The Open Public Heal h Jou nal ISSN: 1874-9445
DOI: 10.2174/0118749445412309250930073847, 2025, 19, e18749445412309 1
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
The Rela ionship be ween Socio-Demog aphics,
Knowledge, and A i ude wi h Physical Ac i i y in he
P oduc i e Age Communi y in Padang Ci y, Wes
Suma a, Indonesia
Abdiana1, Mas ul2,*, Ha disman3, Naji man4, Rizanda Machmud3, Fi dawa i3,
Yan i Mapu a5 and Mus a di Rus am6
1Doc o al P og am in Public Heal h, Facul y o Medicine, Andalas Uni e si y, Padang, Wes Suma a 25127,
Indonesia
2Depa men o Nu i ional Sciences, Facul y o Medicine, Andalas Uni e si y, Padang, Wes Suma a 25127,
Indonesia
3Depa men o Public Heal h-Communi y Medicine, Facul y o Medicine, Andalas Uni e si y, Padang, Wes Suma a
25127, Indonesia
4Depa men o In e nal Medicine, Facul y o Medicine, Andalas Uni e si y, Padang, Wes Suma a 25129, Indonesia
5Depa men o Psychology, Facul y o Medicine, Andalas Uni e si y, Padang, Wes Suma a 25127, Indonesia
6Facul y o Nu sing, Uni e si y o Riau 28121, Indonesia
Abs ac :
In oduc ion: Lack o physical ac i i y is a signi ican isk ac o o a ious noncommunicable diseases and a cause
o global dea h. Na ional da a om Indonesia shows ha he p e alence o a lack o physical ac i i y is 33.5%, while
in Wes Suma a P o ince, he igu e is highe , a 39.4%. This condi ion equi es a ge ed in e en ion by
unde s anding he dis ibu ion o physical ac i i y based on he communi y's sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics,
knowledge, and a i udes. This esea ch aims o analyze he ela ionship be ween sociodemog aphic ac o s,
knowledge, a i udes, and he le el o physical ac i i y in he p oduc i e age communi y.
Me hods: A c oss-sec ional analy ical s udy was conduc ed on 316 p oduc i e-age esponden s selec ed using clus e
andom sampling. Da a we e collec ed using a s uc u ed ques ionnai e and analyzed using he Chi-squa e es o
bi a ia e analysis and logis ic eg ession o mul i a ia e analysis o de e mine he dominan ac o s in luencing
physical ac i i y.
Resul s: As many as 37.0% o esponden s had low physical ac i i y, highe han mode a e (36.1%) and high (26.9%)
physical ac i i y. The mos in luen ial ac o s on low physical ac i i y we e gende (p=0.00; OR=0.02), occupa ion
(p=0.002; OR=4.02), knowledge (p=0.000; OR=24.72), and a i ude (p=0.000; OR=25.83). Meanwhile, o mode a e
physical ac i i y, he dominan ac o s we e gende (p=0.000; OR=0.185), occupa ion (p=0.028; OR=2.15),
knowledge (p=0.031; OR=2.89), and a i ude (p=0.028; OR=2.78).
Discussion: These esul s indica e ha physical ac i i y among p oduc i e-age indi iduals is in luenced by gende ,
occupa ion, and indi idual knowledge and a i udes owa d heal h. Imp o ing access o accu a e heal h in o ma ion is
key o p omo ing ac i e li es yles. These indings unde sco e he impo ance o in eg a ing heal h educa ion
p og ams o empowe communi ies o inc ease physical ac i i y le els e ec i ely.
Conclusion: Physical ac i i y in he p oduc i e age is in luenced by gende , ype o employmen , and knowledge and
a i udes owa d heal h. Gende -based heal h educa ion in e en ions and inc eased access o accu a e heal h
in o ma ion a e key o p omo ing ac i e li es yles and e ec i ely empowe ing communi ies o educe he isk o non-
communicable diseases.
Keywo ds: Socio demog aphics, Knowledge, A i udes, Physical ac i i y, P e en ion, Noncommunicable diseases.
2 The Open Public Heal h Jou nal, 2025, Vol. 19 Abdiana e al.
© 2025 The Au ho (s). Published by Ben ham Open.
This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional Public
License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy o which is a ailable a : h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e
c edi ed.
*Add ess co espondence o his au ho a he Doc o al P og am in Public Heal h Depa men , Facul y o Medicine,
Uni e si as Andalas, Wes Suma a, Indonesia; E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Ci e as: Abdiana , Mas ul , Ha disman , Naji man , Machmud R, Fi dawa i , Mapu a Y, Rus am M. The Rela ionship
be ween Socio-Demog aphics, Knowledge, and A i ude wi h Physical Ac i i y in he P oduc i e Age Communi y in Padang
Ci y, Wes Suma a, Indonesia. Open Public Heal h J, 2025; 19: e18749445412309.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.2174/0118749445412309250930073847
Recei ed: May 28, 2025
Re ised: July 04, 2025
Accep ed: July 08, 2025
Published: ?? ??, 2025
Send O de s o Rep in s o
[email p o ec ed]
1. INTRODUCTION
Physical ac i i y plays an impo an ole in he p e-
en ion and con ol o Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs)
such as hype ension, obesi y, ype 2 diabe es melli us,
ca dio ascula disease, and some ypes o cance . Adequa e
physical ac i i y also imp o es men al heal h, cogni i e
unc ion, and o e all quali y o li e [1]. Con e sely, lack o
physical ac i i y is one o he main isk ac o s o global
mo ali y. O all dea hs om noncommunicable diseases,
73% occu in low- and middle-income coun ies [2, 3].
Physical ac i i y includes a ious o ms o body mo e-
men ha in ol e ene gy expendi u e, whe he pe o med
a wo k, du ing ac i i ies a home, du ing leisu e ime, o
h ough planned, s uc u ed, and epea ed physical
exe cise, such as spo s. In p ac ice, each indi idual has a
di e en le el o physical ac i i y, depending on li es yle,
en i onmen al condi ions, and a ious pe sonal and social
ac o s [4, 5].
