Reduc ion o incidence o weeds in maize
h ough he use o co e species
Modes o Da Sil a O iedo1, Amilca Se ín Niz1, Alcides Fe nández Sánchez1,
Hugo González Villalba2, Al a o Hue a Maciel1, Fab icio Co eia de Oli ei a3,
De lys López Á alos1, Ronald Gómez Echagüe1, Fe nando Flei as Aguila 1
1 Facul ad de Ciencias Ag a ias, Uni e sidad Nacional de Concepción, Concepción, Pa aguay
2 Compañía Dekalpa S.A, Concepción, Pa aguay
3 Uni e sidade Tecnológica Fede al do Pa aná, Pa aná, B azil
Co esponding au ho : Amilca Se ín Niz (se inamilca @gmail.com)
Academic edi o : Mohamed She eiwy♦Recei ed 17 Decembe 2024♦Accep ed 26 Sep embe 2025♦Published 7 Oc obe 2025
Abs ac
This s udy aimed o e alua e he e ec i eness o di e en co e c ops in supp essing weed eme gence and hei in luence
on maize p oduc i i y unde ield condi ions in Concepción, Pa aguay (23°25'40.3"S, 57°20'00.2"W) om Oc obe 2021
o June 2022. A comple ely andomized design was employed wi h ou ea men s and se en eplica ions. The ea men s
consis ed o using co e c op species, which we e plan ed in he esea ch a ea subsequen ly used o cul i a e maize. The
co e c ops used we e U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis, S izolobium p u iens, a mix u e (U ochloa uziziensis c . uzi-
ziensis + S izolobium p u iens) and a con en ional sys em. The expe imen consis ed o wo s ages: i s , he ins alla ion o
he co e c op species, ollowed by he plan ing o he maize. Nine y days a e plan ing he co e c op species, he co e
c op plan s we e cu down. Thi y days la e , T iple p o DKB360 hyb id maize was sown. The pa ame e s e alua ed in he
i s s age we e g een weed mass, d y weed mass, g een c op mass, and d y c op mass a 90 days a e sowing (DAS). In
he second s age, he pa ame e s e alua ed we e g een mass o weeds a 20, 35, 50 and 65 DAS; weed supp ession a 20,
35, 50 and 65 DAS; co e pe sis ence a 0, 20, 35, 50 and 65 DAS; plan heigh a 35 and 110 DAS; numbe o g ain ows
pe ea ; numbe o g ains pe ow; and yield. Va iance analysis was ca ied ou on he da a using he F- es a 5%, and
Tukey’s es a 5% was used o compa e he means o he ea men s. The mix u e o U. uziziensis and S. p u iens signi -
ican ly educed weed biomass by 43.2% compa ed o he con en ional sys em and showed he highes weed supp ession
and co e pe sis ence up o 65 days a e sowing. Mo eo e , his mix u e p oduced he highes maize yield (8.42 Mg ha–1),
ep esen ing a 39.4% inc ease o e he con en ional sys em. T ea men s wi h U. uziziensis alone also ou pe o med he
con ol, while S. p u iens alone had limi ed e ec i eness. These esul s highligh he po en ial o using mixed co e spe-
cies as a sus ainable weed managemen s a egy ha enhances maize p oduc i i y in smallholde sys ems.
Keywo ds
Co e c op mix u e, S izolobium p u iens, U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis, weeds, Zea mays
In oduc ion
One o he equi emen s o employing a c op o a ion sys-
em is o use co e c ops. Co e c ops con ibu e o p e-
en ing damage om aind ops, enhance weed con ol, and
inc ease o ganic ma e , which in u n imp o es he physi-
cal and chemical p ope ies o he soil (Se ín e al. 2022).
Co e c op species a e plan s g own o gene a e a
laye o soil co e ha se es as a base o no- ill a m-
ing. The di e en species used ha e one o mo e known
Copy igh Modes o Da Sil a O iedo, e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (CC-BY
4.0), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed.
Emi a es Jou nal o Food and Ag icul u e 37: 1–9
doi: 10.3897/ej a.2025.144703
RESEARCH PAPER
Modes o Da Sil a O iedo, e al.: Reduc ion o incidence o weeds in maize h ough he use o co e species2
Emi a es Jou nal o Food and Ag icul u e
cha ac e is ics ha , when p ope ly combined and man-
aged, o e ad an ages such as ni ogen ixing, ecycling o
nu ien s, epelling pes s, and also a dec ease in he inci-
dence o weeds, which allows o a educ ion in he bicide
applica ion (Ma ínez e al. 2017).
G een manu e species a e used du ing he phenological
cycle be o e p oceeding o plan he economically impo -
an c op. This is done o mi iga e any damage ha may be
caused o he soil and, mos impo an ly, o maximise he
p oduc i i y o he c ops o in e es . Howe e , he esul s o
he ansi ion om con en ional p ac ices o no- ill sowing
(c op o a ion) a e no immedia e, and ime is needed o
each es ablished objec i es (Sanab ia-Quispe e al. 2023).
