Co esponding au ho : Bazongo Pa ice
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Physicochemical cha ac e is ics and nu i ional composi ion o he seeds and oils o
Hannoa undula a (Guill. & Pe .) Planch
Bazongo Pa ice 1, *, Ouéd aogo Lassané 2, Cissé Hama 3, Bazié Paulin 2 and Ba o Nicolas 1
1 Labo a o y o Molecula Biology, Epidemiology and Su eillance o Food- and Wa e -bo ne Bac e ia and Vi uses
(LaBESTA), Joseph KI-ZERBO Uni e si y, UFR/SVT 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Bu kina Faso
2 Na ional Cen e o Scien i ic and Technological Resea ch (CNRST)/Ins i u e o En i onmen and Ag icul u al Resea ch
(INERA, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Bu kina Faso,
3 Labo a o y o Applied Biochemis y and Immunology, Joseph KI-ZERBO Uni e si y, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Bu kina
Faso.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 285-295
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 25 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 30 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 02 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1616
Abs ac
Hannoa undula a ke nels a e a po en ial sou ce o nu ien s. Howe e , he nu i ional po en ial o he species emains
unde -u ilised in Bu kina Faso. The aim o his s udy was o de e mine he nu i ional composi ion o he seeds and oil
o H. undula a, a neglec ed species, wi h a iew o imp o ing hei u iliza ion. P oximal composi ion and
physicochemical pa ame e s we e de e mined using s anda d AOAC and AOCS me hods. The composi ion o a y acids,
iglyce ides, ocophe ols, mine als and amino acids was de e mined by gas ch oma og aphy, HPLC, induc i ely
coupled plasma-a omic emission spec ome y (ICP-AES) and liquid ch oma og aphy coupled o a andem mass
spec ome e (LC-MS/MS), espec i ely. The esul s showed ha he oil, p o ein, ca bohyd a e and mine al con en s o
he almonds we e (50.6±0.5 %), (33±0.2 %), (13.9 %) and (2.9±0.2 %) espec i ely. Oleic acid (147792.55 mg/kg),
s ea ic acid (46762.08 mg/kg), palmi ic acid (18778.2 mg/kg) and linoleic acid (14004.91 mg/kg) we e he dominan
a y acids. T iglyce ides a e in he majo i y, wi h e y li le hyd olysis. S ea odiolein (SOO) accoun s o 50.6 % o
iglyce ides, while iolein (OOO) makes up 10.8 %. Cys eine (453305.1 mg/kg) and glu amine (69624.84 mg/kg) a e
he main amino acids in almonds. They con ain all he essen ial amino acids excep yp ophan. The o al mine al
con en is 1242.977 mg/100g, including 1237 mg/100g o mac onu ien s and 5.977 mg/100g o ace elemen s. This
analy ical s udy shows ha H. undula a ke nels and seed oil a e an impo an sou ce o nu ien s o he die .
Key wo ds: H. undula a; Fa y acids; Amino acids and mine al composi ion; T iglyce ides
1. In oduc ion
In Bu kina Faso, he mos widely exploi ed non- imbe o es p oduc s include shea, used o i s bu e , né é, he seeds
o which a e used o p oduce soumbala (a local ing edien ), and ama ind, whose seeds a e used as a d ink. (FAO, 2001).
