Marine Sanctuaries and Marine Planning; Protecting endangered marine life

The
COAST
GUARD
JOu nal
o
Sa e y
&
Secu i y
a
Sea
PROCEEDINGS
o
he
Ma ine
Sa e y
&
Secu i y
Council
Fall
2013
Ma ine
Planning
Visions
o
he
Fu u e
Also
inside:
Lessons
Lea ned
om
USCG
Casual y
Repo s
Na ional Ocean Policy
7 The Na ional Ocean Policy
Ad ances in ocean, coas al, and G ea Lakes s ewa dship.
by Cap ain Ch is ophe Co o and LCDR Jona han And echik
10 Ma ine Sanc ua ies and Ma ine Planning
P o ec ing endange ed ma ine li e.
by D . Da id Wiley, D . Leila Ha ch, D . Ku Schweh , M . Michael Thompson,
and D . C aig MacDonald
16 The Ma ine Planning Implemen a ion Subg oup
Managing he challenges o make ma ine planning a eali y.
by Ms. Robin Fi ch and D . John T. Oli e
20 P o ec ing a Na ion o he Seas
Resou ces, ade, and sea powe .
by Commande James E. Landis and Cap ain Robin Fi ch
P o ec ing he Ma ine En i onmen
23 Ma inePlanningBene i s heEn i onmen
by D . Gianca lo Cicche i
28 A Slippe y Fish
E ec i e, in eg a ed ma ine esou ces managemen .
by M . S e en M. Tucke
P omo ing Economic De elopmen
35 ICan’ Belie eWeMapped heWholeThing
The Coas Gua d A lan ic Coas Po Access Rou e S udy.
by M . Emile Bena d and M . Pa Wycko
39 Using Science o In o m Ma ine Planning
by D . Rodney Cluck and D . Ama deep Dhanju
43 Ma inePlanningAlong heEas Coas
A ealis ic app oach.
by Ms. K is Ohle h
Vol. 70, Numbe 3Fall 2013
P
ROCEEDINGS
www.uscg.mil/p oceedings
10 P oceedings Fall 2013
U.S. na ional ma ine sanc ua ies a e ede ally desig-
na ed ma ine p o ec ed a eas ha a e o en loca ed in
highly p oduc i e wa e s, which makes hese sanc u-
a ies impo an o a di e se, economically i al human
use communi y and o biodi e si y conse a ion.
As a esul , app op ia e sanc ua y managemen mus
balance con lic ing goals. o una ely, sanc ua ies
ha e been ea ly adap e s in ma ine planning.
Ma ine planning is a anspa en , ecosys em-based,
science-d i en decision making p ocess de eloped
wi h a high le el o s akeholde and public in ol e-
men . As es ablished ma ine planning p ac i ione s,
na ional ma ine sanc ua ies can p o ide aluable case
s udies and insigh s.
Ma ine Planning in Ac ion
o example, he Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic
Adminis a ion’s (NOAA) S ellwagen Bank Na ional
Ma ine Sanc ua y, an 852-squa e-mile ma ine p o-
ec ed a ea loca ed o he coas o Massachuse s and
New Hampshi e, hos s some o he la ges agg ega-
ions o endange ed la ge whales (such as he hump-
back, in, and No h A lan ic igh whales). Howe e ,
he Bos on T a ic Sepa a ion Scheme (BTSS), a majo
shipping ou e, ansi s i .
Because o i s close p oximi y o ansi ing ships, he
a ea has become a “ho spo ” o collisions be ween
essels and whales. To educe inciden s nea he
sanc ua y and in i s su ounding wa e s, we used a
ma ine planning p ocess o:
■ iden i y a new BTSS ou e o spa ially sepa a e
whales and ships,
■ gain s akeholde and go e nmen accep ance o
he ou e,
■ e i y ma ine compliance,
Ma ine Sanc ua ies
and Ma ine Planning
P o ec ing endange ed ma ine li e.
by D . Da id Wiley
Resea ch Coo dina o
Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion
D . Leila Ha ch
Ma ine Ecologis
Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion
D . ku Schweh
Head o Ocean Enginee ing
Google
M . Michael Thompson
En i onmen al Geog aphe
Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion
D . C aig MacDonald
Supe in enden
S ellwagen Bank Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y
The co-occu ence o endange ed whales and comme cial ships made he S ellwa-
gen Bank Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y a his o ic “ho spo ” o le hal collisions. Pho o
cou esy o NOAA/S ellewagen Bank Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y.
