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305
O iginal A icle
New Concep s o Mode n Physics unde he Theo y o Space
Jose O es e Mazzini
Lima, Pe ú
o emazz[a ]gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
©2025 RS Publica ion
Pape ID: IJASTR-
68E6710E94854
Recei ed: 2025-09-09
Published: 2025-10-09
DOI:
h ps://dx.doi.o g
/10.5281/zenodo.17
307678
Page No: 305-317
This pape in oduces no el concep ual amewo ks o ela i i y,
quan um mechanics, and g a i y wi hin he Theo y o Space (TS)
and i s g a i a ional ex ension (TSG). By ein e p e ing Lo en z
ans o ma ions as scale changes a he han li e al con ac ions o
dila ions, he au ho p ese es absolu e space occupancy, ime
passage, and es mass ac oss ine ial ames, esol ing pa adoxes
like he win pa adox and singula i ies a he speed o ligh .
Quan um phenomena a e modeled in a 4-dimensional ealm
whe e he ou h dimension is λ = cτ (ene gy wa eleng h),
enabling sequen ial eigens a e p ojec ions in o 3D space wi hou
supe posi ion, hus add essing he measu emen p oblem ia
p obabilis ic in e mi ence imed by Planck's in e al τ. G a i y
eme ges om pulsed inwa d space lows du ing non- obse able
phases, leading o posi i e g a i a ional po en ial ene gy and
olume ic accele a ion consis en wi h empi ical da a. This
uni ied app oach econciles special ela i i y, quan um
mechanics, and gene al ela i i y, o e ing a logically cohe en
isualiza ion ee o concep ual inconsis encies. Empi ical
alida ions om expe imen s like Ha ele-Kea ing, muon decay,
and double-sli in e e ence a e discussed, alongside
ma hema ical de i a ions o space-ene gy g ids and adial ee
all. Sugges ions o obus ness include in eg a ing Hamil onian
dynamics in he 4D ealm and es ing p edic ions agains black
hole en opy and en anglemen expe imen s.
Keywo ds: Time dila ion, space con ac ion, measu emen p oblem, adial ee all,
Theo y o Space, gene al ela i i y, inwa d space low, g a i a ional po en ial,
uni ica ion, quan um in e p e a ion.
In e na ional Jou nal o Ad anced Scien i ic and Technical
Resea ch
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ISSN 2249-9954
Ci e This Pape : Jose O es e Mazzini (2025). "New Concep s o Mode n
Physics unde he Theo y o Space". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH (IJASTR), ol. 15,
no. 5, 2025, pp. 305-317. DOI: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17307678
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O iginal A icle
1 In oduc ion
Mode n physics has e olu ionized classical physics, p o iding p o ound insigh s and
aluable echnological ad ancemen s in daily li e. These de elopmen s a e suppo ed by
ma hema ical amewo ks such as he Lo en z-Eins ein equa ions, quan um equa ions, and
g a i a ional space ime equa ions. Howe e , ou concep ual unde s anding has no kep pace,
lacking consensus on he models and concep s ha bes desc ibe na u e.
This pape e o mula es concep s in ela i i y, quan um mechanics, and g a i a ional
e ec s wi hin he amewo k o he Theo y o Space (TS) [1] and i s ex ension o g a i y (TSG)
[2]. I p esen s a comp ehensi e syn hesis o Planck–Eins ein’s ini ial insigh in o he ime
dependence o ene gy in 3D—a quan a concep ! — oge he wi h Boh –De B oglie’s undula o y
na u e in ol ing he quan um in e al—an oscilla o y model! I also emb aces Sch ödinge ’s
luc ua ing complex numbe s handling sepa a ely physical pa ame e s by means o eal and
imagina y numbe s. Nailed i s by Heisenbe g’s c ucial p inciple o noncommu a i i y be ween
physical pa ame e s, na u e’s sequen ial exis ence be ween some pa ame e s; ein o cing exis ence
in-and-ou o 3D space—an oscilla o y p esence be ween 3D space and an ex a dimension.
Finally, i in e p e s he Eins ein–Schwa zschild’s g a i a ional e ec as a mani es a ion o wa y,
lowing space.