The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) ecommends
ha adul s engage in a leas 150–300 minu es o mode a e-
in ensi y physical ac i i y pe week. Howe e , globally,
a ound 31% o adul s and 80% o adolescen s ha e no
eached he ecommended le el o physical ac i i y. The
global a ge is o educe physical inac i i y by 10% by 2025
and 15% by 2030 [6]. In Indonesia, only 32.83% o he
popula ion is classi ied as ac i e in spo s o physical
ac i i y, wi h a signi ican gap be ween men (35.7%) and
women (21.4%) [7]. In Wes Suma a P o ince, he p e-
alence o physical in i i y eached 39.4%, highe han he
na ional igu e o 33.5% [8]. This condi ion indica es he
need o se ious a en ion o he physical ac i i y pa e ns
o he communi y, especially in he p oduc i e age g oup
(15–59 yea s), which is he backbone o na ional
de elopmen .
Va ious ac o s, including socio-demog aphic ac o s,
in luence he le el o physical ac i i y. Resea ch indica es
ha men end o engage in highe le els o physical ac i i y
han women. Addi ionally, unemployed indi iduals a e less
likely o be educa ed, which also plays a signi ican ole, as
low educa ion le els co ela e wi h lowe le els o physical
ac i i y [9]. Educa ion also plays a signi ican ole, whe e
low educa ion le els co ela e wi h lowe le els o physical
ac i i y [10]. Ma i al s a us o li ing in a couple is also
associa ed wi h inc eased physical ac i i y [11]. Likewise,
low le els o physical ac i i y a e p ima ily ound in
indi iduals wi h low le els o knowledge compa ed o hose
wi h mode a e o good knowledge [12].
Acco ding o he Theo y o Planned Beha io , socio-
demog aphic ac o s such as age, gende , educa ion, occu-
pa ion, knowledge, and a i udes can in luence a i udes,
subjec i e no ms, and pe cei ed beha io al con ol owa d
physical ac i i y. Good knowledge enhances an indi idual's
unde s anding o he bene i s o physical ac i i y, which in
u n os e s a posi i e a i ude. This posi i e a i ude
s eng hens he in en ion and, oge he wi h pe cei ed
beha io al con ol, encou ages indi iduals o do physical
ac i i y consis en ly [13, 14].
In he con ex o local cul u e, especially in Wes
Suma a, which adhe es o a ma ilineal cus oma y sys em,
gende oles in luence physical ac i i y pa e ns. Women
gene ally ca y ou mo e domes ic ac i i ies a home, while
men a e mo e ac i e ou side he home due o hei
in ol emen in social, economic, and communi y ac i i ies.
This pa e n can impac he le el o daily physical ac i i y,
which a iesbe ween gende s. The e is a ela ionship
be ween gende and physical ac i i y [15]. On he o he
hand, knowledge and a i udes owa ds he impo ance o
physical ac i i y also play an impo an ole. Suja wa i's
s udy ound a signi ican ela ionship be ween knowledge
and physical ac i i y beha io , indica ing ha hose who
ha e knowledge a e mo e likely o be physicallyc i e [16].
The ela ionship be ween socio-demog aphics and
physical ac i i y is no always consis en . Se e al s udies
ha e ound ha educa ion le el and knowledge did no
signi ican ly in luence physical ac i i y habi s, depending on
popula ion cha ac e is ics and social en i onmen [12, 16].
The e o e, his s udy is impo an o iden i y p oduc i e age
g oups ha a e a low isk o pe o ming physical ac i i y.
By unde s anding he ela ionship be ween sociodemo-
g aphic ac o s, knowledge, and a i udes wi h physical
ac i i y, in e en ions can be di ec ed mo e e ec i ely. The
esul s o his s udy a e expec ed o se e as he basis o
de eloping heal h p omo ion p og ams and suppo ing
e idence-based public policies aimed a imp o ing public
heal h.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. S udy Design
This esea ch is a quan i a i e s udy wi h a c oss-
sec ional s udy app oach. This design was chosen o
simul aneously iden i y he ela ionship be ween inde-
penden a iables (sociodemog aphic, knowledge, and
a i ude) and dependen a iables (physical ac i i y). This
s udy uses a c oss-sec ional design because i is conside ed
Rela ionship be ween Socio-Demog aphics, Knowledge, and A i ude wi h Physical Ac i i y in he P oduc i e Age
Communi y in Padang Ci y 3
he mos app op ia e o s udying he ela ionship be ween
ac o s o p o ide a comp ehensi e pic u e o he cu en
popula ion condi ion and be e icien in e ms o ime and
esou ces.
2.2. S udy Loca ion
The esea ch was conduc ed in Padang Ci y, Wes
Suma a, namely in he wo king a ea o he Iku Ko o
Heal h Cen e , he wo king a ea o he Ulak Ka ang Heal h
Cen e , and he wo king a ea o he Rawang Heal h Cen e .
2.3. Popula ion and Sample
2.3.1. Resea ch Popula ion
The esea ch popula ion consis s o all indi iduals
aged 15-59 yea s in he wo king a ea o he Iku Ko o,
Ulak Ka ang, and Rawang Heal h Cen e s in Padang Ci y
in 2024.
2.3.2. Resea ch Sample
A sample is a pa o he popula ion's numbe and
cha ac e is ics. The esea ch sample consis s o he
communi y aged 15-59 yea s in he wo king a ea o he
h ee Heal h Cen e s in Padang Ci y in 2024, who mee
he inclusion and exclusion c i e ia. The inclusion c i e ia
o he esea ch sample we e willingness o pa icipa e
(signing in o med consen ) and coope a ion du ing da a
collec ion. The exclusion c i e ia included incomple e da a
on he a iables s udied (missing alues) and esponden s
who we e unable o comple e he ques ionnai e co ec ly.
whe e,
Z1-α/2 = Z alue a con idence in e al ( wo- ailed
hypo hesis es ) = 1.96.
Z1-β = Z alue on es powe = 80%
P1 = 0,679 [17]
P2 = 0,419 [17]
p = P1+P2/2
Based on he sample o mula, he minimum sample
size is 316.
2.3.2.1. Inclusion C i e ia
Inclusion c i e ia we e:
1) Aged 15–59 yea s, acco ding o he de ini ion o
p oduc i e age in he minimum heal h se ice s anda ds
based on he egula ions o he Indonesian Minis e o
Heal h [18].
2) Residing o wo king in he wo k a ea o he heal h
cen e being s udied.
3) Able o ead and w i e, o ensu e ha hey can ill ou
he ques ionnai e independen ly o unde s and he
ques ions well.
4) Willing o be a esponden by signing an in o med
consen .
5) No cu en ly sick du ing da a collec ion.
2.3.2.2. Exclusion C i e ia
The exclusion c i e ia we eincomple e da a ound in he
a iables s udied.