Na ional
Ocean Policy
www.uscg.mil/p oceedings Fall 2013 P oceedings 11
■ assess app oaches o imp o e whale de ec ion,
■ imp o e communica ions.
Sepa a ing Whales and Ships
To unde s and he spa ial dis ibu ion o whales, we:
■ plo ed he dis ibu ion and ela i e abundance o
igh and o he baleen whales wi hin he sanc u-
a y and adjacen wa e s,
■ iden i ied whale high-use a eas,
■ modeled a ious a ic sepa a ion scheme econ-
igu a ions h ough he sanc ua y o spa ially
sepa a e whales and ships,
■ calcula ed he isk educ ion and indus y impac
o al e na i e pa hs.
We used a geog aphic in o ma ion sys em (GIS) map-
ping ool o compile geog aphic da a o help us plo
he dis ibu ion and ela i e abundance o whales and
iden i y hei habi a . A e wa d, we wo ked wi h he
ma i ime communi y o in es iga e a iously econ-
igu ed a ic sepa a ion schemes o minimize he
numbe o whales in he shipping pa h as well as
educe impac s o indus y (including ansi ime,
u ning angles, and numbe o u ns).
The consensus choice: o a ing he wes e n end o he
Bos on T a ic Sepa a ion Scheme 12 deg ees and na -
owing he a ic sepa a ion scheme by one nau ical
mile. Analysis indica ed ha he e we e
81 pe cen ewe baleen whale sigh ings
and 58 pe cen ewe igh whale sigh -
ings in he modi ied BTSS ela i e o he
one ha was supe seded. Indus y an-
si imes inc eased nine o 22 minu es
o essels a eling be ween 10 and
25 kno s, and he numbe o equi ed
u ns emained he same.
To inc ease con idence in ou conse a-
ion decision, we used GIS mapping o
iden i y ecological co ela es ha could
explain he dec eased sigh ings in he
newly econ igu ed a ic sepa a ion
scheme. The esul : ewe p ey in he
ealigned BTTS. The key p ey sou ce
o many whale species — he Ame i-
can sand lance — occu s p edominan ly
o e sandy sea loo subs a e. Analysis
e ealed ha he subs a e unde lying
he o iginal Bos on T a ic Sepa a ion
Scheme consis ed o 48 pe cen sand,
while he subs a e unde lying he
ealigned BTSS was 16 pe cen sand,
indica ing a educed occu ence o p ey in he new
a ea. In addi ion, modeling indica ed ha cu en s
would also end o agg ega e he p ime p ey o No h
A lan ic igh whales away om he ealigned a ic
sepa a ion scheme.
Wo king wi h S akeholde and
Go e nmen al O ganiza ions
Du ing he analysis, we engaged in an i e a i e s eam
o mee ings wi h he Bos on Po Ope a o s G oup,
which ep esen s he local, na ional, and in e na ional
shipping communi ies. This engagemen began ea ly
in he p ocess, allowing he ope a o s g oup o iew
he da a and e i y i s alidi y. The sanc ua y scien-
i ic eam analyzed any ques ions, conce ns, and ideas
and p esen ed he esul s a he ollowing mon h’s
mee ing.
ollowing he consensus choice o a new BTSS ou e,
ou ac i i y ansi ioned o he go e nmen al policy
a ena, whe e eam membe s made p esen a ions o
and ga ne ed he suppo o he ele an agencies
(such as he O ice o Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua ies,
NOAA ishe ies, Na ional Ocean Se ice, and he
U.S. Coas Gua d). The combined agendas o indus-
y p io i ies, conse a ion needs, and ede al plan-
ning ac i i ies came in o alignmen , and he In e na-
ional Ma i ime O ganiza ion accep ed he p oposal
Wo king oge he , scien is s and s akeholde s in es iga ed he conse a ion alue and indus y impac
o a ious al e na i es based on he numbe o whales a oided, he numbe /angle o u ns, and ship
ansi ime. Scena io 5 ( ed bo de ) was he consensus choice. G aphics cou esy o NOAA/S ellewa-
gen Bank Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y.
www.uscg.mil/p oceedings
12 P oceedings Fall 2013
he likelihood o collisions we e iewed in a
a o able ligh .
