Co esponding au ho : Mazi Mohammed Alanazi.
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Blun ho acoabdominal auma diagnosis using poin o ca e ul asound in he
eme gency oom: A sys ema ic e iew
Mazi Mohammed Alanazi 1, *, Reem Misha i Hasan Alshya ba 2 and Faizah Salem Mohammed Al azhi 2
1 Saudi and Jo danian Boa d Eme gency Medicine, Head o Eme gency Resea ch Uni , Depa men o Eme gency, Fi s
Heal h Clus e , Riyadh, Saudi A abia.
2 Saudi boa d o eme gency medicine esiden , Depa men o Eme gency, A med Fo ce Hospi al Sou he n Region, Abha,
Saudi A abia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1916-1922
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 04 Ap il 2025; e ised on 11 May 2025; accep ed on 13 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1884
Abs ac
Backg ound: Blun ho acoabdominal auma is a common eme gency condi ion which equi e apid iden i ica ion o
in e nal inju ies. Poin -o -ca e ul asound (POCUS), including Focused Assessmen wi h Sonog aphy o T auma
(FAST), ex ended FAST (eFAST), and con as -enhanced ul asound (CEUS), a e used o bedside e alua ion in auma
se ings. We aimed o e alua e he diagnos ic accu acy o POCUS modali ies (FAST, eFAST, and CEUS) in iden i ying
in a-abdominal and ho acic inju ies in pa ien s wi h blun ho acoabdominal auma.
Me hods: A sys ema ic sea ch was conduc ed in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus o s udies published be ween 2008 and
2025. O iginal s udies in English assessing POCUS in blun auma we e included. Da a on s udy design, pa ien
cha ac e is ics, ul asound modali y, and diagnos ic pe o mance we e ex ac ed.
Resul s: Ten o iginal s udies wi h a o al o 10,965 pa ien s we e included. Mos s udies e alua ed FAST, some
in es iga ed eFAST o CEUS. FAST sensi i i y di e s in se ings, anging om 28% o 95%, and speci ici y was high. In
pedia ic cases, CEUS show be e pe o mance compa ed o s anda d ul asound, wi h sensi i i y and speci ici y up o
100%. Tho acic POCUS showed s ong accu acy o de ec pneumo ho ax. Ope a o expe ience and pa ien condi ion
in luenced diagnos ic ou comes.
Conclusion: POCUS modali ies a e good me hods in he ea ly assessmen o blun ho acoabdominal auma. CEUS gi e
addi ional bene i in pedia ic pa ien s.
Keywo ds: Blun T auma; Tho acoabdominal Inju ies; Poin -O -Ca e Ul asound; FAST; E as ; Con as -Enhanced
Ul asound; Eme gency Ul asound; Diagnos ic Accu acy
1. In oduc ion
Blun ho acoabdominal auma is one o he mos common eme gencies managed in auma uni s wo ldwide, and
esul om oad a ic acciden s, alls, o physical assaul s. Rapid iden i ica ion o in e nal inju ies in hese pa ien s is
impo an , mainly in uns able indi iduals who may no ole a e delays in imaging o ea men (S engel e al. 2018).
Compu ed omog aphy (CT), p o ide de ailed ana omical in o ma ion bu i s ime-consuming, equi e pa ien ans e ,
and una ailable in p ehospi al o esou ce-limi ed se ings (Acha z e al. 2022).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1916-1922
1917
Poin -o -ca e ul asound (POCUS) is a c ucial diagnos ic modali y o he ini ial assessmen o auma pa ien s. Focused
Assessmen wi h Sonog aphy o T auma (FAST) and i s ex ension, he ex ended FAST (eFAST), allow apid bedside
e alua ion o ee in ape i oneal o pe ica dial luid and pneumo ho ax (S engel e al. 2018). These p o ocols a e now
widely used in o Ad anced T auma Li e Suppo (ATLS) guidelines and equen ly used in eme gency depa men s and
ield hospi als (Liang e al. 2021).