The sampling echnique used was clus e andom
sampling, and 3 heal h cen e s we e selec ed om 24
heal h cen e s in Padang Ci y, namely he Iku Ko o Heal h
Cen e , he Ulak Ka ang Heal h Cen e , and he Rawang
Heal h Cen e . The selec ion was made conside ing egional
ep esen a ion, wi h one heal h cen e loca ed in he ci y
cen e , one in he subu bs, and one in he coas al a ea.
2.4. Da a Collec ion
Da a collec ion in his s udy was conduc ed h ough
ace- o- ace in e iews using s uc u ed ques ionnai es
con aining all esea ch a iables (age, gende , educa ion,
occupa ion, ma i al s a us, knowledge, a i udes, and
physical ac i i y). The in e iews we e conduc ed by i e
enume a o s wi h unde g adua e heal h educa ion back-
g ounds. To ensu e he quali y and consis ency o he da a
ob ained, he esea che s conduc ed aining and sha ed
pe cep ions wi h all enume a o s be o e he da a collec ion
p ocess began. The aining included an in-dep h unde -
s anding o all he ques ions in he ques ionnai e. The
GPAQ ques ionnai e, in pa icula , is ela ed o he
dimensions o ac i i y in ensi y, du a ion, and equency o
physical ac i i y. Enume a o s we e also gi en in e iew
simula ions o p ac ice deli e ing ques ions uni o mly, as
well as o es ima e he ideal du a ion o in e iews pe
esponden , o a oid esponden sa u a ion, which could
a ec he quali y o answe s.
Be o e da a collec ion was conduc ed on he esea ch
sample, a pilo es was ca ied ou on 30 indi iduals om
he a ge popula ion who we e no included in he esea ch
sample. This ial aimed o e alua e i em cla i y, language
comp ehension, and in e iew ime es ima ion and iden i y
po en ial sys ema ic bias. The in e iew p ocess was
conduc ed in a com o able, quie , and dis ac ion- ee
en i onmen o minimize ecall bias. To de ec po en ial
inconsis encies in answe s, he enume a o epea ed
se e al ques ions wi h di e en wo ding as a o m o
in e nal alida ion.
2.5. Resea ch Ins umen s: Validi y and Reliabili y o
Tes
The esea ch ins umen s a e he ools ha will be used
o da a collec ion. The esea ch ins umen s used include
knowledge and a i ude ques ionnai es, as well as physical
ac i i y assessmen s. The knowledge a iable ques ionnai e
consis s o 15 ques ions. The a i ude a iable ques ionnai e
consis s o 7 ques ions. The physical ac i i y ques ionnai e
uses he Global Physical Ac i i y Ques ionnai e (GPAQ),
which consis s o 16 ques ions [19].
The GPAQ ques ionnai e collec s da a on esponden s'
physical ac i i y in h ee ca ego ies: physical ac i i y a
wo k, a el ac i i ies om place o place, and ec ea ional
o leisu e ac i i ies. GPAQ da a analysis is ca ego ized
based on calcula ing he o al olume o physical ac i i y
p esen ed in METs / minu e/week. Acco ding o he analysis
guide a ached o he GPAQ, o al physical ac i i y le els
a e ca ego ized in o h ee g oups: high, mode a e, and low.
4 The Open Public Heal h Jou nal, 2025, Vol. 19 Abdiana e al.
High physical ac i i y is de ined as pe o ming hea y
physical ac i i y o a leas 3 days, o aling a leas 1500
MET-minu es pe week, o engaging in a combina ion o
hea y and mode a e physical ac i i ies o walking o a
leas 7 days wi h a o al in ensi y o a leas 3000 MET-
minu es pe week. Mode a e physical ac i i y includes
pe o ming high-in ensi y ac i i ies o a leas 20 minu es
pe day on 3 o mo e days, o engaging in mode a e
ac i i ies o walking o 5 o mo e days, o aling a leas
600 MET-minu es pe week. Low physical ac i i y e e s o
any ac i i y le el ha does no mee he c i e ia o he high
o mode a e ca ego ies, co esponding o less han 600
MET-minu es pe week [20]. The alidi y and eliabili y o
he GPAQ ques ionnai e we e accep able o assessing
physical ac i i y pa e ns and seden a y beha io , wi h
Kappa (k) and In aclass Co ela ion Coe icien s anging
om s ong o almos pe ec (k: 0.864-0.976) and mode a e
o excellen (ICC: 0.56-0.994). Spea man's Co ela ion
Coe icien indica ed ha concu en alidi y was mode a e
o subs an ial ( ho: 0.471-0.680), while c i e ion alidi y
was su icien o subs an ial ( ho: 0.226-0.672) [21].
Validi y and eliabili y es s we e ca ied ou o ensu e
he alidi y o he ques ionnai e's knowledge and a i ude
ac o s. Validi y is a measu e ha indica es he deg ee o
which an ins umen is eliable and accu a e. An
ins umen is alid i i can measu e he hing being
measu ed [5]. The ques ionnai e's alidi y and eliabili y
we e es ed on 30 p oduc i e-aged indi iduals om he
Sebe ang Padang Heal h Cen e and he Belimbing Heal h
Cen e in Padang Ci y. The Pea son P oduc -Momen
co ela ion coe icien was used o de e mine alidi y. Fo
he wo samples (d = n-2 = 30), he - able alue was
0.361 (a α = 5%). The alidi y es esul s showed ha all
ques ionnai e i ems had co ela ion alues g ea e han
0.361. C onbach's alpha coe icien , a well-known in e nal
consis ency indica o , was u ilized o assess ques ionnai e
eliabili y. The ques ionnai e was eliable, wi h a
C onbach's alpha sco e o mo e han 0.60, indica ing ha
he measu emen i ems we e consis en and s able in
cap u ing he a ge cons uc .
2.6. Da a Analysis
The da a p ocessing s ages mus be conduc ed i s o
esea ch analysis o p oduce accu a e in o ma ion. Da a
p ocessing is pe o med in s ages, including edi ing, coding,
da a en y, and da a cleaning. Da a analysis is conduc ed
uni a ia ely, bi a ia ely, and mul i a ia ely.
2.6.1. Uni a ia e Analysis
Uni a ia e analysis aims o p o ide a pic u e o each
independen a iable (age, gende , educa ion, occupa ion,
ma i al s a us, knowledge, and a i ude) and he dependen
a iable (lack o physical ac i i y), and is p esen ed using
equency and pe cen age.