AIS E alua es Compliance
An impo an bu o en neglec ed aspec o
ma ine planning and a co e p inciple o adap-
i e managemen is moni o ing o ensu e ha
he desi ed impac is achie ed and adequa e
da a exis s o suppo decisions o pe pe ua e,
discon inue, o al e he new scheme. Since
comme cial ships use he Bos on T a ic Sepa-
a ion Scheme on a olun a y basis, we e alu-
a ed ma ine adhe ence o he new alignmen
as an indica o o he e icacy o he conse a-
ion ac ion.
La ge essels a e equi ed o ca y an Au o-
ma ic Iden i ica ion Sys em (AIS) anscei e ,
which ansmi s he ship’s name, posi ion,
speed, and heading (among o he hings)
wi h upda es occu ing as o en as e e y wo
seconds. While o iginally concei ed as a eal-
ime collision a oidance sys em, his in o -
ma ion can also be ga he ed, a chi ed, and
analyzed o gi e insigh s in o ship a ic o e
ime. Wi h espec o he BTSS, AIS analysis indica ed
ha nea ly 100 pe cen o he shipping a ic shi ed
om he old pa e n o he new alignmen .
While his essel compliance wi h he new a ic
sepa a ion scheme esul ed in subs an ial educ ion
in he isk o collisions be ween ships and whales,
he la ge numbe s o whales using he sanc ua y and
hei highly a iable beha io means ha he e will
always be some isk o whales wi hin he econ igu ed
BTSS. Ship a ic ansi ing he Bos on T a ic Sepa a-
ion Scheme is also a iable. o example, sho ly a e
ealignmen , de elope s p oposed building wo deep
wa e po s o o loading lique ied na u al gas (LNG)
adjacen o he na ional ma ine sanc ua y, b inging
inc eased a ic h ough he BTSS.
Acous ic De ec ion Buoys
To lowe he inc eased isk o LNG a ic and whale
collisions, he S ellwagen Sanc ua y science eam and
a ious ede al agencies wo ked wi h s akeholde s
and conse a ion g oups o de elop a s a egy ha
would p o ide nea eal- ime igh whale de ec ion.
The esul : an acous ic de ec ion sys em, which con-
sis s o 10 au oma ic de ec ion buoys ha “lis en” o
igh whale calls.
Co nell Uni e si y’s Bioacous ics Resea ch P og am
s a e s a e a ailable 24/7 o examine he calls and
in Decembe 2006. The new Bos on T a ic Sepa a ion
Scheme became ac i e he ollowing July.
This was he i s ime in he U.S. ha a TSS was shi ed
o mi iga e whale/ship collisions, and he anspa en
p ocess helped c ea e a app ochemen among he
a ious s akeholde s, so subsequen ac ions o educe
The ealigned Bos on T a ic Sepa a ion Scheme mo ed ship ansi s om high- o low-use
whale a eas. G aphic cou esy o NOAA/S ellewagen Bank Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y.
The op pane shows he essel a ic pa e n p io o he BTSS shi (June 1 o 10,
2007) and he bo om pane he essel a ic pa e n pos -shi (July 1 o 31, 2007).
The o iginal BTSS is depic ed in yellow and he new BTSS in blue. Moni o ing dem-
ons a ed high compliance. G aphic cou esy o D . Ku Schweh .

www.uscg.mil/p oceedings Fall 2013 P oceedings 13
elimina e any alse ale s o o con-
i m whale sounds. The s a epo s
whale ale s o LNG essel mas e s.
LNG ships a e manda ed o slow o
10 kno s in a eas o whale de ec ion
and heigh en obse a ion o a oid
s iking hem. These ale s emain
ac i e o 24 hou s, and o he ma ine s
a e also eques ed o slow.
This i s -o -i s-kind app oach o essel
ou ing ep esen s a second success-
ul ou come om applying a ma ine
spa ial planning app oach o esol e
po en ial con lic s among exis ing and
in ensi ying uses and biodi e si y
conse a ion.