Some o hese species emain li le-known and neglec ed, such as Hannoa undula a (Guill. & Pe .) Planchon
(Sima oubaceae), locally known as Ye ing among he Sénou os. Al hough i is exploi ed o i s wood (T ao e e al., 2011),
i s medicinal p ope ies and honey p oduc ion (Lykke e al., 2021), his species is no widely ecognised by he local
popula ion. The seeds o H. undula a a e a po en ial sou ce o ocophe ols, a y acids and s e ols (Fi es one, 2013; Iko
and Osca , 2015), which opens up in e es ing p ospec s o he de elopmen o a new oil (Lykke e al., 2021) as well as
o applica ions in he cosme ics and indus ial sec o s. Howe e , s udies on he physicochemical pa ame e s o his
species in Bu kina Faso a e a e. Despi e i s nu i ional po en ial, ques ions emain abou how o use his esou ce while
gua an eeing i s quali y and sus ainabili y. By iden i ying he ac o s in luencing he quali y o he ex ac ed oil, his
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esea ch could p omo e i s op imal use and i s de elopmen in local ood sys ems. In addi ion, comme cially, he seed oil
could be expo ed o o he Wes A ican coun ies, whe e demand o al e na i e, nu i ious ege able oils is g owing
apidly. I p ope ly p ocessed, H. undula a oil could gain a oo hold on in e na ional ma ke s, pa icula ly in he o ganic
and ai - ade segmen s, and be inco po a ed in o indus ial o mula ions, including ood p oduc s and nu i ional
supplemen s, hanks o i s heal h bene i s. The aim o his s udy is o assess he physicochemical composi ion o almonds
and he physicochemical p ope ies o H. undula a oil.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Collec ion si e and sampling
Ripe ui s o H. undula a we e collec ed in he Cascades egion (see Figu e 1) in sou he n Bu kina Faso in Ap il 2024.
This egion was chosen because o he s ong p esence o he species. Fi e locali ies - Mondon, Toumousséni,
Wolonko o, Djanga and Bé égadougou - we e andomly selec ed o ui collec ion. A ound 10 kg o ui we e collec ed
om 20 andomly selec ed plan s pe illage.
A e collec ion, he ui was anspo ed o he labo a o y, whe e i was so ed o emo e any damaged ui . The ipe,
in ec ion- ee ui was hen pulped and d ied a oom empe a u e (be ween 28 and 30°C) o h ee weeks. A e d ying,
1 kg o seeds pe illage we e collec ed and pooled o ob ain a mix u e ep esen a i e o he egion. Finally, he seeds
ob ained we e dehulled and he ke nels we e g ound using a Moulinex- ype g inde o biochemical analysis.
Figu e 1 Collec ion si e
2.2. De e mina ion he p oximal composi ion o ke nels
The biochemical composi ion o he seeds was de e mined om c ushed ke nels using he (AOAC, 2002) me hod. The
mois u e con en o he ke nels was de e mined by di e en ial weighing a e o en d ying a 105oC using AOAC me hod
925.10. The c ude ash con en was de e mined by incine a ion o he sample in a mu le u nace a a empe a u e o
550°C using he AOAC 923.03 me hod. The o al p o ein con en o he almond samples was de e mined by
mine aliza ion o he o ganic ni ogen in liquid ammonia, ollowed by acidime y, using he Kjeldahl AOAC 979 me hod.
A he same ime, he o al a con en o g ound almond meal was de e mined by semi-con inuous ex ac ion o he a
un il exhaus ion using Soxhle , in acco dance wi h AOAC me hod 960.39. The o al ca bohyd a e con en was es ima ed
using he di e en ial me hod (Ba minas, 1999).
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The heo e ical ene gy alue was calcula ed using he o mula :
E=(P×4)+(G×4)+(L×9)
whe e :
• E is he o al ene gy alue in kilocalo ies (kcal),
• P is he quan i y o p o ein in g ams (g),
• G is he amoun o ca bohyd a e in g ams (g),
• L is he amoun o a in g ams (g). Analyses we e ca ied ou in iplica e.
2.3. De e mina ion o he physico-chemical pa ame e s o oils
The saponi ica ion index was de e mined using he AOCS Cd 3-25 me hod (AOCS, 1990), he oils we e i s saponi ied
unde hea using excess alcoholic po ash solu ion. The excess po ash was hen i a ed. The di e ence is used o ob ain
he saponi ica ion index. The iodine alue was calcula ed as a unc ion o he a y acid composi ion o he oil using he
AOCS Cd 1c-85 me hod (AOCS, 1990). The pe oxide alue was de e mined by i a ion o he iodine eleased by he
eac ion o hyd ope oxides in he p esence o iodide ions using he AOCS Cd 8-53 me hod (AOCS, 1990). 5 g o oil was
dissol ed in a 30 ml ace ic acid/chlo o o m mix u e (3/2, / ). Using a p ope e, 0.5 mL o sa u a ed KI was added and
he mix u e was le o s and o one minu e. Then 30 mL o dis illed wa e was added and he iodine libe a ed was
de e mined by a solu ion o sodium hiosulpha e (0.1N) in he p esence o s a ch s a ch. The acid numbe was
de e mined by i a ion o he ee a y acids p esen in he oil using he AOCS Ca 3a-63 me hod (AOCS, 1990). The
oxida i e s abili y o he oils was de e mined using he au oma ed Rancima me hod. 3 g o oil we e weighed in o a
eac ion ube and in oduced in o he Rancima 743 (Me ohm, Swi ze land). Induced oxida ion was ca ied ou a
120°C wi h a pu i ied ai low a e o 20 l/h. The ime aken o o al oxida ion o he oil was hen measu ed.
