hea, chole a, yphoid e c.
Asia is in he mos ulne able s a e o na u al calami ies. Floods and o he na u al disas e s a e
common e en s in his egion. Regula occu ence o lood and o he disas e signi ican ly impac
WASH acili ies and p ac ices o he people in his egion. In u al and isola ed a eas, lack o p ope
acili ies, and inadequa e eco e y p ocess o en esul in public heal h p oblems as a consequence
o na u al disas e (Asia, Mos a Risk o Na u al Haza ds, Mos Vulne able o Cyclones |
P e en ionWeb, 2025).
Bangladesh, a i e ine coun y, is highly suscep ible o na u al disas e s like loods due o i s low
ele a ion om sea le el and annual monsoons. This coun y expe iences egula i e e osion and
looding. Bangladesh is a densely popula ed coun y almos one- hi d o i s popula ion li es in
lood-p one a eas. I aces equen p oblems o i e e osion, lood, and clima e mig a ion, which
e en ually nega i ely impac WASH p ac ices and he public heal h o he popula ion(Ou b eak
O Diseases A e Flood | Check Sp ead o Wa e bo ne Diseases in Flood-Hi A eas, 2025.; Risk
o Disease Ou b eak Rises as Bangladesh Floods De as a e Sani a ion In as uc u e - Ox am |
Ox am In e na ional, 2025.)
Noakhali dis ic , loca ed in he sou heas e n pa o Bangladesh, aces he dual challenges o i e
e osion and looding h oughou he yea . Noakhali, one o he mos ulne able egions in he
coun y, is signi ican ly displaced due o e osion whe e communi ies lack access o d inking wa e ,
sani a ion, and hygiene acili ies. Flooding exace ba es hese challenges as i con amina es wa e
Page | 7
sou ces and inc eases he a e o wa e bo ne diseases ela ed o inadequa e sani a ion. Many
communi ies in his dis ic li e in po e y, wi h limi ed heal h acili ies and disas e esponse,
making hem mo e suscep ible o he heal h impac s o poo WASH p ac ices(Tusa e al., 2023).
This s udy ocuses on he impac o lood and i e e osion-p one a ea-associa ed WASH p ac ices
on ge ing in ec ed wi h wa e bo ne diseases in Noakhali. The epo examines he impac o
cu en WASH p ac ices and wha happened nex , ocuses on he ela ionship be ween
en i onmen al disas e s, public heal h issues, and WASH in as uc u e, and ies o de elop new
disas e p epa edness s a egies.
1.2 S a emen o he P oblem
Flood and Ri e e osion-p one a eas in Bangladesh, pa icula ly in Noakhali Dis ic , a e plagued
by inadequa e access o sa e wa e , sani a ion, and hygiene acili ies. These disas e s damage
WASH in as uc u e, lea ing communi ies ulne able o wa e bo ne diseases like chole a,
yphoid, and dysen e y. These ecu ing disas e s unde mine long- e m WASH in e en ions,
causing displaced popula ions o li e wi hou eliable access, and inc easing he isk o disease
ou b eaks.
Flood-p one a eas a e s ill ulne able o en i onmen al disas e s due o he loss o wa e sou ces
and sani a ion acili ies. The e is limi ed li e a u e linking disas e -induced WASH challenges o
disease bu den in lood-a ec ed egions. This Resea ch is o assess WASH p ac ices and he causal
ac o s o he p oblem(As Floodwa e Recedes, Diseases Sp ead | The Daily S a , 2025;
Con amina ed Wa e Endange s People’s Heal h Following Floods in Bangladesh - Bangladesh |
Relie Web, 2025; Si ua ional O e iew o Noakhali Dis ic - Eas e n Flash Floods 2024 (28
Oc obe 2024) - Bangladesh | Relie Web, 2025).
1.3 Jus i ica ion o he S udy
The s udy is signi ican because ew he e a e only a ew s udies ha e explo ed how i e e osion
and looding a ec WASH acili ies and p ac ices in Bangladesh, pa icula ly in Noakhali.
Mos o he p e ious s udies asses b oade WASH challenges, bu only a ew o he s udies add ess
how bo h lood and i e e osion has dis up ed WASH p ac ices and acili ies in Noakhali. Fo
example, Mou e al. (2023) iden i ied he socioeconomic consequences o i e bank e osion in
Chai man Gha , Noakhali, bu did no explo e how i a ec ed WASH in as uc u e. Rahaman e
Page | 8
al. (2020) also looked a wa e logging p oblems in sou he n Bangladesh, including Noakhali, bu
hei emphasis was no pa icula ly on WASH- ela ed e ec s(Mou e al., 2023; Rahaman e al.,
2020).
This esea ch on Wa e , Sani a ion, and Hygiene (WASH) in he Noakhali dis ic , a ec ed by i e
e osion and looding, o e s unique insigh s in o he ela ionship be ween hese ac o s and
wa e bo ne diseases and sani a ion issues. I has a concep ual impac by illing he knowledge gap.
The esea ch signi icance lies in he u gen need o imp o e WASH p ac ices, ebuild dis up ed
WASH acili ies, and dec ease disease p e alence. The pu pose o his s udy is o assess he impac
o i e e osion and looding on WASH p ac ices and acili ies in Noakhali, Bangladesh, and o
examine hei ela ionship wi h wa e bo ne disease p e alence.
i. Public Heal h Issue: The s udy indings will ha e a po en ial say on he heal h bu den in
he popula ion o i e e osion and lood a ec ed a ea
ii. Policy and Planning: Findings om he s udy will suppo he de elopmen o policy o
imp o e WASH p ac ices and acili ies and p e en ion o disease in he a e ma h o a
disas e .
iii. Academic: This s udy will gene a e academic knowledge abou WASH p ac ices and
acili ies in he i e e osion a ea o Bangladesh pa icula ly Noakhali and iden i y
de e minan s o he p ac ice.
