J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
2
5
129 | Rabia
REVIEW
REVIEW REVIEW
REVIEW PAPER
PAPERPAPER
PAPER
OPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESSOPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESS
Beyond cul u e, p oduc ion and pos -ha es p ac ices wi h
inno a i e in eg a ion o sea g apes (
Caule pa len illi e a
): A
e iew on i s po en ial o mass p oduc ion and adop ion
Ma ia Danesa S. Rabia
*
College o Fishe ies
, Bohol Island S a e Uni e si y,
Calape, Bohol, Philippines
A icle published on May 10, 2025
Key wo ds:
Cul u e,
Caule pa
, P oduc ion, P ac ices, Pos
-
ha es , Sea
g apes
Abs ac
Sea g apes, scien i ically known as Caule pa len illi e a, a e a ype o g een seaweed widely consumed as a
ege able. In ecen yea s, his seaweed has gained signi ican popula i y in he ood indus y due o i s
pala abili y, nu i ional bene i s, and ease o cul i a ion. While nume ous s udies ha e been conduc ed on
he nu i ional alue and o he componen s o C. len illi e a, he e is limi ed in o ma ion a ailable on i s
cul i a ion cha ac e is ics, p oduc ion, and pos -ha es p ac ices hence his s udy ocus on he e iew and
documen C. len illi e a, including inno a i e p ac ices. Resul s indica ed ha sea g apes iden i ied
p ac ices a e po en ial o mass p oduc ion wi h in eg a ion o inno a i e p ac ices. The compiled da a in
his e iew emphasize he impo ance o ca e ul si e selec ion and p oduc ion managemen , whe ein he
esul s o es plan ing should guide he de e mina ion o a ea sui abili y and he app op ia e a ming
me hods o be employed. Fu he mo e, he indings add ess he speci ic needs o a me s.
*
Co esponding Au ho : Ma ia Danesa S. Rabia ma iad[email p o ec ed]du.ph
Jou nal o Biodi e si y and En i onmen al Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (P in ) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 26, No. 5, p. 129-137, 2025
h p://www.innspub.ne
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
2
5
130 | Rabia
In oduc ion
Sea g apes (Caule pa len illi e a), commonly known
as "g een ca ia ," a e an edible g een seaweed
ex ensi ely cul i a ed and consumed wo ldwide,
pa icula ly in Sou heas Asia. Abbo IA (1991)
highligh ed he unique ex u e and ich nu i ional
con en o Caule pa, which has ga ne ed signi ican
a en ion bo h as a culina y delicacy and a po en ial
sou ce o bioac i e compounds wi h heal h bene i s
(Bas , 2013). The cul i a ion o sea g apes has g own
due o i s economic po en ial, p o iding li elihoods
o coas al communi ies and con ibu ing o ood
secu i y. Howe e , success ul sea g apes p oduc ion
equi es mo e han jus cul i a ion; i in ol es a
comp ehensi e unde s anding o he ecological,
manage ial, and p oduc ion p ac ices necessa y o
sus ain and enhance yield and quali y.
The cul i a ion o sea g apes began in Japan
(speci ically Okinawa) and he Philippines. Acco ding
o T ono and Toma (1993) and Yap (1999), he
species was ini ially in oduced acciden ally in o ish
ponds in he Philippines. Howe e , due o i s
success ul g ow h, a ge ed cul i a ion p ac ices we e
de eloped and e ined. The ongoing cul i a ion and
esea ch in he Philippines ha e con inued o e ol e,
wi h s udies such as hose by T ono and La go (2019)
con ibu ing o he unde s anding and op imiza ion
o sea g ape a ming.
In addi ion, sea g apes a e easily cul i a ed due o
hei abili y o p opaga e h ough agmen a ion,
which equi es minimal in as uc u e and expe ise
(de Gaillande e al., 2017). Cul i a ion me hods a y
by coun y and sys em. In he Philippines and
Vie nam, he algae a e g own using he ay me hod—
whe e hey a e placed in pe o a ed plas ic ays o
ne s—o he sowing me hod, whe e hey a e plan ed
di ec ly in o he sedimen in idal ponds, some imes
wi h shading ma e ials like gauze (T ono and La go,
2019). In con as , Japan and China a e inc easingly
using land-based aceway cul u es o mee he high
demand o sea g apes (de Gaillande e al., 2017),
al hough cul i a ion in shel e ed coas al a eas using
ne s o ays is also p ac iced (Tanduyan e al., 2013).