2.4. De e mina ion o a y acid composi ion
Fa y acid composi ion acco ding o me hods 2.301 and 2.304 o he In e na ional Union o Pu e and Applied Chemis y
(IUPAC (1979) wi h a sligh modi ica ion as desc ibed in ou p e ious wo k (Bazongo, e al., 2023) . The almond lipids
we e i s ex ac ed wi h pe oleum e he . The a y acids we e hen de i a ised o he co esponding me hyl es e s
using a 15% bo on i luo ide me hanoic solu ion. The me hyl es e s we e hen ex ac ed wi h 30 mL o n-hep ane.
Finally, he me hyl es e s we e analysed by gas-liquid ch oma og aphy (GLC) using he Shimadzu GC-2010 P o. The
column used was a 100 m long SH-R -2560 column wi h a ilm hickness o 0.20 μm and an in e nal diame e o 0.25
mm. The column empe a u e was ini ially 100°C, main ained o 8min, hen aised o 240°C a 3°C/min o 15 min. The
injec o empe a u e was 240°C, he injec ion olume was 1 μL and he low a e was 1 mL/min. The de ec o
empe a u e was 245°C. Analysis was pe o med in iplica e.
2.5. De e mina ion o amino acid composi ion
Amino acid composi ion was de e mined by liquid ch oma og aphy coupled o a andem mass spec ome e (LC-
MS/MS) as desc ibed in ou p e ious wo k (Bazongo, e al., 2023). The samples we e i s diges ed unde hea (110˚C),
wi h a 1‰ hyd ochlo ic acid solu ion o phenol/wa e in he p opo ions (V/V). Then he ope a ion was ollowed by
il a ion on a 0.22 μm po e memb ane. The amino acid composi ion was hen de e mined using a Shimadzu 8050 LC-
MS/MS ins umen . The column was an Endea o -sil C18 ype measu ing 100*2.1mm 1.8um and he low a e was 0.2
ml/min. The column empe a u e was 40˚C and he collec ion ime was 15 min. The mobile phase was 0.1% o mic acid
and ace oni ile as shown in he able below. Mass condi ions o elec osp ay ionisa ion we e as ollows: in e ace
empe a u e: 300˚C, desol a ion empe a u e: 526˚C, DL empe a u e: 250˚C, a omising gas low a es: 3.00 L/min,
hea ing ai low a e: 10.00 L/min, hea ing block empe a u e: 400˚C, d ying ai low a e: 10.00 L/min. Quan i ica ion
was pe o med using combined MRM and SIM me hods o di ec quan i a i e de e mina ion o amino acids in a ious
samples on LC/MS/MS.
2.6. De e mina ion o mine al composi ion
Mine al composi ion was de e mined by induc i ely coupled plasma a omic emission spec ome y (ICP-AES)
acco ding o Selmi (2021) wi h sligh modi ica ions as desc ibed in ou ex e nal wo k (Bazongo e al., 2023) . The
samples we e i s diges ed wi h a mixed solu ion o ni ic acid and pe chlo ic acid on an elec ic ho pla e. The mine als
we e analysed by gas-liquid ch oma og aphy (GLC) using he Pe kinElme (PE) AVIO200 model. Pa ame e s we e
adjus ed as ollows: Ins umen al analysis condi ions: a gon; Plasma gas low a e: 12 L/min; Auxilia y gas low a e:
0.2 L/min; A omising gas low a e: 0.6 L/min; Powe ou pu : 1300 W; Pump low a e: 1.5 mL/min; Ca ie gas (g ea e
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han 99.996% a gon: 0.6 - 0.8 MPa); Pu ge gas (g ea e han 99.999% a gon o ni ogen: 0.3 - 0.8 MPa); Ai comp esso
(0.6 - 0.8 Pa); Cooling wa e ci cula o (20˚C).