1.4 Objec i e
The objec i es o his esea ch we e di ided in o wo-pa headings: b oad objec i es and speci ic
objec i es. These objec i es a e he leading pu poses o his s udy.
1.4.1 Gene al Objec i e
The main aim o he s udy is o in es iga e he ela ionship be ween WASH p ac ices and he
p e alence o wa e bo ne diseases in i e e osion a eas ollowing a ecen lood, iden i ying key
isk ac o s
1.4.2 Speci ic Objec i es
1. To e alua e he cu en condi ion o wa e use, hygiene p ac ices and sani a ion acili ies in
he lood-a ec ed i e e osion a ea o Noakhali
Page | 9
2. To desc ibe he condi ion o pos - lood wa e sou ce and sani a ion acili ies in he lood-
a ec ed i e e osion a ea o Noakhali
3. To iden i y pos - lood wa e bo ne disease p e alence in he lood-a ec ed i e e osion
a ea o Noakhali.
4. To assess he associa ion be ween sani a ion acili ies and wa e p ac ices wi h he
p e alence o wa e bo ne diseases in he lood-a ec ed i e e osion a ea o Noakhali.
1.5 Ope a ional De ini ion
WASH: Wa e , Sani a ion, and Hygiene, which e e s o he key se ices and p ac ices ha ensu e
access o clean d inking wa e , sa e sani a ion acili ies, and he p omo ion o good hygiene
p ac ices o p e en he sp ead o disease(Wa e Sani a ion and Heal h, 2025).
Wa e bo ne Disease: Wa e -bo ne diseases a e he ones caused by pa hogenic mic obes sp ead
ia con amina ed wa e (Wa e -Bo ne Diseases, 2025).
Flood-a ec ed A eas: A eas ha expe ience equen looding whe e wa e co e s land a eas
which a e usually d y(Flood-P one A ea De ini ion | Law Inside , 2025).
Ri e E osion: The p ocess by which i e banks a e b oken away by con inuous wa e low(Types
o E osion - Ri e P ocesses - AQA - GCSE Geog aphy Re ision - AQA - BBC Bi esize, 2025).
1.6 Limi a ions o he S udy:
“E e y s udy has mo e o less limi a ion in ega d o iming, cos and s a ing” (Ka on, 1971). In
sho , a limi a ion is any de ec ha has a nega i e e ec on he indings o he s udy. They e e
o a s anda d ea u e o any s udy. This s udy has some limi a ions oo. This s udy was comple ed
in a sho amoun o ime wi h some close-ended ques ionnai e and a small sample size. The
esea ch equi es su icien ime and inancial suppo , bu ob aining inancial suppo as a s uden
esea che is di icul . Besides, some o he esponden s we e no com o able o alk. The a ea o
he s udy was emo e and anspo a ion se ice was no adequa e.
1.7 E hical Conside a ion
The e hical conside a ion is a c ucial pa o any esea ch. Resea che s mus main ain he e hical
issue du ing da a collec ion, desc ip ion, analysis as well as abula ion. In his s udy, esea ch
assu ed esponden s secu i y and p omised hem o secu e hei in o ma ion. Resea che also
Page | 16
wa e bo ne disease in lood-a ec ed i e e osion a eas. To pe o m he s udy con enien sampling
echniques we e applied, and da a was collec ed om hose who we e a ailable.
3.6.2 Sample Size
The o mula o calcula ing he sample size is:
n= 𝑍2.𝑝 (1−𝑝)
𝑒2
Whe e:
• n = Requi ed sample size.
• Z = A 95% con idence in e al Z = 1.96 ( alue co esponding o he desi ed con idence
le el con idence).
• p = Es ima ed P e alence 0.5 (Es ima ed p opo ion o he popula ion wi h he
cha ac e is ic o in e es ).
• e = 5% o 0.05 (Ma gin o e o )
n= 1.962.(0.5) (1−0.5)
0.052
The equi ed sample size was 384 households. Da a was collec ed om 183 households due o
ime and inancial limi a ions(Coch an, 1977).
3.7 Field S udy and Tools De elopmen
Field s udy and ool de elopmen a e one o he mos impo an esea ch p ocesses. The de ails o
he ield s udy and ools de elopmen a e discussed below:
3.8 P epa a ion o he Ques ionnai e
A p ope ques ionnai e is c ucial o he success o any esea ch s udy. To achie e he objec i es,
a w i en ques ionnai e unde he close supe ision hono able supe iso . The ques ionnai e
consis s o hi y- wo ques ions di ided in o six domains:
• Demog aphy
Page | 17
• Wa e sou ce and use
• Sani a ion
• Hygiene P ac ice
• Dis up ion o WASH acili ies
• Wa e bo ne Diseases
3.8.1 Pilo Su ey
A pilo su ey was conduc ed be ween 21-23 Decembe 2024 o es he ques ionnai e, iden i ying
challenges, es ima ing cos and ime equi ed. The ques ionnai e was edi ed a e he pilo su ey
emo ing e o s and inconsis en da a.
3.8.2 Da a Collec ion
Da a collec ion was conduc ed be ween he 10 h o 14 h o Janua y 2025. Da a was collec ed om
he household Companigonj Upazila. Among he a ious me hods o da a collec ion, he di ec
in e iew me hod was used o collec ing he da a h ough a s uc u ed ques ionnai e. Du ing da a
collec ion, he esea che explained o esponden s abou he scope, pu pose, and bene i s. The
esea ch assu ed esponden s secu i y and p omised hem o secu e hei in o ma ion. To ensu e
accu a e esponses and elimina e i ele an in o ma ion each ques ion was explained clea ly o
esponden s.
