Co esponding au ho : Ojo, Vic o Idowu.
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Phy ochemical p o iles o plan species used in he managemen o e ec ile
dys unc ion in Bayelsa S a e, Nige ia
Ihinmikaiye Samuel Ola okunbo 1 and Ojo, Vic o Idowu 2
1 Depa men o Biology, Fede al Uni e si y O uoke, Bayelsa S a e, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Bio echnology, School o Biological Sciences, Uni e si y o Can e bu y, 8041, Ch is chu ch, New Zealand.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 601-610
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 15 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 22 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 24 Ap il 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1434
Abs ac
E ec ile dys unc ion (ED) emains a signi ican global heal h conce n, necessi a ing he explo a ion o al e na i e
he apeu ic app oaches, pa icula ly om plan s wi h documen ed e hnobo anical ele ance. This s udy e alua es he
phy ochemical p o iles o 19 plan species adi ionally u ilized o ED managemen in Bayelsa S a e, Nige ia. Quali a i e
phy ochemical analysis on he sec ions o in e es e ealed a widesp ead p esence o bioac i e compounds, including
la onoids, alkaloids, s e oids, e penoids, and saponins, which a e associa ed wi h key physiological p ocesses such as
es os e one modula ion, ci cula o y enhancemen , and libido s imula ion. P edominan ly, A. melegue a, A. ogelii, C.
lu ea, E. guineensis, E. ma gina a, E. senegalensis, and G. mannii exhibi ed he highes phy ochemical di e si y, sugges ing
b oad pha macological po en ial. Quan i a i e analysis u he e ealed subs an ial a ia ions in bioac i e compound
concen a ions, wi h E. guineensis, C. p os a a, and A. melegue a eme ging as he mos phy ochemically ich species.
High concen a ions o alkaloids in P. guineense (10.6 ± 0.21 mg/g), la onoids in A. melegue a (13.3 ± 0.42 mg/g),
e penoids in C. p os a a (10.8 ± 0.06 mg/g), and phenolic compounds in E. senegalensis (17.1 ± 0.01 mg/g) sugges
po en ial mechanisms o ac ion in imp o ing e ec ile unc ion. These esul s alida e he he apeu ic po en ial o he
plan species, aligning wi h hei documen ed e hnomedicinal applica ions
Keywo ds: E ec ile Dys unc ion; Plan species; Phy ochemical Analysis; Bayelsa S a e
1. In oduc ion
The in ica e ela ionship be ween humans and plan s o healing has been a ocal poin o medicinal plan esea ch,
pa icula ly in unde s anding he impac o plan esou ces on adi ional emedies. Medicinal plan has played a pi o al
ole in shaping mode n medicine, wi h nume ous pha maceu ical d ugs acing hei o igins o adi ional emedies.
G ounded in na u al ea men s, spi i ual healing, and local adi ions, i explo es he signi icance o plan s in human
heal h: bo h as medicinal esou ces and cul u al symbols (La , 2006; Ihinmikaiye and Ajagunla, 2020). I s ele ance
ex ends o in eg a i e medicine, whe e adi ional healing p ac ices a e combined wi h mode n medical app oaches o
enhance ea men ou comes. T adi ionally, some plan species se e as indispensable esou ces in p o iding aw
ma e ials essen ial o well-being (Malan e al. 2015; Kayode e al., 2015). This dependency is especially e iden in
A ica, whe e indigenous knowledge o plan species and hei applica ions emains in eg al o bo h adi ional and
mode n heal hca e sys ems. In Nige ia, plan s a e deeply embedded in he socio-cul u al ab ic, as indigenous
popula ions possess ex ensi e knowledge o hei su ounding lo a and ely on hem o p ima y heal hca e (Sani and
Aliyu,2011; Oba emi, 2021).
