1
S udy o he ship esis ance du ing swa m ope a ion based on
biomime ics
Jinhyeok Choi1 and Gisu Song1
*
1 Na ional Ko ea Ma i ime and Ocean Uni e si y, Busan, Sou h Ko ea
Abs ac . In his s udy, he swa m ope a ion o ships inspi ed by he na u al beha io o a duck swa m is
in es iga ed h ough nume ical simula ion. The esul s show ha swa m ope a ion can be an al e na i e o
educing ope a ing cos s compa ed o ope a ing indi idually. In na u e, ducklings swim in posi ions whe e hey
expe ience less esis ance by s aying wi hin he wa es c ea ed by hei mo he . A hese posi ions, ducklings
expe ience educed wa e esis ance and a wa e iding e ec . This allows ducklings o swim wi h less e o
compa ed o swimming alone. In his s udy, his phenomenon was applied o ship ope a ions. A KRISO
Con aine Ship (KCS) and a ishing essel in model scale we e de ined as a mo he duck and a duckling,
espec i ely. The simula ion esul s showed ha he ishing essel expe ienced less esis ance in all posi ions
behind he KCS, and he amoun o esis ance educ ion a ied depending on he posi ion. The bes posi ion o
he ishing essel is simila o whe e ducklings bene i mos . When se e al ishing essels we e a anged like
a g oup o ducks, he esis ance educ ion o he ea essels became smalle bu le eled ou a a ce ain poin .
This s udy ocuses on he hyd odynamic esis ance pe o mance o ea ships du ing swa m ope a ion and also
in es iga es he op imal swa m ope a ion con igu a ions.
Keywo ds: Biomime ics, Swa m ope a ion, Wa e esis ance, CFD, Duckling.
1 In oduc ion
Wi h he ad en o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion, echnological ends in he ma ine anspo indus ies and
shipbuilding indus ies a e apidly de eloping. Among hem, esea ch ela ed o au onomous and unmanned
ope a ion echnologies ha minimize acciden s by human e o and imp o e uel e iciency is being ac i ely
conduc ed. As echnologies o con olling such essels de eloping, in e es in con olling ope a ing mul iple ships
as a swa m ope a ion. Baek e al. [1] conduc ed a s udy on o ma ion con ol echniques o au onomous na iga ion
o unmanned su ace essels (USVs) based on po en ial ields. Ope a ing mul iple essels in a swa m p o ides he
ad an age o pe o ming missions mo e e icien ly o e a wide a ea compa ed o indi idual na iga ion. To
maximize his ad an age, s udies ha e also been conduc ed on pe o ming complex asks ha e lec dynamic,
eal- ime en i onmen al condi ions. Kim e al. [2] de eloped small-scale USVs o e i y swa m mission planning
and au onomous na iga ion algo i hms h ough eal-sea expe imen s. And ad anced con ol algo i hms and
na iga ion op imiza ion echnologies o he e icien ope a ion o USV swa ms a e con inuously being de eloped.
To implemen swa m na iga ion e ec i ely, i is necessa y no only o de elop con ol echnologies o mul iple
essels, bu also o unde s and he hyd odynamic in e ac ions be ween each indi idual essel in he swa m.
Because each essel in a swa m is exposed o a di e en hyd odynamic condi ion. Lee a al. [3] conduc ed
nume ical simula ions wi h mul iple essels a anged in pa allel. They con i med ha wa e in e e ence be ween
ships in pa allel o ma ion causes changes in wa e esis ance depending on hei dis ance and speed. Also, i
mul iple essels a e a anged longi udinally, he Kel in wa e gene a ed by he leading essel can a ec he
ollowing essels, such as hei esis ance cha ac e is ics. To maximize swa m na iga ion e iciency, i is essen ial
o conside hese hyd odynamic in e ac ions when de e mining he op imal posi ions o ailing essels, and o
es ablish an op imal o ma ion and spacing s a egy acco dingly. I he wa e gene a ed by he leading essel is
analyzed, he esis ance o he ollowing essels can be educed, he eby he o e all ene gy consump ion o he
swa m can be minimized. In ac , he simila o ma ion o essel swa ms is easily obse ed in na u e, and his
p o ide us aluable insigh s. Fo ins ance, he collec i e mo emen o bi ds and ish demons a es he e icien
o ma ion.