The phy omass p oduced by plan co e species has a
di ec impac on he elimina ion o weeds in ag oecosys-
ems: he e is a linea co ela ion be ween he quan i y o
his phy omass and he e ec i e educ ion o incidence o
weeds. Di e en co e c op species modi y he composi-
ion o weed popula ions (Se e ino e al. 2001).
In amily a ming in Pa aguay, summe g een manu es
a e widely used be o e sowing maize as an income c op and
o consump ion by humans and small li es ock, he es-
ablishmen o co e c ops occu s be ween Sep embe and
Decembe , wi h maize plan ing aking place be ween Sep-
embe and Ma ch. In Pa aguay, maize accoun s o a sig-
ni ican p opo ion o income c ops, con ibu ing signi i-
can ly o he gene a ion o o eign cu ency in he coun y.
Na ionally, he e was an a e age c op yield o 4.148 kg·ha−1
in he 2021 ag icul u al season and 5.016 kg·ha−1 in he
2022 ag icul u al season (CAPECO 2022).
Maize has high yield po en ial bu is e y sensi i e o
s ess: his explains he plan ’s no able esponse o co ec
ag onomic managemen . I s g ow h is di ec ly ela ed o
i s abili y o cap u e sunligh o pho osyn hesis, which
depends on he s uc u e o he c op and ype o plan ,
he quan i y o plan s, and hei dis ibu ion (Ci ilo e al.
2006; da Sil a e al. 2022; Fe nández e al. 2022).
Fo his eason, i is necessa y o in oduce plan s capa-
ble o co e ing he g ea es possible pe cen age o he soil,
so ha i emains co e ed o as long as possible o educe
he incidence o weeds. The use o plan co e in he c op
o a ion o in e c opping sys ems o amily a me s looks
o p omo e soil eco e y by imp o ing he physical, chem-
ical and biological p ope ies o he soil. These bene i s a e
achie ed because soil illage, which could cause dele e ious
e ec s o he soil, is no ca ied ou (Se ín e al. 2018).
In ligh o he abo e, he main objec i e o his expe i-
men was o e alua e he use o di e en co e c ops and
hei impac on weed eme gence, conside ing maize p o-
duc i i y pa ame e s.
Ma e ial and me hods
This s udy was ca ied ou om Oc obe 2021 o June
2022 in he expe imen al plo o he Ag icul u al School
o Concepción, (Concepción – Pa aguay) a geog aphical
coo dina es la i ude 23°25'40.3"S, 57°20'00.2"W longi ude
a al i ude 242 masl in Concepción - Pa aguay. The soil
was classi ied as being o o de Al isol and subg oup Mol-
lic Paleudal (López e al. 1995). Soil samples we e ex ac -
ed p io o he ini ia ion o he co e c op expe imen . Soil
samples we e ai d ied, g ound, passed h ough a 2 mm
sie e, and analysed o soil pH in a 1 :1 wa e suspension
(Tedesco e al. 1995). Soil o ganic ca bon (SOC) was de-
e mined by he Walkley–Black me hod (Tedesco e al.
1995). P, K, Ca, and Mg we e analysed using Mehlich-1
ex ac an (Tedesco e al. 1995). Po en ial acidi y (H + Al)
was measu ed using he SMP bu/e me hod (Shoemake
e al. 1961). Ca ion exchange capaci y (CEC) a pH 7.0 was
calcula ed by adding he exchangeable basic ca ions Ca+2,
Mg+2, and K+ and he po en ial acidi y (H + Al) ( an Raij,
2011). Base sa u a ion (V%) was calcula ed by di iding
he alues o he basic ca ions by he CEC and hen mul-
iplying by 100 ( an Raij, 2011). Selec ed chemical cha -
ac e is ics o he soil a a dep h o 0–20 cm we e P (Me-
hlich−1): 10.43 mg·dm−3; O.C.: 0.520 g·dm−3; pH (CaCl2):
5.98; K: 0.05 cmol·dm−3; Ca + Mg: 2.50 cmol·dm−3; H+ Al:
0.05 cmol·dm−3; SB: 3.41 cmol·dm−3; CIC: 5.56 cmol·dm−3;
and V%: 42.56. The da a o mean empe a u e and accu-
mula ed p ecipi a ion du ing he expe imen a e shown in
(Fig. 1) (DMH 2022).
Figu e 1. Da a o mean empe a u e and accumula ed p ecipi a ion om Oc obe 2021 o June 2022.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Oc No DecJan FebMa Ab May Jun
P ecipi a ion (mm)
Tempe a u e (°C)
Mon h
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION
Emi . J. Food Ag ic ⋅ Volume 37 ⋅ 2025 3
Emi a es Jou nal o Food and Ag icul u e
The expe imen al design used was a comple ely and-
omized design (CRD) consis ing o 4 ea men s and 7 ep-
lica ions, using 28 expe imen al uni s (EU). The expe imen
consis ed o wo s ages: i s , he es ablishmen o he co e
c op species, and subsequen ly he plan ing o maize o e
he co e c op. The ea men s consis ed o using co e c ops
in he esea ch a ea in which he maize was o be plan ed.