The ansmission o e hnomedicinal knowledge has his o ically been an o al adi ion, passed down h ough
gene a ions by local p ies s, he balis s, and adi ional heale s. This accumula ed wisdom has signi ican ly con ibu ed
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 601-610
602
o he global pha macopoeia, wi h many mode n d ugs o igina ing om plan -based compounds (Suchi a, 2019;
Junsongduang e al., 2020). Despi e a ia ions in medicplan usage among e hnic g oups, hei knowledge sys ems ha e
e ol ed h ough cen u ies o obse a ion, expe imen a ion, and adap a ion o en i onmen al condi ions (A wa e al.,
2010). The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion es ima es ha app oxima ely 3.5 billion people in de eloping coun ies ely on
bo anical medicine as a p ima y heal hca e sou ce, wi h nea ly 80% o he global popula ion depending on plan -
de i ed ea men s (Smi h-Hall e al. 2012; Nasim e al., 2022). The he apeu ic e icacy o medicinal plan s is a ibu ed
o hei bioac i e phy ochemical cons i uen s, which exe speci ic physiological e ec s on he human body (Dipak e
al., 2010). These phy ochemicals o m he basis o he de elopmen o con en ional pha maceu icals, playing a c ucial
ole in disease p e en ion and heal h main enance (Jayakuma , 2020; Chihom u e al.2024).
Bayelsa S a e, loca ed in sou he n Nige ia, is home o some o he ea lies indigenous popula ions, who ha e his o ically
depended on plan esou ces o bo h medicinal and economic pu poses. T adi ional medicine emains a i al
componen o heal hca e wi hin he s a e, wi h many plan species u ilized in he ea men o nume ous ailmen s
(Ihinmikaiye and Ajagunla, 2020). One such condi ion equen ly managed h ough e hnomedicinal p ac ices is e ec ile
dys unc ion (ED), a p e alen male heal h issue wi h signi ican socio-economic implica ions. Ihinmikaiye e al. (2021)
compiled a checklis o plan species used in ED managemen wi hin Bayelsa S a e. Howe e , he e emains a c i ical
gap in esea ch ega ding he phy ochemical cons i uen s esponsible o hei he apeu ic e icacy. To add ess his, he
p esen s udy aims o e alua e he bioac i e compounds in hese plan s, he eby enhancing hei po en ial o
pha maceu ical applica ions.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
The knowledge o he plan species used in he managemen o e ec ile dys unc ion (ED) in Bayelsa S a e, has been
p e iously desc ibed by Ihinmikaiye e al. (2021).
2.1. Collec ion and P ocessing o he Plan Ma e ials
F esh samples o a ious plan sec ion o in e es : lea es, s ems, seeds, oo s, and lowe s we e collec ed om hei
na u al habi a s in he O uoke and Emeyal communi ies, loca ed in Ogbia Local Go e nmen A ea (LGA). The collec ed
specimens we e subsequen ly p ocessed and ai -d ied a Jacz Global Se ices Labo a o y in Po Ha cou , Ri e s S a e.
The d ied plan ma e ials we e hen c ushed using a mo a and u he pul e ized wi h a d y, clean au oma ic elec ic
blende (Model MS-223, China). The esul ing powde s we e s o ed in ai igh con aine s and u ilized o subsequen
analyses.
2.2. Ho Wa e (Aqueous) Ex ac ion
A o al o 10 g o each powde ed sample was suspended in 100 mL o dis illed wa e a oom empe a u e in a conical
lask, sealed wi h co on wool, and subjec ed o boiling. The mix u e was il e ed sequen ially h ough co on wool and
Wha man No.1 il e pape in o a beake . The esul ing il a es we e subsequen ly analysed o hei phy ochemical
cons i uen s.
2.3. Phy ochemical Sc eening o he Ex ac s
2.3.1. Quali a i e Phy ochemical Analysis
The quali a i e phy ochemical analysis o he aqueous ex ac s was conduc ed using s anda d p ocedu es as desc ibed
by Ha bo ne (1994), So owo a (1993), T ease and E ans (1989), and Iweala and Okeke (2005). The ollowing es s
we e ca ied ou o de ec he p esence o key bioac i e compounds:
2.3.2. Tes o Glycosides
A 2mL aliquo o each ex ac was ans e ed in o labelled es ubes. 2mL o Mo is eagen was added as 2% solu ion
o 3,5 dini osalicylic acid, and ollowed by he addi ion o 2mL o 4% NaOH. The o ma ion o a b own ing indica ed
he p esence o glycosides.