*
Co espondence o: gisu.s[email p o ec ed]c.k
16 h In e na ional Symposium on P ac ical Design o Ships and O he Floa ing S uc u es PRADS 202 5
Ann A bo , MI, USA, Oc obe 19 h – 23 d 2025
2
The pu pose o his s udy is o analyze he hyd odynamic esis ance pe o mance o essels based on
biomime ic app oach. Among a ious examples in na u e, ducks a e known o o m swa ms on he ee su ace,
simila o a ship. Yuan e al. [4] conduc ed a nume ical s udy using eloci y po en ial heo y o in es iga e he
esis ance pe o mance o ducklings ollowing a mo he duck. Inspi ed by his na u al duck swa m, he ship swa m
o ma ion is mainly discussed in his s udy. We ocused on how esis ance changes acco ding o he posi ion o
he ea ship and in es iga ed he undamen al o igin.
2 Nume ical Me hod
2.1 De ini ion o a ge essels
The ships used in his s udy a e he KCS (KRISO Con aine Ship) and a ishing essel on model scale. Main
pa icula s and geome ies a e gi en in Table 1 and Fig. 1, espec i ely.
(a) KCS
(b) Fishing ship
Figu e 1. Geome y o he KCS and he ishing ship
Table 1. Main speci ica ions o he KCS model and he ishing ship model
I em
KCS model
(1/31.6)
The ishing ship model
(1/5.35)
Leng h - LPP [m]
7.2786
1.768
Beam - BWL [m]
1.019
0.536
Dep h - D [m]
0.6013
0.068
D a – T [m]
0.3418
0.099
Displacemen – Δ [m3]
1.649
0.07
Speed - U [m/s]
2.196
2.446
F oude numbe
0.26
0.59
To simula e a g oup o ducks, i is necessa y o conside essels wi h F oude numbe s ep esen a i e o a
mo he duck and he ducklings. In a p e ious s udy [4], he F oude numbe s o he mo he duck and duckling we e
0.25 and 0.5, espec i ely. Since he F oude numbe o he KCS is de ined as 0.26, which is close o ha o he
mo he duck, he mo he duck can be ep esen ed by he KCS. Fo he duckling, a ishing essel was chosen in
his s udy. I he KCS we e o be scaled o ma ch he duckling's F oude numbe , he esul ing F oude numbe
would be 0.52. Howe e , since he KCS was designed wi h a bulbous bow o a F oude numbe o abou 0.26, i
is no sui able o ep esen ing he ducklings. Fo his eason, a he han scaling he KCS o ma ch he duckling's
F oude numbe , i was necessa y o selec a essel o which expe imen al da a is a ailable a a F oude numbe
close o 0.5-0.6 o ep esen he duckling. In he case o ishing essels, se e al benchma k da ase s ha e been
made publicly a ailable. Ano he impo an conside a ion in selec ing he essel o simula e he duckling is i s
leng h. To e ec i ely obse e he wa e- iding phenomenon, he leng h o he essel ep esen ing he duckling
mus be sho e han he wa eleng h o he wa es gene a ed by he essel ep esen ing he mo he duck. The
wa eleng h (λ) is de ined by Equa ion (1), and he wa eleng h o he KCS is e alua ed as 3.09 m a a F oude
numbe o 0.26. As shown in Table 1, he leng h o he ishing essel in model scale is less han he wa eleng h.
Fo hese easons, a ishing essel was chosen o ep esen he duckling in his s udy.
𝜆= 2𝜋𝐹𝑟2𝐿𝑃𝑃
(1)
As w i en abo e, his s udy was conduc ed in model scale, so he scale a io o he KCS and he ishing essel
is di e en , espec i ely. This is because, in he p ocess o selec ing model ships ha sa is y he F oude numbe
and leng h condi ions equi ed o simula e a duck swa m, essels wi h di e en scales we e de ined. The e o e,
he leng h a io be ween he KCS and he ishing essel in ull scale di e s om ha in model scale. As a esul ,
3
ex apola ing he KCS and ishing essel used in he simula ions o ull-scale ships would lead o a si ua ion ha
di e en om he ac ual duck swa m. Addi ionally, as wo di e en ships we e used in his s udy, wo
cha ac e is ic leng hs a e in ol ed. Fo consis ency in da a, all leng hs shown in he ollowing igu es a e based
on he KCS model.