The diagnos ic pe o mance o FAST and eFAST di e in popula ions and inju y ypes. S udies epo ed lowe sensi i i y
in pedia ic pa ien s and in cases o e ope i oneal o bowel inju ies, whe e ee luid no accumula e o di icul o
de ec (Liang e al. 2021). Ul asound is ope a o -dependen , and image acquisi ion is limi ed by obesi y o
subcu aneous emphysema (DeMasi e al. 2023). Con as -enhanced ul asound (CEUS) has been in oduced, p o ide
be e isualiza ion o solid o gan inju ies h ough imp o ed pa enchymal con as . CEUS is p omising in child en, as i
a oids ionizing adia ion and se e as an al e na i e o CT in s able pa ien s (Menichini e al. 2015). This sys ema ic
e iew aims o e alua e he diagnos ic accu acy o POCUS modali ies (FAST, eFAST, and CEUS) o iden i y in a-
abdominal and ho acic inju ies ollowing blun ho acoabdominal auma.
2. Me hodology
This sys ema ic e iew conduc ed acco ding o he P e e ed Repo ing I ems o Sys ema ic Re iews and Me a-
Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We aim o e alua e he diagnos ic accu acy and clinical u ili y o poin -o -ca e ul asound
(POCUS), including Focused Assessmen wi h Sonog aphy o T auma (FAST), ex ended FAST (EFAST), and con as -
enhanced ul asound (CEUS), in he assessmen o pa ien s wi h blun ho acoabdominal auma in eme gency se ings.
2.1. Sea ch S a egy
Li e a u e sea ch was conduc ed using h ee elec onic da abases: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. The sea ch co e ed
publica ions om Janua y 2010 o Janua y 2024. Keywo ds used in he sea ch included: blun abdominal auma,
ho acoabdominal auma, poin -o -ca e ul asound, POCUS, FAST, EFAST, and con as -enhanced ul asound. Boolean
ope a o s we e used o e ine he esul s. The e e ences o included a icles we e sc eened o iden i y addi ional
ele an s udies.
2.2. Eligibili y C i e ia
S udies we e included i hey we e o iginal esea ch a icles in ol ing human subjec s, assessed he use o POCUS, FAST,
EFAST, o CEUS in he diagnosis o blun abdominal o ho acoabdominal auma, conduc ed in eme gency depa men s,
auma cen e s, o acu e ca e se ings, epo ed a leas one diagnos ic pe o mance me ic (e.g., sensi i i y, speci ici y,
PPV, NPV), published in English be ween 2010 and 2024. We exclude case epo s, edi o ials, le e s, con e ence
abs ac s, o e iews, s udies conduc ed exclusi ely on pene a ing auma o non-eme gency se ings, and s udies no
a ailable in ull- ex o ma . We include 10 a icles in ou sys ema ic e iew (Fig 1).
2.3. Da a Ex ac ion
Two independen e iewe s sc eened i les and abs ac s o eligibili y. Full ex s o selec ed a icles we e e iewed,
and da a ex ac ed using a s anda dized o m. Ex ac ed a iables included: s udy design, sample size, s udy se ing,
popula ion cha ac e is ics, ype o ul asound modali y used (FAST, EFAST, o CEUS), and diagnos ic pe o mance
ou comes. Quali a i e da a syn hesis was conduc ed a he han a me a-analysis. The p ima y ou come o in e es was
he diagnos ic accu acy o ul asound-based modali ies o de ec in a-abdominal o ho acic inju ies in pa ien s wi h
blun auma.
3. Resul s
We include a o al o 10 o iginal s udies e alua e he diagnos ic pe o mance o ul asound in blun abdominal auma
(Table 1). These s udies o al popula ion o 10,965 pa ien s in a ious clinical se ings, including eme gency
depa men s, auma cen e s, and pos -disas e ield hospi als. Mos s udies assessed he e ec i eness o Focused
Assessmen wi h Sonog aphy o T auma (FAST), o he s udies discussed con as -enhanced ul asound (CEUS) o
ex ended FAST (EFAST) (Table 2).
Sensi i i y o ul asound o de ec in a-abdominal inju y a ied widely in s udies. Se e al epo s show high diagnos ic
accu acy, wi h sensi i i y a es mo e han 90% (Zhou e al. 2012; Ojaghi Haghighi e al. 2014; Nandipa i e al. 2011).
Zhou e al. epo ed a sensi i i y o 91.9% and a nega i e p edic i e alue o 99.4% o FAST in ea hquake ic ims
e alua ed ac oss 147 hospi als. In a s udy om I an, FAST had a sensi i i y o 96.15% and speci ici y o 100% o
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1916-1922
1918
de ec ing pneumo ho ax and hemo ho ax (Ojaghi Haghighi e al. 2014). A mul icen e p ospec i e analysis in ol ing
2,188 child en show a sensi i i y o 27.8% o in a-abdominal inju y and 44.4% o inju ies equi ing in e en ion
(Calde e al. 2017). S udies use CEUS in child en how be e pe o mance. Menichini e al. show a sensi i i y and
speci ici y o 100% o CEUS compa ed o 38.8% o s anda d ul asound (Menichini e al. 2015).