2.7. De e mina ion glyce ide con en
Glyce ide le els we e de e mined by high-pe o mance exclusion ch oma og aphy (HPSEC) using he me hod desc ibed
by (Shukla and Pe kins, 1991). The ex ac ed oil was dissol ed in e ahyd o u an (THF) a a concen a ion o 1% by
weigh o oil. This solu ion was hen il e ed using a il e (Millipo e
® FH SJFHL05NS) and di ec ly analysed using HPSEC, he pa ame e s o which a e desc ibed below. The dissol ed and
il e ed samples we e injec ed in o he columns in a 20 µl loop. THF was used as he mobile phase. The mobile phase
low a e was 1.0 ml/min. Th ee PLgel columns we e used as ollows: he i s had a po e size o 500 Å, combined wi h
wo o he columns wi h a po e size o 100 Å. All columns we e 300mm x 7.5mm s ainless s eel (Polyme Labo a o ies
L d). The columns we e main ained a oom empe a u e (22-23°C). A e ac i e index de ec o was used and
main ained a 37°C. Glyce ide and glyce ide polyme peaks we e iden i ied using he e en ion ime o he glyce ide and
polyme s anda ds.
2.8. De e mina ion o iglyce ide composi ion
T iglyce ides we e analysed using a combina ion o wo di e en HPLC me hods depending on he ype o columns and
sol en s used (Shukla and Bliche -Ma hiesen, 1993). The i s phase in ol ed he ex ac ion o iglyce ides. The oil
samples we e indi idually mixed in hexane a a concen a ion o 20% (V/V o M/V), ollowed by ex ac ion o he
iglyce ides. The HPLC sys em used o his sepa a ion was an SP 800 ch oma og aph coupled o an LC-UV 3100
de ec o and i ed wi h an injec o . The s a iona y phase was a silica gel column (K omasil® p emium silica-based HPLC
columns). The mobile phase consis ed o isop opanol and hexane (2.5:100, / ). The low a e was 1.0 mL/min.
T iglyce ides we e de ec ed a 206 nm, collec ed and hen dissol ed in THF a a concen a ion o 5%, a e e apo a ion o
he ex ac ion sol en unde ni ogen.
The second phase consis ed o sepa a ing and quan i ying he iglyce ide molecules. The HPLC sys em desc ibed abo e
was used, wi h a ia ions as ollows. The columns used o he sepa a ions consis ed o 3 silica columns ( wo 150 mm
x 4.5 mm ID and one 120 mm x 4.5 mm ID, Sphe iso b S3 ODS 2) a anged in se ies. The columns we e main ained a
20°C by coupling he column o en o a cooling sys em. The mobile phase consis ed o ace oni ile and THF (70:30, / ).
The mobile phase low a e was 1.0 mL/min. The ai comp essed in he sol en s was i s ex ac ed by ul asound. The
de ec o was calib a ed a 220 nm. An SP 8000 elec onic in eg a o was used o ob ain accu a e e en ion imes a a
unning speed o 0.25 cm/min. T iglyce ide isome s we e iden i ied by compa ison wi h he e en ion imes o cocoa
bu e iglyce ides used as s anda ds.
2.9. De e mina ion o ocophe ol con en
The ocophe ol ( i amin E) composi ion o he samples was de e mined by HPLC using he s anda d AOCS me hod (Ce
8-89) wi h sligh modi ica ions (AOCS, 1990; Shukla and Jensen, 1996). The HPLC sys em used was a Pe kin Elme
Fluo escence (exci a ion wa eleng h = 290 nm, emission wa eleng h= 330 nm) 200 se ies equipped wi h an au oma ic
injec o (Rheodyne 7125) wi h a 20 µL loop. Ex e nal ocophe ol s anda ds (α-, β-, γ- and δ- ocophe ols Sigma-Ald ich,
Inc., S . Louis, MO) we e used o indi idual iden i ica ion and quan i ica ion o ocophe ol isome s p esen in each oil
sample. The sol en sys em used consis ed o wa e -sa u a ed hexane, hexane and p opane-2-ol in he p opo ions
(49.55/49.55/0.9) ( / / ) espec i ely. The s a iona y phase consis ed o 2 columns (150 mm x 4.6 mm I.D.) packed
wi h 3µm CN pa icles. A e p epa a ion, he sample was injec ed di ec ly in o he column and elu ed a an isoc a ic low
a e o 1.0 mL/min.