The amewo k o his p oposal is ou lined as ollows:
I. Ene ge ic P esence o e Physical Pa ame e s: In addi ion o he axioms o Special
Rela i i y, he pa ame e s o mass, ime, and leng h unde go scale changes acco ding o
Lo en z’s gamma ac o and i s in e se. Res mass, he passage o ime, and space
occupancy emain in a ian ac oss all ine ial e e ence ames
II. Physical Sys em Exis ence: The s a e o a physical sys em is desc ibed by a sequence o
independen eigens a es in a 4D ealm, in ol ing obse able 3D coo dina es = (x, y, z)
plus a ou h dimension λ as “cτ” (ene gy wa eleng h). S a es a e ec o s in a complex
Hilbe space ℋ, whe e he wa e unc ion is (, , ). Rela i is ic con ac ions a e
inco po a ed ia = 1⁄√1 −
2
⁄
2
, ensu ing comple eness o he 3D desc ip ion.
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III. Timing o Eigens a e Sequence: The sequence is imed by Planck’s pe iodic in e al τ,
e lec ing discon inuous p esence o ene gy (quan a). Eigens a es a e selec ed ia
p obabilis ic ampli udes, ep oducing Bo n's ule s a is ically pe Kolmogo o ’s axiom o
mu ually exclusi e e en s, wi h p obabili ies summing o 1. The 4D ealm handles
o hogonal eigens a es, emula ing supe posi ion in 3D as sequen ial p ojec ions: (, ) =
∑
(, ), whe e
a e eigens a es and P p ojec s om 4D o 3D. He e, is a empo al
pa ame e o e en e olu ion, dis inc om λ.
IV. Al e na ing P esence: Each cycle o du a ion τ al e na es be ween an obse able 3D phase
and a non-obse able 4 h-dimensional phase. In he 4D phase, he sys em e ains conse ed
quan i ies (ene gy E, momen um p, cha ge, e c.), desc ibed by he wa e unc ion sa is ying
conse a ion laws. The al e na ion is go e ned by a disc e e e olu ion: ( + ) =
()()⟩, whe e U inco po a es he Hamil onian wi h λ-dependen e ms.
V. Obse ables and Ope a o s: Obse ables a e sel -adjoin linea ope a o s on he Hilbe
space. When measu ed in 3D, an ope a o ac s on he p ojec ed s a e , yielding
eigen alue a wi h p obabili y │⟨
│⟩│², whe e │
⟩ is he eigens a e.
VI. Non-Obse able T ansi ions: Du ing he 4 h-dimensional phase, he sys em assumes a
new eigens a e ia a ansi ion ope a o &
, in oducing andom phases while conse ing
quan i ies like E and p. The ansi ion p obabili y
is
│⟨
'( )
|&
|
( )
⟩│
2
.
Phase di e ences p oduce
non-commu a i i y, e.g., [
,
,
] = ℏ
. The p ocess ollows Sch ödinge ’s wa e unc ion in 4D:
ℏ
/⁄/ = 0
.
VII. Spa ial Spli ing: The sys em can spli spa ially in 3D (e.g., in o subsys ems A and B a
posi ions
1
,
2
) wi hou losing uniqueness, as he 4D wa e unc ion (, ) main ains
co ela ions ia λ. Compac en i ies (pa icles o pulsed ields) ansi ion locally in he 4 h
dimension, sa is ying conse a ion laws. This enables en anglemen : he educed densi y
ma ix in 3D is &3
│⟩⟨│, ep oducing QM enso p oduc s.
VIII. Time E olu ion: Eigens a es e olu ion ollows a disc e e uni a y ope a o o e τ-s eps:
ψ ( + τ) = U(τ)ψ( ), app oxima ing he con inuous Sch ödinge equa ion iℏ ∂ψ∕∂_
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=H Uψ o mac oscopic scales. In he 4D, include λ-e olu ion: iℏ ∂ψ ⁄ ∂λ = 0
ψ.
IX. Space eplacemen du ing ansi ion: Du ing he oscilla ion, he space o s a e │
⟩ is
displaced upon ansi ioning o │
+1
⟩. Su ounding space ill his, gene a ing pulsed
olume ic accele a ion 3; ∗ = ((=) ⁄
2
, whe e n is ene gy´s quan um numbe
(E = n h/τ), τ Planck´s quan um in e al, QPA is a quan um package a e age a ea (an
sphe ical shell o Planck leng h adius, an iso opic quan ized space simila o loop
quan um g a i y), and λ is ene gy wa eleng h. Flow includes o a ion om quan um
sys em´s spin, agg ega e mac oscopically o cohe en massi e bodies.