The apid g ow h and low habi a equi emen s o sea
g apes make hem ideal o in eg a ed aquacul u e
sys ems, whe e hey help mi iga e nu ien - ich
was ewa e e luen while p o iding addi ional
income om he me abolized biomass (Paul and de
Nys, 2008; La go e al., 2016; Bamba anda e al.,
2019; Dobson e al., 2020). A e ha es ing, he
onds a e soaked in seawa e anks o heal issue
inju ies be o e being so ed based on quali y
s anda ds such as colo and size.
F onds ha mee he c i e ia a e s o ed in plas ic
con aine s wi h mois u e shee s o esh p oduc
shipmen o p ese a ion h ough dehyd a ion o
b ine-cu ing (de Gaillande e al., 2017; Te ada e al.,
2018; Chaiklahan e al., 2020). Howe e , 60–70% o
he biomass, which does no mee ood quali y
s anda ds, is o en disca ded, hough i holds
po en ial o o he uses (Chaiklahan e al., 2020).
As economic in e es in sea g apes g ows, he e has
been a no iceable inc ease in scien i ic publica ions
on he subjec . Recen e iews and book chap e s
ha e ocused on a ious aspec s, including he
consump ion, nu i ional alue, and a ming p ac ices
o he genus Caule pa (de Gaillande e al., 2017), i s
biology and uses (Zubia e al., 2020), and i s po en ial
in nu aceu ical and pha maceu ical applica ions
(Da mawan e al., 2020). No ably, a 2019 e iew
a icle by Chen e al. p o ides a comp ehensi e
summa y o esea ch on he species C. len illi e a,
while a 2022 e iew by Syakilla e al. discusses i s
nu ien s, phy ochemicals, and heal h bene i s.
Despi e he posi i e eedback on sea g apes,
g owe s ace signi ican challenges ha h ea en
he p oduc i i y and sus ainabili y o his
aquacul u e p ac ice. These challenges include
en i onmen al issues such as wa e quali y,
disease, pes s, and clima e change, as well as
echnical di icul ies like he eliable p oduc ion o
high-quali y seedlings and he impac o
o e ha es ing, which can educe eg ow h a es
and long- e m p oduc i i y Chambe lain, and
Picke ing, 1998). Addi ionally, inadequa e pos -
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
2
5
131 | Rabia
ha es p ac ices lead o signi ican losses, while
economic challenges such as ma ke luc ua ions,
high cos s o inpu s, and limi ed ma ke access
u he complica e he indus y. Social challenges,
including a lack o echnical expe ise and
knowledge among a me s, pa icula ly in less-
de eloped egions, exace ba e hese issues.
Add essing hese obs acles equi es a comp ehensi e
app oach ha includes imp o ing echnical
knowledge, in es ing in esea ch and de elopmen ,
enhancing ma ke access, and os e ing collabo a ion
be ween s akeholde s. By o e coming hese
challenges, he Caule pa indus y can con inue o
g ow and con ibu e o sus ainable coas al
li elihoods.
This s udy aims o e iew and documen undamen al
p ac ices, including cul u e, p oduc ion, and pos -
ha es echniques, o po en ial adop ion and
in eg a ion o inno a i e me hods.
Me hodology
In his s udy, mixed me hod esea ch design was
used o ensu e he alidi y and eliabili y o he
in o ma ion ga he ed, wo complemen a y me hods
we e employed: a li e a u e e iew and a ge ed
in e iews coupled wi h obse a ions o ac ual
cul i a ion p ac ices. The li e a u e e iew
p o ided a ounda ional unde s anding o exis ing
esea ch on cul u e managemen and p oduc ion
p ac ices ela ed o Caule pa cul i a ion. The
sys ema ic li e a u e e iew was conduc ed by
using he sea ch in wo widely ecognized scien i ic
ci a ion da abases: Web o Science (WoS) and
Scopus. The sea ch ollowed he PRISMA
(P e e ed Repo ing I ems o Sys ema ic Re iews
and Me a-Analyses) guidelines (Libe a i e al.,
2009). The sea ch s ing used is “Caule pa” AND
“len illi e a” o sea ch wi hin i les, keywo ds, and
abs ac s, co e ing he pe iod om 2000-2024.
The sea ch was pe o med on June- July, 2024.