2.6.2. Bi a ia e Analysis
Bi a ia e analysis de e mines he link be ween
independen and dependen a iables using s a is ical es s,
namely he Chi-squa e.
2.6.3. Mul i a ia e Analysis
Mul i a ia e Analysis uses logis ic eg ession es s o
de e mine he mos dominan a iables ela ed o physical
ac i i y. A his s age, bi a ia e selec ion compa es
independen and dependen a iables. I he bi a ia e es
yields a p- alue < 0.25, he a iable can be included in he
mul i a ia e analysis. The mos in luen ial a iable is
de e mined by g adually dele ing p- alues> 0.05,
beginning wi h he highes p- alue and ending wi h a p-
alue ≤ 0.05.
3. RESULTS
The esul s o he s udy we e ob ained based on da a
collec ion conduc ed on 316 p oduc i e age esponden s
aged 15-59 yea s using a ques ionnai e. The esul s o he
uni a ia e, bi a ia e, and mul i a ia e analyses a e
p esen ed in Tables 1, 2, and 3.
Table 1. Uni a ia e analysis.
No Va iables Ca ego y %
1Physical Ac i i y
Low 117 37.0
Mode a e 114 36.1
High 85 26.9
2 Age 15-39 yea s 155 49.1
40-59 yea s 161 50.9
3 Gende Man 97 30.7
Women 219 69.3
4 Educa ion Low 69 21.8
High 247 78.2
5 Wo k No Wo king 144 45.6
Wo k 172 54.4
6 Ma i al s a us Single 67 21.2
Ma ied 249 78.8
7Knowledge No good 120 38.0
Good 196 62.0
8A i ude No good 125 39.6
Good 191 60.4
Rela ionship be ween Socio-Demog aphics, Knowledge, and A i ude wi h Physical Ac i i y in he P oduc i e Age
Communi y in Padang Ci y 5
Table 2. Bi a ia e analysis esul s.
No Va iables
Physical Ac i i y
To al
p- alueLow Mode a e Hea y
% % % %
1
Age
15-39 yea s 68 43.9 59 38.1 28 18.1 155 100 0.001
40-59 yea s 49 30.4 55 34.2 57 35.4 161 100
2
Gende
Man 30 30.9 27 27.8 40 41.2 97 100 0.001
Woman 87 39.7 87 39.7 45 20.5 219 100
3
Educa ion
Low 35 50.7 19 27.5 15 21.7 69 100 0.028
High 82 33.2 95 38.5 70 28.3 247 100
4
Wo k
No wo king 59 41.0 60 41.7 25 17.4 144 100 0.002
Wo k 58 33.7 54 31.4 60 34.9 172 100
5
Ma i al s a us
Single 33 49.3 22 32.8 12 17.9 67 100 0.044
Ma ied 84 33.7 92 36.9 73 29.3 249 100
6
Knowledge
No good 78 65.0 25 20.8 17 14.2 120 100 0,000
Good 39 19.9 89 45.4 68 34.7 196 100
7
A i ude
No good 83 66.4 26 20.8 16 12.8 125 100 0,000
Good 34 17.8 88 46.1 69 36.1 191 100
Table 3. Mul i a ia e analysis esul s.
No Va iables
Exp (B)
95% CI
p- alue
Lowe Uppe Lowe Uppe
Low Physical
Ac i i y
Mode a e Physical
Ac i i y
Low
Physical
Ac i i y
Mode a e
Physical
Ac i i y
Low Physical
Ac i i y
Mode a e Physical
Ac i i y
1 Gende 0.02 0.185 0.006 0.008 0.07 0.47 0,000 0,000
2 Wo k 4.02 2.15 1.64 9.86 1.08 4.29 0.002 0.028
3 Knowledge 24.72 2.89 7.72 79.12 1.10 7.60 0,000 0.031
4 A i ude 25.83 2.78 8.81 75.75 1.12 6.90 0,000 0.028
Based on Table 1, i was ound ha he pe cen age o
esponden s was highe o low physical ac i i y (37.0%),
ollowed by mode a e ac i i y (36.1%), and high ac i i y
(26.9%). The pe cen age o esponden s was highe among
hose aged 40-59 yea s (50.9%), emales (69.3%), hose
wi h highe educa ion (78.2%), wo king indi iduals (54.4%),
and ma ied indi iduals (78.8%). The pe cen age o
esponden s' knowledge le el was highe a good know-
ledge (62.0%) and good a i ude (60.4%).
Based on Table 2, he esul s show ha he pe cen age
o esponden s who do low physical ac i i y is highe among
hose aged 15-39 yea s (43.9%) who engage in physical
ac i i y compa ed o hose aged 40-59 yea s (30.4%). The
s a is ical es esul s ob ained a p- alue o 0.001 (p <0.05),
meaning ha he e is a ela ionship be ween age and
physical ac i i y. The gende a iable o physical ac i i y
showed ha women (39.7%) epo ed mo e low physical
ac i i y han men (30.9%). The s a is ical es esul s
ob ained a p- alue o 0.001 (p <0.005), indica ing a signi-
ican ela ionship be ween gende and physical ac i i y.
The a iable o educa ion in ela ion o physical
ac i i y showed ha he pe cen age o esponden s who
engaged in low physical ac i i y was highe among hose
wi h lowe educa ion (50.7%) compa ed o hose wi h
highe educa ion (33.2%). The s a is ical es esul s
yielded a p- alue o 0.028 (p < 0.05), indica ing a
signi ican ela ionship be ween educa ion and physical
ac i i y. The a iable ela ed o wo k and physical ac i i y
showed ha he pe cen age o esponden s who engaged
in physical ac i i y was highe among hose who we e no
wo king (41.0%) han among hose who we e wo king
(33.7%). The s a is ical es esul s ob ained a p- alue o
0.002 (p <0.05), meaning ha he e is a ela ionship
be ween wo k and physical ac i i y. The a iable o
6 The Open Public Heal h Jou nal, 2025, Vol. 19 Abdiana e al.
ma i al s a us in ela ion o physical ac i i y showed ha
he pe cen age o esponden s who engaged in low
physical ac i i y was highe among hose who we e no
ma ied (49.3%) compa ed o hose who we e ma ied
(33.7%). The s a is ical es esul s ob ained a p- alue o
0.044 (p <0.05), meaning ha he e is a ela ionship
be ween ma i al s a us and physical ac i i y.