2.10. Da a analysis
The da a we e p ocessed using Excel 2019. Means and s anda d de ia ions o iplica e analyses we e calcula ed.
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3. Resul s and discussion
Table 1 P oximal composi ion o ke nels and physicochemical pa ame e s o H. undula a oil
Pa ame e s
Value
Mois u e (%)
2.9±0.2
P o ein (%)
33±0.2
Lipid (%)
50.6±0.5
Ca bohyd a e (%)
13.9±0.1
Ash (%)
2.5±0.2
Saponi ica ion alue (mg KOH/ g oil)
186.82±0.12
Iodine alue (g o iodine/100 g o oil)
73.29±0.1
Acid alue (mg o KOH/g o oil)
0.22±0.4
Pe oxid alue (meq o O2/kg o oil)
12.00±0.01
Mel ing poin (°C)
24.5±0.08
Re ac i e index (25°C)
1.47±0.01
Colo index
3.37±0.04
Oil s abili y (h) a 120°C
0.22± .00
T iglyce ides (%)
95.20±0.13
Diglyce ides (%)
3.80±0.08
Monoglyce ides (%)
0
F ee Fa y Acids (%)
1
Polyme s %
0
To al ocophe ols (mg/kg)
0
The p oximal composi ion o he ke nels and he physicochemical pa ame e s o he H. undula a oil a e gi en in Table 1.
The wa e con en o he seeds was 2.9 ± 0.2 %. This is ela i ely low and lowe han ha melon (4.12 %) (Onyeike and
Ache u, 2002), baobab (4.3 %) and Balani es aegyp iaca Del. (Zygophyllaceae) (3.70 ± 0.1 %) (Bazongo, e al., 2023).
This shows ha hey ha e good keeping quali ies. The ke nels a e ich in lipids (50.6 ± 0.5 %) and p o ein (33 ± 0.2%).
They a e he e o e an oleo-p o eaginous species. The p o ein con en o almonds is highe han ha o sesame (25.77 ±
1.02%) (Elleuch e al., 2007), melons (29.90 %) (Mian-hao and Yansong, 2007) and g oundnu s 26.5 % (Onyeike and
Ache u, 2002) bu sligh ly lowe han ha o soya. The oil con en o almonds is highe han ha o se e al local oilseeds
used as a sou ce o oil, such as B. aegyp ica, Azadi ach a indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), and Lophi a lanceola a Tiegh. ex Keay
(Ochnaceae). Howe e , i is lowe han ha o Ca apa p oce a DC (Meliaceae) and Lannea mic oc oca pa Engl. & K ause
(Anaca diaceae) (Bazongo, e al., 2023; Djenon in e al., 2012; Lohlum, 2010). The oil con en ound in his s udy is
sligh ly di e en om ha ound in he seeds o Hannoa undula a, which is 55.6 % (Mi ailles e al., 1988). The lipid and
p o ein con en s ound a e lowe han hose epo ed by Seyni e al., (2022) in Senegal. This could be explained by
di e ences in clima ic and edaphic ac o s. The o al ca bohyd a e and ash con en s we e 13.9 % and 2.5 ± 0.2 %
espec i ely.
The acid numbe , which gi es an idea o he quan i y o ee a y acid p esen in he oil, was e y low (0.22 mg o KOH/g
o oil). This indica es good p ese a ion o he seeds and low hyd olysis o he iglyce ides. These esul s a e con i med
by he high iglyce ide con en o he oil (95.2 %) and he low le els o diglyce ides (3.8 %) and ee a y acids (1 %),
as well as he o al absence o monoglyce ides. The e was also a o al absence o polyme s in he oil s udied. This
indica es he good quali y o he ex ac ed oil. Howe e , he pe oxide alue was high (12 meq o 02/kg o oil). This could
be explained by he ela i ely high iodine alue o 73.29 g o iodine/100 g o oil. A high le el o unsa u a ion in he oil
could acili a e he a achmen o oxygen molecules o he double bonds, hus a ou ing he o ma ion o hyd ope oxides.