3.9 Da a P ocessing
An impo an pa o conduc ing esea ch is p ocessing collec ed da a in a p ope way. A compu e
applica ion was used o da a en y, analyze, and w i e he inal epo o he s udy. The s eps o
da a p ocessing and analysis a e as ollows:
3.9.1 Edi ing and Coding
Edi ing da a is he p ocess o e alua ing acqui ed aw da a o e o s and omissions and co ec ing
hem when possible. A e da a collec ion p ocess was done, collec ed da a we e ex ensi ely
edi ed.. Collec ed da a we e ca ego ized in o a small numbe o classes o ca ego ies o simpli y
he p ocess. Uno ganized da a was ca ego ized o iden i y pa e ns, ends. Fo example, educa ion
le el was coded as 0=Illi e a e 1=P ima y 2=Seconda y 3=Hige -seconda y 4=Highe
Page | 18
3.9.3 Compu e iza ion
Da a we e p ocessed on a compu e a e coding and edi ing. Mic oso Excel was used o da a
en y. The en i e analysis o da a was pe o med by a compu e package named STATA MP 14.2.
Mic oso Wo d was used o comple ing he esea ch.
3.10 Selec ion o Va iables
A a iable is de ined as a cha ac e is ic ha changes o e ime, place, and people. Nume ous
ac o s, including Income, Educa ion, Sou ce o wa e , T ea men me hod, Sani a ion acili ies,
Handwashing habi s, and Wa e bo ne diseases we e aken in o accoun o conduc he s udy. The
esea che ca e ully chose a subse o dependen and independen a iables.
3.10.1 Dependen Va iable
In his s udy, se e al a iables we e conside ed o ind associa ion. Fo example, educa ion le el,
income o he household, ype o oile used, sou ce and ea men o d inking wa e , and so on. To
es ablish a meaning ul associa ion, make he s udy mo e eliable, pe o m a bina y logis ic
eg ession, and ob ain answe s o he esea ch ques ion p e alence o wa e bo ne disease was
chosen as a dependen a iable.
3.10.2 Independen Va iable
In his s udy, se e al independen a iables we e chosen
I. Socio-Demog aphic: Income, Educa ion.
II. WASH P ac ice: Sou ce o wa e , T ea men me hod, Sani a ion acili ies.
III. En i onmen al: Ex en o damage o WASH acili ies due o i e e osion o lood.
3.11 S a is ical Analysis
To analyze he da a se e al s a is ical ools we e used and he mos logical ool was selec ed which
p o ided a ealis ic conclusion. The me hodology applied o his s udy was:
1) F equency dis ibu ion and pe cen age.
2) Da a Visualiza ion (Pie Cha , Ba Cha )
3) Bi a ia e dis ibu ion (Chi-Tes )
Page | 19
Chap e Fou : Findings
F equency able is a p ocess o o ganizing aw da a in a abula o ma . I is de ined as a able
whe e collec ed da a o he esea ch is a anged in a abula o ma and classi ied in o di e en
classes.
G aphical Rep esen a ion is a p ocess o da a isualiza ion o collec ed da a o make ends, and
pa e ns easy o unde s and.
4.1 Demog aphic and Socio-Economic Cha ac e is ics
Cha ac e is ics
F equency
Pe cen age
Family Type
Nuclea
124
67.7
Join
59
32.3
Family Size
Small (1-3)
18
9.8
Medium (4-6)
25
68.3
La ge (7 o mo e)
40
21.8
Main Sou ce o Income
Ag icul u e
59
32.2
Job
44
24.0
Business
41
22.4
O he s
39
21.3
A e age Mon hly
Income
4000-12000
88
48.1
12001-20000
77
42.1
20001-30000
11
6.0
30001-50000
7
3.8
Educa ion Le el o
Household Head
Illi e a e
46
25.1
P ima y
61
33.3
Seconda y
34
18.5
Highe -
Seconda y
28
15.3
Highe
14
7.7
Table 1: Demog aphic and Socio-Economic Cha ac e is ics
The able p o ides insigh s in o he demog aphic and socio-economic cha ac e is ics o
households. I includes amily ype, size, income sou ces, mon hly income, and educa ion le els.
The majo i y o amilies a e nuclea (67.7%) and medium-sized (68.3% ha e 4-6 membe s). Thi d
Page | 20
o amilies (32.2%) e om ag icul u al. O he sou ces (21.3%), jobs (24.0%), businesses (22.4%),
and o he he sou ces (21.0%). Almos hal o he amilies (48.1%) ea n be ween 4000 and 12000
aka a mon h, and only 3.8% ea n mo e han 30000 aka a mon h. The le el o educa ion is usually
low; 25.1% o household heads is illi e a e, and only 33.3% ha e inished p ima y school. The
da a shows ha he e a e a lo o nuclea amilies, ha household heads don' make a lo o money,
and ha hey don' ha e a lo o schooling.