To simula e he o ma ion o a mo he and duckling, KCS and he ishing essel we e a anged longi udinally,
esembling a duck swa m, and nume ical simula ions we e pe o med. The spacing be ween he KCS and he
ishing essel was de ined using he wa eleng h (λ) gene a ed by he o wa d posi ioned KCS. A o al o eigh
nume ical simula ions we e conduc ed wi h in e als om 1.50λ o 3.25λ, inc easing by 0.25λ each case.
The esis ance educ ion o he ishing essel was ep esen ed using he CDR, which indica es he di e ence in
esis ance compa ed o ob ained alue when he ishing essel is sailing alone. CDR is de ined as in Equa ion (2),
whe e RS is he esis ance o he ishing essel when sailing alone, and R is he esis ance when he ishing essel
is posi ioned in he swa m ope a ion.
𝐶𝐷𝑅 =(1 − 𝑅
𝑅𝑆)×100%
(2)
A nega i e CDR alue indica es ha he esis ance o he ishing essel in he o ma ion is la ge han in he
alone condi ion, while a posi i e CDR indica es ha he esis ance has dec eased compa ed wi h he alone condi ion.
In o he wo ds, he la ge he CDR, he mo e he esis ance is educed compa ed o he alone condi ion.
2.2 Nume ical se -up
Be o e simula ing he duck swa m wi h KCS and ishing essel, nume ical simula ions o each essel we e
indi idually conduc ed o alida e he nume ical me hodology h ough compa ison wi h expe imen al da a. The
nume ical simula ions we e ca ied ou using he comme cial CFD so wa e, STAR-CCM+ e . 16.06. The
Reynolds-A e aged Na ie -S okes (RANS) equa ion wi h RSM (Reynolds S ess Model) u bulence model [5]
was applied. To ealis ically desc ibe he ship wa es gene a ed by a ship, he olume o luid (VOF) me hod was
applied, u he mo e, he o e se -mesh me hod was applied o allow o hea e and pi ch mo ions o a ge essels.
The compu a ional domain used in p esen simula ions is shown in Fig. 2. Conside ing he calcula ion e iciency
o nume ical simula ion, simula ion was pe o med o he luid domain ha included only hal o he hull. To
educe he compu a ional ime and cos , o al simula ions we e pe o med on hal -body condi ion o he a ge
essels. The size o he compu a ional domain was no malized based on leng h o a ge essel and de ined as
2.5LPP in he e ical di ec ion, 7LPP in he s eamwise di ec ion, and 2LPP in he spanwise di ec ion. Symme y
bounda y condi ions we e applied le and igh su aces, eloci y inle bounda y condi ions we e applied inle ,
op and bo om su aces, and p essu e ou le bounda y condi ion we e applied ou le side.
Figu e 2. Compu a ional domain
The g id sys em o KCS used in his s udy is shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. As shown in Fig. 3, an uns uc u ed
g id sys em called by T imme ype was applied. To educe he o al numbe o cells, he wall unc ion was
employed, and Y1+ was se o 50. Conside ing ha he ishing essel will be posi ioned behind he KCS du ing he
duck swa m simula ion, he wa e esol ing mesh was ex ended su icien ly a downs eam om he KCS.
Top
Bo om
Righ
Inle
Ou le
Le
O e se
bounda y
7 LPP
2 LPP
2.5 LPP
4
(a) Side iew
(b) Top iew
Figu e 3. G id sys em o he KCS
Table 2. Compa ison o EFD and p esen simula ion o he KCS
EFD [5]
P esen
E o [%]
CTM.E+3
3.711
3.717
0.16
T im [deg]
-0.169
-0.167
-1.40
Sinkage [m]
-0.0139
-0.0147
5.71
The expe imen al da a used o compa ing o nume ical simula ion is e e ed om he 2015 Tokyo CFD
con e ence [6]. The compa ison be ween he nume ical simula ion esul s and he expe imen al da a a F oude
numbe 0.26 is p esen ed in Table 2. I was con i med ha he e we e no signi ican di e ences in esis ance, im
and sinkage be ween he nume ical simula ion and expe imen al esul s.
In he duck swa m simula ion, he ishing essel is loca ed on he wa e gene a ed by he KCS. The e o e, i is
impo an ha he wa e pa e n a ound he KCS is gene a ed simila ly o he expe imen in nume ical simula ion.