2.3.3. Tes o Saponins
2 mL o each ex ac we e placed in labelled es ubes and hea ed o 1min, ollowed by he addi ion o 1 mL o dis illed
wa e . The mix u e was shaken igo ously, and he o ma ion o a s able, pe sis en o h indica ed he p esence o
saponins. Th ee d ops o oli e oil esul ed in he emulsion o he o h pe sis ence.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 601-610
603
2.3.4. Tes o Tannins
Th ee d ops o 0.1% e ic chlo ide we e added o 2mL o he ex ac dilu ed in 20 mL o dis illed wa e , he pH eac ion
was main ained a 5.0 using ace a e bu e . The appea ance o a blue-black colo a ion con i med he p esence o annins.
2.3.5. Tes o S e oids
Two millili es o ace ic anhyd ide we e added o 2 mL o each ex ac , ollowed by he ca e ul addi ion o 2 mL o
concen a ed H₂SO₄, and subsequen shaking o uni o mi y. A colou change om iole o blue o g een con i med he
p esence o s e oids.
2.3.6. Tes o Alkaloids
One millili e o each ex ac was mixed wi h 5 mL o 2% HCl and hea ed in a s eam ba h. The mix u e was il e ed, and
0.1 mL o he il a e was ea ed wi h Wagne ’s eagen (iodine in po assium iodide solu ion). The o ma ion o a
eddish-b own p ecipi a e indica ed he p esence o alkaloids.
2.3.7. Tes o Te penoid
2mL o each ex ac we e mixed each wi h 2mL chlo o o m in es ubes, hen 3mL concen a ed sul u ic acid we e
ca e ully added down he side o he es ubes o o m a laye . A eddish-b own in e ace indica es e penoids.
2.3.8. Tes o Phenols
The e ic chlo ide es was used. Few d ops o 5% FeCl3 solu ion we e added o each ex ac in es ube and shaken.
The de elopmen o a blue, g een o pu ple colo a ion a e 1minu e, indica es he p esence o phenols
2.3.9. Tes o Fla onoids
1g o powde ed sample was placed in labelled es ubes. 2% concen a ed hyd ochlo ic acid was added, and pa a ilm
we e used o p e en e apo a ion. A e allowing he mix u e o s and o 10 minu es, i was hen il e ed h ough il e
pape , and 1 mL o 0.1 M NaOH was added o 2 mL o he il a e. The de elopmen o a yellow colo a ion con i med he
p esence o la onoids.
2.4. Quan i a i e Phy ochemical Analysis
2.4.1. De e mina ion o saponins
The es ex ac was dissol ed in 80% e hanol, and 2 mL o anillin dissol ed in e hanol was added and mixed
ho oughly. Subsequen ly, 2 mL o 77% sul u ic acid was in oduced, and he mix u e was hea ed in a wa e ba h a
60°C o 25 minu es. The abso bance o he esul ing complex was measu ed a 540 nm using a eagen blank p epa ed
wi hou he ex ac o baseline co ec ion. Quan i ica ion was achie ed by compa ing abso bance alues agains a
diosgenin s anda d cu e, and he esul s was exp essed as diosgenin equi alen s.
2.4.2. Alkaloid De e mina ion Using B omoc esol G een Me hod
1mL o he es ex ac was mixed wi h 5 mL o pH 4.7 phospha e bu e and 5 mL o b omoc esol g een (BCG) solu ion.
P io o his, he ex ac was dissol ed in 2 N HCl and il e ed. The esul ing solu ion was igo ously shaken wi h 4 mL
o chlo o o m o ex ac he alkaloid–BCG complex in o he o ganic laye . This ex ac ion s ep was epea ed h ee imes,
and he chlo o o m laye s we e pooled. The combined chlo o o m ex ac was dilu ed o a inal olume o 10 mL wi h
chlo o o m and analysed spec opho ome ically a 470 nm. A blank solu ion, p epa ed in he same manne bu wi hou
he es ex ac , was used as he e e ence. Fo eco e y alida ion, he ex ac was spiked wi h 10 µg/mL a opine,
yielding a eco e y a e o 98%. Alkaloid con en was quan i ied using an a opine s anda d calib a ion cu e and
exp essed as a opine equi alen s.
2.4.3. De e mina ion o To al phenolic Con en
100mg o he ex ac was dissol ed in 100mL o iple-dis illed wa e . F om his s ock solu ion, 1 mL was aken and
mixed wi h 0.5mL o 2 N Folin–Ciocal eu eagen , ollowed by he addi ion o 1.5 mL o 20% sodium ca bona e solu ion.