4.2 Wa e Sou ce and Use
Cha ac e is ics
F equency
Pe cen age
P ima y Sou ce o
D inking Wa e
Tubewell
167
91.2
Tap/Supply
10
4.2
Pond/Ri e
7
3.8
O he s
0
0
Owne ship o D inking
Wa e Sou ce
P i a e
107
41.3
Sha ed
76
58.4
Time o B ing Wa e
<15 minu es
154
84.1
15-30 minu es
29
15.9
>30 minu es
0
0
T ea men o D inking
Wa e
No T ea men
144
78.7
Fil a ion
23
12.8
Boil
16
8.7
S o age Facili y
Open Con aine
38
20.8
Co e ed
Con aine
145
79.2
Table 2: Wa e Sou ce and Use
The able p esen s da a on wa e sou ces and usage. Mos people (91.2%) use ubewells o
d inking wa e , while only a ew ely on ap wa e (4.2%) o ponds/ i e s (3.8%). Abou 58.4%
sha e hei d inking wa e sou ce, while 41.3% ha e p i a e access. Mos people (84.1%) b ing
wa e in less han 15 minu es, and no one akes mo e han 30 minu es. 78.7% do no ea hei
d inking wa e , while some use il a ion (12.8%) o boiling (8.7%). No one uses able s. Fo
s o age, 79.2% use co e ed con aine s, while 20.8% s o e wa e in open con aine s.
Page | 21
G aph 1: Sou ce o Wa e
The g aph displays he wa e sou ces used by households. The sou ce o d inking wa e used by
households was me ged in o wo ca ego ies, sa e and unsa e. Wa e om ubewell and ap/supply
was selec ed as sa e and pond o o he sou ces o d inking wa e we e selec ed as unsa e sou ces
o d inking wa e . I e eals ha a signi ican majo i y, almos 96.7% o households ely on sa e
wa e , in con as , a ew ely on unsa e sou ces o wa e . Only 3.8% use unsa e wa e sou ces.
This sugges s ha mos people ha e access o sa e wa e , wi h only a ew depending on unsa e
sou ces. I sugges s ha access o sa e wa e is common in he whole popula ion. Howe e , he
small p opo ion o he popula ion s ill elying on unsa e wa e needs o be add essed o make
sa e wa e esou ces a ailable and accessible o all.
96.17%
3.825%
Sa e Unsa e
Page | 22
G aph 2: T ea men o Wa e
The g aph displays he ea men p o ided o d inking wa e . I e eals ha 78.7% o households
do no use any ea men o d inking wa e be o e using ei he pu i ica ion, il a ion o boiling
he wa e . In con as , one- i h o he popula ion, almos only 21.3% use any kind o ea men .
This sugges s ha mos people may ha e a lack o knowledge abou sa e wa e ea men . They
do no know he impo ance o pu i ica ion and il a ion be o e use. Ano he ac o behind no
pu i ica ion migh be he lack o access o il a ion acili ies. The a e age mon hly income o he
esponden s was a ound 13000 k, which migh be a eason behind he lack o access o il a ion
acili ies. Add essing hese issues h ough a campaign p og amme can educe he heal h bu den
and imp o e o e all popula ion heal h.
21.31%
78.69%
Any T ea men No T ea men
Page | 23
4.3 O e iew o Sani a ion Facili ies and Thei Usage P ac ices
Cha ac e is ics
F equency
Pe cen age
Owne ship o
Toile Used
P i a e
144
78.6
Sha ed
39
21.4
Type o Toile Used
Flush Toile
96
Pi La ine wi h Slab
61
60.0
Pi La ine wi hou Slab
0
0
Raw/Hanging
27
14.7
Dis ance o
Nea es Toile
Wi hin P emises
122
66.6
<50 mi e s
49
26.7
>50 mi e s
10
5.4
Weekly
21
11.4
Mon hly
68
37.1
Qua e ly
80
43.7
Annually
14
7.6
Child De ec ion
Facili y
Open De ec ion
6
8.1
Sepa a e Raw Toile
7
9.4
Uses a Po
4
5.4
Uses Family Toile
57
77.0
Table 3: O e iew o Sani a ion Facili ies and Thei Usage P ac ices
The able p o ides insigh s in o sani a ion acili ies and p ac ices. The majo i y (78.6%) ha e
p i a e oile s, while 21.4% sha e hem. Flush oile s (96 people) and pi la ines wi h slabs (61
people) a e he mos common, whe eas 14.7% use aw o hanging oile s. Abou 66.6% ha e oile s
wi hin hei homes, while o he s a el less han 50 me e s (26.7%) o o e 50 me e s (5.4%) o
access one. No one cleans oile s daily, bu some clean hem weekly (11.4%), mon hly (37.1%),
qua e ly (43.7%), o annually (7.6%). Mos child en (77%) use amily oile s, while a ew uses
open de eca ion (8.1%) o use sepa a e aw oile s (9.4%).
Page | 24
G aph 3: Type o Toile
The ype o oile used was me ged in o wo ca ego ies, imp o ed oile and unimp o ed oile .
Flush oile s and pi la ines wi h slabs we e le elled as imp o ed oile s and aw/hanging o any
o he ypes o oile s we e le elled as unimp o ed oile s. The g aph displays he oile acili ies
used by households. I e eals ha 85.25% o households ha e access o imp o ed oile s, while
only 14.75% use unimp o ed oile s. This sugges s ha mos people ha e access o be e sani a ion
while a smalle numbe s ill ely on less de eloped oile acili ies. The p e alence o imp o ed
oile use is sligh ly lowe han da a collec ed a he “Popula ion and Housing Census 2022” o
Companiganj Upazila, Noakhali. The p e alence o imp o ed acili y was a ound 90% in PHC
2022(Popula ion and Housing Census 2022 MINISTRY OF PLANNING, 2024).