To e i y his, he simula ed wa e p o iles a ound he KCS we e compa ed wi h expe imen al da a. As shown in
Fig. 4, he expe imen al alue o he wa e p o iles gene a ed by KCS was ob ained om p e ious s udy [7] and
he e was no signi ican di e ence.
Figu e 4. Wa e pa e n o he KCS
(a) y/LPP = 0.0741
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
-0.2 0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8
z/LPP
x/LPP
EFD CFD
P esen
EFD
5
(b) y/LPP = 0.1509
(c) y/LPP = 0.4224
Figu e 5. Longi udinal wa e cu s
Figu e 6. Wa e p o ile on he KCS hull su ace
Fo mo e s ic alida ion, a compa ison o he wa e p o iles was conduc ed. Fig. 5 shows he compa ison o wa e
p o iles om CFD simula ion and expe imen a some speci ied posi ions whe e y/LPP is 0.0741, 0.1509, and
0.4224, espec i ely. The Y-axis and X-axis ep esen s he no malized wa e heigh he longi udinal posi ion,
espec i ely. Since he expe imen ally measu ed da a exis only up o he posi ion o x/LPP = 1.8, i was no possible
o compa e all he alues om he nume ica l simula ion. As shown in Fig. 5, he wa e p o iles om he simula ion
a e closely p edic ed o hose o he measu ed da a. Addi ionally, he wa e p o ile on he KCS hull su ace om
he p esen simula ion was also compa ed o expe imen al da a in Fig. 6. Simula ion esul s showed good
ag eemen wi h measu ing da a. Based on nume ical esul s compa ed abo e, i is con i m ha he nume ical se -
up o KCS is eliable.
Nex , he nume ical me hod o he ishing essel was also examined. The same nume ical se up used o he
KCS was equally applied. Simila ly, he o e se mesh me hod was employed o he ishing essel o allow deg ees
o eedom in hea e and pi ch mo ions. The mesh a ound he ishing essel was con igu ed as shown in Fig. 7.
The ishing essel used in his s udy is he same geome y as ha used in he expe imen al s udy by Pa k e al. [8]
and he simula ion esul s we e compa ed wi h hei expe imen . As p esen ed in Table 3, he esis ance alues
showed mino di e ences. Fo he ishing essel, compa ison wi h model expe imen s was conduc ed a a speed
o 2.446 m/s. Howe e , when posi ioned behind he KCS, he ishing essel mus a el a he same speed as he
KCS, 2.196 m/s. The e o e, an addi ional simula ion was conduc ed, as a esul , a esis ance o 72.34 N was
ob ained. This alue was used as he esis ance o he ishing essel in he s andalone condi ion o he p esen
s udy.
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
-0.2 0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8
z/LPP
x/LPP
EFD CFD
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
-0.2 0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8
z/LPP
x/LPP
EFD CFD
-0.008
-0.004
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
z/Lpp
x/Lpp
CFD EFD
6
(a)
(b)
Figu e 7. G id sys em o he ishing essel
Table 3. Compa ison o EFD and p esen simula ion o he ishing essel
EFD [7]
P esen
E o [%]
RTM [N]
80.97
80.66
-0.38
3 Resul s
3.1 Wake ield analysis
Be o e conside a ion o KCS and he ishing essel, he wake low ield behind he KCS alone was analyzed.
Since p e ious s udy [4] was conduc ed by he po en ial simula ion, he iscous e ec could no be explained.
Al hough his s udy was inspi ed by he duck o ma ion in Yuan e al.’s s udy [4], he conside a ion o iscous
e ec s is essen ial o he ealis ic analysis and unde s a ing o he low ield. The eloci y no malized by ship
speed behind he KCS is shown in Fig. 8. The wake egion whe e he low eloci y is less han 95% o he KCS
speed is clea ly isualized. In o he wo ds, e en he highes eloci ies in wake egion a e a leas 5% slowe han
he ship speed o KCS. I was con i med ha he wake egion ex ends longi udinally behind he KCS, and his is
he a ea whe e he ishing essel is loca ed. Thus, e en hough ship speed o KCS and ishing essel is same, he
ishing essel is exposed o lowe ac ual in low speed condi ion compa ing o he ope a ion alone condi ion and
his si ua ion signi ican ly a ec s ollowing essel’s esis ance.
ssssss
Figu e 8. Wake egion downs eam o he KCS
.