The a iable o knowledge and physical ac i i y showed
ha he pe cen age o esponden s wi h low physical
ac i i y was highe among hose wi h poo knowledge
(65.0%) han among hose wi h good knowledge (19.9%).
The s a is ical es esul s yielded a alue o p = 0.000 (p <
0.05), indica ing a signi ican ela ionship be ween
knowledge and physical ac i i y. The pe cen age o
esponden s who did low physical ac i i y was highe in
poo a i udes (66.4%) han in good a i udes (17.8%). The
s a is ical es esul s ob ained a alue o p = 0.000 (p
<0.05), indica ing a ela ionship exis s be ween a i udes
and physical ac i i y.
Mul i a ia e analysis was ob ained om he mul inomial
logis ic eg ession es , which is used when he dependen
a iable has mo e han wo ca ego ies. The mul i a ia e
esul s a e p esen ed in Table 3. The esul s show a
ela ionship be ween gende , occupa ion, knowledge, and
a i ude owa ds physical ac i i y. The male gende has a
p o ec i e e ec on engaging in low o mode a e physical
ac i i y compa ed o emales (p = 0.00; 0.000, OR = 0.02;
0.185). This means ha women inc ease he chance o
doing low and mode a e physical ac i i y. Responden s who
do no wo k ha e an inc eased isk o doing low and
mode a e physical ac i i y compa ed o esponden s who
wo k (p = 002; 0.028 and OR = 4.02; 2.15). Poo knowledge
inc eases he isk o doing low and mode a e physical
ac i i y compa ed o good knowledge (p = 0.00; 0.031 and
OR = 24.72; 2.89). Responden s wi h poo a i udes
inc eased he isk o doing low and mode a e ac i i y
compa ed o hose wi h good a i udes (p = 0.00; 0.028 and
OR = 25.83; 2.78).
Physical ac i i y is in luenced by socio-demog aphic
ac o s, especially gende and occupa ion. Subop imal
knowledge and a i udes owa ds he bene i s o physical
ac i i y can wo sen his condi ion. In he con ex o public
heal h, low physical ac i i y in luenced by hese ac o s
inc eases he isk o non-communicable diseases. I
educes he quali y o li e o indi iduals while also
inc easing he bu den o disease and heal h cos s in
socie y. The e o e, heal h p omo ion in e en ions mus
conside socio-demog aphic and educa ional aspec s o
make s a egies o inc easing physical ac i i y mo e
e ec i e.
4. DISCUSSION
Physical ac i i y is any body mo emen caused by
muscle wo k o inc ease ene gy expendi u e. This physical
ac i i y includes daily ac i i ies such as walking, unning,
and climbing s ai s.Physical ac i i y is no limi ed o
spo s; a ious e e yday ac i i ies, such as cleaning he
house, i oning, playing wi h child en, and ga dening can
also be conside ed physical ac i i ies. These ac i i ies
should be pe o med o a leas 30 minu es daily o 3 o 5
days a week [6]. This s udy showed ha mo e esponden s
engaged in ligh physical ac i i y, ollowed by mode a e
and high le els o physical ac i i y. The esul s o his
s udy a e in line wi h esea ch in Indonesia, which has
ound ha low physical ac i i y is mo e common
among oduc i e ages [17, 22, 23].
Simila esea ch in coun ies such as Nepal and he
Ca ibbean ound ha people do less physical ac i i y [24,
25]. In con as , esea ch in I an ound ha mos
esponden s had igo ous physical ac i i y (36.3%),
ollowed by low physical ac i i y (34.5%) and mode a e
physical ac i i y (29.2%) [25, 26].
This indica es ha he endency o low physical
ac i i y occu s in Indonesia and globally, especially among
young and p oduc i e age g oups. Fac o s such as
inc easing use o echnology, limi ed access o spo s
acili ies, and changes in en e ainmen pa e ns om
physical ac i i y o passi e ac i i ies (such as gadge use)
also con ibu e o his phenomenon. This di e ence can be
caused by a ious con ex ual ac o s such as a heal hy
li es yle cul u e, na ional heal h policies, o adequa e
physical ac i i y suppo in as uc u e in I an. Thus, he
simila i ies and di e ences in hese esul s e lec he
impo ance o conside ing socio-cul u al ac o s, local
policies, and esponden cha ac e is ics in unde s anding
physical ac i i y beha io in a ious egions.
In he p oduc i e age communi y in Padang Ci y, i
was ound ha he physical ac i i y ca ied ou ended o
be ligh , which would inc ease he isk o heal h p oblems
a his s age o li e. This is because ligh ac i i ies a e
p ima ily ound among esponden s who do no wo k, such
as homemake s, and hose who wo k in o ices wi h
minimal physical ac i i y. Seden a y beha io is o en
obse ed in p oduc i e-age employees in Padang Ci y, as
hey end o ha e a seden a y li es yle [22]. Adul s should
s a by doing physical ac i i y in small amoun s and
g adually inc ease he equency, in ensi y, and du a ion
o e ime.
The bi a ia e analysis esul s showed ha socio-
demog aphics, knowledge, and a i udes we e ela ed o
physical ac i i y. This inding aligns wi h he esul s o a
s udy by Kolahi e al. (2022), which demons a ed ha age,
gende , and occupa ion signi ican ly in luenced he le el o
physical ac i i y (p < 001) [26]. As indi iduals age, hey
expe ience inc easing di icul y in pe o ming physical
mo emen s, ul ima ely educing he equency and in ensi y
o hei physical ac i i y. This condi ion can inc ease he
isk o heal h p oblems, including Noncommunicable
Diseases (NCDs) such as diabe es, hype ension, and
ca dio ascula disease [27].
Physical ac i i y can be pe o med by indi iduals in all
age g oups. Howe e , he e is a endency o physical
ac i i y le els o dec ease as age inc eases. This decline is
closely ela ed o physiological changes and he eme gence
o physical limi a ions, which a e pa o he na u al aging
p ocess. Howe e , physical ac i i y can and should s ill be
done by adul s and elde ly age g oups o main ain o gan
unc ion, imp o e me abolism, and enhance o e all quali y
o li e [3]. In his con ex , heal h wo ke s and policymake s
Rela ionship be ween Socio-Demog aphics, Knowledge, and A i ude wi h Physical Ac i i y in he P oduc i e Age
Communi y in Padang Ci y 7
mus design age-app op ia e in e en ions, o example, by
p omo ing ligh o mode a e physical ac i i y such as
walking, elde ly gymnas ics, o communi y-based ac i i ies
ailo ed o he indi idual's physical abili ies. Padang al eady
has a ca - ee day p og am e e y Sa u day and Sunday. The
ac i i ies include gymnas ics and walking oge he . This
p omo i e and p e en i e app oach mus be con inuously
encou aged, especially in he adul and elde ly popula ion,
so ha people emain physically ac i e and a oid heal h
complica ions due o a seden a y li es yle.