Lessons Lea ned
As a concep , ma ine planning is
gaining ac ion a ound he wo ld. As
p ac i ione s mo e o wa d, lea ning
om pas endea o s can in o m u u e
e o s. In ou ongoing p ojec , we
ha e ound he ollowing condi ions
lead o success:
■ High quali y, locally p oduced
scien i ic in o ma ion. Good
decisions equi e good da a. This
is pa icula ly ue in po en ially
con en ious si ua ions. While
in o ma ion de i ed om li e a-
u e and/o om o he loca ions
can be impo an and should no
be igno ed, i is unlikely o yield
a pe ec i o local challenges
o lead o widely suppo ed deci-
sions. In o ma ion o decisions
should be powe ed by da a spe-
ci ic o he p oblem and loca ion.
■ Scien i icin o ma ioncollec ed/
analyzed in conjunc ion wi h
s akeholde s. The adi ional pe -
cep ion ha science p o ides c ed-
ible and unbiased in o ma ion,
because esea ch is conduc ed in
isola ion om hose mos impac ed
by i s esul s (s akeholde s), is no
alid. Such esea ch con ibu es
o s akeholde en enchmen by
allowing s akeholde s o cons uc
my iad easons o ejec i , a he
Righ whale managemen in o ma ion as displayed on an iPad ia Whale Ale . Colo coding
is as ollows:
■ seasonal managemen a ea, o ange;
■ dynamic managemen a ea, g ey;
■ a ea o Be a oided, ed;
■ ecommended ou es, pu ple;
■ manda o y ship epo ing pe ime e , blue;
■ acous ic buoy wi hou a igh whale de ec ion, g een;
■ acous ic buoy wi h a igh whale de ec ion, yellow.
Whale Ale
The Whale Ale app, a ailable on iTunes, is a ee iPad/iPhone-based
mobile applica ion ha no i ies use s ega ding igh whale p o ec ion
and managemen in o ma ion along he U.S. eas e n seaboa d, including:
● Cu en ship loca ion. An icon depic s a ship’s eal- ime GPS-de i ed
loca ion.
● Seasonal managemen a eas. As a ship en e s one o hese a eas, a
pop-up window appea s, no i ying he ma ine ha he/she should be
a eling a less han 10kno s.
● Manda o y ship epo ing a eas. When a ship en e s one o hese a eas,
a pop-up display appea s, eminding he ma ine o con ac he Coas
Gua d o ecei e igh whale in o ma ion.
● A eas o be a oided. IMO-sanc ioned a eas o p o ec igh whales
appea on Whale Ale when and whe e hey a e ac i e.
G aphic cou esy o NOAA.
www.uscg.mil/p oceedings
14 P oceedings Fall 2013
han con ibu ing
o p oblem sol -
ing by p o iding
ag eed-upon in o -
ma ion o deci-
sions. Resea ch ha
is inclusi e and bal-
anced by a di e si y
o in e es s p o ides
esul s ha s ake-
holde s iew as
mo e c edible and
accep able.
■ Da a ha is p e-
sen ed so ha all
pa icipan s can
unde s and i . Too
o en scien is s
expec s akehold-
e s o accep unde-
si ed in o ma ion
based on ob use
models and s a is i-
cal p obabili ies. I
is incumben upon
scien is s o de elop
echniques ha
show esul s clea ly
and concisely,
a he han expec -
ing s akeholde s o
“ us ” science o
become scien i i-
cally li e a e o he
occasion.
■ Ad i e  o  imely
ac ion. While s ake-
holde in ol emen
and coope a ion
we e essen ial o
he p ocess, i is
unlikely o ha e
occu ed wi hou a
egula o y impe us
o ac ion. A he
ime o ou ac i i-
ies, he es ima ed
No h A lan ic igh
whale popula ion
was app oxima ely
300 animals, and he
Buoys de ec he p esence o a igh whale h ough he whale’s “up call,” and use a sa elli e connec ion
o elay he call spec og am o scien is s o species con i ma ion. LNG companies paid o he acous ic
de ec ion sys em as pa o hei USCG and MARAD licensing ag eemen s. Illus a ion by E. Paul Obe -
lande , Woods Hole Oceanog aphic Ins i u ion, and g aphic adap ed cou esy o NOAA/S ellewagen Bank
Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y.