X. Pos -in e ac ion o spli sys ems: In e ac ion on one subsys em, hal s eplacemen in
o he s; compac en i ies (pa icles o pulsed ields) cease loca ion and u u e g a i y he e.
In he ollowing sec ions, wi h logic and igo wi h he empi ical da a, some concep s o
mode n physics a e changed unde his uni ying heo y.
1. Rela i is ic e ec s o e ime, leng h and mass:
The Lo en z gamma ac o has been ex ensi ely e i ied expe imen ally. Fo ins ance,
Ha ele and Kea ing [3] obse ed ime dila ion ma ching he heo e ical gamma ac o due o kine ic
and g a i a ional ene gy. Ine ial mass inc ease has been con i med in accele a o s like he La ge
Had on Collide (LHC), whe e achie ing ~99.99999999% o ligh speed equi es ~6.5 TeV,
co esponding o a gamma ac o o 6,930 [4]. Rossi and Hall [5] de ec ed a mosphe ic muons
eaching Ea h's su ace, e i ying Lo en z ime dila ion and leng h con ac ion. Addi ionally, GPS
sys ems accoun o ela i is ic ime dila ion in daily ope a ions.
The e is no doub ha Lo en z-Eins ein ela i is ic e ec s on space, ime, and mass
accu a ely desc ibe na u e; he challenge lies in isualiza ion. Concep s like space sh inkage o
ime slowdown a e coun e in ui i e. Fo a e e ence ame on an elec omagne ic wa e o pho on,
a el dis ance would be ze o, collapsing 3D o 2D in he a el di ec ion—which is inco ec . Ze o
ime o he pho on would imply simul anei y along i s pa h, also e oneous. We obse e pho ons
om he Sun and s a s a di e en imes and posi ions, no simul aneously.
Singula i ies a ise when gamma app oaches in ini y, leading o pa adoxes such as he win
pa adox [6], Eh en es 's o a ing disk pa adox, and he ladde pa adox [7].
The app op ia e in e p e a ion ea s he Lo en z gamma ac o as a scale change . See
Figu e 1, illus a ing his ac oss kine ic eloci ies (cases A o D). Space occupancy emains
cons an , bu physical alues scale down. A speed c, space o a el pe sis s om an ex e nal
obse e 's iew, akin o he e en ho izon o a black hole whe e speed c is achie ed ye space
occupancy is obse ed om a a . Time passage is uni o m ac oss eloci ies, ollowing an absolu e
clock, bu physical e en s e ol e pe scaled alues, wi h con e sions be ween sys ems.
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Simul anei y is p ese ed unde absolu e ime passage bu no unde iden ical ime alues. Ine ial
mass inc ease a i ms ha es mass is absolu e, independen o he obse e .
Figu e 1: Space, ime and mass unde di e en eloci ies.
I es mass we e ela i e, ene gy equi emen s o accele a ion would a y inconsis en ly
(see Figu e 2). Eins ein's equi alence p inciple [8] and Gene al Rela i i y (GR) [9] emphasize
g a i a ional e ec s independen o he obse e , a ising solely om ene gy p esence.
When an ine ial ame o e e ence, di e en om es , obse es an objec , i assigns an
appa en kine ic ene gy due o he ame’s speed; his appa en kine ic ene gy is compensa ed wi h
an appa en mass educ ion, ob aining in a ian he o al ene gy be ween ames. Fo example, in
he win pa adox [6], he a eling win sees his b o he a Ea h wi h an appa en kine ic ene gy
inc emen and an appa en mass ene gy educ ion, conse ing his o al ene gy, and consequen ly
wi h no ime dila ion. This sol es he pa adox and cla i ies ha o al ene gy is he one ha p oduces
physical ime dila ion.
No singula i ies occu a speed c: posi ional di e ences yield ze o physical alue bu
e ain geome ic dis ance, hus space occupancy. Fo example, inside black holes, longi udinal
sepa a ion has ze o alue ye con ains spa ial ex en (case D o Figu e 1).
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Figu e 2: Ene gy conse a ion unde pa ial inc emen o eloci y.
In summa y, ela i is ic changes p ese e occupied space, ime passage, and es mass.