7
3.2 KCS & One ishing ship
The duckling e ec was simula ed by placing a ishing essel in a s aigh line behind KCS a a ious in e als.
The posi ion o he ishing essel was de ined om 1.50λ o 3.25λ wi h 0.25λ in e als. Fig. 9 shows he wa e
pa e ns ob ained om each simula ion case, and i was obse ed ha he wa e pa e n a ies acco ding o he
ishing essel's loca ion.
Figu e 9. Wa e pa e ns o he KCS & he ishing essel a each in e al
1.5λ is de ined as he base dis ance be ween he KCS and he ishing essel. The heigh o he di e gen wa es
gene a ed by he ishing essel a 1.75λ case is somewha dec eased compa ing o base case. In case o 2.00λ, he
ans e se wa e componen s we e much diminished han hose o base case. In case o 2.25λ, he di e gen wa es
became ampli ied again. When he ishing essel was loca ed a 2.50λ, he o e all wa e dis ibu ion pa e n is
almos simila o hose o 1.50λ case. The wa e dis ibu ions behind ishing essel in case o 2.75λ, 3.00λ, and
3.25λ we e also almos same o hose o 1.75λ, 2.00λ, and 2.25λ, espec i ely.
Figu e 10. Wa e p o ile o he KCS and CDR o he ishing ship
This epea ing endency is di ec ly ela ed o educ ion o he esis ance on a ishing essel. Fig. 10 shows he
luc ua ion o CDR alues along o dis ance om KCS. The s a ing poin o x-axis (x/LPP = 0) means he KCS’s
A.P. posi ion. The CDR a ia ion exhibi ed a clea pe iodic pa e n wi h espec o wa eleng h. These esul s
indica e ha when wo essels a e aligned in a s aigh line, he absolu e dis ance be ween hem is e y impo an
on he esis ance and wa e pa e n o he ea essel. In o he wo ds, i depends on he posi ion on he phase o he
wa e gene a ed by he o wa d essel. As he swa m’s speed inc eases, he wa eleng h o he gene a ed wa es
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
-0.012
-0.008
-0.004
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
CDR [%]
z/LPP
x/LPP
Wa e p o ile (KCS alone)
CDR (Fishing ship)
Ａ
Ｂ
8
also becomes longe as shown in Eq. (1). Consequen ly, he loca ion a which he ishing essel expe iences
minimum esis ance shi s acco dingly. To main ain op imal esis ance educ ion, he ishing essel mus adjus
i s dis ance om he KCS in esponse o change in wa eleng h.
The CDR alues o he ishing essel we e la ge han ze o (CDR > 0) a all posi ions, i indica es ha he
esis ance was lowe han ha o sailing alone si ua ion. E en i he KCS and he ishing essel a el a he same
speed while main aining a ixed dis ance, he low eloci y expe ienced by each essel is ac ually di e en . Since
he ishing essel is posi ioned in a egion wi h a slowe eloci y han he KCS’s essel speed, i expe iences
educed esis ance compa ing o sailing alone a same speed. This con i ms ha he ishing essel gains a esis ance
bene i simply by being posi ioned behind he KCS in esis ance simula ion.
F om he KCS wa e p o ile in Fig. 10, i can be obse ed ha he wa e ampli ude dec eases p og essi ely
downs eam. As he wa e ampli ude dec eases, he CDR o he ishing essel also ends o dec ease u he
downs eam. This is because he wa e ene gy gene a ed by he KCS dec eases as i p opaga es downs eam,
leading o a educ ion in wa e ampli ude. As a esul , he in e ac ion be ween he wa es and he ishing essel
becomes weake , which in u n educes he esis ance educ ion e ec ob ained om he wa es. Acco ding o
Yuan e al.’s p e ious s udy [4], ducklings posi ioned behind he mo he duck can e en expe ience addi ional
h us , esul ing in CDR alues exceeding 100%. Howe e , in ealis ic simula ion wi h wo essels o KCS and
ishing essel, such high CDR alues we e no obse ed.