The co e c ops used we e U ochloa uziziensis c . uzizien-
sis (T1), S izolobium p u iens (T2), a mix u e (U ochloa u-
ziziensis c . uziziensis + S izolobium p u iens) (T3) and a
con en ional sys em (T4). Each expe imen al uni had di-
mensions o 6 m by 5 m (30 m2), wi h 0.5 m be ween ows
and 0.3 m be ween plan s. The e ec i e plo size was 5 m2.
The plo was selec ed o he expe imen weeks be o e
plan ing, aking in o accoun he uni o mi y o he soil,
incline, and accessibili y. P elimina y ield p epa a ion
consis ed o he plo was manually hoed, and he uni o m-
i y o he e ain was analysed. Once he plo had been
clea ed, measu emen s we e aken o delinea e he a ea by
placing a s ake in each co ne and using a squa e o p eci-
sion. The dimensions we e 42 m by 20 m, gi ing a o al ex-
pe imen al a ea o 840 m2. The species used o he s udy
we e U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis (T1), S izolobium
p u iens (T2), a mix u e (U ochloa uziziensis c . uzizien-
sis + S izolobium p u iens) (T3) and a con en ional sys-
em (T4), which was used as a con ol. In he i s week o
Sep embe , S izolobium p u iens was sown manually wi h
spacing o 0.45 m x 0.45 m a a dep h o app oxima ely
2 cm (de Jesús e al. 2007). Spacing o 0.45 m be ween
ows was used o U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis, em-
ploying a ow seeding echnique wi h 40 seeds pe linea
me e. Fo he mix u e ea men , he co e species we e
a anged al e na ely along he ows, ollowing he expe -
imen al design, S izolobium p u iens and U ochloa uzi-
ziensis c . uziziensis we e plan ed in al e na ing ows. Fo
he con en ional sys em, soil illage was ca ied ou man-
ually using hoes a a dep h o 0–20 cm (Mou a e al. 2008;
Ha ing e al. 2022) 15 days be o e plan ing he maize.
Weeding was only ca ied ou in he walkways du ing he
expe imen ; i was done manually, using adi ional ools.
The pu pose o his weeding was o clea ly indi idualise
he expe imen al uni s, hus acili a ing access o mon-
i o ing, measu ing, and a oiding he applica ion o he -
bicides ha migh a ec he co e c ops. A 90 DAS, he
co e plan s we e cu down (Simidu e al. 2010) using a
Husq a na wo-bladed weed cu e . Thi y days a e he
cu ing down o he co e c ops (Se ín e al. 2022), T iple
p o DKB360 hyb id maize was sown wi h a densi y o 0.50
m be ween ows and 0.30 m be ween plan s a a dep h o
2 cm (Nunes e al. 2022). Each hole con ained wo seeds.
Plan ing was done manually using a seed d ill. In o de
o ob ain a g ain yield o 5 Mg ha-1, a mine al e iliza ion
p og am was implemen ed. U ea (con aining 46% ni o-
gen), iple supe phospha e (wi h 46% phospho us pen-
oxide), and po assium chlo ide (60% po assium oxide)
we e selec ed as he nu ien sou ces. Fe ilize a es we e
calcula ed based on he c op’s nu ien expo pe onne
o g ain p oduced, along wi h main enance equi emen s
and an icipa ed losses o 25%. The inal applica ion a es
we e es ablished a 393 kg ha-1 o u ea, 380 kg ha-1TSP, and
229 kg ha-1 KCl. Fe ilisa ion was ca ied ou wi h ni o-
gen (145 kg ha-1); phospho us (140 kg ha-1) and po assium
(110 kg ha-1). Ni ogen applica ion was ca ied ou wice:
on sowing he maize (30%) and when he plan s had eigh
ue lea es (70%) (Almeida e al. 2020). Phospho us and
po assium we e applied once (20 DAS) by hand a locally
ecommended a es (D’Amou s e al. 2023). No weeding
was ca ied ou as weeds we e e y sca ce due o he dead
ege able co e minimising weed de elopmen . Thinning
o he maize plan s was ca ied ou because wo seeds we e
placed in each hole when sowing. Phy osani a y ea -
men s we e ca ied ou a an in e al o 15 days in o de
o p e en insec and ungal a acks. The insec icide used
was Phenylpy azole 80 a a dosage o 10 g/20 l ank. The
ungicide used was Benzimidazole a a a e o 1 l ha-1.