The o al olume was adjus ed o 8 mL wi h dis illed wa e , and he mix u e was ho oughly shaken. The eac ion
mix u e was allowed o s and a oom empe a u e o 2h s o de elop colo . Abso bance was hen measu ed a 765nm
using a UV–Vis spec opho ome e . The o al phenolic con en was calcula ed om a gallic acid s anda d calib a ion
cu e and exp essed as gallic acid equi alen s (GAE).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 601-610
604
2.4.4. De e mina ion o o al la onoids
A 100μL aliquo o me hanolic ex ac (10 mg/mL) was mixed wi h 100μL o 20% aluminium chlo ide solu ion and a
d op o ace ic acid. The mix u e was hen dilu ed o 5 mL wi h me hanol and incuba ed a oom empe a u e o 35min.
o allow he o ma ion o he la onoid–aluminium complex. Abso bance was measu ed a 415nm using a
spec opho ome e , wi h a blank p epa ed in he same manne bu omi ing aluminium chlo ide. Spike eco e y es s
we e conduc ed a a 100% spiking le el. To al la onoid con en was de e mined using a u in s anda d calib a ion
cu e and exp essed as u in equi alen s.
2.4.5. De e mina ion o annin Con en
A 500mg po ion o he P. pinna a sample was ex ac ed by shaking wi h 50mL o dis illed wa e o 1 hou a oom
empe a u e. The mix u e was il e ed and he il a e was adjus ed o a inal ol. o 50 mL wi h dis illed wa e . A 5 mL
aliquo o his ex ac was hen mixed wi h 2mL o 0.1 M e ic chlo ide (p epa ed in 0.1 N hyd ochlo ic acid) and 2mL
o 0.008M po assium e ocyanide solu ion. The abso bance o he esul ing blue-g een complex was measu ed a
720nm wi hin 10 min. o mixing. Tannin con en was de e mined based on a sui able s anda d cu e and exp essed
acco dingly.
2.4.6. De e mina ion o Glycoside
The me hod desc ibed by El-Olemy e al. (1994) was ollowed wi h sligh modi ica ions. A 2g po ion o he powde ed
ex ac was soaked in 15mL o 70% e hanol o 2h s a oom empe a u e. The mix u e was hen il e ed, and he il a e
was pu i ied using lead ace a e and sodium hyd ogen phospha e solu ions. A e pu i ica ion, Balje ’s eagen was added
o he ex ac , and he mix u e was allowed o s and o 1h a oom empe a u e. Abso bance was measu ed a 495 nm
using a UV-Vis spec opho ome e . A s anda d calib a ion cu e was p epa ed using digoxin, co e ing he expec ed
sample concen a ion ange. Glycoside con en was calcula ed om he cu e and exp essed as digoxin equi alen s.
Spike eco e y es s we e pe o med o alida e accu acy, wi h eco e y a es a ge ed a app oxima ely 100%.
2.4.7. De e mina ion o Te penoid
The me hod o Induma hi e al. (2014) was used, wi h modi ica ions o sui he p esen s udy. 5g o each powde ed plan
sample is weighed. Each sample is hen mace a ed in 50mL o absolu e e hanol in a beake , o ensu e he sample is ully
subme ged. The mix u e is allowed o s and a oom empe a u e o 24h s. A e his, he e hanol is e apo a ed using
a o a y e apo a o a 40°C o concen a e he ex ac . The concen a ed ex ac is esuspended in 20 mL o dis illed
wa e o c ea e a pola phase, which ensu es p ope phase sepa a ion du ing liquid-liquid ex ac ion (LLE). The aqueous
mix u e is ans e ed o a 100mL sepa a ing unnel, 10mL o pe oleum e he is added and he unnel shaken igo ously
o 2min. I is hen clamped and le undis u bed o 15min. The uppe pe oleum e he laye , which con ains he
e penoids, is collec ed in o a labelled beake . The LLE p ocess is epea ed wice mo e wi h esh pe oleum e he o
maximize e penoid eco e y. All he pe oleum e he ex ac s a e combined and e apo a ed using a o a y e apo a o
a 40°C un il d yness. Subsequen ly he e penoid con en is quan i ied by weighing he esidue using an analy ical
balance. The pe cen age o e penoids is calcula ed as: Te penoid % = weigh o esidue/weigh o sample x 100.