85.25%
14.75%
Imp o ed Unimpo ed
Page | 25
4.4 Hygiene P ac ice Among People
Cha ac e is ics
F equency
Pe cen age
Handwashing Be o e Ea ing
No
0
0
Yes
183
100
Handwashing A e Toile Use
No
0
0
Yes
183
100
Handwashing Be o e Cooking
No
5
2.7
Yes
178
97.3
Handwashing Be o e Feeding a Child
No
16
8.7
Yes
167
91.3
Handwashing A e Taking Ca e o
Sick People
No
23
12.5
Yes
160
87.5
Handwashing A e Touching
Domes ic Animals
No
22
12.0
Yes
161
88.0
Handwashing Me hod
Soap and Wa e
172
94.0
Ash and Wa e
11
6.0
Child Handwashing Be o e Ea ing
and A e Using Toile
Some imes
4
2.1
Almos Always
64
35.0
Always
115
62.9
Washing F ui and Vege able Be o e
Cooking
Some imes
0
0
Almos Always
47
25.7
Always
136
74.3
Wa e Sou ce o Cleaning and
Cooking
Tubewell
36
19.7
Pond and O he s
147
80.3
Household Was e Disposal Si e
Open Dumping
69
37.7
Bu ning
14
7.6
Pond/Ri e /Cannel
24
13.1
Dus bin
76
41.5
Table 4: Hygiene P ac ice
Page | 32
Cha ac e is ics
Wa e bo ne Disease
χ²
P- alue
No A ec ed
A ec ed
A e age
Mon hly
Income
8000-16000
4 (5.0%)
40 (38.8%)
28.29
0.00*
16001-30000
49 (61.25%)
42 (40.8%)
30001-30000
27 (33.75%)
21 (20.7%)
Educa ion
Le el
Illi e a e
19 (23.75%)
27 (26.2%)
21.23
0.00*
P ima y
16 (20.0%)
45 (43.7%)
Seconda y
15(18.7%)
19 (18.45%)
Highe -
19 (23.7%)
9 (8.7%)
Highe
11(13.7%)
3 (2.9%)
Sou ce o
D inking
Wa e
Sa e
79 (98.75%)
(94.7%)
2.56
0.10
Unsa e
1 (1.25%)
6(5.8%)
T ea men o
Wa e
No
T ea men
60 (75.0%)
84(81.5 %)
1.15
0.28
Any
T ea men
20 (25.0%)
19 (%)
Type o Toile
Use
Imp o ed
75 (93.75%)
81(78.6%)
8.17
0.004*
Unimp o ed
5 (6.25%)
22 (21.4%)
Wa e o
Cooking and
Cleaning
Sa e
17 (21.25%)
19 (18.45%)
0.22
0.63
Unsa e
63 (78.75%)
84 (81.55%)
Household
Was e
Disposal
P ope
42 (52.5%)
34 (33.0%)
7.04
0.008*
Imp ope
38 (47.5%)
69 (67.0%)
Toile
Damaged Due
o Flood
No
Damaged
36 (45.0%)
32 (31.0%)
3.74
0.05*
Damaged
44 (55.0%)
71 (69.0%)
Toile
Damaged Due
o Ri e
E osion
No
Damaged
70 (87.5%)
80 (77.7%)
8.49
0.08
Damaged
10 (12.5%)
23 (33.3%)
Wa e Sou ce
Damaged Due
o Flood
No
Damaged
30 (%)
61 (59.2%)
8.49
0.004*
Damaged
50 (62.5%)
42 (40.8%)
Wa e Sou ce
Damaged Due
o Ri e
E osion
No
Damaged
76 (95.0%)
97 (94.2%)
0.059
0.80
Damaged
4 (5.0%)
6 (5.83%)
Table 7: Associa ion Be ween Wa e bo ne Diseases and Independen Va iables
N.B: * Indica es a 95% con idence in e al alue p- alue (<0.05) is signi ican
Page | 33
The able p esen s he associa ion be ween wa e bo ne diseases and a ious ac o s such as
income, educa ion le el, wa e sou ce, sani a ion, and household p ac ices. He e a e he key
indings:
A e age Mon hly Income: The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he dependen a iable
wa e bo ne disease and he independen a iable mon hly income. To pe o m he chi-squa e es
esea che ca ego ized he nume ic alue o mon hly income in o h ee g oups. Households wi h
mon hly incomes be ween 8000-16000 aka showed a signi ican ly highe pe cen age o
wa e bo ne diseases (38.8%), wi h a p- alue o 0.00, indica ing a s ong associa ion.
Educa ion Le el: The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he dependen a iable wa e bo ne
disease and he independen a iable educa ion le el o he household head. To pe o m he chi-
squa e es esea che ca ego ized he le el o educa ion in o i e g oups. Illi e a e households had
a highe pe cen age o wa e bo ne diseases (26.2%) compa ed o hose wi h highe educa ion. The
p- alue o 0.00 sugges s a signi ican ela ionship.
Sou ce o D inking Wa e : The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he dependen a iable
wa e bo ne disease and he independen a iable sou ce o d inking wa e . To pe o m he chi-
squa e es esea che me ged he sou ce o wa e in o wo g oups, namely sa e and unsa e. Sa e
Sou ces include Tubewell and Tap/Supply. Unsa e sou ces includes all o he sou ces. The e is a
minimal associa ion be ween wa e bo ne diseases and he sa e y o d inking wa e , wi h a p- alue
o 0.10 indica ing no signi ican ela ionship.
T ea men o Wa e : The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he dependen a iable
wa e bo ne disease and he independen a iable ea men o wa e . To pe o m he chi-squa e es
esea che me ged he sou ce o wa e in o wo g oups, namely a) no ea men and b) any
ea men . No signi ican di e ence was ound be ween ea ed and un ea ed wa e , as indica ed
by he p- alue o 0.28.
Type o Toile Use: The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he dependen a iable
wa e bo ne disease and he independen a iable oile ype. The esea che me ged sou ce o wa e
in o wo g oups, namely a) p ope and b) imp ope . The p ope ype o oile includes lush oile
and a pi la ine wi h a slab. The imp ope ype consis s o aw, hanging o pi la ines wi hou slab.