E en simul anei y holds unde absolu e ime, co ela ed by loca ion and local ene gy—a
e eshed iew o ela i i y!
2. Space-ene gy g id e sus space ime:
Since space occupancy is p ese ed and only physical alues scale pe Lo en z’s gamma
ac o , we econs uc he 3D g id wi h s aigh axes bu spaced by ene gy p esence. Hamil on’s
qua e nions [10] sui his: he scala is 1/γ, and spa ial ec o s a e s anda d (x, y, z)—easie o
isualize han Eins ein’s cu ed space ime.
Fo Schwa zschild’s escape speed as kine ic ene gy inducing scale change 1/γ, physical
dis ance di e s om coo dina e dis ance. F om Schwa zschild adius 3
>
o geome ic , physical
dis ance d is he in eg al o e local scales:
?(3) =
3
√1 − 3
>
⁄ ?3
(1)
∫
3
>
3
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⁄
A
⁄
?(3) = √3(3 − 3
>
) − 3
>
acosh √3⁄3
>
(2)
As expec ed, he physical dis ance is smalle han he geome ical dis ance. Table 1
compa es 1⁄?
2
o 1⁄3
2
. A a geome ical dis ance o 1.01 3
>
he a io o hei in e se squa ed
alues is mo e han 2.3 10
6
meanwhile, a 10.0 3
>
, i s a io is jus 1.7, and almos 1 o a he
dis ance.
Table 1: The in e se o he squa ed physical dis ance compa ed wi h he in e se squa ed o
he geome ical dis ance .
J
J A
J
⁄ K
⁄
L
3. The ou h dimension as cτ:
Poinca é, Lo en z [11], Eins ein, and Minkowski’s ine ial ames link ime and space, implying
a ou h-dimension c . The issue is assigning . Minkowski uses e en ime [12], c ea ing wo ld
lines. TS no es he link in ol es ene gy, no space- ime di ec ly—kine ic in Special Rela i i y,
mass-ene gy in GR. Thus, he ou h dimension should ep esen ene gy longi udinally, using
Planck’s in e al τ: cτ = λ (ene gy wa eleng h).
This ou h dimension cτ i s wi h he equa ions: ene gy inc ease educes τ ( ime dila ion)
and λ (space con ac ion). I aligns wi h quan um ac ion h in e mi en in 3D a τ a e. Fas e h
p esence means highe 3D ene gy. A u n a ound o ou concep o he 4 h dimension, a space ime
dimension o leng h λ and cycle τ. The ime o e en is a empo al pa ame e , and i will accumula e
a sequence o quan um in e als τ.
We app ecia e he ela i is ic e ec s in 3D due o ime dila ion and space con ac ion [5]
bu i alone insu icien ly isualizes he 4
h
dimension; quan um measu emen obse a ions a e
needed (nex sec ion).
⁄
A
M
NOPJQRST
(
)
A
A
L
⁄
M
A
(
)
SUQV
:
NOPJQRST
1.01 2,263,488.4890 0.9803 2,308,985
1.92 4.4223 0.2718 16.27
2.83 0.7401 0.1252 5.91
5.55 0.0805 0.0325 2.48
10.00
0.0170 0.0100 1.70
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4. The spin, an angula momen um o he oscilla ion:
TS posi s 4D oscilla ion be ween obse able 3D and non-obse able 4 h dimension a τ
a e. Di e en om many heo ies ha ea ex a dimensions exis ing oge he wi h he obse able
3D. This luc ua ion in ol es an angula momen um pe cei ed by S e n-Ge lach [13], whe e i s
ci cum e ence has he alue o λ, a els a he speed c, and akes ime τ pe cycle. Eule and
complex numbe s manage his al e na ing physical eali y, no a ma hema ical abs ac ool. The
ene gy in ol ed in his luc ua ion is known as mc², and i s angula momen um as spin. This is he
eason why 4
h
D mass ene gy and spin add ec o ially wi h hei equi alen in 3D.
X
2
= (Y
2
)
2
+ (Z
3[
)
2
(3)
] = ^] + ]
_]]
3
]]]
[
] (4)
Phase eme ges om dimensional luc ua ion, whe e i s alue θ is handled by he
in e media e Δλ, Δτ, and ℏ [2]:
` = (2ab⁄ − 2ab⁄) = (Zb − Xb)⁄ (5)
ℏ
Suppo ed by double sli expe imen [14][17], whe e a g adual des uc i e in e e ence
ein o ces he phase be ween dimensional zones.