2.4.8. De e mina ion o S e oid Con en
S e oid con en was quan i ied using a colo ime ic me hod adap ed om Ha bo ne (1973) and Madhu e al. (2016).
Plan ex ac s we e eac ed sequen ially wi h sul u ic acid, i on (III) chlo ide, and po assium hexacyano e a e (III)
unde hea ing a 70 °C o 30 min. he esul ing complex was measu ed spec opho ome ically a an abso bance o 780
nm. The in ensi y o he colou de eloped was di ec ly p opo ional o he s anda d s e oid solu ion, diosgenin
concen a ion p esen in he sample and measu emen was aken unde in less han 10mins.
2.4.9. Da a analysis
Colo ime ic changes we e eco ded upon he addi ion o es eagen s o he phy ochemical ex ac s. Resul s we e
no ed as ei he posi i e (+) o nega i e (-) based on he obse ed eac ions. All expe imen s we e pe o med in iplica e
o ensu e ep oducibili y. The da a ob ained we e analysed using desc ip i e s a is ics Analysis o Va iance (ANOVA)
was employed o compa e he mean alues o he phy ochemical cons i uen s among he plan samples.
3. Resul s
Table 1 shows he 19 plan species u ilized in he managemen o e ec ile dys unc ion (ED) in Bayelsa S a e (Ihinmikaiye
e al., 2021)
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 601-610
605
Table 1 Plan Species Used o Managing E ec ile Dys unc ion in Bayelsa S a e
Bo anical name
1.
Age a um conyzoids L.
2.
An hocleis a ogelii Planch.
Common/ local
name
Goa weed / Oboye
Cabbage ee/ Osuo
Flo a pa s used
In lo escence & lea es
Roo s
P epa a ion/
Adminis a ion:
The in lo escence & alliga o peppe
(A amomum melegue a) when chewed
oge he , in pa allel wi h local d ink (gin)
yields i m & s i penile e ec ion.
The oo s in usion a ouses sexual
desi e.
Bo anical name
3.
Ca polobia lu ea
G. Don
4.
Cya hula p os a a (L.)
Common/ local
name
ingolongolo
Obo iko igha/Pas u e weed
Flo a pa s used
Roo s
The lea es & in lo escence a e
squashed & mixed wi h na i e oil
P epa a ion/
Adminis a ion:
The oo s in usion in gin & a spoon ull o
honey s imula es he penis & yield
e ec ion.
T ea s, es o es e ec ion & cu e
ene eal diseases
Bo anical name:
5.
Elaeis guineensis Jacq.
6.
Ely a ia ma gina a (Vahl)
Common/ local
name
Palm ee / Lugu- in
Ely a ia / Kenibuo ien,
Flo a pa s used
The base o he seedling
In lo escence & lea e
P epa a ion/
Adminis a ion:
Chew he base o he seedling egula ly o
ea ED, & o i m e ec ion.
A decoc ion o he species in local gin
cu es ED when aken o ally, and
adminis e ou inely on daily basis
Bo anical name
7.
E y h ina senagalensis A.DC.
8.
Glyphaea b e is (Sp eng.) Monach.
Common/ local
names
Co al ee/Ugu izi
Masque ade s ick/ I olo
Flo a pa s used
S em ba k
S em ba k/ wig
P epa a ion/
adminis a ion
The s em decoc ion in local gin a ouse
penis
Decoc ions o he S em/ wig in local gin
es o es e ec ion
Bo anical name
9.
Mallo us opposi i olius (Geisel.) Mull. A g.
10.
Mic odesmis pube ula (Hook. . ex
Planch)
Common/local
names
Indian kamila/Fu u-ipain
Mic odesmis, Akpala a, Ingolongolo
Flo a pa s used
Roo s
F ui s, ba k & lea es
P epa a ion/
adminis a ion
A decoc ion o he oo s in local gin se es
as aph odisiac.
Ea he ui s; A decoc ion o i s ba k,
lea es, & he oo o Ca polobia lu ea in
gin cu es ED.
