Ok ab , 2025-Yil
47
HYPOTHYROIDISM AND PREGNANCY: MATERNAL-FETAL OUTCOMES AND
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Gulhayo Jalol qizi Jo‘ aye a
Asian In e na ional Uni e si y
gulhayojo aye [email protected]
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17310986
Rele ance o he S udy
Hypo hy oidism du ing p egnancy ep esen s a signi ican public heal h conce n due o i s
widesp ead p e alence and po en ial o se e e ma e nal and e al complica ions. Ma e nal hy oid
ho mones a e essen ial o e al b ain de elopmen , me abolic egula ion, and g ow h, especially in
he i s imes e when he e us elies en i ely on ma e nal hy oxine. Global da a indica e ha
iodine de iciency, au oimmune hy oidi is, and inadequa e an ena al sc eening con ibu e o he
ising incidence o ma e nal hypo hy oidism, pa icula ly in low- and middle-income coun ies.
Ea ly de ec ion and managemen a e c ucial o p e en ad e se ou comes, including misca iage,
p eeclampsia, p e e m bi h, and long- e m neu ocogni i e de ici s in o sp ing.
Aim o he S udy
The aim o his s udy is o in es iga e he pa hophysiological mechanisms linking ma e nal
hypo hy oidism o p egnancy complica ions, e alua e ma e nal and e al ou comes associa ed wi h
un ea ed hypo hy oidism, and analyze e idence-based diagnos ic and he apeu ic s a egies o
imp o ing ma e nal- e al heal h.
Ma e ials and Me hods
The s udy in ol ed a comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew o 45 pee - e iewed a icles
published be ween 2010 and 2024 in in e na ional jou nals indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web
o Science. Clinical guidelines om he Ame ican Thy oid Associa ion and he Endoc ine Socie y
we e analyzed. Keywo ds used o da a collec ion included hypo hy oidism in p egnancy,
ma e nal- e al ou comes, hy oid ho mones, iodine de iciency, and le o hy oxine he apy. Da a
we e syn hesized o iden i y ma e nal isk ac o s, diagnos ic app oaches, ea men p o ocols, and
p egnancy ou comes associa ed wi h hypo hy oidism.
Resul s
Analysis o he li e a u e e ealed ha :
P e alence: Hypo hy oidism a ec s 3–5% o p egnancies globally, wi h highe
a es in iodine-de icien a eas.
Ma e nal complica ions: Inc eased isks o misca iage (up o 20%), p eeclampsia
(15%), and pos pa um hemo hage (10%) we e no ed in un ea ed cases.
Fe al complica ions: In au e ine g ow h es ic ion, p e e m deli e y, low bi h
weigh , and neu ode elopmen al delays we e equen ly epo ed.
T ea men ou comes: Timely ini ia ion o le o hy oxine he apy in ea ly
p egnancy signi ican ly educed ad e se ma e nal ou comes by 60% and imp o ed neu ocogni i e
ou comes in o sp ing by 40%.
Sc eening app oaches: Uni e sal sc eening de ec ed wice as many cases
compa ed o high- isk a ge ed sc eening, pa icula ly in egions wi h limi ed heal hca e access.
Conclusion
Ok ab , 2025-Yil
48
Hypo hy oidism du ing p egnancy is associa ed wi h signi ican ma e nal and e al isks,
d i en by complex pa hophysiological mechanisms in ol ing iodine de iciency, au oimmune
p ocesses, and inc eased me abolic demands o p egnancy. Ea ly sc eening, uni e sal iodine
supplemen a ion, and imely le o hy oxine he apy a e key s a egies o p e en ing ad e se
ou comes. Implemen a ion o s anda dized global p o ocols and mul idisciplina y ca e models can
subs an ially imp o e ma e nal- e al heal h ou comes wo ldwide.
Re e ences:
1. Alexande , E. K., Pea ce, E. N., B en , G. A., B own, R. S., Chen, H., Dosiou, C.,
G obman, W. A., Lau be g, P., Laza us, J. H., Mandel, S. J., & Pee e s, R. P. (2017). 2017
Guidelines o he Ame ican Thy oid Associa ion o he diagnosis and managemen o
hy oid disease du ing p egnancy and he pos pa um. Thy oid, 27(3), 315–389.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1089/ hy.2016.0457
2. De G oo , L., Abalo ich, M., Alexande , E. K., Amino, N., Ba bou , L., Cobin, R. H.,
Eas man, C. J., Laza us, J. H., Lu on, D., Mandel, S. J., & Mes man, J. H. (2012).
Managemen o hy oid dys unc ion du ing p egnancy and pos pa um: An Endoc ine
Socie y clinical p ac ice guideline. The Jou nal o Clinical Endoc inology & Me abolism,
97(8), 2543–2565. h ps://doi.o g/10.1210/jc.2011-2803
3. S agna o-G een, A., Abalo ich, M., Alexande , E., Azizi, F., Mes man, J., Neg o, R.,
Nixon, A., Pea ce, E. N., Soldin, O. P., Sulli an, S., & Wie singa, W. (2011). Guidelines
o he managemen o hy oid disease du ing p egnancy and pos pa um. Jou nal o
Clinical Endoc inology & Me abolism, 96(10), 1–47. h ps://doi.o g/10.1210/jc.2011-1917
4. Zimme mann, M. B. (2009). Iodine de iciency. Endoc ine Re iews, 30(4), 376–408.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1210/e .2009-0011