Page | 34
The use o imp o ed oile s was linked o ewe cases o wa e bo ne diseases, wi h a p- alue o
0.004, showing a signi ican associa ion.
Wa e o Cooking and Cleaning: The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he dependen
a iable wa e bo ne disease and he independen a iable cooking and cleaning wa e ype. Sa e
wa e includes wa e om ubewell and ain. Unsa e wa e includes Ponds, Ri e o any o he
sou ce o wa e No signi ican ela ionship be ween he sa e y o wa e o cooking and cleaning
and he p e alence o wa e bo ne diseases, wi h a p- alue o 0.63.
Household Was e Disposal: The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he dependen a iable
wa e bo ne disease and he independen a iable household was e disposal p ac ice. Disposing in o
a designa ed dus bin indica es p ope and sa e disposal. While bu ning, open dumping o duping
in pond/ i e /channel indica es imp ope disposal. Imp ope was e disposal was s ongly
associa ed wi h wa e bo ne diseases, as seen wi h a p- alue o 0.008.
Toile Facili y Damage Due o Flood: The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he dependen
a iable wa e bo ne disease and he independen a iable oile acili y damages due o lood. I
he oile was ully o pa ially damaged i goes in o he damaged ca ego y o he wise in he no -
damaged ca ego y. Households wi h damaged oile s due o looding had mo e wa e bo ne
diseases, wi h a p- alue o 0.05, indica ing a mode a e associa ion.
Toile Facili y Damage Due o Ri e E osion: The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he
dependen a iable wa e bo ne disease and he independen a iable oile acili y damage due o
i e e osion. I he oile was ully o pa ially damaged i goes in o he damaged ca ego y
o he wise in he no -damaged ca ego y. No signi ican associa ion was ound be ween oile
damage due o i e e osion and wa e bo ne diseases, wi h a p- alue o 0.08.
Wa e Sou ce Damage Due o Flood: The Table shows us he associa ion be ween he dependen
a iable wa e bo ne disease and he independen a iable damage o he wa e sou ce due o
looding. Resea che ca ego ized comple ely damaged o pa ially damaged as “Damaged” and
ully unc ional. I was s ongly linked o wa e bo ne diseases, wi h a p- alue o 0.004.
Wa e Sou ce Damage Due o Ri e E osion: No signi ican ela ionship was ound be ween
wa e sou ce damage due o i e e osion and wa e bo ne diseases, wi h a p- alue o 0.80
Page | 35
Chap e Fi e: Discussion and Limi a ions
The objec i e o his s udy was o e iew wa e sou ce use, sani a ion p ac ices and p e alence o
wa e bo ne diseases. These indings show us how households manage hei wa e sou ces and how
hese a angemen s impac heal h and well-being. Independen and dependen a iable was chosen
ca e ully o he s udy. In he s udy, he wa e bo ne disease was he dependen and se e al o he
socio-demog aphic and WASH p ac ices and acili ies we e he independen a iable.
A key inding o he s udy is ha mos households use wo sepa a e sou ces o wa e : one o
d inking and one o cooking. 96.7% o households use sa e wa e o d inking, bu hey p e e o
use pond wa e mos o he ime o cooking. This indica es ha al hough people a e conce ned
abou wa e sa e y, hei pe cep ion o he sa e y o wa e used o cooking is somewha lowe ,
which may be due o limi ed sa e wa e sou ces. This s udy also ound ha mos people (91.2%)
use ubewells o d inking wa e , and ponds/ i e s (3.8%). These indings align wi h (M. Islam e
al., 2017). M.Islam e al ound ha 88% o he popula ion om i e banks use ubewells o
collec ing hei d inking wa e . Bu while using wa e o cooking, pond wa e is he p ima y
sou ce (80.3%). In e ms o wa e ea men , 78.9% o households do no ea hei wa e , which
may be esponsible o he ou b eak o wa e bo ne diseases. While(Jube Go e e al., 2021) ound
ha in u al a eas o Sou h-Sudan, 66% o he communi y uses chlo ine o d inking wa e
ea men , 19% use boiling, 10% use il a ion, and 5% do no know wa e ea men . Di e ences
in s udy esul s may be due o a a ie y o ac o s, including di e ences in s udy popula ions,
di e ences in da a collec ion me hods, o he in luence o addi ional a iables such as hygiene
p ac ices, sani a ion in as uc u e, and immune s a us. Despi e sa e wa e use, lack o ea men in
cooking wa e and use o pond wa e can sp ead diseases.(Rana, 2010) ound ha wa e , sani a ion,
and hygiene (WASH) p og ams dec eased he p e alence o wa e bo ne diseases om 10% o 7%
o e all and among unde - i e child en i educed om 22% o 13% (p<0.001), which unde lines
ha o educe wa e bo ne disease wa e , sani a ion and hygiene in e en ion plays impo an ole
Howe e , he associa ion able shows ha he e is almos no associa ion be ween wa e sou ce o
ea men and wa e bo ne diseases. The e was a minimal associa ion be ween wa e bo ne diseases
and he sa e y o d inking wa e , wi h a p- alue o 0.10 indica ing no signi ican ela ionship. No
signi ican di e ence was ound be ween ea ed and un ea ed wa e , as indica ed by he p- alue
o 0.28
Page | 36
The s udy indings indica e ha sani a ion has a signi ican impac on human heal h and he sp ead
o wa e bo ne diseases. Al hough mos households use sa e wa e o d inking, hei sani a ion
p ac ices a e no hygienic, which plays a signi ican ole in he sp ead o wa e bo ne diseases.