Enhanced wi h a pa en sea ch om espacene ,
google pa en s, lens.o g, WIPO/Pa enscope using
same sea ch s ings “Caule pa” AND “len illi e a”.
This s udy es ablished he s anda d me hods in
eligibili y iden i ica ion o s udies o inclusion. The
speci ic selec ion c i e ia we e es ablished like a) he
s udy mus ocus p ima ily on sea g apes as a key
opic, b) he language o he publica ion mus be
English, c) he a icle mus be o iginal esea ch, no a
e iew, and d) he s udy mus demons a e scien i ic
igo and accu acy.
The ini ial e alua ion in ol ed sc eening he i les and
abs ac s o de e mine hei ele ance and adhe ence
o hese c i e ia. I he in o ma ion p o ided in he
abs ac was insu icien o con i m eligibili y, he ull
ex o he documen was e iewed o ensu e i me
he equi ed s anda ds. Addi ionally, s udies we e
c oss- e e enced o me hodological soundness and
ele ance o con empo a y sea g apes esea ch opics,
ensu ing ha only high-quali y, pe inen esea ch
was included in he analysis.
This was ollowed by in e iews wi h expe s and
p ac i ione s in he locals, which o e ed eal-wo ld
insigh s and p ac ical knowledge. These in e iews
we e u he alida ed by di ec obse a ion and
analysis o cu en cul i a ion p ac ices in he ield.
By in eg a ing hese wo me hods, he s udy was able
o p esen a well- ounded and conc e e alida ion o
he in o ma ion, ensu ing ha he indings a e bo h
heo e ically sound and p ac ically applicable. This
app oach no only iangula es he da a bu also
highligh s any disc epancies be ween documen ed
esea ch and ac ual p ac ices, allowing o a mo e
accu a e and comp ehensi e unde s anding.
Resul s and discussion
Re iew analysis: The esul s indica e ha since 2000,
wo e iew a icles on sea g apes (Caule pa
len illi e a) ha e been published, bo h appea ing
be ween 2020 and 2021. These a icles ocused on
biomass p oduc ion and biochemical composi ion,
pa icula ly pigmen s, p o eins, and a y acid con en
(Fig. 1). Ligh in ensi y eme ged as a signi ican
expe imen al pa ame e , wi h shade-adap ed sea
g apes achie ing he highes biomass p oduc ion a
pho osyn he ically ac i e adia ion (PAR) le els o 40
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
2
5
132 | Rabia
o 100 μmol pho ons m²/s, compa ed o o he ligh
in ensi ies. Howe e , i adiances o 100 μmol
pho ons m²/s o highe we e ound o induce
physiological s ess in he plan s. S udies on C.
len illi e a ha e equen ly explo ed i s biochemical
composi ion, ocusing on pigmen s, p o eins, and
a y acid con en and pa e ns.
Fig. 1.
Reco ds o he s udies li e a u es using he
da abase
These in es iga ions ha e included assessmen s o
pigmen concen a ions (Guo e al., 2015), p o ein
le els (Long e al., 2020b; Cai e al., 2021b), and he
composi ion and s uc u e o a y acids (Long e al.,
2020b). Howe e , highe i adiances (≥ 100 μmol
pho ons m²/s) we e shown o induce physiological
s ess, nega i ely impac ing he g ow h and heal h o
he plan s (Kang e al., 2020; S u hmann e al., 2020;
Cai e al., 2021b).
In addi ion, his e iew was used wi h a dual
pu pose: i s , o conduc a scien ome ic analysis
o exis ing li e a u e o iden i y esea ch ends
and knowledge gaps; and second, o p o ide a
con ex ual o e iew o sea g ape aquacul u e o
p ac i ione s and ield esea che s. F om 181,
yielded o 98 li e a u es only ha ocuses on he
cul u e managemen , p oduc ion p ac ices o
po en ials o comme cializa ion.
Cul u e p ac ices o seag apes
Resea ches on Caule pa has ex ensi ely ocused on
biomass p oduc ion and biochemical composi ion.