Gende is one o he ac o s ha in luences he le el o
physical ac i i y in socie y. In gene al, men end o be mo e
physically ac i e han women. The indings in his s udy
indica e ha men ha e highe le els o physical ac i i y
han women, which is consis en wi h a ious s udies a
home and ab oad. In Indonesia, esea ch by Lon oh e al.
s eng hens his inding ha gende and occupa ion
signi ican ly a ec he lack o physical ac i i y, wi h women
ending o ha e lowe physical ac i i y due o he double
bu den in he household [28]. This condi ion becomes mo e
complex in he Minangkabau communi y in Wes Suma a
P o ince, whe e women ha e a cen al ole in household
managemen and childca e. This can limi hei ime and
space o engage in s uc u ed physical ac i i y. Se e al
s udies in de eloping coun ies ha e iden i ied socio-
cul u al ac o s ha hinde women's in ol emen in
physical ac i i y in mos de eloping coun ies. Implica ions
o cul u ally and gende -based public heal h in e en ions
and wo k need o be ca ied ou o inc ease physical
ac i i y. Educa ion shapes an indi idual's knowledge,
a i udes, and mo i a ion owa d physical ac i i y.
In his s udy, educa ion le els we e ca ego ized in o wo
le els: low educa ion (g adua ed om elemen a y school o
junio high school) and high educa ion (g adua ed om
high school o college). This inding aligns wi h esea ch in
Poland, which ound ha esponden s wi h low le els o
educa ion ended o be less physically ac i e han hose
wi h seconda y and highe educa ion [10]. Se e al s udies
in Indonesia also suppo he posi i e co ela ion be ween
educa ion le el and heal hy li es yle beha io s, including
physical ac i i y [16, 29].
The indings o his s udy p o ide a s ong ounda ion
o unde s anding ha educa ion is a s a egic en y poin
in in e en ions aimed a inc easing communi y physical
ac i i y. The da a show ha mos esponden s in Padang
Ci y ha e a ela i ely high le el o educa ion. Howe e ,
high le els o educa ion do no always co ela e posi i ely
wi h adequa e physical ac i i y. Mos esponden s wo k in
sec o s wi h minimal physical ac i i y, such as o ice wo k
o shop/s all businesses, which equi e long pe iods o
si ing o s anding. The e o e, heal h p omo ion p og ams
need o be adjus ed o he le el o educa ion. In e en ions
should use simple language and p ac ical app oaches,
such as communi y gymnas ics o doo - o-doo ou each,
o educa ed g oups. Meanwhile, o highly educa ed
g oups, s a egies can ocus on p o iding e idence-based
in o ma ion, access o spo s acili ies, and digi al
campaigns ha emphasize he bene i s o physical ac i i y
o heal h and p oduc i i y [7].
Wo k is an impo an ac o in luencing a pe son's le el
o physical ac i i y, conside ing ha mos o an indi idual's
ime is spen wo king. In his s udy, wo k is no only a
sou ce o income bu also o ms daily ac i i y pa e ns,
including oppo uni ies and obs acles in physical ac i i y.
The esul s o his s udy indica e ha esponden s who do
no wo k end o ha e low le els o physical ac i i y,
especially in he g oup o housewi es, who show he highes
p opo ion in he low physical ac i i y ca ego y. This inding
is consis en wi h esea ch by Sumimo o in Japan, which
iden i ied ha unemployed s a us is s ongly co ela ed
wi h physical inac i i y, especially in he middle and elde ly
age g oups [30]. In Indonesia, simila esul s we e ound by
he Indonesian Minis y o Heal h, which no ed ha o ice
wo ke s and housewi es we e he g oups wi h he highes
p opo ion o low physical ac i i y [8]. This di e ence shows
ha physical ac i i y has no become pa o he wo k o
household cul u e in Indonesia, especially in u ban
communi ies such as Padang Ci y. The e o e, wo k-based
in e en ions, such as ligh i ness aining o housewi es
o gende - iendly communi y spo s acili ies, a e needed.
The implica ions o he esul s o his s udy p o ide
in o ma ion ha in e en ions o inc ease physical ac i i y
mus conside he employmen and social s a us o he local
communi y. Fo unemployed g oups, such as housewi es,
in e en ion p og ams can be de eloped h ough illage-
based communi y ac i i ies, including mo ning exe cises
oge he , physical ac i i ies in eligious s udy g oups, o
heal h aining a in eg a ed heal h pos s.
Meanwhile, o wo ke s wi h seden a y ac i i ies,
p og ams need o be encou aged, such as p omo ing
walking du ing b eaks, using s ai s, o p o iding ligh
spo s acili ies. This app oach is educa ional and p ac ical,
and i can inc ease pa icipa ion om a ious occupa ional
g oups. Ma i al s a us is one o he social de e minan s ha
in luences heal h beha io , including le els o physical
ac i i y. This s udy ound ha ma ied esponden s ended
o be mo e physically ac i e han unma ied o li ing-alone
esponden s. This is ela ed o social suppo , habi s wi h
pa ne s, and household esponsibili ies, which indi ec ly
encou age physical ac i i y. This inding is ased on he
s udy byuan e al. (2022), which showed ha ma ied o
pa ne ed s a us was associa ed wi h inc eased physical
ac i i y, while hose who li ed alone we e mo e p one o a
seden a y li es yle [11]. In Indonesia, simila esul s we e
also ound by Ch is y (2021), who no ed ha ma ied
couples end o pay mo e a en ion o hei heal h
condi ions due osha ed esponsibili ies [31].
In Minangkabau cul u e, ma ied women o en
expe ience a double bu den (domes ic and social wo k),
which, al hough i esul s in physical ac i i y, is no
necessa ily in a o m ha mee s heal h ecommenda ions
( o example, insu icien in ensi y and equency). In he
u ban communi y o Padang, Wes Suma a, Minangkabau
cus oma y and cul u al alues s ongly emphasize he
impo ance o amily li e and he con inua ion o o sp ing.
