F on ie s in Mic obiology 01 on ie sin.o g
Myxococcus xan hus p eda ion:
an upda ed o e iew
F ancisco Ja ie Con e as-Mo eno , JuanaPé ez ,
JoséMuñoz-Do ado , Au elioMo aleda-Muñoz * and
F anciscoJa ie Ma cos-To es *
Depa amen o de Mic obiología, Facul ad de Ciencias, Uni e sidad de G anada, G anada, Spain
Bac e ial p eda o s a e widely dis ibu ed ac oss a a ie y o na u al en i onmen s.
Unde s anding p eda o y in e ac ions is o g ea impo ance since hey play
a de ining ole in shaping mic obial communi ies in habi a s such as soils.
Myxococcus xan hus is a soil-dwelling bac e ial p eda o ha can p ey on G am-
posi i e and G am-nega i e bac e ia and e en on euka yo ic mic oo ganisms.
This model o ganism has been s udied o many decades o i s unusual
li ecycle, cha ac e ized by he o ma ion o mul icellula ui ing bodies illed
wi h myxospo es. Howe e , less is known abou i s p eda o y beha io despi e
being an in eg al pa o i s li ecycle. P eda ion in M. xan hus is a mul i ac o ial
p ocess ha in ol es se e al mechanisms wo king syne gis ically, including
mo ili y sys ems o e icien ly ack and hun p ey, and a combina ion o sho -
ange and con ac -dependen mechanisms o achie e p ey dea h and eed on
hem. In he sho - ange a ack, M. xan hus is bes known o he collec i e
p oduc ion o seconda y me aboli es and hyd oly ic enzymes o kill p ey and
deg ade cellula componen s. On he o he hand, con ac -dependen killing
is a cell- o-cell p ocess ha elies on Tad-like and ype III sec e ion sys ems.
Fu he mo e, ecen esea ch has e ealed ha me als also play an impo an
ole du ing p eda ion, ei he by inducing oxida i e s ess in he p ey, o by
compe ing o essen ial me als. In his pape , we e iew he cu en knowledge
abou M. xan hus p eda ion, ocusing on he di e en mechanisms used o
hun , kill, and eed on i s p ey, conside ing he mos ecen disco e ies and he
ansc ip omic da a a ailable.
KEYWORDS
myxobac e ia, bac e ial p eda ion, bac e ial in e ac ion, p eda o -p ey in e ac ions,
mo ili y, seconda y me aboli es, hyd oly ic enzymes, me als
In oduc ion
Myxococcus xan hus is a soil-dwelling bac e ial p eda o enowned o i s social and
mul icellula beha io , which is e iden along i s complex li ecycle. When nu ien s a e sca ce,
M. xan hus cells coo dina e o o m mul icellula s uc u es known as ui ing bodies, whe e
some o hem di e en ia e in o esis an myxospo es. Depending on ex e nal cues, such as
nu ien le els o he p esence o p ey mic oo ganisms, M. xan hus mus decide whe he o
ini ia e his de elopmen al cycle o o ac i a e i s p eda o y mechanisms o eed (Muñoz-
Do ado e al., 2016).
Coo dina ing hese wo ace s o i s li ecycle has led o an ex ensi e coe olu ion be ween
bo h s ages. Indeed, mu a ions in genes in ol ed in ea ly s ages o he de elopmen al cycle,
whe e cells a e s ill o commi o his p ocess, ha e been ound o nega i ely impac p eda ion.
OPEN ACCESS
EDITED BY
Li Zhoukun,
Nanjing Ag icul u al Uni e si y, China
REVIEWED BY
Wei Hu,
Mic obial Technology Ins i u e/Shandong
Uni e si y, China
*CORRESPONDENCE
Au elio Mo aleda-Muñoz
au eliom@ug .es
F ancisco Ja ie Ma cos-To es
jma cos@ug .es
RECEIVED 16 No embe 2023
ACCEPTED 15 Janua y 2024
PUBLISHED 24 Janua y 2024
CITATION
Con e as-Mo eno FJ, Pé ez J,
Muñoz-Do ado J, Mo aleda-Muñoz A and
Ma cos-To es FJ (2024) Myxococcus xan hus
p eda ion: an upda ed o e iew.