In e ms o he use o imp o ed oile s, 85.25% o households ollow a hygienic sani a ion sys em,
bu some households ha e damaged oile s due o loods o i e e osion. Such in as uc u al
p oblems a e hinde ing he imp o emen o p ope sani a ion sys ems and inc easing he sp ead o
diseases. The use o imp o ed oile s was linked o ewe cases o wa e bo ne diseases, wi h a p-
alue o 0.004, showing a signi ican associa ion. (John T. Wa son e al., 2007) ound simila esul ,
he ound Flooding con amina es d inking wa e sou ces, damages sani a ion in as uc u e, and
displaces popula ions, o cing hem o ely on unsa e wa e sou ces.
Resea ch has ound ha awa eness abou sani a ion is di ec ly ela ed o he le el o educa ion.
Uneduca ed households ha e lowe le els o p ope use o sani a ion, which makes hem mo e
suscep ible o wa e -bo ne diseases. Inc easing educa ion can help inc ease awa eness abou
sani a ion and help households de elop heal hy habi s. Illi e a e households had a highe
pe cen age o wa e bo ne diseases (26.2%) compa ed o hose wi h highe educa ion. The p- alue
o 0.00 sugges s a signi ican ela ionship.(Azizu R. Molla, 1999) ound ha he le el o educa ion
and p e alence o dia hea has no signi ican associa ion wi h a p- alue o 0.744. Howe e , ano he
s udy has ound ha Child en whose mo he s ha e no o mal educa ion a e mo e likely o
expe ience dia hea compa ed o hose whose mo he s ha e highe le els o educa ion. Fo
example, in Nige ia, he p e alence o dia hea among child en aged 0-24 mon hs was 15.5% o
child en o women wi h no o mal educa ion, compa ed o 6.4% o hose whose mo he s had
e ia y educa ion(Desmennu e al., 2017).
When loods hi , many amilies ace p oblems accessing hei oile s. Floods can damage o mo e
oile s away om homes, making i impossible o de eca e p ope ly. In his si ua ion, 69% o
household aces de e io a ion o hei oile s due o lood and 40.8% expe ienced dis up ion o
wa e supply. In ano he s udy (Ra a e al., 2021) ound ha only 20% o he popula ion had p ope
access o WASH2 acili ies. Households wi h damaged oile s due o looding had mo e
wa e bo ne diseases, wi h a p- alue o 0.05, indica ing a mode a e associa ion which was also
ound by (Ra a e al., 2021). Ano he s udy by (Ahmed, 2009) ound ha lood was he p ima y
eason behind dis up ion o oile .
Page | 37
Du ing loods, when i is no possible o use wa e sou ces, local people y o collec wa e in
a ious ways. Abou 16.8% o households use sa e wa e by boiling wa e , which helps p e en
he sp ead o wa e bo ne diseases. In addi ion, 46% o households collec wa e om dis an
places, which is he only way, al hough ime-consuming. Some households a e collec ing ainwa e
and using i . I was s ongly linked o wa e bo ne diseases, wi h a p- alue o 0.004. (Ahmed e al.,
2020) had ound ha communi ies a ec ed by i e e osion o en expe ience WASH
in as uc u e collapse, leading o inc eased exposu e o con amina ed wa e sou ces. Howe e , no
signi ican ela ionship was ound in his s udy be ween wa e sou ce damage due o i e e osion
and wa e bo ne diseases, wi h a p- alue o 0.80.
A epo by WHO e els ha open de eca ion and imp ope was e disposal con ibu e o he sp ead
o ecal-o al diseases. This s udy also ound s ong associa ion be ween wi h a signi ican p- alue
o 0.008 (P og ess on Household D inking Wa e , Sani a ion and Hygiene 2000-2020 Fi e Yea s
in o he SDGs, 2021)
Po e y and wa e bo ne diseases a e s ongly in e connec ed as ound in his s udy. In 2016 Hu on
& Chase ound ha many de eloping na ions, access o sa e d inking wa e depends on inancial
abili y, o cing he poo o ely on unsa e wa e sou ces.(Hu on G & Chase C, 2016.)
Limi a ions
i. C oss-sec ional s udies collec da a only a a speci ic poin in ime, which canno assess
any changes o con inui y ela ed o changes o e ime. As a esul , he s udy did no allow
o analysis o long- e m ends o cause-and-e ec ela ionships.
ii. The s udy equi ed a o al o 384 samples o be collec ed, bu only 183 samples we e
collec ed. This c ea ed da a gaps and somewha educed he gene alizabili y o he s udy
esul s.
iii. Due o la e da a collec ion, some impo an da a o s a is ics may be missed, which may
cause de iciencies in subsequen analysis. This gap has c ea ed some obs acles in
p esen ing he esea ch esul s comple ely and accu a ely.
i . The eg ession odds a io was no used in he s udy, which limi ed he abili y o analyze he
ela ionship be ween di e en a iables and hei e ec s.
Page | 38
. The anspo a ion sys em in he s udy a ea was no good, i ook some ime and e o o
collec accu a e da a. In pa icula , i was di icul o each he a ea a imes due o he
damage o oads and communica ion sys ems in he pos - lood si ua ion.
i. Due o he lack o adequa e unding o he esea ch, he e we e p oblems in p ocu ing
some o he necessa y ma e ials o equipmen . Due o he lack o unds, i became di icul
o make ull a angemen s o da a collec ion and ieldwo k.