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The iodine alue ound in ou s udy is much highe han ha ound o he species by Seyni (2022) which is (21.5 -
38.11 meq o O2/kg oil). The oxida i e s abili y o he oil is 0.22 h. This is ela i ely low compa ed wi h o he oils. This
is ela i ely low compa ed wi h so-called s able oils such as mo inga oil, oli e oil and ma ula oil whose induc ion pe iod
a 120 oC is be ween 8 and 43 h (Anwa , 2007; Ma iod e al., 2006) . This oil is he e o e no ecommended o ying. This
alue could be explained by he ze o alue o ocophe ol and i s isome s ound in his s udy. Tocophe ols a e one o he
powe ul an ioxidan s in ege able oils. The saponi ica ion index, colou index, e ac i e index and mel ing poin o H.
undula a oil we e 186.82 mg KOH/ g o oil, 3.366, 1.472 and 24.5 oC espec i ely. The ela i ely high alue o he
saponi ica ion index jus i ies i s use in saponi ica ion. The oil is liquid a oom empe a u e.
Table 2 P oximal composi ion o ke nels and physicochemical pa ame e s o H. undula a oil
Fa y acids
Value (mg/kg)
Value (%)
Cap ic acid C10:0
108.55
0.05
Mi ic acid (14:0)
119.37
0.05
Cis-9- e adoca enoic acid (14:1 ω-5)
39.07
0.02
Pen adecanoic acid (15:0)
57.66
0.02
Palmi ic acid (16:0)
18778.2
8.09
Hep adecanoic acid (17:0)
339.76
0.15
S ea ic acid (18:0)
46762.08
20.13
Oleic acid (18:1 ω-9)
147792.55
63.63
Cis-9,12-linoleic acid (18:2 ω-6)
14004.91
6.03
Cis-6-9-12-γ-linolenic acid (18:3 ω-6)
1391.69
0.60
Cis-9,12,15-linolenic acid (18:3 ω-3)
1040.48
0.45
Cis-11,14,17-eicosano ienoic acid (20:3 ω-9)
643.22
0.28
Eicosapen aenoic acid (EPA) (C20:5 ω-3)
938.61
0.40
Lignoce ic acid C24:0
236.84
0.10
Sa u a ed Fa y Acids (AGS )
66402.46
28.59
Monounsa u a ed Fa y Acids (AGMI )
147831.62
63.65
Polyunsa u a ed Fa y Acids (PUFA )
18018.91
7.76
The a y acid composi ion o he oil is shown in Table 2. Indeed, 14 a y acids we e de ec ed in he oil, including 4 majo
a y acids: oleic acid (147792.55 mg/kg), s ea ic acid (46762.08 mg/kg), palmi ic acid (18778.2 mg/kg) and linoleic acid
(14004.91 mg/kg). These a y acids ep esen 97.88 % o he a y acids in he oil. I is a so-called monounsa u a ed oil
because he Insa u a ed Monounsa u a ed Fa y Acids con en 63.65 % o he a y acids in he oil. I is compa able o
oli e oil, apeseed oil, neem oil, X. ame icana oil, S. bi ea oil and M. olei e a oil (Abdulka im e al., 2007; E omosele and
E omosele, 2002; Ma iod e al., 2004). Oleic acid is as e ec i e as linoleic acid in lowe ing LDL choles e ol le els in
no mo iglyce idaemic pa ien s (Ma son and G undy, 1985). Oleic acid also plays an impo an ole in ne e cell
cons uc ion. In he body, i can be ans o med in o a se ies o compounds simila o p os aglandins, which play an
impo an ole in blood essels and blood coagula ion (Nehdi, 2011). Oleic acid- ich oils a e mos ly used as able oils
because o he s abili y and nu i ional alue o oleic acid. The polyunsa u a ed a y acid con en (7.76%) is no
negligible and could explain he ai ly high pe oxide alue ound abo e. The p esence o hese acids imp o es he
nu i ional alue bu may equi e he oil o be well p ese ed agains p o- oxidan ac o s. Among sa u a ed a y acids,
s ea ic acid is in he majo i y (20.13%). P e ious s udies ha e shown ha s ea ic acid does no ha e a signi ican impac
on blood lipid le els because i is poo ly abso bed om he in es ine (Dubois e al., 2007). This a y acid enhances he
so ness o ood o mula ions. Ou esul s a e di e en om hose ound by Iko and Osca , (2015) bu simila o hose
o Mi ailles (1988) who ound he same majo i y a y acids bu wi h di e en p opo ions.
