Co esponding au ho : Mahmud Yunus
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
The e ec o skipping exe cises on inc easing agili y and leg muscle powe in men ally
e a ded child en
Mahmud Yunus 1, *, Slame Raha jo 1, An on Komaini 2 and Raja Mohammed Fi had Raja Azidin 3
1 Depa men o Spo Science, Facul y o Spo Science, Uni e si as Nege i Malang, Malang, Indonesia.
2 Facul y o Spo Science, Uni e si as Nege i Padang, Padang, Indonesia.
3 Facul y o Spo Science and Rec ea ion, Uni e si i Teknologi MARA, Selango , Malaysia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1911-1915
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 14 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 30 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 02 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1562
Abs ac
The low le el o physical ac i i y in he li es o child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies may con ibu e o educed muscle
s eng h and i ness le els. The e o e, e ec i e in e en ions a e needed o enhance he physical capaci y o child en
wi h in ellec ual disabili ies o suppo be e mobili y and quali y o li e in he u u e. This s udy aims o explo e he
e ec s o mode a e-in ensi y skipping exe cise on imp o ing agili y and lowe limb muscle powe in child en wi h
in ellec ual disabili ies. A o al o 15 male child en aged 10–12 yea s wi h in ellec ual disabili ies we e ec ui ed om
SDLB-B Tunas Bangsa Educa ional Founda ion (YPTB), Malang Ci y, and unde wen a mode a e-in ensi y skipping
in e en ion p og am o six weeks. Da a collec ion included agili y measu emen s using he hexagon agili y es and
lowe limb muscle powe assessed h ough he e ical jump es . S a is ical analysis was pe o med using a pai ed-
sample - es . The esul s e ealed a signi ican imp o emen in agili y om p e es o pos es (38.56 ± 4.86 o 33.65 ±
6.02 seconds; E ec Size (ES): 0.897; p = 0.001). Simila ly, e ical jump es esul s showed a signi ican inc ease in leg
muscle powe be ween p e es and pos es (17.99 ± 4.29 o 23.61 ± 5.64 cm; ES: 1.121; p = 0.001). These indings
sugges ha a six-week skipping p og am can be an e ec i e me hod o enhance mo o abili ies in child en wi h
in ellec ual disabili ies.
Keywo ds: Agili y; Leg Muscle Powe ; Exe cise; Men ally Re a ded Child en; Mo o Abili y
1. In oduc ion
In ellec ual disabili y a ec s app oxima ely 3% o he global popula ion and in luences a ious aspec s o indi idual
de elopmen , including in ellec ual unc ioning, adap i e beha io , and mo o skills (Aminikhah & Bahi aei, 2025;
Pes ana e al., 2018; Kesumawa i & Rahayu, 2019). Child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies gene ally exhibi limi a ions in
physical abili ies and mo emen coo dina ion, which may a ec hei pa icipa ion in daily ac i i ies (Wojna ska e al.,
2023). Mo eo e , a seden a y li es yle is common wi hin his popula ion, inc easing he isk o obesi y, me abolic
diso de s, and ca dio ascula diseases in adul hood (Lin e al., 2023). The lack o physical ac i i y also con ibu es o
weakened muscle s eng h and lowe i ness le els compa ed o ypically de eloping child en (Jacin o e al., 2021; Dai o
e al., 2016; Hsieh e al., 2017; Bull e al., 2020). Hence, e ec i e in e en ions a e essen ial o enhance hei physical
capaci y o suppo be e mobili y and o e all quali y o li e.
One o he c i ical ac o s in de eloping mo o skills in child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies is lowe limb muscle powe
and agili y, which a e c ucial o pe o ming daily ac i i ies such as walking, unning, jumping, and hopping (Bishop &
Pangelinan, 2018). Lowe limb muscle powe e e s o he abili y o muscles o gene a e o ce quickly, i al o explosi e
ac i i ies like jumping and sp in ing (Ja ic & Ma ko ic, 2009). Agili y, on he o he hand, e lec s he abili y o mo e
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1911-1915
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swi ly and accu a ely, which is pa icula ly necessa y o ac i i ies equi ing apid changes in di ec ion o quick
eac ions (Wang e al., 2025). Child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies o en equi e pos u al ca e due o se e e mo o
unc ion impai men s (Robe son e al., 2018), a ec ing hei e e yday ac i i ies. Enhancing physical abili ies such as
agili y and lowe limb endu ance may o e new a enues o add essing challenges aced by child en wi h in ellec ual
disabili ies. Gi en his signi icance, a aining me hod ha can simul aneously imp o e bo h muscle powe and agili y—
while accommoda ing he speci ic cha ac e is ics and limi a ions o hese child en—is needed.