F on . Mic obiol. 15:1339696.
doi: 10.3389/ micb.2024.1339696
COPYRIGHT
© 2024 Con e as-Mo eno, Pé ez,
Muñoz-Do ado, Mo aleda-Muñoz and
Ma cos-To es. This is an open-access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion License (CC BY). The
use, dis ibu ion o ep oduc ion in o he
o ums is pe mi ed, p o ided he o iginal
au ho (s) and he copy igh owne (s) a e
c edi ed and ha he o iginal publica ion in
his jou nal is ci ed, in acco dance wi h
accep ed academic p ac ice. No use,
dis ibu ion o ep oduc ion is pe mi ed
which does no comply wi h hese e ms.
TYPE Mini Re iew
PUBLISHED 24 Janua y 2024
DOI 10.3389/ micb.2024.1339696
Con e as-Mo eno e al. 10.3389/ micb.2024.1339696
F on ie s in Mic obiology 02 on ie sin.o g
By con as , genes equi ed in la e s ages o he de elopmen , whe e
cells a e ully commi ed o ui ing-body o ma ion, do no seem o
play a ole in p eda ion (Pham e al., 2005; Be leman e al., 2008; Pé ez
e al., 2022). Fu he mo e, some p eda o –p ey in e ac ions can
s imula e ui ing bodies o ma ion e en du ing p eda ion, al hough
cells wi hin he ui ing bodies a e unable o di e en ia e in o
myxospo es (Be leman and Ki by, 2007).
When condi ions a e a o able again, myxospo es om a ui ing
body will ge mina e in o a popula ion o ege a i e cells known as
swa m, which will ac i ely hun o p ey o eed on hem. Cells wi hin
he swa m will coope a e in an a emp o p ey wi h di e en deg ees
o success on a g ea di e si y o G am-nega i e and G am-posi i e
bac e ia (Figu e 1), including ni ogen- ixing bac e ia and some
human and plan pa hogens, as well as ungi and nema odes (Mendes-
Soa es and Velice , 2013; Li ings one e al., 2017; Pe e s e al., 2021;
Sydney e al., 2021).
M. xan hus p eda ion is a mul i ac o ial ask ha combines a b oad
a senal o esou ces o ensu e p ey dea h. This p ocess s a s wi h
acking o p ey in he en i onmen d i en by i s mo ili y sys ems and
signal- ansduc ion mechanisms. Upon encoun e ing a sui able p ey,
M. xan hus uses a combina ion o sho - ange and con ac -dependen
mechanisms o kill and lyse p ey cells. While sho - ange killing mainly
in ol es he p oduc ion o a ba e y o seconda y me aboli es (SMs) such
as an ibio ics, and o hyd oly ic enzymes o deg ade and eed on he
cellula componen s o he p ey (Muñoz-Do ado e al., 2016), con ac -
dependen lysis is media ed by sec e ion sys ems (See e al., 2021; Thie y
e al., 2022). Mo eo e , ecen s udies ha e shown ha me als a e also
in ol ed in M. xan hus p eda ion ei he by using me als o p o oke
oxida i e s ess o by ou compe ing p ey o possession o essen ial
me als (Con e as-Mo eno e al., 2020; Lee e al., 2020; Dong e al.,
2022b; Pé ez e al., 2022).
While he de elopmen al s age o M. xan hus has been ho oughly
s udied, less a en ion has been paid o i s p eda o y beha io . This is,
howe e , no an isola ed ace o i s li es yle, bu is hea ily
in e connec ed o he o he ai s o M. xan hus biology o shape i s
li ecycle (Volz e al., 2012; Pé ez e al., 2022). In ac , he e is moun ing
e idence ha p eda ion has played a majo ole in he selec ion o
M. xan hus biological ea u es ia coe olu ion wi h i s p ey (Nai e al.,
2019; La Fo ezza e al., 2022). In his mini e iew wewill discuss he
s a e-o - he-a o he oolse used by M. xan hus o p ey, including
he mos ecen indings de i ed om ansc ip omic analyses
du ing p eda ion.
Mo ili y sys ems
M. xan hus cells mus ac i ely sea ch o p ey in he soil o ob ain
nu ien s. To app oach he p ey, hey use wo ypes o mo ili y sys ems:
an indi idual gliding mo emen , known as ad en u ous (A) mo ili y,
and a collec i e wi ching- ype mo emen , known as social (S)
mo ili y. A-mo ili y elies on a Agl-Gl mul ip o ein ou e -memb ane
complex ha a aches he subs a e a ixed si es o ocal adhesion.