The ollowing a iables we e measu ed in ela ion o
he plan co e species. G een mass (Mg ha-1): g een mass
was measu ed 90 days in o he c op cycle. A 1 m2 poly inyl
chlo ide (PVC) squa e was used; i was h own andomly
in o he eplica ions o each ea men , and he plan s in-
side he squa e we e ha es ed and weighed using a scale
wi h p ecision o 0.005 g (Simidu e al. 2010). C op d y
mass (Mg ha-1): o measu e d y mass, he samples ha
had been e alua ed o g een mass we e placed in a o ced
ci cula ion o en a 65 °C o 72 hou s (Cab al e al. 2013;
Ma ins e al. 2013). G een mass o weeds (Mg ha-1): he
g een biomass o weeds p esen in he ea men s was
measu ed manually a g ound le el (Zaidan e al. 2022) us-
ing a 1 m2 PVC squa e. The squa e was andomly h own
in o he eplica ions o each ea men . Fo he e alua ion
o his a iable a 90 DAS, ano he sec ion o he EU was
chosen a andom. The weeds loca ed wi hin he squa e
we e collec ed and weighed using a scale wi h p ecision o
0.005 g (Maszu a e al. 2018). Weed d y mass (Mg ha-1): o
measu e he d y mass o weeds, he samples e alua ed o
weed g een mass we e placed in a o ced ci cula ion o en
a 65 °C o 72 hou s. In he second s age o he expe i-
men , he g een mass o weeds (Mg Ha-1) was e alua ed.
A 1 m2 PVC squa e was andomly h own in each expe i-
men al uni . Weighing was ca ied ou a 20, 35, 50 and 65
days a e sowing he maize (DASM). The weeds loca ed
wi hin he squa e we e collec ed and weighed on a scale
wi h p ecision o 0.005 g. Weed supp ession (Mg ha-1): he
con ol ea men (T4: con en ional sys em) was used as
a e e ence (Buchling e al. 2020) o de e mining g een
mass o weeds and weed supp ession. Fo mula (01) was
used o ob ain alues o weed educ ion a 20, 35, 50 and
65 DASM, ollowing he me hodology o Sil a e al. (2009):
WS = CT – TGM (01)
whe e WS is weed supp ession Mg·ha−1, CT is he con ol
ea men , and TGM is ea men wi h g een manu e c ops.
Pe sis ence o co e (Mg Ha–1): co e c op mass om a sin-
gle 1 m2 a ea was weighed a 0, 20, 35, 50 and 65 days a -
e plan ing maize using scales wi h p ecision o 0.0005 g.
Modes o Da Sil a O iedo, e al.: Reduc ion o incidence o weeds in maize h ough he use o co e species4
Emi a es Jou nal o Food and Ag icul u e
The ollowing a iables we e measu ed in ela ion o he
maize plan s. Plan heigh (cm): a ape measu e was used o
measu e plan heigh om he plan base o he colla o he
uppe lea o 30 plan s selec ed om he use ul plo o each
EU a 35 and 110 DASM (S euslo e al. 2019). Numbe o
g ain ows pe ea : 40 ea s we e selec ed om each expe -
imen al uni and he ows o each o he ea s we e coun ed
and a e aged. Numbe o g ains pe ow: he a e age g ains
pe ow o 40 ea s om each ea men was calcula ed using
plan s selec ed a andom om he use ul plo (Lo enze i e
al. 2021). Yield (Mg ha–1): he ha es ing p ocess began a
150 DAS. Two ha es ing ope a ions we e ca ied ou , wi h
ea s collec ed manually (Panison e al. 2016). The o al use ul
a ea was ha es ed, and he weigh o he g ain was measu ed
on p ecision scales when he g ains eached 13% mois u e
(T ogello e al. 2013; Janak e al. 2016). Da a Analysis. The
da a ob ained om each ea men we e s a is ically e alua -
ed. Va iance analysis (5% F- es ) was used o e i y whe he
he e we e signi ican di e ences be ween ea men s. Means
we e subsequen ly analysed using Tukey’s es a 95% signi -
icance le el (Wagne e . al. 2013). A ee s a is ical so wa e
called Ag oEs a (Ba bosa and Maldonado 2015) was used.
Resul s
Shows he means o he g een mass o weeds wi h he use
o co e c op species. T ea men T3 was s a is ically su-
pe io o he o he ea men s, ollowed by ea men T1
(Tukey es 5%) (Table 1).
Rega ding he d y mass o weeds, ea men T3 and T1
we e s a is ically supe io , ollowed by ea men s T1, T2
and T4, which we e simila . The means o g een c op mass
o ea men s T1, T2 and T3 a e shown; ea men s T3
and T1 we e s a is ically simila , while T2 was in e io o
he o he ea men s. In ela ion o d y c op mass, i can
be seen ha ea men s T3 and T1 we e s a is ically equal
and supe io o ea men T2.
The da a on g een mass o weeds in Table 2 (Mg Ha–1)
show ha signi ican di e ences we e seen be ween he
eadings aken a he di e en ime in e als (20, 35, 50 and
65 DAS). A 20 DASM, he bes pe o mance was seen om
he mix u e o U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis and S i-
zolobium p u iens (U+S), ollowed by U ochloa uziziensis
c . uziziensis, S izolobium p u iens, while he con en ional
sys em had he highes amoun o GMW pe hec a e.
Table 3 shows a compa ison o he means o he a ia-
ble o weed supp ession, using he con en ional sys em as
he main pa ame e . Signi ican di e ences we e obse ed
in all measu emen s, wi h highe
weed supp ession alues shown by he mix u e o
U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis and S izolobium p u-
iens (U+S). I can also be seen ha U ochloa uziziensis
c . uziziensis (T1) p esen ed g ea e weed supp ession
han S izolobium p u iens (T2)
Table 4 shows ha signi ican di e ences we e ound o
co e pe sis ence be ween 0, 20, 35, 50 and 65 DASM using
Tukey’s es a 5%. The ea men wi h he mix u e o co e
c ops showed he highes and mos e ec i e esul (U+S).