The bond o ma iage is no only a pe sonal ela ionship bu
also pa o a b oade social s uc u e. Husbands and wi es
o en ind hemsel es in an in e connec ed social en i-
onmen , such as an ex ended amily o a Naga i commu-
8 The Open Public Heal h Jou nal, 2025, Vol. 19 Abdiana e al.
ni y, which can os e pa icipa ion in join social and
physical ac i i ies, including coope a ion, g oup gymnas ics,
o communi y spo s. Recommended in e en ion s a egies
can be o de elop amily-based i ness p og ams, such as
gymnas ics wi h pa ne s and amily mo ning walks. Family
heal h messages should be included in social e en s, such
as social ga he ings, women's eligious s udies, o
adi ional mee ings.
Knowledge abou physical ac i i y plays an impo an
ole in encou aging beha io al changes owa d a heal hy
li es yle. Indi iduals who possess adequa e knowledge
abou he bene i s, ypes, and equency o physical
ac i i y end o be mo e mo i a ed o pa icipa e in hese
ac i i ies on a egula basis. This was con i med in a s udy
by Sheeba (2025), which showed ha indi iduals wi h low
le els o knowledge and nega i e a i udes owa ds
physical ac i i y we e mo e suscep ible o hype ension
and physical inac i i y [32]. This inding is consis en wi h
s udies by Suja wa i (2023) and Maulana (2023) in
Indonesia, as well as a s udy by Bie na and Pia kowska
(2020) in Poland, which showed ha educa ion le el and
knowledge we e posi i ely co ela ed wi h exe cise habi s
[10, 16, 29]. Wi h good knowledge, people can be mo e
p oac i e in ou ine physical ac i i y [33].
People wi h a good unde s anding o heal hy li ing will
engage in physical ac i i y e ec i ely because hey
ecognize he posi i e impac o physical ac i i y on hei
heal h. Mo eo e , people wi h he mo i a ion and hope o
achie e op imal heal h will con inue doing physical
ac i i ies acco ding o heal h ecommenda ions [4]. I is
also ele an in he con ex o socie y in Padang Ci y.
Al hough mos esponden s a e o p oduc i e age, low
le els o knowledge we e ound in low physical ac i i y,
indica ing ha heal h educa ion is no op imal. The
in e en ion does no only ocus on deli e ing in o ma ion,
bu also on s eng hening mo i a ion, acili a ing access,
and changing he social en i onmen .
This inding aligns wi h he Theo y o Planned Beha io
and he Heal h Belie Model, which explain ha physical
ac i i y beha io is in luenced by an indi idual's a i ude
owa d he ac i i y, subjec i e no ms (social suppo ), and
pe cep ions o sel -e icacy. A posi i e a i ude owa d
physical ac i i y, he belie ha he en i onmen is
suppo i e, and pe cep ions o ease in doing i will inc ease
an indi idual's in en ion and ac ual ac ions o exe cise [13,
34]. P e ious esea ch suppo s ha pe cep ions o heal h
bene i s and isks play a signi ican ole in o ming a
posi i e a i ude owa d exe cise [35]. Howe e , a s udy by
Yasunaga e al. in Japan showed ha al hough a posi i e
a i ude has been o med, wo k and en i onmen al ac o s
can s ill encou age a seden a y li es yle [36]. The e o e, i is
essen ial o s eng hen posi i e a i udes wi h adequa e
social and s uc u al ecological suppo . These indings
sugges ha e o s o p omo e physical ac i i y in Padang
Ci y should be implemen ed h ough a communi y-based
app oach, u ilizing local alues as a ounda ion. This
app oach could in ol e u ilizing p aye ooms, mosques,
and Minang social g oups as media o deli e ing heal h
messages ha a e in eg a ed wi h local cus oms and
cul u e.
The mul i a ia e analysis ound ha he dominan
a iables in luencing physical ac i i y we e gende ,
occupa ion, knowledge, and a i ude. Knowledge and
a i ude we e he s onges isk ac o s o low physical
ac i i y. This indica es ha poo knowledge and a i ude a e
he p ima y isk ac o s, e en mo e signi ican han
occupa ion o gende . This means ha changes in know-
ledge and a i ude ha e he po en ial o p oduce he mos
signi ican impac in e o s o inc ease physical ac i i y.
Based on he indings o his s udy, he implica ions a e he
need o p io i ize educa ional in e en ions and beha io al
changes as he p ima y s a egy o educing he p opo ion
o low physical ac i i y. Knowledge-building p og ams and
he o ma ion o posi i e a i udes owa d physical ac i i y
ha e p o en e ec i e. They a e expec ed o be able o
encou age changes in communi y beha io owa d a
heal hie di ec ion. Thus, educa ion-based in e en ions and
beha io al modi ica ion should be he p ima y ocus in
p omo i e and p e en i e e o s ela ed o inc easing
physical ac i i y in he communi y.
Gende has a s ong p o ec i e e ec (OR=0.02 o low
physical ac i i y). This p o ec i e e ec is e y signi ican
and consis en in bo h ca ego ies o physical ac i i y (low
and mode a e), allowing heal h p omo ion s a egies o be
adjus ed o he gende g oup mos a isk (women).
Occupa ion also inc eases he isk o low and mode a e
physical ac i i y (OR=4.02 and 2.15), so wo kplace heal h
p omo ion policies o p og ams can be an e ec i e
s a egy. This s udy e eals ha mos esponden s a e
women wi h seden a y jobs, such as eaching, ading, and
childca e, which ypically in ol e si ing and a e classi ied
as ligh physical ac i i y. The ma ilineal cul u e in Padang
Ci y, Wes Suma a, places women in a cen al domes ic
ole, which does no encou age in ol emen in hea y
physical ac i i y o o mal spo s. While men a e mo e
ac i e ou side he home, hei ac i i ies end o be social
a he hann ensely physical [37]. These indings indica e
he need o inc eased cul u e-based educa ion o inc ease
awa eness and he in en ion o people o a p oduc i e age
o engage in physical ac i i y in esponse o he inc easing
isk o non-communicable diseases.
In his inding, selec ion bias may occu because he e
a e mo e emale esponden s han male esponden s,
esul ing in an imbalance in he numbe o esponden s
be ween he wo sexes, which could a ec physical
ac i i y. The e o e, o he andom sampling echniques a e
necessa y o achie e a mo e balanced gende dis ibu ion.