Among o hese is he in e ac ion o ligh condi ions—
such as i adiance, pho ope iod, and spec um ha
con ibu es signi ican impac on he physiology o
sea g apes. Fo example, blue ligh has been ound o
enhance he exp ession o phy oene desa u ase (PDS)
and boos an ioxidan ac i i y (Kang e al., 2020; Guo
e al., 2015; Long e al., 2020b; Cai e al., 2021b;
S u hmann e al., 2020) while ed ligh p omo es
biomass accumula ion. Based on hese indings,
esea che s ecommend using a ligh spec um wi h
16.7% blue ligh and 83.3% ed ligh , combined wi h a
12-hou ligh /da k pho ope iod, o op imal indoo
cul i a ion o sea g apes (Kang e al., 2020). Al hough
ligh is a key ac o , mos expe imen s ha e been
ela i ely sho in du a ion, anging om se en (7)
days o ou weeks, wi h only one s udy examining
exposu e imes o less han 72 hou s (Fig. 2&3).
Fig. 2.
The documen a ion o ac ual cul u e p ac ices
o sea g apes (Caule pa len illi e a)
Addi ionally, sea g apes wi h UV ligh a e known o
induce oxida i e s ess in seaweeds, i s speci ic e ec s
on C. len illi e a ha e ye o be ho oughly
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
2
5
133 | Rabia
in es iga ed (Tanaka e al., 2020; Te ada e al.,
2021). This gap highligh s he need o u he
esea ch in o he long- e m impac s o a ious ligh
condi ions on sea g ape cul i a ion.
Fig. 3.
Documen a ion on he ac ual seedling
p epa a ion o sea g apes
P oduc ion p ac ices o sea g apes
The p oduc ion o sea g apes has me some
en i onmen al ac o s ha a e c ucial o i s
cul i a ion. In Sou heas Asia, especially in he
Philippines and Vie nam, Caule pa is ypically
g own in shallow b ackish wa e ponds, which
p o ide easy access o sunligh necessa y o
pho osyn hesis. Cul i a ion p ac ices include ei he
plan ing he algae di ec ly in o he pond sedimen s
o suspending hem in he wa e column using ne s
o pe o a ed plas ic ays. In he s udy o Kang e
al. (2020) ays may be shaded o p e en excessi e
sunligh , which can cause physiological s ess o
he algae. In adi ional a ming p ac ices, he
algae a e di ec ly sown in o he sedimen s o idal
ponds, a me hod pa icula ly e ec i e in egions
wi h s able salini y and empe a u e condi ions.
In Japan and China, land-based aceway sys ems
a e inc easingly being used o Caule pa
cul i a ion. These sys ems allow o g ea e con ol
o e en i onmen al ac o s such as empe a u e,
ligh , and wa e low, leading o mo e consis en
p oduc ion ou pu s. Fo example, in he
No hwes e n Paci ic, empe a u e and ligh
a ailabili y a e key ac o s ha es ic C.
len illi e a cul i a ion o speci ic seasons (Te ada
e al., 2021). In con as , in he Philippines and
o he Sou heas Asian egions, empe a u e and
salini y change due o seasonal ain all limi
cul i a ion o he d y season (Es ada e al., 2021).
Beyond cul u e o sea g apes (Caule pa len illi e a)
Sea g apes applica ion
As ood o human, as indica ed he ed and b own
algae domina e he global comme cial seaweed
ma ke , wi h g een mac oalgae ep esen ing only a
small ac ion o p oduc ion (FAO, 2020; Mo ei a e
al., 2021). Howe e , Caule pa len illi e a has he
po en ial o compe e wi h hese comme cially
aluable seaweeds in e ms o nu i ional con en ,
o e ing compa able o e en supe io le els o
mine als, i amins, and an ioxidan p ope ies
(Cul i a ion). The biochemical composi ion (Syakilla
e al., 2022) o C. len illi e a, including i s p o ein,
lipid, ca bohyd a e con en , and bioac i e
compounds.
Ha es and pos -ha es handling
This is a e ha es ing, Caule pa is soaked in anks
wi h seawa e o heal any issue inju ies. The onds
a e hen so ed based on quali y, wi h hose mee ing
he s anda ds being packed o esh sale o
p ese a ion. The handling o Caule pa pos -ha es
is delica e (Fig. 4, 5 & 6), as he algae a e s ill ali e
and pho osyn he ically ac i e, equi ing ca e ul
managemen o main ain quali y.
a) p epa a ion o con aine
b) wi h ha es ing ay
c) Si ua ion du ing ha es
d)
he ha es p ope
Fig. 4.