Whale Ale is a ee mobile so wa e applica ion ha p o ides up- o-da e in o ma ion pe aining o No h
A lan ic igh whale managemen ini ia i es and egula ions and displays i on digi al nau ical cha s. G aphic
cou esy o NOAA/S ellewagen Bank Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y.
www.uscg.mil/p oceedings Fall 2013 P oceedings 15
Meye , Colin Wa e, and Roland A senaul o he Cen e o
Coas al and Ocean Mapping, Uni e si y o New Hampshi e;
B ad Winney and Vi gil Ze e lind o Ea hNC. Special hanks
o Ms. Lindy Johnson, o me gene al council o In e na ional
Law, Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion. She
wo ked i elessly on issues ela ed o land- and sea-based
sou ces o ma ine pollu ion, en i onmen and na iga ion,
ma ine p o ec ed a eas, co al issues, noise, and ma ine mam-
mals and essel s ikes o igh whales. He legacy is he la ge
numbe o in e na ional en i onmen al ea ies ha she nego-
ia ed, and, in pa icula , he wo k on p o ec ing No h A lan-
ic igh whales om essel s ikes.
Addi ionally, Whale Ale was designed wi h conside able
inpu om s akeholde s. The Massachuse s Po Au ho i y
and Bos on Ha bo Pilo s Associa ion we e lead g oups, while
NYk Line and he No wegian and Holland Ame ica c uise
lines we e pa o a es lee o gain addi ional indus y inpu
and make he app ope a ional. The U.S. Coas Gua d was
ins umen al in wo king wi h he eam o ansmi in o ma ion
ia AIS. On he conse a ion side, he In e na ional und o
Animal Wel a e p o ided impo an p og am inpu and und-
ing. In addi ion o he S ellwagen Bank NMS, scien is s and
enginee s om he Bioacous ic Resea ch P og am a Co nell
Uni e si y, he Cen e o Coas al and Ocean Mapping a he
Uni e si y o New Hampshi e, NOAA’s No heas ishe ies
Science Cen e , and he Woods Hole Oceanog aphic Ins i u-
ion p o ided expe ise suppo ing di e en aspec s o he
app. Ea hNC, wi h ex ensi e expe ience in spa ial mapping
and eal- ime mobile da a acquisi ion, aided app de elopmen .
Bibliog aphy:
Final ecommenda ions o he In e agency Ocean Policy Task o ce. The Whi e
House Council on En i onmen al Quali y, 2010. p.p. 77.
Au oma ic Iden i ica ion Sys em; essel ca iage equi emen . Washing on, D.C.:
U.S. Depa men o Homeland Secu i y, U.S. Coas Gua d. ede al Regis e .
60559-60570. Oc . 22.
In e na ional Associa ion o Ma ine Aids o Na iga ion and Ligh house Au ho i-
ies (IALA). IALA Guideline No. 1028 on he Au oma ic Iden i ica ion Sys-
em (AIS), 2003. Pa I. Ope a ional issues,1. Sain Ge main en Laye, ance.
In e na ional Telecommunica ions Union (ITU) 1998-2010, M.1371. Technical
cha ac e is ics o an au oma ic iden i ica ion sys em using ime-di ision mul iple
access in he VHF ma i ime mobile band.
Jensen, A.S. and G.k. Silbe (2003.) La ge whale ship s ike da abase. U.S.
Depa men o Comme ce and Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Admin-
is a ion. Technical Memo andum, NM S-OPR, p.p. 37.
k aus, S. D., P. k. Hamil on, R. D. kenney, A. knowl on and C. k. Slay (2001).
Rep oduc i e pa ame e s o he No h A lan ic igh whale. J. Ce acean Res. Man-
age. (Special Issue) 2: p.p. 231-236.
Lubchenco, J. (1995). The ole o science in o mula ing a biodi e si y s a egy.
Bioscience 45: s-7-s-9.
Meye , T.L., R.A. Coope and R.W. Lagn on. 1973. Rela i e abundance, beha -
io and ood habi s o he Ame ican sand lance, Ammody es ame icanus, om he
Gul o Maine. ish Bull., US 77:243-253.
Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion (NOAA). Final Rule To
Implemen Speed Res ic ions o Reduce he Th ea o Ship Collisions. ede al
Regis e , 2008. Vol. 73, No. 198, Oc obe 10, 2008. Rules and Regula ions
DEPARTMENT O COMMERCE 50 C R Pa 224 [Docke No. 040506143–
7024–03]. Na ional Ma ine ishe ies Se ice (NM S), Na ional Oceanic and
A mosphe ic Adminis a ion (NOAA), Comme ce.