These Agl-Gl complexes mo e di ec ionally ac oss he inne
memb ane owa d he an e io pole o he cell, ollowing a helical
ajec o y (Islam e al., 2023). Gliding occu s o e an exopolysaccha ide
slime p oduced by he bac e ium, which acili a es cells o ollow he
ail o p e ious cells a he han c ea ing a new one, which enables
explo a ion and p ey o aging (Rombou s e al., 2023). On he o he
hand, S-mo ili y is d i en by ype-IV pili, which pull he cells o wa d
by ex ending, a aching o su aces (o o he cells), and hen e ac ing
(Chang e al., 2016). In M. xan hus, his is a collec i e mo emen
whe e he cells mus bein con ac wi h each o he , allowing hem o
coo dina e he swa m’s mo emen (Sko nicka and Søgaa d-
Ande sen, 2017).
A s udy using mu an s impai ed in hese wo mo ili y sys ems
clea ly showed ha bo h a e equi ed o e icien ly p ey on
FIGURE1
P eda ion assays o M. xan hus DK1622 (le ) agains di e en G am-nega i e [(A) Pseudomonas pu ida; (B) Sino hizobium melilo i; (C) Esche ichia coli]
and G am-posi i e bac e ia [(D) S aphylococcus au eus; (E) Bacillus sub ilis; (F) Mic ococcus sp.] a e 72 h o in e ac ion, showing i s di e en
capabili ies o kill and consume p ey.
Con e as-Mo eno e al. 10.3389/ micb.2024.1339696
F on ie s in Mic obiology 03 on ie sin.o g
Sino hizobium melilo i (Pé ez e al., 2014). In ac , ansc ip omic
analyses o M. xan hus du ing p eda ion (p eda osomes) ha e shown
up egula ion o some genes equi ed o bo h mo ili y sys ems as well
as some egula o s in ol ed in mo ili y, such as he sigma ac o SigF
(Lee e al., 2020; Pé ez e al., 2022). Bo h ypes o mo ili y occu
simul aneously o al e na e in di e en subpopula ions o he swa m
o adap o di e en p ey local dis ibu ion (Rombou s e al., 2023).
While scou ing he a ea in sea ch o p ey, M. xan hus seems o
de ec some p ey molecules such as acyl homose ine lac ones, ha
s imula e mo ili y and acili a e hei encoun e (Lloyd and
Whi wo h, 2017; Akba e al., 2022). Once he p eda o inds i s p ey,
i mus s ay in close icini y o ac i a e i s a ack mechanisms and hen
eed on hei cellula by-p oduc s. The e o e, upon de ec ion,
M. xan hus cells “s op” by epea edly e e sing hei ajec o y o
op imize p ey lysis (Zhang e al., 2020; Thie y and Kaime , 2022).
These epea ed e e sals a e also impo an o eed on p ey, as mu an
p eda o cells de ec i e in his mechanism end o abandon p ey
colonies a e lysis, wi hou consuming hei cellula emains
(McB ide and Zusman, 1996; Zhang e al., 2020).
Seconda y me aboli es
M. xan hus induces p ey cell dea h and lysis by coope a i e
p oduc ion o di e en ly ic ac o s, ac ing ei he in isola ion o
syne gis ically (Figu e2A). Among hem, SMs play an impo an ole
in p ey killing, especially hose wi h an imic obial ac i i y. M. xan hus
genome holds an ou s anding biosyn he ic capaci y o SM
p oduc ion, including a leas 18 non ibosomal pep ide syn he ases
(NRPS), 22 polyke ide syn hases (PKS), and 6 mixed PKS/NRPS,
making a o al o 14.5% o i s genome (Goldman e al., 2006).