In adul auma cases, sensi i i y ange om 28% o o e 95% depending on ope a o expe ise and imaging p o ocol.
Ve beek e al. ound low sensi i i y (28%) o FAST o de ec hemope i oneum in pa ien s wi h pel ic ac u es, despi e
high speci ici y (94%) (Ve beek e al. 2014). Tsui e al. epo ed 86% sensi i i y and 99% speci ici y in a Hong Kong
eme gency depa men se ing (Tsui e al. 2008). DeMasi e al. ound ha ho acic poin -o -ca e ul asound had a
sensi i i y o 87% and speci ici y o 100% o de ec clinically signi ican pneumo ho ax (DeMasi e al. 2023). Thei
indings we e simila o Nandipa i e al. wi h EFAST (Nandipa i e al. 2011). When combined wi h ches X- ay, he
diagnos ic yield is subop imal (Schellenbe g e al. 2018).
Figu e 1 PRISMA conso cha o selec ion p ocess
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1916-1922
1919
Table 1 cha ac e is ics o he included s udies
Ci a ion
S udy Design
S udy
Du a ion
S udy Se ing
Popula ion
Cha ac e is ics
S udy Aim
Me hodology
Ve beek e al.
(2014)
Re ospec i e
coho
Jan 2004 –
Dec 2009
Le el I auma
cen e ,
Ne he lands
120 adul pa ien s wi h
high-ene gy majo
pel ic ac u es
To assess FAST accu acy in
de ec ing hemope i oneum and
need o hemo hage con ol
FAST wi hin 5 min o a i al;
CT/lapa o omy con i ma ion;
subg oup: hemo hagic shock
Tsui e al.
(2008)
Re ospec i e
coho
Jan 2004 –
Dec 2006
ED, public hospi al,
Hong Kong
242 BAT pa ien s, age
16–82, FAST by EPs
E alua e EPs pe o mance using
FAST o BAT
FAST s CT o obse a ion; s a s
on sensi i i y, speci ici y, e c.
Calde e al.
(2017)
P ospec i e mul i-
cen e
obse a ional
1 yea
14 Le el I pedia ic
auma cen e s,
USA
2,188 child en <16 yea s
old wi h blun
abdominal auma
E alua e FAST o in a-
abdominal inju y in child en
Compa e FAST s
CT/in aope a i e indings; es
pe o mance calcula ed
Valen ino e
al. (2010)
P ospec i e
diagnos ic accu acy
s udy
No s a ed
Uni e si y
hospi al, I aly
133 hemodynamically
s able pa ien s wi h BAT
E alua e CEUS diagnos ic
accu acy s CT
US, CEUS, and CT used;
compa ison o
sensi i i y/speci ici y
Menichini e
al. (2015)
Re ospec i e
diagnos ic
compa ison
Oc 2012 –
Oc 2013
Pedia ic
Eme gency
Depa men ,
Rome, I aly
73 hemodynamically
s able child en (mean
age 8.7)
Compa e CEUS and US s MDCT
o solid o gan inju ies
All unde wen US, CEUS, CT;
diagnos ic me ics calcula ed
DeMasi e al.
(2023)
Re ospec i e
obse a ional s udy
Dec 2021 –
Jun 2022
U ban Le el I
auma cen e ,
USA
846 auma pa ien s ≥15
yea s old
E alua e ho acic POCUS
accu acy o pneumo ho ax
Compa ed POCUS s CT/CXR;
diagnos ic accu acy measu ed
Schellenbe g
e al. (2018)
Re ospec i e
diagnos ic s udy
Yea 2016
LAC+USC Medical
Cen e , USA
1,311 blun ho acic
auma pa ien s ≥15
yea s
Assess combined u ili y o
EFAST and CXR o ho acic
inju y
Compa ed EFAST, CXR, physical
exam o CT indings
Nandipa i e
al. (2011)
P ospec i e
obse a ional s udy
Jun 2007 –
May 2008
Le el I auma
cen e , Queens, NY,
USA
204 auma pa ien s
(mean age 43, 152
males)
E alua e EFAST in diagnosing
pneumo ho ax
EFAST s clinical exam, CXR, and
CT; diagnos ic alues compu ed
Ojaghi
Haghighi e
al. (2014)
Diagnos ic accu acy
s udy
No
speci ied
Eme gency
Depa men ,
Tab iz Uni e si y,
I an
163 mul iple auma
pa ien s
E alua e ul asound s CXR/CT
o hemopneumo ho ax
All pa ien s unde wen US, CXR,
CT; sensi i i y/speci ici y
compa ed
Zhou e al.