In addi ion, ecall bias occu s because esponden s mus
emembe he physical ac i i ies hey ha epe o med, so
hey a e a isk o o ge ing o mis emembe ing. To
minimize his bias, he s udy epea ed se e al ques ions
wi h di e en wo dings o help s eng hen esponden s'
memo ies and imp o e he accu acy o physical ac i i y
epo ing.
CONCLUSION
The esul s showed a ela ionship be ween gende ,
occupa ion, knowledge, and a i ude owa ds physical
ac i i y. Males ha e a p o ec i e chance o doing low and
mode a e physical ac i i y compa ed o emales. This means
Rela ionship be ween Socio-Demog aphics, Knowledge, and A i ude wi h Physical Ac i i y in he P oduc i e Age
Communi y in Padang Ci y 9
ha women a e mo e likely o engage in low o mode a e
physical ac i i y. Responden s who do no wo k ha e an
inc eased isk o doing low and mode a e physical ac i i y
compa ed o esponden s who wo k. Poo knowledge
inc eases he isk o doing low and mode a e physical
ac i i y compa ed o good knowledge. Responden s wi h
poo a i udes inc eased he isk o doing low and mode a e
ac i i y compa ed o hose wi h good a i udes.
This s udy has se e al limi a ions, including he
p opo ion o esponden s domina ed by women, which
can cause bias in he es ima ion o o e all physical ac i i y
le els, conside ing ha women ha e lowe physical
ac i i y le els han men. To o e come his, u he s udies
a e ad ised o use quo a o s a i ied sampling echniques
o achie e a mo e balanced gende dis ibu ion. I is also
ecommended ha he esea ch a ea be expanded o
include mo e han h ee heal h cen e wo k a eas and ha
he numbe o samples be inc eased.
This s udy did no explo e social, cul u al, and
en i onmen al ac o s ha ha e he po en ial o in luence
physical ac i i y, such as access o ec ea ional acili ies
and social no ms. The e o e, quali a i e esea ch can be
used in u u e s udies o unde s and he ba ie s and
suppo e s o physical ac i i y con ex ually. The c oss-
sec ional s udy design limi s he abili y o iden i y causal
ela ionships be ween physical ac i i y and ela ed ac o s.
The e o e, longi udinal s udies a e highly ecommended o
sus ainably obse e changes in physical ac i i y beha io .
Physical ac i i y da a we e collec ed using he GPAQ
ques ionnai e, which is suscep ible o ecall bias. To
imp o e measu emen accu acy, u he esea ch should
combine ques ionnai es wi h o he ins umen s. E alua ion
o physical ac i i y p omo ion p og ams is pe iodically
conduc ed and adjus ed o mee he changing needs o he
communi y. This is pa icula ly impo an conside ing ha
he p oduc i e age is a phase o li e du ing which
indi iduals can wo k, p oduce, and con ibu e o inc easing
p oduc i i y and educing disease isk.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
The au ho s con i m con ibu ion o he pape as
ollows: A., M., H., N., R. M., F., Y.M., and M.R.: Concep
was de eloped; A. and M.: Design was ca ied ou ; M., H.,
and N.: Supe ision was p o ided; F.: Da a collec ion was
done; A., M., H., and N.: Analysis and in e p e a ion we e
pe o med; A.: W i ing was done; while M., H., and N.:
C i ical e iew and edi ing we e comple ed; R.M., F., Y.M.,
and M.R.: Valida ion was conduc ed; A., M., H., N., R. M.,
F., Y.M., and M.R.: Da a cu a ion was handled. All au ho s
e iewed he esul s and app o ed he inal e sion o he
manusc ip .
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
NCDs = Noncommunicable Diseases
GPAQ = Global Physical Ac i i y Ques ionnai e
OR = Odds Ra io
METs = Me abolic Equi alen s o Task
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO
PARTICIPATE
This s udy was ca ied ou a e ecei ing an e hical
ce i ica e om he Resea ch E hics Commi ee o he
Facul y o Medicine a Andalas Uni e si y, wi h app o al
numbe 78/UN.16.2/KEP-FK/2023, da ed Feb ua y 16,
2023, and a esea ch pe mi om he Doc o al S udy
P og am in Public Heal h, wi h numbe 23/UN16/S3-
KES/TU/2023. Fu he mo e, a esea ch pe mi was
ecei ed om he In eg a ed Licensing Agency and One-
S op In eg a ed Se ice o Padang Ci y, wi h pe mi
numbe 070.4751/DPMPTSP-PP/I/2023 da ed Feb ua y 15,
2023.
HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS
The e hical s anda ds o he ins i u ional and esea ch
commi ee, as well as he p inciples o he 1975 Helsinki
Decla a ion, as e ised in 2013, we e adhe ed o in he
execu ion o all esea ch echniques on human olun ee s.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
W i en in o med consen was ob ained.
STANDARDS OF REPORTING
The STROBE guidelines we e ollowed.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
Da a suppo ing he indings o his s udy a e a ailable
in he Zenodo eposi o y: h ps://zenodo.o g/ eco ds/
11488409.
FUNDING
None.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es , inancial o
o he wise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wan o hank all subjec s who pa icipa ed in his
s udy.
REFERENCES
Maksum A, Indahwa i N. Pa e ns o physical ac i i y and i s[1]
impac on heal h isk and li e sa is ac ion: E idence om adul s in
Indonesia. In J Hum Mo Spo s Sci 2019; 9(6): 1087-96.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.13189/saj.2021.090602
Noncommunicable diseases. 2025. A ailable om:[2]
h ps://www.who.in /news- oom/ ac -shee s/de ail/noncommunica
ble-diseases
Sas i C. Physical ac i i y in heal h. Eu eka Media Aksa a.[3]
Pu balingga: Eu eka Media Aksa a 2024.
Wicaksono A, Handoko W. Physical ac i i y and heal h. IAIN[4]
Pon ianak P ess. Pon ianak: IAIN Pon ianak P ess 2020.
I i ahu oza HT. Physical ac i i y managemen in p ima y[5]
heal hca e. 2024. A ailable om: h ps://www.google.co.id/books/
edi ion/Manajemen_Ak i i as_Fisik_di_Layanan_Kes/UwI6EQAAQ
BAJ?hl=id&gbp =1&dq=Manajemen%20Ak i i as%20Fisik%20di
%20Pelayanan%20Keseha an%20P ime &pg=PA4&p in sec= on
co e
Global s a us epo on physical ac i i y 2022 2022. A ailable[6]
om: h ps://www.who.in / eams/heal h-p omo ion/ physical-