An imic obial compounds so a isola ed om M. xan hus ha e
shown o bemo e e icien agains G am-posi i e bac e ia (Xiao e al.,
2011; Ho mann e al., 2018), which could bedue o he p o ec i e ole
o he G am-nega i e ou e memb ane and/o a po en ial acili a ion
o he in acellula deli e y o ou e memb ane esicles (OMVs)
ca go molecules (Zwa ycz e al., 2023). To da e, only 2 M. xan hus SMs
ha e been di ec ly implica ed in p eda ion: (i) myxo i escin, a
mac ocyclic SM able o block bac e ial g ow h by inhibi ing ype a II
signal pep idase (Xiao e al., 2011, 2012), and (ii) myxop incomide, a
SM equi ed o e ec i e p eda ion agains Bacillus sub ilis (Co ina
e al., 2012; Mülle e al., 2016). Howe e , he mos ecen p eda osome
da a sugges ha SM p oduc ion is p ey speci ic. Thus, while genes
coding o myxop incomide, myxo i escin, and myxalamide ha e
been epo ed as being up egula ed agains Mic ococcus lu eus and
Esche ichia coli, only myxalamide is up egula ed when p eying on
S. melilo i. Howe e , agains S. melilo i, addi ional clus e s p obably
in ol ed in he biosyn hesis o uniden i ied bio-p oduc s a e also
up egula ed (Pé ez e al., 2022; Wang e al., 2023).
Hyd oly ic enzymes
Besides SMs, M. xan hus equi es a ba e y o hyd oly ic enzymes
o deg ade p ey cell componen s and eed on hem (Figu e2A). To
induce lysis o G am-posi i e bac e ia, his myxobac e ium needs o
deg ade p ey cell-walls ia pep idoglycan-lysing enzymes (Ha and
FIGURE2
Di e en esou ces used by M. xan hus (yellow cells) o kill p ey
(pu ple cells). (A) Seconda y me aboli es (SMs) and hyd oly ic
enzymes a e sec e ed in o he ex acellula medium o deli e ed ia
ou e memb ane esicles (OMVs). (B) Con ac -dependen killing
mechanisms o M. xan hus. (C) Role o me als du ing bac e ial
p eda ion. Compe i ion o i on media ed by side opho es and
accumula ion o coppe a he p eda o –p ey in e phase.
Con e as-Mo eno e al. 10.3389/ micb.2024.1339696
F on ie s in Mic obiology 04 on ie sin.o g
Zahle , 1966; Sudo and Dwo kin, 1972; A end e al., 2021). A p o ein
wi h lysozyme-like-ac i i y (LlpM) able o induce cell lysis has been
iden i ied, al hough i is no essen ial o his p ocess, ein o cing he
idea ha cell-wall ly ic ac i i y o he M. xan hus sec e ome is a
mul i ac o ial p ocess wi h se e al hyd oly ic enzymes in ol ed
(A end e al., 2021). In ac , sec e ion o hyd oly ic enzymes has
shown o d i e p eda ion in na u al isola es wi h genomes specially
en iched in his ype o enzymes (Dong e al., 2022a, 2023).
T ansc ip omic s udies agains di e en p ey ha e e ealed
up egula ion o se e al M. xan hus genes coding cell-wall lysing
p o eins. Thus, when he G am-nega i e S. melilo i and he G am-
posi i e S ep omyces coelicolo we e used as p ey, wo genes coding
N-ace ylmu amoyl-L-alanine amidases we e up egula ed (Lee e al.,
2020; Pé ez e al., 2022). Mo eo e , i e genes coding o p o eins wi h
LysM-domains we e o e exp essed agains S. melilo i and wo o hem
we e also up egula ed in co-cul u es wi h E. coli (Li ings one e al.,
2018; Pé ez e al., 2022). Howe e , du ing p eda ion on Pseudomonas
ae uginosa o M. lu eus, no gene in ol ed in cell-wall lysis was
di e en ially exp essed (Wang e al., 2023). These disc epancies may
be due o cha ac e is ics o he p ey, bu also o a iances in he
me hodology used on each assay.
In addi ion o cell-walls, M. xan hus mus also hyd olyze p ey
p o eins and lipids o use hem as nu ien s o as building blocks o
me abolic p ocesses. Un il now, only he pep idase MepA has been
expe imen ally s udied and i seems o con ibu e o p eda ion by
deg ading p o eins eleased om lysed cells (Be leman e al., 2014).