(2012)
Re ospec i e
diagnos ic accu acy
s udy
May 12 –
May 31,
2008
147 hospi als
du ing Wenchuan
ea hquake, China
2,204 pa ien s wi h
suspec ed blun
abdominal auma
E alua e diagnos ic accu acy o
sc eening ul asound pos -
ea hquake
Ul asound s CT, DPL,
lapa o omy, epea ed US, o
clinical cou se
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1916-1922
1920
Table 2 main indings o he included s udies
Ci a ion
Demog aphic
Cha ac e is ics
Main Findings
Ou come
Ve beek e al.
(2014)
120 adul s wi h majo
pel ic ac u es
FAST had low sensi i i y (28%) bu
high speci ici y (94%) in de ec ing
hemope i oneum
Recommended as ini ial ool
bu no su icien alone o
ule ou inju y
Tsui e al. (2008)
242 pa ien s aged 16–82
wi h blun abdominal
auma
Sensi i i y 86%, speci ici y 99%,
o e all accu acy 97%
FAST is eliable o ini ial
sc eening by eme gency
physicians
Calde e al.
(2017)
2,188 child en <16 yea s
wi h BAT
FAST had low sensi i i y o IAI
(27.8%) and IAI-I (44.4%)
Limi ed impac on
managemen ; ecommended
wi h cau ion
Valen ino e al.
(2010)
133 hemodynamically
s able adul s wi h BAT
CEUS sensi i i y 96.4%, speci ici y
98%, compa able o CT
CEUS p oposed as
al e na i e o CT in ini ial
e alua ion
Menichini e al.
(2015)
73 s able child en (mean
age 8.7)
CEUS had 100% sensi i i y, US had
only 38.8%
CEUS e ec i e and
ecommended o pedia ic
auma
DeMasi e al.
(2023)
846 auma pa ien s, 95%
blun auma
Tho acic POCUS sensi i i y 87%,
speci ici y 100%
E ec i e o de ec ing
clinically signi ican PTX
Schellenbe g e
al. (2018)
1,311 blun ho acic
auma pa ien s
Combined EFAST+CXR had low
sensi i i y <73%
CT s ill equi ed i suspicion
emains
Nandipa i e al.
(2011)
204 auma pa ien s, mean
age 43
EFAST sensi i i y 95.2%, be e
han CXR o exam
Suppo s EFAST as eliable
in pneumo ho ax de ec ion
Ojaghi Haghighi
e al. (2014)
163 mul i- auma pa ien s
US sensi i i y 96.15%, speci ici y
100% o PTX
Highly e ec i e; be e han
CXR o ea ly diagnosis
Zhou e al.
(2012)
2,204 pa ien s pos -
Wenchuan ea hquake
US sensi i i y 91.9%, speci ici y
96.9%, NPV 99.4%
Reliable sc eening ool pos -
disas e o BAT
4. Discussion
This sys ema ic e iew e alua ed he diagnos ic accu acy o poin -o -ca e ul asound (POCUS), and Focused Assessmen
wi h Sonog aphy o T auma (FAST), in pa ien s wi h blun ho acoabdominal auma. The esul s showed ha
ul asound is a good ini ial imaging ool, i s sensi i i y and speci ici y a y based on pa ien popula ion, inju y pa e n,
and clinical se ing (Fa ahmand e al. 2005).
In mass casual y si ua ions and high- olume auma se ings, ul asound p o en o be an e ec i e sc eening modali y.
A la ge-scale analysis o pa ien s ollowing he Wenchuan ea hquake showed a FAST sensi i i y o 91.9% and a nega i e
p edic i e alue o 99.4%, which suppo i s use in disas e esponse scena ios (Fa ahmand e al. 2005). In eme gency
depa men se ings, he accu acy o FAST is high when pe o med by expe ienced ope a o s. FAST show a sensi i i y
o 96.15% and speci ici y o 100% o de ec ing pneumo ho ax and hemo ho ax in a s udy e alua e pa ien s wi h
mul iple auma (Fa ahmand e al. 2005).