Among se e al simula ion cases, he con adic i e wa e pa e ns wi h espec o wo di e en posi ions, A and
B in Fig. 10 we e compa ed in Fig. 11. Posi ion A and B ep esen he maximum and minimum CDR
posi ion wi hin
one wa eleng h pe iod. As wa e ele a ion ampli ude which is gene a ed behind ollowing essel a e smalle , he
esis ance o ishing essel showed smalle esis ance. Fig. 12 showed he wa e ampli udes behind ishing essel.
In case o posi ion A, i is ela i ely simila o ha o isola ion case. In con as , he wa e ampli ude o posi ion B
is much less han ha o isola ion case. In case o posi ion A, he bow o he ishing essel is loca ed a he wa e
c es gene a ed by he KCS. A his poin , he bow wa e gene a ed by he ishing essel is supe posed o he c es
o he KCS gene a ed wa e, esul ing ampli ied wa e heigh . This ampli ica ion leads o la ge wa es a ound he
ishing essel and hus an inc ease in wa e esis ance. Ian con as , a posi ion B, he ishing essel's bow wa e
supe posi ion wi h he ough o he KCS gene a ed wa e, esul ing wa e damping. This leads o smalle wa es
a ound he essel and educes wa e esis ance. A ship’s o al esis ance consis s o iscous esis ance and wa e
esis ance. Fo he ishing essel posi ioned behind he KCS, he iscous esis ance is expec ed o be simila a
bo h posi ions A and B, as he low eloci ies expe ienced a bo h posi ions a e compa able due o hei loca ion
wi hin he KCS wake. The e o e, he di e ence in o al esis ance be ween posi ions A and B is p ima ily a ibu ed
o he di e ence in wa e esis ance. By compa ing he wa e heigh s a ound and downs eam o he ishing essel
a posi ions A and B in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12, i was con i med ha he wa e heigh s a e smalle a posi ion B whe e
he esis ance is signi ican ly educed indica ing ha he wa e esis ance o he ishing essel is lowes a posi ion
B.
Figu e 11. Wa e pa e ns o he KCS & he ishing essel a A and B
A
B
9
Figu e 12. Wa e p o iles downs eam o he ishing essel a y/LPP = 0
In p e ious s udy [4], he wa e iding e ec o a duckling was explained. When he duckling’s ches is
posi ioned a he wa e ough and i s body a he wa e c es , i s esis ance is minimized. This is called by he wa e
iding e ec . This phenomenon occu s when he wa e inc eases he p essu e on he duckling’s abdomen, pushing
i o wa d. A he same ime, he low p essu e on he duckling’s ches is gene a ed a he wa e ough. Thus he
p essu e di e ence be ween he ches and abdomen o he duckling induces he p essu e d ag, esul an ly.
.
(a) Posi ion A
(b) Posi ion B
Figu e 13. P essu e dis ibu ion o he ishing essel a posi ions A and B
Table 4. Compa ison o im and sinkage o he ishing essel a posi ions A and B
Fishing ship a posi ion A
Fishing ship a posi ion B
T im [deg]
-0.564
0.046
Sinkage [m]
-0.017
-0.014
We would like o in es iga e whe he he wa e iding e ec o duckling would be simila ly epea ed in he ishing
essel. To analyze clea ly, he p essu e dis ibu ions on ishing essel a posi ion A and B a e gi en in Fig. 13.
Based on he Fig. 13, i is clea ly obse ed ha highe p essu e is dis ibu ed a he bow in case A compa ing o
ha o case B. This is because he bow o he ishing essel a posi ion A is exposed o a wa e c es . Con e sely,
highe p essu e on s e n in case B was simula ed han ha in case A. Th ough his compa ison, i was con i med
ha posi ion B has a mo e ad an ageous p essu e dis ibu ion o ad ance, wi h lowe p essu e a he bow and
highe p essu e a he s e n compa ing o hose o posi ion A. Addi ionally, his p essu e dis ibu ion di ec ly
a ec s he im o he ishing essel. Table. 4 p esen s he im and sinkage o he ishing essel loca ed in posi ion
A and B, espec i ely. A posi i e alue indica es he bow im and a nega i e alue means he s e n im. In case
o posi ion A, he high p essu e a he bow and low p essu e a he s e n led he s e n im. In case o posi ion B,
-0.004
-0.002
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
z/LPP
x/LPP
Fishing ship alone
KCS & Fishing ship a A
KCS & Fishing ship a B