In his con ex , skipping (jump ope) exe cises eme ge as a po en ial al e na i e. This o m o aining is no only ae obic
bu also in ol es explosi e muscle con ac ions ha can imp o e muscle powe , balance, and coo dina ion (Chen & Wu,
2022). Howe e , esea ch on he e ec s o skipping in child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies emains sca ce, making i
di icul o de e mine whe he his me hod o e s compa able bene i s. Jump ope aining may p esen challenges and
equi e adjus men s o his popula ion, as hey o en s uggle wi h mo emen synch oniza ion and hy hm (Ilbeigi e
al., 2016; Chiba e al., 2009). While os e ing independence in child en wi h special needs is al eady a meaning ul goal,
suppo ing hei heal h and adap abili y o hei en i onmen can lead o a mo e ul illing li e o hemsel es and hose
a ound hem. The e o e, his s udy aims o explo e he e ec s o skipping exe cises on enhancing lowe limb muscle
powe and agili y in child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies, wi h he hope o o e ing new insigh s o designing mo e
inclusi e and e ec i e physical aining p og ams o his popula ion.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
This s udy employed a p e-expe imen al design wi h a one-g oup p e es -pos es o ma . A o al o 15 male child en
aged 10–12 yea s wi h in ellec ual disabili ies we e ec ui ed om SDLB-B Tunas Bangsa Educa ional Founda ion
(YPTB), Malang Ci y. Pa icipan s unde wen a six-week mode a e-in ensi y skipping exe cise in e en ion. Be o e he
in e en ion, all pa icipan s we e p o ided wi h a de ailed explana ion o he esea ch p ocedu es, objec i es, bene i s,
and po en ial isks, which was deli e ed by hei home oom eache . In o med consen was ob ained om hei pa en s
o gua dians by signing a consen o m olun a ily and wi hou coe cion. All p ocedu es in his s udy adhe ed o he
e hical p inciples o he Decla a ion o Helsinki issued by he Wo ld Medical Associa ion ega ding esea ch in ol ing
human subjec s.
The skipping in e en ion p og am consis ed o 3–5 se s o 12–15 epe i ions each, pe o med a 60–70% o he
pa icipan 's maximum hea a e (HRmax), o 30 minu es pe session, h ee imes pe week o six weeks. Each session
included dynamic s e ching o wa m-up and s a ic s e ching o cool-down, each las ing 5 minu es. Th oughou he
in e en ion, pa icipan s we e supe ised by a coach o ensu e ha mo emen s we e execu ed co ec ly and in
acco dance wi h he p ocedu es. Hea a e moni o ing du ing he in e en ion was conduc ed using a Pola Hea Ra e
Moni o H10.
Da a collec ion in ol ed agili y assessmen using he Hexagon Agili y Tes and lowe limb muscle powe e alua ion
using he Ve ical Jump Tes . Measu emen s we e aken a baseline (p e-in e en ion) and ou weeks a e he
in e en ion (pos -in e en ion).
S a is ical analysis began wi h he Shapi o-Wilk es o assess da a no mali y. Fo no mally dis ibu ed da a, he Pai ed
Samples - es was employed wi h a 95% con idence le el. Addi ionally, Cohen’s d was calcula ed o de e mine he e ec
size be ween p e- and pos -in e en ion. All s a is ical analyses we e pe o med using SPSS e sion 21.
3. Resul s and Discussion
The esul s e ealed a signi ican imp o emen in agili y be ween p e es and pos es measu emen s (38.56 ± 4.86 o
33.65 ± 6.02 seconds; E ec Size (ES): 0.897; p = 0.001). Simila ly, leg muscle powe assessed ia he e ical jump es
showed a signi ican inc ease om p e es o pos es (17.99 ± 4.29 o 23.61 ± 5.64 cm; ES: 1.121; p = 0.001). These
changes a e isually p esen ed in Figu e 1, illus a ing he di e ences in agili y and leg muscle powe be o e and a e
he in e en ion.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1911-1915
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Figu e 1 Assessmen o agili y and leg muscle powe be ween p e and pos . Desc ip ion: (*) signi ican a p e (p ≤
0.001). p- alue was e alua ed wi h a pai ed sample - es
This s udy in es iga ed he e ec s o skipping exe cise on imp o ing lowe limb muscle powe and agili y in child en
wi h in ellec ual disabili ies. Ou indings demons a e ha skipping exe cises signi ican ly enhance bo h lowe limb
muscle powe and agili y in his popula ion. These wo a ibu es se e as ma ke s o mo o de elopmen , e lec ing
he ex en o which physical aining can imp o e hei unc ional capaci y (Bishop & Pangelinan, 2018; Ja ic &
Ma ko ic, 2009; Wang e al., 2025). The imp o emen in lowe limb muscle powe is e iden om pa icipan s’
inc eased abili y o jump and suppo hei body weigh mo e e ec i ely, indica ing neu omuscula adap a ion o
explosi e aining (Ga cía-Pinillos e al., 2020). Skipping in ol es epe i i e mo emen s ha equi e apid and o ce ul
muscle con ac ions, he eby s eng hening muscle ibe s and enhancing leg p opulsion (Chen & Wu, 2022). Meanwhile,
he imp o emen in agili y sugges s ha skipping also enhances senso imo o coo dina ion (Deng e al., 2024), balance,
and as e mo o esponses in daily ac i i ies.