The u ili y o FAST in pedia ic auma is limi ed. A p ospec i e mul icen e s udy in ol es o e 2,000 child en wi h
blun abdominal auma show low sensi i i y alues o FAST, wi h 27.8% o in a-abdominal inju ies and 44.4% o
inju ies need su gical in e en ion. Con as -enhanced ul asound (CEUS) imp o ed he diagnos ic capabili ies o
ul asound in auma e alua ion. In pedia ic pa ien s, CEUS was be e compa ed o con en ional ul asound, wi h a
sensi i i y and speci ici y o 100% o de ec solid o gan inju ies, compa ed o 38.8% sensi i i y o s anda d ul asound.
CEUS can se e as a sa e and accu a e al e na i e o CT imaging in hemodynamically s able pa ien s, mainly in se ings
whe e adia ion exposu e is a conce n (Fa ahmand e al. 2005).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1916-1922
1921
A e ospec i e s udy e alua es ho acic POCUS in auma pa ien s ound a sensi i i y o 87% and speci ici y o 100%
o diagnose signi ican pneumo ho ax. These indings suppo he use o EFAST as a apid and eliable modali y o de ec
ho acic inju ies in eme gency se ings (Fa ahmand e al. 2005). Ul asound is ope a o -dependen , and i s pe o mance
a ec ed by pa ien body habi us, p esence o bowel gas, and he examine ’s expe ience. POCUS modali ies p o ide apid
bedside e alua ion, and hei limi ed sensi i i y in pedia ic and pel ic auma, means hey should no eplace mo e
comp ehensi e imaging modali ies when clinical suspicion emains high (Fa ahmand e al. 2005).
FAST and i s ex ended applica ions a e a good me hod in he ini ial assessmen o blun ho acoabdominal auma. The
ease o use, apid a ailabili y, and nonin asi eness make hem indispensable in eme gency ca e. The addi ion o CEUS
enhances diagnos ic accu acy in adul and pedia ic popula ions. Ca e ul clinical judgmen and he in eg a ion o CT, is
essen ial in auma e alua ion (Fa ahmand e al. 2005).
5. Conclusion
POCUS, FAST, eFAST, and CEUS, is a good me hod in he ea ly assessmen o blun ho acoabdominal auma. CEUS
imp o es accu acy while ul asound is ope a o -dependen . POCUS should suppo and no eplace clinical judgmen
and CT imaging. I s ole is impo an in eme gency and esou ce-limi ed se ings because o i s speed, sa e y, and
bedside applicabili y.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic -o -in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
[1] Acha z G, Schwabe K, B ill S, Zischek C, Schmid R, F ieme B, Bel ze C. Diagnos ic op ions o blun abdominal
auma. Eu J T auma Eme g Su g. 2022 Oc ;48(5):3575-3589. doi: 10.1007/s00068-020-01405-1.
[2] Calde BW, Vogel AM, Zhang J, Mauldin PD, Huang EY, Sa oie KB, San o e MT, Tsao KJ, Os o a -Ke mani TG,
Falcone RA, Dassinge MS, e al. Focused assessmen wi h sonog aphy o auma in child en a e blun
abdominal auma: a mul i-ins i u ional analysis. J T auma Acu e Ca e Su g. 2017 Aug;83(2):218–224. doi:
10.1097/TA.0000000000001530.
[3] Dehqanzada ZA, Meisinge Q, Douce J, Smi h A, Casola G, Coimb a R. Comple e ul asonog aphy o auma in
sc eening blun abdominal auma pa ien s is equi alen o compu ed omog aphic scanning while educing
adia ion exposu e and cos . J T auma Acu e Ca e Su g. 2015 Aug;79(2):199-205. doi:
10.1097/TA.0000000000000715.
[4] DeMasi S, Pa ke MS, Joyce M, Mulligan K, Feese S, Balde s on JR. Tho acic poin -o -ca e ul asound is an
accu a e diagnos ic modali y o clinically signi ican auma ic pneumo ho ax. Acad Eme g Med. 2023
Jun;30(6):653-661. doi: 10.1111/acem.14663.