Wiley, D.N. (2011). Inc easing he Social Powe o Scien i ic In o ma ion used o
Decisions on Ma ine P o ec ed A eas in New Zealand. ulb igh New Zealand.
Welling on, New Zealand, p. 82.
Wiley, D.N., J.C. Molle and k. Zilinskas (2003). The dis ibu ion and densi y
o comme cial ishe ies and baleen whales wi hin he S ellwagen Bank Na ional
Ma ine Sanc ua y. July 2001-June 2002. Ma ine Technology Socie y Jou nal.
Vol. 37(1), p.p. 35-53.
Endange ed Species Ac and he Ma ine Mam-
mal P o ec ion Ac equi ed u he educ ions
in human-caused se ious inju y o dea h. In addi-
ion, a numbe o lawsui s had been di ec ed a
NOAA’s Na ional Ma ine ishe ies Se ice alleg-
ing inac ion in p o ec ing igh whales om ship
s ike and ishing gea en anglemen .
We sha e hese ips o help o he ma ine s akeholde s
manage he delica e p ocesses ha come wi h success-
ul ma ine planning, and o cap u e he lessons we
lea ned du ing his ma ine planning p ocess.
Abou he au ho s:
D . Da id Wiley is he esea ch coo dina o o NOAA’s S ellwa-
gen Bank Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y. His esea ch has anged om
s udying endange ed whales o mapping ma ine haza dous dump-
si es. He is he ecipien o nume ous hono s, including a Swi ze
En i onmen al Leade ship awa d, he In e na ional Socie y o
Ma ine Mammalogy’s awa d o Excellence in Scien i ic Commu-
nica ion, an Ian Ax o d (Fulb igh ) Fellowship in Public Policy, and
he U.S. Depa men o Comme ce’s Gold Medal o scien i ic lead-
e ship.
D . Leila Ha ch is a ma ine ecologis a he S ellwagen Bank Na ional
Ma ine Sanc ua y, whe e she ocuses on cha ac e izing unde wa e
soundscapes, assessing he impac s o ocean noise on ma ine animals,
and mi iga ion and moni o ing p og ams o add ess hose impac s.
She ecei ed a doc o al deg ee om Co nell Uni e si y in e olu ion-
a y biology, whe e he esea ch ocused on baleen whale molecula
gene ics and acous ic beha io .
D . Ku Schweh is head o ocean enginee ing o Google. He
ecei ed a PhD in ma ine geophysics om Sc ipps Ins i u ion o
Oceanog aphy and is an a ilia e p o esso a UNH CCOM. He has
wo ked on ocean mapping, disas e esponse, and so wa e o Ma s
o e s. He is co-au ho on IMO ci cula s 289 and 290 o AIS.
M . Michael Thompson is an en i onmen al geog aphe a NOAA’s
S ellwagen Bank Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y whe e he conduc s
geog aphic in o ma ion sys ems analyses in suppo o he sanc u-
a y mission, while acili a ing compa ible use.
D . C aig MacDonald is supe in enden o S ellwagen Bank
Na ional Ma ine Sanc ua y whe e he o e sees sanc ua y policies,
acili ies, and essel ope a ions. He is esponsible o managemen
planning, educa ion and ou each, and di e se echnical p ojec s. He
is a Fellow o he Ma ine Technology Socie y, holds g adua e deg ees
in oceanog aphy and ma ine biology, comple ed pos doc o al s udies
in ishe ies science, and is a ce i ied public adminis a o .
Acknowledgemen s:
Many people ha e con ibu ed o hese p ojec s. The au ho s
especially wan o hank: Ch is Cla k o he Bioacous ic
Resea ch P og am, Co nell Labo a o y o O ni hology; Pa ick
Ramage, Jake Le enson, and Ap il Wobs o he In e na ional
und o Animal Wel a e; Debo ah Hadden and B ad Wellock
o he Massachuse s Po Au ho i y; Andy Hammond o he
Bos on Ha bo Pilo s Associa ion; Richa d Me ick, Tim Cole,
Ch is in khan, and Be h Josephson o NOAA’s No heas
ishe ies Science Cen e ; Da id Gou eia o NOAA’s No h-
eas Regional O ice; Pe e DeCola, Pa ience Whi en, Geo ge
De weile , and I ene Gonin o he U.S. Coas Gua d; La y