Documen a ion on ac ual ha es ing p ac ices
o sea g apes
Challenges and oppo uni ies
The cul i a ion o Caule pa aces challenges ela ed
o en i onmen al a iabili y, as seen in Fig. 5, such as
changes in empe a u e and salini y, which can
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
2
5
134 | Rabia
impac yield and quali y. Remo ing poo -quali y
seedlings (b own ones) is he i s s ep be o e placing
he ha es ed Caule pa in he con aine . Howe e ,
ad ances in con olled cul i a ion sys ems and a
be e unde s anding o he algae's physiological
needs o e oppo uni ies o enhance p oduc ion
e iciency and p oduc quali y.
Fig. 5.
Unheal hy
sea
g apes du ing ha es
Fig. 6.
Pos
-
ha es p ac ices o sea g apes
Po en ials o sea g apes
The cul u e o Caule pa in he con ex o he
Philippines has signi ican implica ions ac oss
se e al domains, including economic de elopmen ,
en i onmen al sus ainabili y, ood secu i y, and
coas al communi y li elihoods. In addi ion,
Philippines is one o he leading p oduce s o
Caule pa, pa icula ly Caule pa len illi e a (locally
known as "la o" o "a -a osip"), which is widely
consumed as a salad ing edien . Expanding he
cul i a ion o Caule pa can boos local economies,
especially in coas al egions whe e ishing and
aquacul u e a e p ima y sou ces o income. The
expo po en ial o Caule pa as a high- alue
ma ine p oduc can also con ibu e o he coun y's
economy.
Caule pa a ming can p o ide employmen
oppo uni ies o coas al communi ies, pa icula ly
in u al a eas whe e al e na i e li elihoods may be
limi ed. The low capi al in es men equi ed o
Caule pa a ming makes i accessible o small-
scale a me s, helping o alle ia e po e y and
imp o e li ing s anda ds and Caule pa is a highly
nu i ious ood, ich in i amins, mine als, and
an ioxidan s. I s cul i a ion can con ibu e o ood
secu i y in he Philippines by p o iding a eadily
a ailable and a o dable sou ce o nu i ion,
pa icula ly in coas al and u al communi ies.
P omo ing Caule pa as pa o a heal hy die can
help add ess malnu i ion and imp o e public
heal h ou comes.
The inclusion o Caule pa in he coun y's
aquacul u e po olio (SEAFDEC-AQD, 2019) helps
di e si y he ange o ma ine p oduc s a ailable in
he ma ke . This di e si ica ion can educe
dependence on mo e esou ce-in ensi e species
and p o ide a bu e agains ma ke luc ua ions in
o he aquacul u e p oduc s, such as ish o sh imp.
Caule pa’s abili y o abso b excess nu ien s om
he wa e can be ha nessed o imp o e wa e
quali y in coas al a eas, pa icula ly in egions
a ec ed by nu ien pollu ion om ag icul u e o
u ban uno .
Using Caule pa in in eg a ed aquacul u e sys ems
can help mi iga e he en i onmen al impac s o
in ensi e aquacul u e by educing nu ien loads in
he wa e . Cul i a ing Caule pa in deg aded coas al
a eas can also con ibu e o habi a es o a ion
e o s. Caule pa helps s abilize sedimen s, educe
e osion, and p o ide habi a o ma ine li e,
he eby enhancing he o e all heal h and esilience
o coas al ecosys ems. This is especially impo an
in he Philippines, whe e coas al e osion and
habi a loss a e signi ican en i onmen al
conce ns. While Caule pa cul i a ion o e s many
bene i s, i is c ucial o manage i sus ainably o
a oid po en ial ecological impac s, such as he
displacemen o na i e species o unin ended
consequences om la ge-scale monocul u e.
Ensu ing en i onmen ally sound cul i a ion
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
2
5
135 | Rabia
p ac ices will help p ese e biodi e si y and
main ain he heal h o ma ine ecosys ems.
De eloping ma ke s o Caule pa, bo h
domes ically and o expo , equi es a en ion o
p oduc quali y, sa e y s anda ds, and alue
addi ion. C ea ing alue-added p oduc s, such as
d ied o p ocessed Caule pa, can open new
ma ke s and inc ease p o i abili y o a me s.
Resea ch and inno a ion
Inco po a ing Caule pa in o in eg a ed
aquacul u e sys ems can help mi iga e he
en i onmen al impac s o in ensi e aquacul u e by
educing nu ien loads in he wa e . Resea ch by
Lee e al. (2018) indica es ha Caule pa can
e ec i ely abso b excess nu ien s, hus imp o ing
wa e quali y and educing eu ophica ion.