Table 5 shows ha plan co e s had a posi i e e ec on
maize plan heigh a bo h 35 DAS and 110 DAS. The e
we e signi ican di e ences be ween he con en ional sys-
em and he use o plan co e . The compa ison o means
using Tukey’s es (5%) o he numbe o g ains pe ow
and numbe o g ain ows pe ea is also displayed; he e
was a signi ican e ec on he numbe o g ains pe ow
and numbe o ows.
Fo he a iable o yield, he mix u e o U ochloa
uziziensis c . uziziensis and S izolobium p u iens p o-
duced he bes esul s, ollowed by he co e wi h jus
U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis, hen by S izolobium
p u iens and he con en ional sys em; hese las wo
we e s a is ically equal.
Discussion
G een mass o weeds (GMW) and d y mass o
weeds (DMW)
Th ough he use o plan species o ege a ion co e , i
was possible o educe he appea ance o ha m ul plan s
by 43.2%, 25.8% and 9.8% espec i ely o he mix u e
(U+S), U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis and S izolobium
p u iens. This is because compe i ion o ligh , wa e , nu-
ien s, e c. is much lowe .
These esul s coincide wi h hose o Pe ez and Scianca
(2010), who men ion ha he use o oa s as a co e c op
led o a lowe numbe o weeds han in he con ol. The
esul s also coincide wi h he indings o Sa diña e al.
(2008), who ound ha he use o co e c ops educes he
numbe o weeds pe squa e me e.
Table 1. Compa ison o means o g een mass o weeds (GMW), d y mass o weeds (DMW), g een mass o c op
(GMC) and d y mass o c op (DMC) (Mg ha-1) a 90 DAS o he co e plan s.
T ea men s GMW (Mg ha-1) DMW (Mg ha-1) GMC (Mg Ha-1) DMC (Mg Ha-1)
(T1) U ochloa uziziensis 7.42 b 2.51 ab 9.37 a 3.77 a
(T2) S izolobium p u iens 9.02 c 2.68 b 6.65 b 2.48 b
(T3) Mix u e (U+S) 5.68 a 2.20 a 10.00 a 3.80 a
(T4) Con en ional sys em 10.00 c 2.97 b
OM: 8.03 2.59 8.88 3.35
VC (%): 13.39 12.42 14.38 18.89
MSD (5%): 1.58 0.47 1.74 0.86
*Di e en le e s a e s a is ically di e en when he Tukey es a 5% is applied. OM. O e all mean; VC(%): Va ia ion coe icien ; MSD (%): Minimum
signi ican di e ence.
Emi . J. Food Ag ic ⋅ Volume 37 ⋅ 2025 5
Emi a es Jou nal o Food and Ag icul u e
Kahl e al. (2016) ound ha he use o co e c ops educes
he appea ance o weeds compa ed o he con en ional sys-
em. These esul s we e simila o hose o he p esen s udy.
Th ough he esul s ob ained, we can a i m ha he
incidence o ha m ul plan s in he c op was educed, al-
lowing o maximisa ion o he p oduc i i y o he eco-
nomically impo an c op.
The mos e icien educ ion in he incidence o weeds
was achie ed using he mix u e o co e c ops (U+S),
ollowed by U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis, and hen
S izolobium p u iens, which was he mos ine icien
o he co e c ops used.
When e alua ing he co ela ion be ween use o di e -
en amoun s o ege a i e co e phy omass and he educ-
ion o incidence and d y phy omass o weeds, Se e ino
and Ch is o ole i (2001) ound ha i was possible o e-
duce he densi y and d y biomass o weeds. This s udy’s
esul s coincide wi h hei indings.
G een mass o c op (GMC) and d y mass o c op
(DMC)
Th ough use o he mix u e o co e c ops, i was possible
o inc ease ege a i e co e by 50.37% compa ed o he
S izolobium p u iens monocul u e. This could be main-
ly due o he ac ha he Poaceae amily species used
p esen ed highe g ow h han he Fabaceae species used.
This is because he Poaceae has C4 me abolism while he
Fabaceae has C3. As such, U ochloa uziziensis c . uzi-
ziensis educes ene gy expendi u e o a minimum by con-
cen a ing on he p oduc ion o g een mass.
An expe imen conduc ed by Ruiz and Ce i os
(2021) o e alua e he g ow h and de elopmen o h ee
species o co e c ops, alongside hei e iciency in e-
ducing he appea ance o weeds, showed a signi ican
di e ence. The soil co e and biomass p o ided by he
co e c ops a ou ed weed supp ession, coinciding
wi h he esul s o he p esen s udy.