Bo anical name
11.
Sabicea calycina (Ben h)
12.
Sacoglo is gabonensis (Baill.) U b.
Common/local
names
Sabicea / Kalakumu
Bi e ba k ee/Tala
Flo a pa s used
S em ba k
S em ba k
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 601-610
606
P epa a ion/
adminis a ion
Swallow he juice while using he iny
s em as chewing s ick
Use he s em ba k decoc ion & Pipe
guineense in local gin o s imula es
penis
Bo anical name
13.
Sanse ie ia i ascia a (P ain)
14.
S uchium spa ganopho a (L.) Kun ze
Common/local
names
Snake plan
Bouki iologbo/Bush bi e lea
Flo a pa s used
Lea es
lea es
P epa a ion/
adminis a ion
Lea es decoc ion & Pipe guineense wa e
decoc ion cu es weak e ec ion
Ea he sp. as lea y ege able in soup o
manage ED.
Bo anical name
15.
Spa hand a blakeoides (G.
Don)
16.
U e a igida (Ben h.) Keay
Common/local
names
Ba ako i- in
Owei-ombi
Flo a pa s used
En i e pa
lea es
P epa a ion/
adminis a ion
A decoc ion o he plan , seeds o Pipe
guineense & he oo o Ga cina mannii in
gin cu es ED.
A blend o he lea es and black peppe
oo s decoc ion ea s ED
Sou ce: Ihinmikaiye e al. (2021)
The esul s o he quali a i e phy ochemical analysis o he 19 plan species a e p esen ed in Table 2. The able e eals
ha mos o he plan species con ain mul iple bioac i e compounds wi h medicinal p ope ies, indica ing hei
he apeu ic po en ial in managing e ec ile dys unc ion (ED). Fla onoids we e de ec ed in nea ly all species excep M.
pube ula and S. i ascia a. Simila ly, s e oids and alkaloids we e p e alen ac oss mos species, excep o S. blakeoides
(lacking s e oids) and C. p os a a (lacking alkaloids).
The able also show ha A. melegue a, A. ogelii, C. lu ea, E. guineensis, E. ma gina a, E. senegalensis, and G. mannii
exhibi ed he highes phy ochemical di e si y, sugges ing a b oade he apeu ic po en ial. The widesp ead p esence o
la onoids, alkaloids, and e penoids u he ein o ces hei ole in ascula heal h. The p edominance o alkaloids,
la onoids, and s e oids ac oss he es ed plan species sugges s hei possibili y in libido s imula ion. Mo eo e , he
p esence o e penoids and saponins suppo s hei aph odisiac p ope ies, and he di e se ange o phy ochemicals
de ec ed in he plan species s esses hei s ong po en ial as he bal emedies o ED, ei he indi idually o in
syne gis ic o mula ions.
Table 2 Quali a i e Analysis o he Phy ochemicals in he Plan Species Used o ED Managemen in Bayelsa
Bo anical name
Glycoside
Saponin
Tannin
S e oids
Alkaloid
Te penoid
Phenol
Fla onoid
A. conyzoids
-
-
-
+
+
+
-
+
A. melegue a
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A. ogelii
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C. lu ea
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C. p os a a
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
E. guineensis
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
E. ma gina a
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
E. senagalensis
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
G. mannii
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
G. b e is
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
M. pube ula
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 601-610
607
The quan i a i e es ima ion o he phy ochemical p o iles o each plan species is p esen ed in Table 2. The able e eals
signi ican a ia ions in bioac i e compounds ac oss he plan s used o e ec ile dys unc ion (ED), and o e insigh s
in o hei po en ial mechanisms o ac ion. Alkaloids a e p esen in mos o he plan s, wi h he highes concen a ion
obse ed in P. guineense (10.6±0.21mg/g), E. guineensis (9.9±0.10mg/g), and S. i ascia a (9.8±0.60mg/g). Fla onoids
we e mos abundan in A. melegue a (13.3±0.42mg/g), A. ogelii (12.2±0.74mg/g), and E. senegalensis (12.1±0.48mg/g).
Signi ican amoun s o Te penoids we e ound in A. melegue a (12.2±0.21mg/g), C. p os a a (10.8±0.06mg/g), and M.
pube ula (10.5±0.46 mg/g), while Saponins we e mos concen a ed in E. guineensis (12.3 mg/g) and M. pube ula (11.0
mg/g).