The iglyce ide composi ion o H. undula a oil is p esen ed in Table 3. The oil is composed mainly o di-unsa u a ed
iglyce ides (59%), poly-unsa u a ed iglyce ides (23.9 %) and mono-unsa u a ed iglyce ides (17.1%).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 285-295
291
S ea odiolein (SOO) (50.6 %) and iolein (OOO) (10.8 %) a e he main iglyce ides in he oil. The e is also a dis ibu ion
o polyunsa u a ed a y acids in he a ious iglyce ides, p e e ably es e i ied in he Sn2 posi ion. This conside ably
educes he numbe o unsa u a ions pe iglyce ide. This dis ibu ion o IFAs in he iglyce ide s uc u e helps o
s abilize he oils be e du ing oxida ion. In ac , in he case o oils con aining a ai ly la ge quan i y o unsa u a ed a y
acids, he s uc u e o he iglyce ides in luences he s abili y o hese oils (Wijesunde a, 2008). Palmi ic acid has a
posi i e e ec on he inc ease in bad blood choles e ol le els, and his e ec is all he g ea e when i is es e i ied in he
SN2 posi ion o he iglyce ide (Dubois e al., 2007). I can be seen ha palmi ic acid is p e e en ially es e i ied in he
SN1 and SN3 posi ions o iglyce ides.
Table 3 T iglyce ide composi ion o H. undula a oil
T iglyce ides
Value (%)
Monounsa u a ed
POP
2.1
POS
3.4
SOS
8.2
SOA
3.4
To al
17.1
Di-unsa u a ed
PLP
2.2
OOP
5.5
SOO
50.6
SLS
-
AOO
0.7
To al
59
Polyunsa u a ed
LLL
-
LLO
3.1
SLnL
1.7
PLL
-
PLnO
-
LOO
5.1
SLL
-
PLO
3.2
OOO
10.8
SLO
-
To al
23.9
POP: dipalmi olein; POS: palmi oleos ea in; SOS: dis ea olein; SOA: s ea oleoa achidin; PLP: dipalmi olinolein; POO: palmi odiolein; SOO:
s ea odiolein; SLS: dis ea olinolein; AOO: a achidodiolein; LLL: ilinolein, LLO: dilinolein; SLnL: s ea olinolenolinolein; PLL: palmi oyl dilinolein;
PLnO: palmi olinolenoolein; LOO: dioleolinolein; SLL: s ea odilinolein; PLO: palmi olinolein, OOO: iolein; SLO: s ea olinolein.
The amino acid composi ion o almonds is p esen ed in able 3. A o al o 19 o he 20 amino acids ound in he human
body we e de ec ed in almonds. Non-essen ial amino acids we e in he majo i y wi h 89.06 % co esponding o a con en
o 616463.57 mg/kg o almonds. Essen ial amino acids we e in he mino i y wi h 10.94 % co esponding o a con en
o 75725.58 mg/kg. Howe e , i should be no ed ha almonds o his species con ain all he essen ial amino acids o
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 285-295
292
humans, wi h he excep ion o yp ophan. The main amino acids in almonds a e cys eine (453305.1 mg/kg)
ep esen ing 65.49 % o amino acids, ollowed by glu amine (69624.84 mg/kg) co esponding o 10.06 %. Wi h ega d
o he essen ial amino acid equi emen s o child en and adul s, H. undula a a ke nels could co e all daily equi emen s
wi h he excep ion o yp ophan. H. undula a a ke nels could he e o e be a good sou ce o bo h essen ial and non-
essen ial amino acids such as cys eine and glu amine.