Page | 39
Chap e Six: Recommenda ion
Based on his s udy, some ecommenda ions ha e been made o he i e e osion and lood-
a ec ed a eas o he Noakhali dis ic , which can help imp o e he heal h and li elihood o he
local people:
Imp o emen o sani a ion sys em: Ini ia i es by he go e nmen and local au ho i ies a e
necessa y o imp o e he sani a ion sys em in he lood-a ec ed a eas. Cons uc ion o new oile s,
p omo ion o cleanliness and p ope was e disposal sys em should be implemen ed. I is e y
impo an o ins all ubewells in local a eas. In he cu en si ua ion, due o he lack o sa e wa e ,
people a e using pond wa e , which is c ea ing sani a ion p oblems and sp eading wa e -bo ne
diseases. By p o iding ubewells, he local people will be able o ge sa e wa e , which will play
an impo an ole in p o ec ing hei heal h. Especially a e loods, ubewells will ac as a
pe manen sou ce o wa e , which will help in dealing wi h he wa e c isis. Fo his, i is necessa y
o ake measu es o ins all and main ain ubewells a he ini ia i e o he local go e nmen .
De elopmen o pe manen wa e sou ces: Pe manen and sa e wa e sou ces mus be c ea ed
o his egion so ha he e is no wa e sho age e en a e he loods. A angemen s should be
made o ins all and main ain ubewells h ough local go e nmen s and o he suppo ing
o ganiza ions o ensu e long- e m wa e secu i y.
Inc ease sani a ion awa eness among he people: T aining and awa eness p og ams should be
conduc ed among he local people on sani a ion and sa e wa e use. Raising public awa eness o
sani a ion and sa e wa e use is essen ial. Sani a ion awa eness should be aised h ough local
communi y cen e s, schools, mosques and o he social pla o ms. T aining, wo kshops and
awa eness camps can educa e he local popula ion abou he impo ance o sa e wa e use. By
ins illing p ope sani a ion habi s among he popula ion, i will be possible o educe he isk o
wa e bo ne diseases.
I hese ecommenda ions a e implemen ed, he isk o wa e bo ne diseases o he people o
Noakhali dis ic will be g ea ly educed and hey will be able o lead a heal hy li e. The quali y o
li e o he local people will be imp o ed h ough he de elopmen o sa e wa e supply and
sani a ion sys ems, pos - lood heal h ca e sys ems, and inc eased awa eness among he people.
Page | 40
Chap e : Se en: Conclusion
The objec i e o his s udy was o analyze he cu en si ua ion o wa e , sani a ion and hygiene
(WASH) in Noakhali dis ic , which has been a ec ed by i e e osion and loods, and o de e mine
i s ela ionship wi h wa e bo ne diseases. Acco ding o he esul s o he s udy, mos households
use wo di e en wa e sou ces: on he one hand, sa e wa e used o d inking, and on he o he
hand, pond wa e used o cooking and o he pu poses. Al hough people use sa e wa e only o
d inking, he use o pond wa e o cooking is causing a ious sani a ion- ela ed p oblems, which
has been iden i ied as a majo ac o in he inc ease in he incidence o wa e bo ne diseases.
The mos impo an inding o he s udy is ha he ou b eak o wa e bo ne diseases is mainly due
o he weakness o he sani a ion sys em a he han he wa e sou ce. Acco ding o ou
obse a ions, he sani a ion p ac ices o he local popula ion a e no p ope and he e a e se ious
p oblems wi h cleanliness and was e managemen . As a esul , he pond wa e , which is usually
used o cooking, can cause ou b eaks o a ious diseases. In addi ion, he heal h si ua ion in he
a ea is ge ing wo se due o he des uc ion o sani a ion in as uc u e in he pos - lood si ua ion.
I is clea ha ensu ing he sa e y o wa e sou ces alone is no enough; wa e bo ne diseases can
be p e en ed by imp o ing sani a ion sys ems, heal hy was e managemen , and inc easing
sani a ion awa eness among he popula ion. Sani a ion and hygiene ac i i ies should be accele a ed
a e a lood o i e e osion si ua ion so ha he popula ion o he a ec ed a eas can be ee om
heal h isks.
Page | 41
Re e ence
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unice -who
Ahmed, S. (2009). An Assessmen o he Impac s o Floods on Sani a ion in Ru al
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As loodwa e ecedes, diseases sp ead | The Daily S a . (n.d.). Re ie ed Feb ua y
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h ps://www. hedailys a .ne /news/bangladesh/news/ loodwa e - ecedes-
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Asia, mos a isk o na u al haza ds, mos ulne able o cyclones |
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h ps://www.p e en ionweb.ne /news/asia-mos - isk-na u al-haza ds-mos -
ulne able-cyclones
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Con amina ed wa e endange s people’s heal h ollowing loods in Bangladesh -
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h ps:// elie web.in / epo /bangladesh/con amina ed-wa e -endange s-peoples-
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Page | 48
েমদ আপনার পমরিায়র স্বকউ পামনিামহত স্বরায়ে আক্রান্ত হয়ল, তায়দর মচমকৎসার জনয মকভায়ি িযিিা স্বনয়া হয়?
ক. িানীয় মিমনক/হাসপাতাল ে. মচমকৎসক/পরািশথক ে. িামিয়ত মনয়জ মচমকৎসা ঘ. মচমকৎসা স্বনয়মন
আপনার পমরিায়রর সদসযরা মক পামনিামহত স্বরায়ে আক্রান্ত হওয়ার পর পামন িযিহায়রর ধ্রন পমরিতথন কয়র
র্ায়কন?
ক. হযাাঁ, পামন ফ
ুমিয়য় োওয়া ে. হযাাঁ, পামন মফল্টার িা পমরয়শাধ্ন কয়র িযিহার
ে. হযাাঁ, নতুন স্বকায়না মনরাপদ পামন উৎস িযিহার ঘ. স্বকান পমরিতথন কমরমন