Cul i a ing Caule pa in deg aded coas al a eas also
suppo s habi a es o a ion by s abilizing
sedimen s, educing e osion, and p o iding c i ical
habi a o ma ine li e, he eby enhancing he
o e all heal h and esilience o coas al ecosys ems.
This is pa icula ly ele an in he Philippines,
whe e coas al e osion and habi a loss a e p essing
en i onmen al conce ns. While Caule pa
cul i a ion p esen s nume ous bene i s, sus ainable
managemen is essen ial o a oid po en ial
ecological issues, such as he displacemen o
na i e species o he unin ended consequences o
la ge-scale monocul u e. Adop ing en i onmen ally
sound cul i a ion p ac ices will help p ese e
biodi e si y and main ain he heal h o ma ine
ecosys ems. Fu he mo e, de eloping ma ke s o
Caule pa, bo h domes ically and in e na ionally,
necessi a es a ocus on p oduc quali y, sa e y
s anda ds, and alue addi ion, as indica ed in he
Fig. 5 o he pos -ha es p ac ices and a g ea
po en ial o expo . Resea ch by Mendoza e al.
(2021) highligh s ha c ea ing alue-added p oduc s,
such as d ied o p ocessed Caule pa, can open new
ma ke s and enhance p o i abili y o a me s.
Beyond cul u e he pa en sea ch esul s o sea g apes
Caule pa len illi e a is shown in Fig. 7.
Fig
.
7.
Beyond cul u e he pa en sea ch esul s o Sea
g apes Caule pa len illi e a
Conclusion
The e iew and documen a ion o sea g apes highligh
ha nume ous s udies ha e de ailed he undamen al
cul u al, p oduc ion, and pos -ha es p ac ices. These
s udies ha e been alida ed by local seaweed g owe s in
hei ac ual se ups. Beyond cul u e, he in eg a ion o
po en ial inno a ions demons a es ema kable
po en ial o mass p oduc ion and adop ion by bo h local
and in e na ional consume s.
224
hi s
226
hi s
59
hi s
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
2
5
136 | Rabia
Re e ences
Abbo IA. 1991. Polynesian uses o seaweed. In: Cox
PA, Banack SA (eds), Islands, plan s and Polynesians:
An in oduc ion o Polynesian e hnobo any,
Diosco ides P ess, Po land, O egon, 135–145.
Balasub amaniam V, June Chelyn L, Vimala S,
Mohd Fai ulnizal MN, B ownlee IA, Amin I.
2020. Ca o enoid composi ion and an ioxidan po en ial
o Eucheuma den icula um, Sa gassum polycys um
and Caule pa len illi e a. Heliyon 6, e04654.
Bamba anda BVASM, Sasaki N, Chi apa A,
Salin KR, Tsusaka TW. 2019a. Op imiza ion o
mac oalgal densi y and salini y o nu ien emo al
by Caule pa len illi e a om aquacul u e e luen .
P ocesses 7, 303.
Bamba anda BVASM, Tsusaka TW, Chi apa
A, Salin KR, Sasaki N. 2019b. Capaci y o
Caule pa len illi e a in he emo al o ish cul u e
e luen in a eci cula ing aquacul u e sys em.
P ocesses 7, 440.
Bas F. 2013. Ag onomy and cul i a ion me hods o
edible seaweeds. In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e,
Food Science and Technology 4, 661–666.
Cai Y, Li G, Zou D, Hu S, Shi X. 2021a. Rising
nu ien ni ogen e e ses he impac o empe a u e
on pho osyn hesis and espi a ion o a mac oalga
Caule pa len illi e a (Ul ophyceae, Caule paceae).
Jou nal o Applied Phycology 33, 1115–1123.
Cecche elli G, Piazzi L. 2001. Dispe sal o
Caule pa acemosa agmen s in he Medi e anean:
The ole o ege a i e p opaga ion. Ma ine Ecology
P og ess Se ies.
Chambe lain A, Picke ing T. 1998. Pos -
ha es handling o Caule pa acemosa o
a isanal and expo ishe ies in Fiji. In: Fishe ies
and Ma ine Resou ces, The Uni e si y o he Sou h
Paci ic, Su a, 97–109.
Choi HG, Lee SG, Choi TS. 2006. E ec s o
empe a u e and i adiance on he g ow h o
Caule pa len illi e a in aquacul u e. Aquacul u e.