An inc ease o 52.01% in he p oduc ion o co e c op d y
mass was eco ded when using he mix u e o co e c ops
in compa ison o he S izolobium p u iens monocul u e; his
could be due o a highe a e o g ow h. In an expe imen
conduc ed by Scianca e al. (2007) o e alua e he e iciency
o d y mass p oduc ion by h ee species o co e c ops and
hei impac on weed dynamics, i was ound ha , as he di -
e en co e c ops de eloped, weed densi y dec eased. These
esul s coincide wi h hose o he p esen s udy.
Table 5. Compa ison o means o maize plan heigh (MH), numbe o g ains pe ow (Nº GR) and numbe o ows
pe ea (Nº RE), yield (Y) using co e c ops.
T ea men MH (m) Nº GR Nº RE Y (Mg ha-1)
35 DAS 110 DAS
(T3) Mix u e (U+S) 0.59 a 1.42 a 31.02 a 15.94 a 8.42 a
(T1) U ochloa uziziensis 0.57 b 1.46 a 28.42 b 15.44 a 6.04 b
(T2) S izolobium p u iens 0.47 b 1.41 a 28.25 b 14.56 b 4.27 c
(T4) Con en ional sys em 0.37 c 1.34 b 27.12 c 14.08 b 3.79 c
VC(%) 0.83 0.06 3.04 3.61 10.86
MSD 0.50 1.41 1.29 0.79 0.90
OM 11.25 3.23 28.76 15.00 5.63
Means ollowed by he same le e do no di e when analysed using Tukey’s Tes a 5%. OM: O e all mean; VC (%): Va ia ion coe icien ; MSD:
Minimum signi ican di e ence. DAS: Days a e sowing.
Table 4. Compa ison o means o co e pe sis ence (CP)
(Mg Ha-1) using ege a i e co e in maize cul i a ion.
T ea men s CP (Mg Ha-1)
0 DAS 20 DAS 35 DAS 50 DAS 65 DAS
(T3) Mix u e (U+S) 9.14 a 7.36 a 5.21 a 3.97 a 2.88 a
(T1) U ochloa uziziensis 7.71 b 6.26 b 4.78 a 3.12 b 2.07 b
(T2) S izolobium p u iens 6.12 c 4.79 c 3.28 b 1.93 c 0.89 b
VC(%) 9.19 8.69 16.22 17.24 13.69
MSD 0.96 0.72 1.02 0.70 0.74
OM 7.66 6.14 4.43 3.01 1.95
A e ages ollowed by he same le e do no di e when analysed using
Tukey’s Tes a 5%. OM: O e all mean; VC (%): Va ia ion coe icien ;
MSD: Minimum signi ican di e ence. DAS: Days a e sowing.
Table 3. Compa ison o means o weed supp ession (WS)
(Mg Ha-1) using ege a i e co e in maize cul i a ion.
T ea men s WS (Mg Ha-1)
20 DAS 35 DDS 20 DAS 65 DDS
(T3) Mix u e (U+S) 3.63 a 3.76 a 4.68 a 4.03 a
(T1) U ochloa uziziensis 2.58 ab 1.83 b 1.89 b 2.65 ab
(T2) S izolobium p u iens 1.83 b 1.57 b 0.94 b 1.80 b
VC(%) 16.85 14.37 15.49 12.37
MSD 1.34 0.79 2.58 1.63
OM 2.68 2.39 2.50 2.83
*Di e en le e s a e s a is ically di e en when he Tukey es a 5% is
applied. OM: O e all mean; VC (%): Va ia ion coe icien ; MSD: Mini-
mum signi ican di e ence; DAS: Days a e sowing.
Table 2. Compa ison o means o g een mass o weeds
(GMW) (Mg Ha-1) using ege a i e co e in maize
cul i a ion.
T ea men s GMW (Mg Ha-1)
20 DAS 35 DAS 50 DAS 65 DAS
(T3) Mix u e (U+S) 2.28 a 4.33 a 9.35 a 14.20 a
(T1) U ochloa uziziensis 3.44 b 6.26 b 12.13 a 15.58 ab
(T2) S izolobium p u iens 4.08 b 6.52 b 13.08 a 16.42 b
(T4) Sis ema con encional 5.92 c 8.09 c 14.03 b 18.23 c
VC(%) 18.79 9.08 11.28 6.90
MSD 1.09 0.84 2.02 1.63
OM 3.93 6.30 12.15 16.11
*Di e en le e s a e s a is ically di e en when he Tukey es a 5% is
applied. OM: O e all mean; VC(%): Va ia ion coe icien ; MSD (%):
Minimum signi ican di e ence; DAS: Days a e sowing.
Modes o Da Sil a O iedo, e al.: Reduc ion o incidence o weeds in maize h ough he use o co e species6
Emi a es Jou nal o Food and Ag icul u e
G een mass o weeds (GMW) (Mg Ha–1), weed
supp ession (WS) (Mg Ha–1) and co e pe sis-
ence (CP) (Mg Ha–1)
A 35 DASM he e was a educ ion in weed incidence
o 46.47, 22.62 and 19.40% espec i ely o he mix u e
(U+S), U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis and S izolobi-
um p u iens. The same beha iou was obse ed a 50 and
65 DASM compa ed o he con en ional sys em.
Acco ding o Se ín e al. (2022), he use o ege a i e
co e adically educes weed de elopmen because weeds
do no ha e access o ligh . As such, he incidence o
weeds in he economically impo an c op is educed, p o-
iding g ea bene i . Simila esul s we e obse ed in his
expe imen . Coelho e al. (2016) s a e ha he educ ion
in g een mass o weeds is a esul o he high C/N a io,
he olume o plan esidue, and i s uni o m co e age on
he soil. This was also obse ed in he cu en expe imen .