Indeed, mepA is up egula ed in co-cul u e wi h S. melilo i and wi h
S. coelicolo , suppo ing i s ole in p eda ion (Lee e al., 2020; Pé ez
e al., 2022). M. xan hus p eda osomes agains di e en bac e ia
indica e ha , o achie e ull p ey lysis, he p eda o needs o induce a
ple ho a o hyd oly ic enzymes. In ac , besides hose a o emen ioned,
M. xan hus genes coding o se e al hyd oly ic enzymes a e
ansc ip ionally up egula ed in co-cul u e wi h S. melilo i, E. coli, o
M. lu eus, including pep idases, me allop o eases, alpha/be a old
hyd olases, lipases, and nucleases (Pé ez e al., 2022; Wang e al., 2023).
The deli e y o his le hal cock ail o he p ey is acili a ed by
OMVs, which include in hei ca go many pu a i e hyd oly ic p o eins
and molecules associa ed wi h an ibio ic ac i i ies (Kahn e al., 2010;
Be leman e al., 2014; Remis e al., 2014). In ac , isola ed M. xan hus
OMVs can kill G am-posi i e and G am-nega i e bac e ia (E ans
e al., 2012; Remis e al., 2014; Li ings one e al., 2018; Zwa ycz e al.,
2023). Mo eo e , i has been p o ed ha OMV killing ac i i y agains
di e en bac e ia co ela es wi h he p eda o y ac i i y o M. xan hus.
Howe e , he absence o co ela ion be ween OMV killing ac i i y and
hei abili y o use wi h di e en p ey cell-walls ein o ces he idea
ha he composi ion o he OMVs ca go is mo e c i ical han hei
deli e y o he p eda o y ac i i y (Zwa ycz e al., 2023).
Con ac -dependen killing
Al hough he p eda o y s a egy o M. xan hus is usually desc ibed
as a coope a i e p ocess, single myxobac e ia can kill indi idual p ey
cells (Zhang e al., 2020; A end e al., 2021; See e al., 2021).
This one- o-one in e ac ion equi es a con ac -dependen
mechanism (Figu e2B). In his sense, many bac e ia ha e e ol ed
specialized nanomachines o expo p o eins and/o i ulence ac o s
ac oss he cell en elope in o he su oundings, o o injec hem in o
euka yo ic o p oka yo ic cells (Cos a e al., 2015; Galán and
Waksman, 2018).
Al hough analyses o he M. xan hus genome ha e e ealed a la ge
po en ial o sec e ion (Kono alo a e al., 2010), only wo sec e ion
sys ems ha e been so a ela ed o cell con ac -dependen p ey killing:
a degene a e ype III-like sys em (T3SS*) and a igh adhe ence (Tad)
sec e ion appa a us, also known as “Kil complex” (See e al., 2021;
Thie y e al., 2022).
T3SSs a e mul ip o ein complexes encoded by a b oad ange o
bac e ia wi h pa hogenic o in e bac e ial an agonism (Galán and
Waksman, 2018). While se e al pa hogenic en e obac e ia use
specialized T3SS o deli e e ec o p o eins in o euka yo ic cells
(Wagne e al., 2018), o he species ha e adap ed lagella- ype T3SS
o cy o oxin expo (Dong e e al., 2018; Hal e and E ha d , 2021).
Howe e , M. xan hus T3SS* lacks a dedica ed ou e memb ane
sec e in and any homologs o needle and anslocon componen s
(Figu e2B), hus being classi ied as “non- lagella , needle-less” T3SS
(Kono alo a e al., 2010; Abby and Rocha, 2012; Diepold and
A mi age, 2015).
On he o he hand, Tad-like sec e ion sys ems a e conside ed
membe s o he ype IV ilamen supe amily, and a e ela ed o
bac e ial adhesion, bio ilm s abiliza ion, and con ac -dependen
egula ion o adhesion (Ellison e al., 2017; Denise e al., 2019; See
e al., 2021).
M. xan hus T3SS* and Tad-like componen s ha e been shown o
bein e dependen ly, bu coo dina ely, accumula ed a he p eda o –
p ey in e ace o killing E. coli p ey cells, exhibi ing a unc ional
in e play and di e en unc ions du ing he p eda o y in e ac ion.
Thus, while he Tad-like appa a us is ins umen al in p ey cell dea h
(bu does no cause p ey disin eg a ion), he T3SS* is equi ed o cell
lysis (Thie y e al., 2022). Ne e heless, bo h sys ems a e equi ed o
u ilizing li e p ey as a nu ien sou ce, al hough hey a e no di ec ly
in ol ed in he deg ada ion o up ake o dead p ey biomass (Thie y
e al., 2022).