[5] Fa ahmand N, Si lin CB, B own MA, Sh agg GP, Fo lage D, Hoy DB, Casola G. Hypo ensi e pa ien s wi h blun
abdominal auma: pe o mance o sc eening US. Radiology. 2005 May;235(2):436-43. doi:
10.1148/ adiol.2352040583.
[6] Ka ame can A, Yilmaz TU, Ka ame can MA, Ay aç B. Blun abdominal auma: e alua ion o diagnos ic op ions
and su gical ou comes. Ulus T a ma Acil Ce ahi De g. 2008 Jul;14(3):205-10.
[7] Liang T, Roseman E, Gao M, Sine R. The U ili y o he Focused Assessmen Wi h Sonog aphy in T auma
Examina ion in Pedia ic Blun Abdominal T auma: A Sys ema ic Re iew and Me a-Analysis. Pedia Eme g Ca e.
2021 Feb 1;37(2):108-118. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001745.
[8] Menichini G, Sessa B, T inci M, Galluzzo M, Miele V. Accu acy o con as -enhanced ul asound (CEUS) in he
iden i ica ion and cha ac e iza ion o auma ic solid o gan lesions in child en: a e ospec i e compa ison wi h
baseline US and CE-MDCT. Radiol Med. 2015 No ;120(11):989-1001. doi: 10.1007/s11547-015-0535-z.
[9] Nandipa i KC, Allamaneni S, Kaka la R, Wong A, Richa ds N, Sa e ield J, Tu ne JW, Sung KJ. Ex ended ocused
assessmen wi h sonog aphy o auma (EFAST) in he diagnosis o pneumo ho ax: expe ience a a communi y-
based le el I auma cen e . Inju y. 2011 Ap ;42(5):511–514. doi: 10.1016/j.inju y.2010.01.105.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1916-1922
1922
[10] Nu al MS, Ya dan T, Gü en H, Baydin A, Bay ak IK, Ka i C. Diagnos ic alue o ul asonog aphy in he e alua ion
o blun abdominal auma. Diagn In e Radiol. 2005 Ma ;11(1):41-4.
[11] Ojaghi Haghighi SH, Adimi I, Vahda i SS, Sa khoshi Khia i R. Ul asonog aphic diagnosis o suspec ed
hemopneumo ho ax in auma pa ien s. T auma Mon. 2014 No ;19(4):e17498. doi: 10.5812/ aumamon.17498.
[12] Schellenbe g M, Inaba K, Ba des JM, O ozco N, Chen J, Pa k C, Kang T, Deme iades D. The combined u ili y o
EFAST and CXR in blun ho acic auma. J T auma Acu e Ca e Su g. Published online ahead o p in 2018. doi:
10.1097/TA.0000000000001868.
[13] S engel D, Leis e e J, Fe ada P, Ekke nkamp A, Mu ze S. Poin -o -ca e ul asonog aphy o diagnosing
ho acoabdominal inju ies in pa ien s wi h blun auma. Coch ane Da abase Sys Re . 2018 Dec
12;2018(12):CD012669. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012669.pub2.
[14] Tsui CL, Fung HT, Chung KL, Kam CW. Focused abdominal sonog aphy o auma in he eme gency depa men
o blun abdominal auma. In J Eme g Med. 2008 Sep;1(3):183–187. doi: 10.1007/s12245-008-0050-2.
[15] Valen ino M, De Luca C, Sa oni Galloni S, B anchini M, Modolon C, Pa lica P, Ba ozzi L. Con as -enhanced US
e alua ion in pa ien s wi h blun abdominal auma. J Ul asound. 2010 Ma ;13(1):22–27. doi:
10.1016/j.jus.2010.06.002.
[16] Ve beek DOF, Zijls a IAJ, an de Leij C, Ponsen KJ, an Delden OM, Goslings JC. The u ili y o FAST o ini ial
abdominal sc eening o majo pel ic ac u e pa ien s. Wo ld J Su g. 2014 Jan;38(2):312–318. doi:
10.1007/s00268-013-2412-z.
[17] Zhou J, Huang J, Wu H, Jiang H, Zhang H, P asoon P, Xu Y, Bai Y, Qiu J, Zeng Y. Sc eening ul asonog aphy o 2,204
pa ien s wi h blun abdominal auma in he Wenchuan ea hquake. J T auma Acu e Ca e Su g. 2012
Oc ;73(4):890–894. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318256d e1.