Table 4 Amino acid composi ion o H. undula a ke nels
Amino acids
Value (mg/kg)
Value (%)
Adul
Child en
Essen ial amino acids
Th eonine
6578.75
0.95
15
24
Lysine
4074.42
0.59
30
44
His idine
3268.92
0.47
10
15
Valine
16350.98
2.36
26
36
Me hionine
2641.72
0.38
10
22
Isoleucine
14919.26
2.16
20
27
Leucine
14825.93
2.14
39
54
Phenylalanine
13065.6
1.89
25
40
T yp ophan
ND
ND
4
6
Non-essen ial amino acids
Alanine
6735.12
0.97
Glycine
8172.1
1.18
Se ine
6583.62
0.95
A ginine
30276.65
4.37
Glu amine
69624.84
10.06
P oline
11014.14
1.59
Aspa ic acid
22371.45
3.23
Ty osine
8380.55
1.21
Cys ine
453305.1
65.49
TAAE
75725.58
10.94
TAANE
616463.57
89.06
*Essen ial amino acid equi emen s o adul s o e 18 and child en aged 1-2 (Millwa d, 2012) ; TAAE: o al essen ial amino acids; TAANE: o al non-
essen ial amino acids.
The mine al con en o H. undula a ke nels is p esen ed in Table 5. The o al mine al con en is 1242.977 mg/100g, o
which 1237 mg/100g a e mac oelemen s and 5.977 mg/100g a e ace elemen s. The main mine als a e po assium
(512,434 mg/100g), ollowed by phospho us (354,182 mg/100g) and magnesium (240,769 mg/100g), accoun ing o
89.09% o mine als. Mine als play an impo an ole in he die and hei de iciency is associa ed wi h se ious illnesses.
Po assium, o example, is an essen ial nu ien needed o main ain o al body luid olume, acid and elec oly e balance
and no mal cell unc ion. Insu icien po assium in ake has been associa ed wi h hype ension and ca dio ascula
disease, and app op ia e in ake le els may be p o ec i e agains hese diseases (Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion, 2012) .
Gi en he die a y equi emen s o hese mine als, H. undula a seeds could help o co e he needs o adul s and child en
o hese 3 mine als (FAO/WHO, 1998). Th ee ace elemen s we e ound: bo on, i on and zinc, wi h espec i e
concen a ions o 2.035 mg/100g, 2.216 mg/100g and 1.726 mg/100g. The po assium, phospho us and magnesium
con en s a e much highe han hose o baobab ke nels (Nka amiya e al., 2007) . Ou esul s a e simila o hose ound
by (Seyni e al., 2022) who ound he same majo mine als bu wi h sligh ly di e en alues.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 285-295
293
Table 5 Mine al composi ion o H. undula a ke nels
Mine als
Value (mg/100g)
Value (%)
Mac onu ien s
Ca
119.819
9.64
K
512.434
41.23
Mg
240.769
19.37
Na
9.796
0.79
P
354.182
28.49
T ace elemen s
B
2.035
0.16
Fe
2.216
0.18
Zn
1.726
0.14
4. Conclusion
The physico-chemical composi ion o H. undula a almonds e eals a weal h o bene icial a y acids, pa icula ly oleic
acid, which could con ibu e o ca dio ascula heal h and nu i ion. These almonds ha e good keeping quali ies, making
hem pa icula ly sui ed o he clima ic condi ions o he coun y. Wha 's mo e, hei nu i ional po en ial is enhanced
by he p esence o a a ie y o essen ial and non- essen ial amino acids, as well as impo an mine als. By p omo ing he
use o his species, i is possible no only o mee he g owing demand o al e na i e ege able oils in Bu kina Faso and
e en in Wes A ica, bu also o p omo e sus ainable p ac ices ha gua an ee he quali y and sus ainabili y o his
esou ce. In his way, H. undula a oil could es ablish i sel on in e na ional ma ke s, pa icula ly in he o ganic and ai -
ade segmen s, while con ibu ing o ood secu i y and he heal h o local popula ions.
Compliance o e hical app o al
Acknowledgmen s
We would like o hank he LAFINAT SARL g oup, which ully unded his wo k h ough i s and ogen esea ch and
de elopmen p og amme .
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
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