Chung IK, Kang YH, Ya ish C, K aeme GP,
Lee JA. 2002. Applica ion o seaweed cul i a ion
o he bio emedia ion o nu ien - ich e luen .
Algae 17, 187–194.
De Gaillande C, Pay i C, Remoissene G,
Zubia M. 2017. Caule pa consump ion,
nu i ional alue and a ming in he Indo-Paci ic
egion. Jou nal o Applied Phycology 29, 2249–
2266.
Delgado O, Ruiz JM, Pé ez-Llo éns JL. 1999.
Nu ien up ake by Caule pa p oli e a and i s
implica ions o nu ien cycling in coas al wa e s.
Es ua ine, Coas al and Shel Science.
Dobson GT, Duy NDQ, Paul NA, Sou hga e
PC. 2020. Assessing po en ial o in eg a ing sea
g ape (Caule pa len illi e a) cul u e wi h sand ish
(Holo hu ia scab a) and Babylon snail (Babylonia
a eola a) co-cul u e. Aquacul u e 522, 735153.
Es ada JL, A boleda MDM, Dionisio-Sese
ML. 2021. Cu en s a us o sea g apes (Caule pa
spp.) a ming and wild ha es ing in he
Philippines. Jou nal o Applied Phycology 33,
3215–3223.
FAO. 2020. The s a e o wo ld ishe ies and
aquacul u e 2020. FAO, Rome.
Guo H, Yao J, Sun Z, Duan D. 2015a. E ec s o
salini y and nu ien s on he g ow h and chlo ophyll
luo escence o Caule pa len illi e a. Chinese Jou nal
o Oceanology and Limnology 33, 410–418.
Guo H, Yao J, Sun Z, Duan D. 2015b. E ec o
empe a u e, i adiance on he g ow h o he g een alga
Caule pa len illi e a (B yopsidophyceae, Chlo ophy a).
Jou nal o Applied Phycology 27, 879–885.
J. Bio. &
En . Sci.
20
2
5
137 | Rabia
Kang LK, Huang YJ, Lim WT, Hsu PH,
Hwang PA. 2020. G ow h, pigmen con en ,
an ioxidan ac i i y, and phy oene desa u ase gene
exp ession in Caule pa len illi e a g own unde
di e en combina ions o blue and ed ligh -
emi ing diodes. Jou nal o Applied Phycology 32,
1971–1982.
La go DB, Diola AG, Ma ababol MS. 2016.
De elopmen o an in eg a ed mul i- ophic
aquacul u e (IMTA) sys em o opical ma ine
species in sou he n Cebu, Cen al Philippines.
Aquacul u e Repo s 3, 67–76.
Phang SM, Yeoh M, Lim SH. 1996. Nu ien
managemen in he cul i a ion o Caule pa
len illi e a. Jou nal o Applied Phycology.
Phang SM, Yeoh M. 1996. Pos -ha es handling
and s o age o Caule pa len illi e a. Jou nal o
Applied Phycology.
Raju G, Venugopal A. 2013. G ow h and
subs a e p e e ence o Caule pa p oli e a in
coas al aquacul u e. Indian Jou nal o Ma ine
Sciences.
T ono CG, Toma T. 1993. Cul i a ion o he g een
alga Caule pa len illi e a. In: Ohno M, C i chley AT
(eds), Seaweed Cul i a ion and Ma ine Ranching.
Kanagawa In e na ional Fishe ies T aining Cen e ,
JICA, Yokosuka, 17–24.
T ono GC, La go DB. 2019. The seaweed esou ces
o he Philippines. Bo anica Ma ina 62, 483–498.
Williams SL, Smi h JE. 2007. Impac o he bi o y
on Caule pa axi olia in he Medi e anean. Ma ine
Ecology P og ess Se ies.
Yamamo o H, Kobayashi H. 2004. G ow h
esponse o Caule pa b achypus unde di e en ligh
egimes. Jou nal o Applied Phycology.
Yang Y, Liang Z, Hu Z. 2008. Bac e ial diseases in
Caule pa len illi e a: P e en ion and con ol
s a egies. Aquacul u e Resea ch.
Zubia M, D aisma SGA, Mo issey KL. 2020.
Concise e iew o he genus Caule pa J.V.
Lamou oux. Jou nal o Applied Phycology 32, 23–39.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10811-019-01868-9