Lowe limb powe and agili y a e no me ely physical indica o s bu also e lec he unc ional independence po en ial
o child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies (Sci o e al., 2019). Child en wi h be e muscle powe a e mo e likely o mo e
e icien ly and ely less on assis ance o e e yday asks such as walking, climbing s ai s, o ansi ioning be ween
loca ions (Kashi e al., 2024). Simila ly, agili y enables hem o espond mo e swi ly o en i onmen al changes and
coo dina e hei mo emen s mo e e ec i ely (Wang e al., 2025). Imp o emen s in physical capabili y and ac i e
pa icipa ion in spo s ac i i ies may also help educe socie al s igma owa d child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies,
po en ially inc easing hei oppo uni ies o social engagemen —e en hough his was no di ec ly measu ed in he
p esen s udy. In o he wo ds, p og ess in hese wo a eas may con ibu e o long- e m imp o emen s in quali y o li e.
When compa ed wi h p e ious s udies, ou indings align wi h esea ch conduc ed among he gene al adolescen
popula ion. Ahsan (2025) epo ed imp o emen s in bo h psychological pa ame e s (sel -es eem, con idence,
agg ession, and anxie y) and physiological componen s (speed, agili y, s eng h, and endu ance) among ugby and
oo ball playe s ollowing a six-week plyome ic aining p og am. This is u he suppo ed by Rami ez-Campillo
(2023), who ound ha plyome ic jump aining is an e ec i e in e en ion o enhancing physical i ness in
adolescen s, including maximal dynamic s eng h, linea sp in speed, ho izon al jump pe o mance, eac i e s eng h
index, and spo -speci ic pe o mance. Howe e , s udies speci ically examining he e ec s o skipping on adolescen s
wi h in ellec ual disabili ies emain limi ed. The e o e, his s udy con ibu es new insigh s o he scien i ic li e a u e,
showing ha skipping exe cises can be a iable in e en ion o imp o ing mo o skills among indi iduals wi h
cogni i e and mo o limi a ions. None heless, a ia ion in aining esponse was obse ed, likely in luenced by he
deg ee o disabili y, indi idual mo i a ion, and adhe ence o he aining p o ocol. Thus, skipping exe cises should be
ailo ed o he speci ic condi ions and needs o each pa icipan o ensu e op imal bene i s.
F om an implemen a ion pe spec i e, he indings sugges ha skipping can be inco po a ed in o physical educa ion
p og ams in inclusi e schools o ehabili a ion cen e s. This exe cise is easy o pe o m, does no equi e expensi e
equipmen , and can be adap ed o a ious condi ions. In p ac ice, howe e , educa o s and aine s mus adjus he
exe cise in ensi y o ma ch he pa icipan ’s abili ies. Fo ins ance, adolescen s wi h highe coo dina ion di icul ies may
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1911-1915
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begin wi h simpli ied mo emen pa e ns be o e in oducing mo e complex skipping sequences. This g adual app oach
no only enhances aining e ec i eness bu also minimizes inju y isk and p omo es g ea e pa icipan engagemen .
While his s udy o e s new insigh s, se e al limi a ions mus be acknowledged. Fi s , he sample size was ela i ely
small, limi ing he gene alizabili y o he indings o he b oade popula ion o adolescen s wi h in ellec ual disabili ies.
Second, he du a ion o he in e en ion was ela i ely sho , and hus he long- e m e ec s o skipping on mo o
de elopmen emain unce ain. Addi ionally, ex e nal ac o s such as pa icipan mo i a ion, aining en i onmen , and
suppo om ca egi e s o eache s may ha e in luenced he ou comes. Fu u e s udies should conside using
longi udinal designs wi h la ge sample sizes and explo e he combina ion o skipping wi h o he exe cise modali ies o
gain a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o i s impac .
4. Conclusion
A six-week skipping in e en ion, pe o med h ee imes pe week, p oduced signi ican imp o emen s in bo h agili y
and lowe limb muscle powe in child en wi h in ellec ual disabili ies. These indings sugges ha skipping exe cises
can be an e ec i e me hod o enhance mo o abili ies in his popula ion, pa icula ly in e ms o leg s eng h and agili y.
Howe e , he e ec i eness o such aining p og ams may also depend on o he ac o s, including he du a ion o
aining, pa icipan s' ini ial physical abili ies, and he ins uc ional me hods employed du ing he in e en ion.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s would like o hank he Facul y o Spo s Sciences, Uni e si as Nege i Malang, Indonesia o suppo and
acili ies in his s udy.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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