Table 3 Quan i a i e P oxima e Analysis (mg/g) Ho Aqueous ex ac ion o he plan species
Bo anical name
Glycosides
Saponins
Tannins
S e oids
Alkaloids
Te penoids
Phenols
Fla onoids
A. conyzoids
1.1±0.22
14.9±0.40
3.0±0.10
9.2±0.10
A. melegue a
6.6±0.52
7.2±0.77
1.6±0.52
2.0 ±0.10
2.2±0.37
12.2±0.21
1.2±0.14
13.3±0.42
A. ogelii
4.4±0.40
9.1±0.30
1.3±0.12
3.2±0.72
3.2±0.42
10.0±0.05
5.1±0.08
12.2±0.74
C. lu ea
3.0±0.21
8.4±0.14
7.1±0.08
8.2±0.40
8.1±0.3
1.9±0.90
3.7±0.14
7.0±0.51
C. p os a a
10.3±0.70
9.0±0.04
7.0±0.30
8.3±0.20
10.8±0.06
9.8±0.01
11.7±0.22
E. guineensis
9.2±0.80
12.3±0.15
11.4±0.30
9.5±0.10
9.9±0.10
9.0±0.31
15.9±0.23
4.1±0.18
E. ma gina a
4.2±0.41
3.1±0.10
1.0±0.010
3.4±0.40
2.8±0.03
2.9±0.01
10.7±0.31
4.0±0.21
E.senagalensis
4.2±0.20
9.5±0.77
3.1±0.41
3.0±0.27
8.2±0.11
7.9±0.11
17.1±0.01
12.1±0.48
G. mannii
3.2±0.04
2.3±0.92
2.4±0.40
3.2±0.60
9.5±0.90
4.1±0.01
12.1±0.26
3.9±0.22
G. b e is
4.8±0.41
4.1±0.30
3.0±0.21
4.1±0.21
2.7±0.05
12.0±1.02
M. pube ula
3.6±0.70
11.0±1.30
2.60±0.21
4.3±0.42
10.5±0.46
3.8±0.43
M. opposi i olius
3.2±0.80
0.4±0.01
4.0±0.22
3.7±0.50
5.5±0.07
5.4±0.05
3.1±0.60
P. guineense
5.05±1.21
9.9±1.50
3.8±0.40
5.5±0.91
10.6±0.21
6.2±1.4
6.3±0.12
S. calycina
4.7±0.40
4.1±0.51
6.1±0.10
4.6±0.50
5.7±0.45
10.4±0.10
2.3±0.48
S. blakeoides
4.7±0.92
1.1±0.21
7.4±0.32
5.5±0.13
S. gabonensis
4.1±0.70
6.3±0.30
6.2±030
7.0±0.01
4.8±0.43
4.8±0.32
S. i ascia a
7.1±0.10
5.1±0.71
3.0±0.22
9.8±0.60
5.9±0.61
2.3±0.01
S. spa ganopho a
2.3±0.02
4.0±090
9.2±0.10
1.6±0.30
5.2±0.41
12.1±0.73
11.0±0.04
U. igida
3.2±0.51
9.8±0.90
9.3±0.71
1.2±0.72
2.9±0.24
2.7±0.02
2.4±0.31
“– “= Below de ec ion limi (BDL), Each alue is a mean o iplica e es ima ion ±SD
M. opposi i olius
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
P. guineense
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
S. calycina
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
S. blakeoides
-
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
S. gabonensis
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
S. i ascia a
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
S. spa ganopho a
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
U. igida
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
Key: + =P esen , - = Absen
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 601-610
608
Phenolic compounds a e highes in E. senegalensis (17.1±0.01 mg/g), E. guineensis (15.9±0.23mg/g), and C. p os a a
(9.8±0.01mg/g). High annin con en is obse ed in E. guineensis (11.4±0.30mg/g), U. igida (9.31±0.71mg/g), and S.
spa ganopho a (9.2±0.10mg/g). S e oid was highes in E. guineensis (9.5±0.10mg/g) and C. p os a a (8.3±0.20mg/g).