Spíndola e al. (2020) ca ied ou a s udy on he impac
o plan co e on weed managemen and common bean
yield. They ound ha he use o U ochloa uziziensis c .
uziziensis educed he amoun o weeds pe hec a e com-
pa ed o o he Fabaceae species used, such as C o ala ia
sp. The same beha iou was also obse ed in his s udy.
Simila ly, Fe nandez e al. (2022) e alua ed he dec ease
in weed occu ence in maize c ops. They ound ha he
use o U ochloa uziziensis c . uziziensis dec eased he
g een mass o weeds compa ed o he con en ional sys-
em; simila esul s we e eco ded in his s udy.
Undoub edly, he use o U ochloa uziziensis c . uzi-
ziensis and S izolobium p u iens in monocul u e p oduced
a signi ican inc ease in weed supp ession. Howe e , he
mix u e o bo h species p oduced an inc ease in weed
supp ession o 28.9% and 50.41% compa ed o U ochloa
uziziensis c . uziziensis and S izolobium p u iens alone
espec i ely a 20 DASM. This could be mainly due o he
co e c ops’ pe sis ence on he soil su ace. A 35, 50 and
65 DASM, weed supp ession was 51.3, 59.6 and 34.2%
highe o he mix u e (U+S) han o U ochloa uzizien-
sis c . uziziensis alone. In he same ashion, he mix u e
(U+S) p oduced weed supp ession 58.2, 79.9 and 55.33%
highe when compa ed o he S izolobium p u iens alone.
Acco ding o Ma asca e al. (2021), plan esidue on he
soil su ace, speci ically co e by poaceae and abaceae,
dec eased weeds when compa ed o he con en ional sys-
em. This beha iou was also obse ed in he p esen s udy.
The g ea e pe sis ence o co e is a p oduc o he high
C/N a io, which leads o slow deg ada ion in he soil; he
olume o plan esidue and i s uni o m co e age on he
soil conside ably con ibu e o dec easing he incidence o
weeds. I was also seen in his s udy ha ha , a he ime
o plan ing he maize (0 days), all ea men s displayed be-
ween 9.14 and 6.12 Mg Ha–1 o phy omass. These le els
a e conside ed ideal, as he p oduc ion o 5 Mg Ha–1 is
equi ed o co e he en i e soil and main ain subsequen
co e , acco ding o Sil a e al. (2009). Reduc ion in soil
co e om 0 days o 65 days was o 68.4, 73.15 and 85.45%
espec i ely o he mix u e (U+S), U ochloa uziziensis
c . uziziensis and S izolobium p u iens. Pado an e al.
(2013) eco ded means beginning a 6.85 Mg Ha–1, which
is wi hin he pa ame e s obse ed in his s udy. The main
weed species ound be o e and du ing he expe imen al
measu emen pe iod we e Digi a ia insula is L., Digi a -
ia bico nis (Lam.) Roem. & Schul ., Commelina e ec a L.,
Cench us echina us L., Conyza bona iensis (L.) C onquis
a . bona iensis, Gamochae a cal iceps (Fe nald) Cab e a,
Ama an hus bli um L., Sida hombi olia L., T idax p ocum-
bens L., Cleome aculea a L., Ipomoea g andi olia (Dam-
me ) O´Donnell, Boe ha ia di usa L., and Cucu bi ella
aspe a a ((Gillies ex Hook. and A n.) Walp.).
Maize plan heigh (MH) (m), Numbe o ows,
numbe o ke nels pe ow, and maize yield
Rega ding he a iable o maize plan heigh (m), an in-
c ease was obse ed in he ea men s wi h ege a i e co -
e when compa ed o he con en ional sys em. This could
be a consequence o he g ea e amoun o g een mass o
weeds in T4, leading o di ec compe i ion o ligh , nu-
ien s and wa e , and esul ing in a lowe heigh o he
maize plan s. This beha iou was no obse ed whe e eg-
e a i e co e was used. Rieppi (2019) e alua ed he im-
pac o educed illage and he use o g een manu es on
he ege a i e and p oduc i e p ope ies o maize; i was
ound ha he use o ege a i e co e led o g ea e plan
heigh compa ed o he con en ional sys em. Simila e-
sul s we e ound in his s udy. Likewise, Muñoz (2019),
when compa ing maize cul i a ion in monocul u e and
conse a ion ag icul u e, ound ha he monocul u e sys-
em p oduced plan s ha we e smalle han when ege a-
i e co e was used. Simila esul s we e obse ed in he
p esen s udy using di e en ege a i e co e s. Cambaú a
e al. (2019) s udied he g ow h and p oduc i i y o maize
in a con en ional sys em and in a o a ion sys em. They
ound ha he maize plan s in he con en ional sys em
eached g ea e heigh compa ed o hose whe e ege a-
i e co e was used; hese esul s di e om hose ound
in he p esen expe imen .