5. The p esence o eigens a es in 3D space is andomly single, no supe posi ion o s a es
a 3D.
Quan um expe imen s like S e n-Ge lach [13] and double-sli [14] show mul iple
ou comes, leading o Hilbe space supe posi ion. Howe e , supe posi ion con lic ing wi h
A is o le's p inciple ha A and no -A canno coexis spa io empo ally. Aside om measu emen s
yield one andom ou come. Thus, a leas one ex a dimension accommoda es all s a es, a poli
de e minis ic eali y ha Hilbe space con inues emb acing; o e coming he measu emen
p oblem ia andom 3D p esence o independen s a es.
The p oposed 4 h dimension suppo s mul iple 3D s a es wi h in e mi ence o andom 3D
p ojec ion, ollowing Kolmogo o ’s addi i e p obabili ies (summing o 1)—imp o ing Bo n’s ule
o an agonis ic supe posi ions. The wa e unc ion holds all s a es wi hou collapse.
We obse e only 3D, no 4D. In e mi ence doesn’ su ice; Sch ödinge ’s equa ion [15]
handles o als (E, p), and Heisenbe g’s unce ain y [16] shows phase di e ences—non-
commu a i i y be ween some physical pa ame e s, equi ing a pe sis en 4D dimension e ol ing
ia empo al . The use o complex numbe s i s wi h his 4D ealm, and Sch ödinge ’s
wa e unc ion can be unde s ood as an equa ion ela ed o physical p esence.
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The alea o y sequen ial p esence in 3D [2] makes impossible i s iden ical e u n in ime,
aligning wi h he e idence o he a ow o ime.
6. Quan um sys em in 3D is composed by he coexis ence o wo en i ies and no a dual
ole o one en i y:
The 3D exis ence comp ises wa y space coexis ing wi h compac en i y (pa icle/pulsed
ield). Compac andom posi ion is p esen only when space is, esol ing wa e-pa icle duali y:
some expe imen s show wa e dispe sion, o he s compac andomness.
Fluc ua ion implies ou -o -3D momen s o s a e alea o y changes, and when in e ac ions
occu (e.g., ene gy abso p ion, emission, pa icle des uc ion, c ea ion). E idence by: A)
Spec oscopic da a; a omic elec ons ha change o bi als wi hou he p ohibi ed 3D ansi ion [18].
B) En angled pa icles whe e hei common oscilla ion phase and a e make possible o be locally
a he 4
h
D sol ing Clause ’s expe imen [19] es ing Bell’s inequali ies [20], C) he unneling
e ec obse ed by he nuclea decay [21].
7. 4D de e minis ic concep :
These ideas lead o ex ensi e discussion abou whe he na u e should be de ined as
de e minis ic o inde e minis ic. TS p oposes a 4D de e minis ic amewo k, made possible by an
addi ional and independen 4
h
dimension ha con ains mul iple de e minis ic 3D solu ions o
eigens a es wi hou philosophical con o e sy. In his iew, 3D p esence eme ges sequen ially, as
a andom succession o eigens a es—no as a single de e minis ic 3D uni e se, no as an
inde e minis ic one. Ac ion p inciple (e.g., Lag angian, Hamil onian, Feynman) is he amewo k
o desc ibe his mul iple 3D scena io disquali ying de ailed New onian mechanics.
No conscious in ol emen is equi ed: he 4D ealm is comple ely de ined by he sys em
i sel and ci cumsc ibed o i alone. The uni e se, hen, is unde s ood as he union o all quan um
sys ems, each wi h i s p ope ly scaled ime, leng h, and mass, along wi h i s cha ac e is ic
oscilla ion a e and phase p esence o i s mul iples 3D solu ions. A conglome a e o 3D quan um
uni e ses seen mac oscopical by hei expec a ion alues.
8. Pa ial Block uni e se concep :
TS ag ees wi h he concep o a Block uni e se as a eco d o pas e en s, e en i hey
occu ed andomly. The p esen is desc ibed o all sys em a he same passage o ime, no he
same alue o ime—a di use limi because o each sys em’s phase. The u u e canno exis
because o na u e’s co e andomness, discha ging any de e mina ion o u u e e en s in each gi en