The able u he shows ha E. guineensis, C. P os a a and A. melegue a we e he iches sou ces o bioac i e
compounds. E. guineensis exhibi ed high le els o phenols, s e oids, annins, saponins, and alkaloids. C. p os a a
was abundan in glycosides, la onoids, phenols, annins, and e penoids; while A. melegue a con ained high
concen a ions o la onoids, e penoids, saponins, and s e oids. Sugges ing ha he species may be pa icula ly
e ec i e in managing ED due o hei di e se phy ochemical composi ion.
4. Discussion
The phy ochemical p o iles o he s udied plan species p o ide subs an ial e idence suppo ing hei adi ional use in
managing e ec ile dys unc ion (ED). The p esence o alkaloids, la onoids, saponins, e penoids, s e oids, and phenols
sugges s mul iple he apeu ic mechanisms, which is consis en wi h he p e ious indings o Adimoelja (2000); Aboua
e al. (2014) and Wink, (2014). These compounds a e likely con ibu o s o he medicinal ele ance o hese species in
ED ea men . Among he iden i ied cons i uen s, la onoids we e pa icula ly abundan in se e al o he species,
no ably A. melegue a, A. ogelii, and E. senegalense. This is no ewo hy gi en he es ablished ole o la onoids in
enhancing endo helial unc ion h ough modula ion o ni ic oxide (NO) bioa ailabili y, which acili a es asodila ion
and imp o es penile blood low, c i ical o e ec ile unc ion (Ma in and Touaibia, 2020; Sagı e al., 2025). The high
le els o la onoid obse ed in hese species a e consis en wi h he indings o Wahyuni e al. (2023), u he
subs an ia ing hei po en ial he apeu ic ele ance.
Simila ly, signi ican concen a ions o alkaloids we e iden i ied in P. guineense, E. guineensis, and S. i ascia a.
Omojokun e al. (2019) posi ed ha alkaloids may enhance e ec ile pe o mance by inc easing cyclic guanosine
monophospha e (cGMP) le els and inhibi ing phosphodies e ase-5 (PDE-5) ac i i y, simila o hose o con en ional
PDE-5 inhibi o s used in ED he apy (Kunjiappan e al., 2023). The p esen o s e oidal compounds in he plan species
sec ions o in e es , pa icula ly in E. guineensis and C. p os a a may also con ibu e o sexual heal h. This is consis en
wi h he p e ious s udies o Eacke e al. (2008) and Nwidu e al. (2015) which emphasized he ole o s e oids in
and ogenic ac i i y, especially es os e one biosyn hesis, essen ial o libido and e ec ile unc ion. The con ibu ion o
phy os e ols o ho monal balance u he suppo s he pha macological impo ance o s e oid- ich species in ED
managemen (Olayinka e al., 2019). Saponins, ound in se e al o he species no ably E. guineensis and M. pube ula,
ha e been associa ed wi h enhanced libido and sexual beha iou , p ima ily h ough he s imula ion o lu einizing
ho mone (LH) sec e ion and consequen es os e one p oduc ion (Ajayi and Omodele, 2021). Chomini e al. (2020)
opined ha saponin- ich ex ac s o A. melegue a exhibi s ong an ioxidan and neu op o ec i e e ec s, which could
u he suppo sexual heal h. The coexis ence o mul iple bioac i e compounds wi hin indi idual plan species sugges s
po en ial syne gis ic in e ac ion ha could enhance he apeu ic e icacy. This is consis en wi h he p e ious s udies o
Omojokun e al. (2019) and, Ma in and Touaibia (2024) who posi ed ha la onoids and alkaloids ac syne gis ically
o egula e ni ic oxide le els, suppo ascula one, and p o ec penile issue om oxida i e s ess. Likewise, Ikpe e
al. (2020) a e ed ha saponins and s e oids in A. ogelii may enhance ho monal balance and boos libido.
5. Conclusion
While his s udy p o ides aluable phy ochemical e idence in suppo o he plan s’ adi ional use in ED managemen ,
u he esea ch is necessa y. Speci ically, in i o and clinical in es iga ions o elucida e pha macokine ics, es ablish
clinical e icacy and assess sa e y p o iles. Such s udies will be ins umen al in ansla ing hese p elimina y indings
in o sa e and e ec i e clinical applica ions o ED ea men .
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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