In ela ion o he a iable o numbe o ows pe ea ,
an inc ease was obse ed when using he mix u e (U+S),
which displayed signi ican di e ence. An inc ease in he
numbe o ows o 13.2% was achie ed wi h U ochloa u-
ziziensis c . Ruziziensis + S izolobium p u iens in com-
pa ison o he con en ional sys em. As he Fabaceae used
apidly decomposed, i was eplaced by spon aneous eg-
e a ion (weeds) as in he con en ional sys em; hese did
no p o ide any co e , and he esul was a lowe num-
be o ows pe ea . Se ín e al. (2023) e alua ed he
e ec o summe g een manu e species co e on maize
ai s. They ound ha he use o ege a ion co e p o-
duced signi ican di e ences in ela ion o he numbe
o g ains pe ow and numbe o ows pe ea ; analogous
esul s we e eco ded in he p esen s udy. Simila ly, Al-
buque que e al. (2013) used co e c ops and ni ogen
e ilisa ion in maize p oduc ion in a no- illage sys em.
Emi . J. Food Ag ic ⋅ Volume 37 ⋅ 2025 7
Emi a es Jou nal o Food and Ag icul u e
They obse ed ha his sys em allowed o a maximi-
sa ion o he numbe o ows pe ea ; simila esul s
we e ound in he p esen s udy. I was ound ha he
mix u e (U+S), U ochloa uziziensis c . Ruziziensis and
S izolobium p u iens led o an inc ease o 122.16, 59.36
and 12.66% espec i ely compa ed o he con en ional
sys em. This indica es an impo an inc ease in maize
p oduc i i y when using co e c ops as a weed supp es-
so . Fe nandez e al. (2022) s udied he dec ease in he
occu ence o weeds in maize c ops. They ound ha he
use o U ochloa uziziensis c . Ruziziensis as a co e c op
conside ably inc eased maize yield. Simila esul s we e
obse ed in his expe imen . Fu he mo e, Se ín e al.
(2023) e alua ed he e ec o summe g een manu e
species co e on maize ai s. They ound ha he use o
co e c ops inc eased maize yield compa ed o he con-
en ional sys em; simila beha iou was obse ed in he
p esen expe imen . In line wi h he esul s o he cu en
expe imen , Rickli an Wes e ing e al. (2020) ound ha
he use o ege a i e co e maximised maize p oduc i i y
compa ed o he con en ional sys em.
Beyond weed con ol, co e c ops signi ican ly in lu-
ence soil e ili y h ough hei e ec s on o ganic ma e
dynamics and nu ien cycling. G asses such as U. uzi-
ziensis ypically ha e a highe ca bon- o-ni ogen (C/N)
a io, which slows down esidue decomposi ion, ensu ing
longe -las ing soil co e and g adual nu ien elease. In
con as , leguminous species like S. p u iens ha e a lowe
C/N a io, decomposing mo e apidly and con ibu ing
eadily a ailable ni ogen o subsequen c ops. When used
in combina ion, hese species p omo e a balanced decom-
posi ion p ocess, imp o ing synch ony be ween nu ien
elease and c op demand, while main aining physical p o-
ec ion o he soil su ace (Appelga e e al. 2017). The e-
o e, he unc ional complemen a i y be ween species
wi h con as ing C/N a ios enhances bo h weed supp es-
sion and soil nu ien a ailabili y, ein o cing he ag o-
nomic alue o mixed co e c op sys ems.
Conclusion
The combined use o U ochloa uziziensis and S izolo-
bium p u iens demons a ed s ong po en ial as a sus-
ainable and e icien s a egy o weed supp ession in
maize cul i a ion. This mix u e no only educed weed
incidence by 43.2% compa ed o he con en ional sys-
em bu also signi ican ly enhanced co e pe sis ence
and maize yield, wi h a p oduc i i y inc ease o 39.4%.
The esul s unde sco e he ad an ages o in eg a ing
mixed co e c ops in o c opping sys ems, pa icula ly
o smallholde a me s seeking o educe he bicide use
and imp o e soil heal h. By main aining soil co e age
and supp essing weed eme gence du ing c i ical c op
g ow h s ages, hese co e species con ibu e o mo e
esilien and p oduc i e ag oecosys ems.
Con lic o in e es s a emen
The au ho s decla e ha he e a e no con lic s o in e es s
in ela ion o he publica ion o his a icle.
Au ho ’s con ibu ions
FCO designed he expe imen s; RGE, AFS, DLA and FFA
ca ied ou he ield and labo a o y expe imen s; MODO,
HGV and AISN con ibu ed o he da a analysis, AISN
and AMHM w o e he a icle. All au ho s e iewed he
inal e sion o he manusc ip .
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s would like o hank he Na ional Council
o Science and Technology, speci ically he Na ional Re-
sea che Incen i e P og am, o unding his esea ch.
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