Homologous genes encoding Tad-like complexes ha e been
iden i ied in di e en gene a o bac e ial p eda o s (See e al., 2021;
Wang e al., 2023). Howe e , he co-occu ence o T3SS* and Tad
complexes is es ic ed o he sub-o de Cys obac e ineae o he
Myxococcales, sugges ing a specialized unc ion o hese sec e ion
sys ems in myxobac e ial p eda ion (Abby and Rocha, 2012; Wang
e al., 2023).
G am-nega i e and G am-posi i e p ey elici simila esponses by
M. xan hus ega ding he o ma ion o Tad and T3SS* oci, since bo h
can lead o agg ega ion o hese mul ip o ein complexes (Wang e al.,
2023). Thus, he ansc ip omic analysis o he co-cul u e o
M. xan hus wi h E. coli and M. lu eus e ealed ha pa o he genes
encoding he T3SS*, as well as pa o one o he wo clus e s encoding
he Tad-like appa a us, we e signi ican ly up egula ed in bo h cases
(Wang e al., 2023). A simila esul was epo ed om he in e ac ion
be ween M. xan hus and S. melilo i, al hough in his case he
up egula ion o genes om bo h clus e s coding he Tad-like complex
was de ec ed (Pé ez e al., 2022). Howe e , du ing co-cul u e wi h
S. coelicolo , ansc ip omic da a indica ed ha only some genes
coding he T3SS*, bu no hose coding he Tad-like appa a us, we e
up egula ed (Lee e al., 2020). Simila ly, P. ae uginosa ailed o induce
accumula ion o Tad complexes, u ning ou o be esis an o
Con e as-Mo eno e al. 10.3389/ micb.2024.1339696
F on ie s in Mic obiology 05 on ie sin.o g
M. xan hus p eda ion (See e al., 2021). In e es ingly, he coo dina ed
accumula ion o he T3SS*/Tad complexes has no been obse ed
du ing con ac wi h o he M. xan hus cells, bu only du ing he
in e ac ion wi h p ey cells, which implies ha con ac -dependen
killing mechanisms disc imina e be ween kin and p ey cells (Wall,
2016; See e al., 2021; Thie y e al., 2022).
Role o me als in he p eda o y
in e ac ion
The use o me als by bac e ial p eda o s has gained ele ance in
he ecen yea s as a new mechanism o inducing p ey dea h. Two
me als ha e been epo ed o bein ol ed in he p eda o y beha io o
M. xan hus: coppe and i on (Figu e2C). These wo me als exhibi a
dual ole on li ing cells since hey a e co ac o s o enzymes ha a e
essen ial o i al unc ions, bu oxic a high concen a ions (Rensing
and McDe i , 2013; Ladome sky and Pe is, 2015; Li e al., 2021).
In he case o coppe , i has been shown ha M. xan hus u ilizes
his me al o poison S. melilo i. This me al accumula es inside he
cells a he in e ace whe e p eda o collides wi h he p ey,
p o oking changes in bo h pa ne s o he in e ac ion and helping
he p eda o o pene a e in he p ey colony (Con e as-Mo eno
e al., 2020). While M. xan hus up egula es he exp ession o coppe
de oxi ica ion genes such as hose coding o he P1B-ATPase
CopA, he mul icoppe oxidase CuoA, and he coppe e lux pumps
Cus2 and Cus3 (Sánchez-Su il e al., 2007; Mo aleda-Muñoz e al.,
2010a,b; Pé ez e al., 2018), S. melilo i p oduces a b own pigmen
ha has been iden i ied as melanin (Con e as-Mo eno e al., 2020).
P eda o y analyses ha e e ealed ha melanin is o e p oduced by
he p ey du ing p eda ion, indica ing ha coppe is being used o
gene a e oxida i e s ess and ha he pigmen unc ions as a
de ensi e shield o he p ey (Con e as-Mo eno e al., 2020).
Howe e , i emains o beelucida ed how he p eda o achie es
accumula ion o coppe in he p ey o kill i by gene a ing eac i e
oxygen species.
I on also seems o play an impo an ole du ing
myxobac e ial p eda ion. Se e al ansc ip omes o M. xan hus
agains di e se p ey ha e been published, and in all o hem
side opho e biosyn hesis is up egula ed in bo h p eda o and
p ey (Lee e al., 2020; Pé ez e al., 2022; So o e al., 2023; Wang
e al., 2023; Whi wo h e al., 2023). Mo eo e , he same esul
has been obse ed du ing p eda ion o ano he myxobac e ium,
Cys obac e e ugineus, agains Pseudomonas pu ida (Akba and
S e ens, 2021), indica ing ha compe i ion o i on may bea
gene al p eda o y mechanism among myxobac e ia.
Expe imen ally, i has been demons a ed ha deple ion o i on
igge s he biosyn hesis o he an ibio ic ac ino hodin in
S. coelicolo o p e en p eda ion om M. xan hus (Lee e al., 2020).
Mo eo e , a mu an o M. xan hus ha p oduces less side opho es
(myxochelins) is de ec i e in p eda ion agains P. ae uginosa (Dong
e al., 2022b). Simila ly, mu an s in a pu a i e TonB-dependen
anspo e o e imyxochelins and in componen s o he ABC
anspo e ha in oduces e imyxochelins in o he cy oplasm
also exhibi less e icien p eda ion on his p ey (Dong e al., 2022b).
All hese da a seem o indica e ha compe i ion o i on plays a
decisi e ole in he myxobac e ial p eda o y in e ac ion wi h
he p ey.
Concluding ema ks
Bac e ial p eda ion is a key ac o in shaping ecosys ems and
es ablishing mic obial di e si y in soils. Unde s anding hese
in e ac ions will con ibu e o imp o e soil condi ions in ag icul u e.
Mo eo e , some bac e ial p eda o s a e conside ed “mic o ac o ies” o
SMs ha can beused o o e come he cu en an ibio ic c isis (Pé ez
e al., 2016, 2020).
P eda ion is an in eg al pa o M. xan hus biology and, he e o e,
his bac e ium has de eloped a di e se oolse o adap o i s p eda o y
li es yle. Among he bes -unde s ood ace s o i s p eda o y ac i i y
a e he mechanisms used o kill and lyse hei p ey. The coope a i e
p oduc ion o SMs and hyd oly ic enzymes along wi h cell- o-cell
con ac killing ia T3SS* and Tad-like complexes, a e well-es ablished
p eda o y mechanisms. Fu u e esea ch in his opic will p o ide new
in o ma ion abou less known aspec s o M. xan hus p eda ion and
unco e new ools used by his mic oo ganism o kill p ey. In ac ,
ecen s udies ha e led o he iden i ica ion o me als as addi ional
weapons used by myxobac e ia o kill hei p ey. Since luc ua ions in
me al concen a ion may occu in he habi a s because o se e al
ac i i ies, i is expec ed ha hey de e mine which popula ion will
p edomina e in he myxobac e ial p eda o y in e ac ion, which may
ha e a signi ican impac on he en i onmen and ag icul u e.
Au ho con ibu ions
FC-M: W i ing – o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing. JP:
W i ing – o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing. JM-D: W i ing
– o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Funding acquisi ion.
AM-M: W i ing – o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Funding
acquisi ion. FM-T: Concep ualiza ion, W i ing – o iginal d a ,
W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Funding acquisi ion.
Funding
The au ho (s) decla e inancial suppo was ecei ed o he
esea ch, au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his a icle. This wo k has
been suppo ed by g an PID2020-112634GBI00 unded by MCIN/
AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ( o AM-M and JM-D) and by he Ma ie
Skłodowska-Cu ie Ac ion (MSCA) g an LysM Re . 101106411 ( o
FM-T and JM-D).
Con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha he esea ch was conduc ed in he
absence o any comme cial o inancial ela ionships ha could
becons ued as a po en ial con lic o in e es .
Publishe ’s no e
All claims exp essed in his a icle a e solely hose o he au ho s
and do no necessa ily ep esen hose o hei a ilia ed o ganiza ions,
o hose o he publishe , he edi o s and he e iewe s. Any p oduc
ha may be e alua ed in his a icle, o claim ha may be made by i s
manu ac u e , is no gua an eed o endo sed by he publishe .
Con e as-Mo eno e al. 10.3389/ micb.2024.1339696
F on ie s in Mic obiology 06 on ie sin.o g
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