D . Sumon Ku mi e al. Cu en Pa e n o Ocula T auma – A S udy in a Te ia y Ca e Cen e. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6
(5): 1186‐1194, 2025
1186
In e na ional Jou nal o Medical
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Resea ch A icle
Cu en Pa e n o Ocula T auma – A S udy in a Te ia y Ca e Cen e
D . Sumon Ku mi1, D . Moushumi Majumde 2, D . U a a Rabidas3, D . Ahidu Rahman4
1 Assis an p o esso , Depa men o Oph halmology, Assam Medical College, Dib uga h, Assam, India.
2 Associa e p o esso , Depa men o Oph halmology, Assam Medical College, Dib uga h, Assam, India.
3 Pos g adua e ainee, Depa men o Oph halmology, Assam Medical College, Dib uga h.
4 Pos g adua e ainee, Depa men o Oph halmology, Assam Medical College, Dib uga h
A B S T R A C T
Co esponding Au ho :
D . Sumon Ku mi
Assis an p o esso , Depa men o
Oph halmology, Assam Medical
College, Dib uga h, Assam, India
Recei ed: 04-09-2025
Accep ed: 25-09-2025
A ailable online: 08-10-2025
Backg ound – Ocula auma a signi ican cause o he isual impai men and
blindness globally. I is a ies in ce ain demog aphics and egions. A la ge numbe
cases is epo ed e e y yea .
Aims – To s udy he cu en causes and ypes o ocula auma and i s dis ibu ion
acco ding o age and sex.
Ma e ial and Me hods- The pa ien s a ending a Assam Medical College and
Hospi al, Dib uga h wi h ocula auma ul illing he inclusion and exclusion
c i e ia du ing he s udy pe iod included in his s udy. The dis ibu ion o ocula
auma was abula ed acco ding o age, sex, la e ali y, cause o auma, ype o
auma, isual acui y and ype o ea men equi ed. Finally, he esul s o his s udy
we e summa ized and a conclusion de i ed om he clinical analysis o
obse a ions made du ing he s udy.
Resul s- In his s udy 100 pa ien s and 113 eyes we e included. Male emale a io
was 3.4:1. Highes numbe o ocula auma obse ed in 20-29 yea s age g oup
(29%). Unila e al inju y was highe han bila e al inju y (87%). Close globe inju y
was 71% and open globe inju y was 29%. Road a ic acciden (22%), mechanical
cause (22%) and ag icul u e ela ed inju y (21%) we e he common cause ocula
auma.
Conclusion- Indus ial cause as well as ag icul u al causes we e he common cause
in his egion. Male we e mo e in ol ed ocula auma and he common age g oup
was 20-29 yea s. Awa eness ega ding possible causes o ocula auma and
adequa e sa e y measu es a e impo an o p e en ion o ocula auma.
Copy igh © In e na ional Jou nal o
Medical and Pha maceu ical Resea ch
Keywo ds: ocula auma, blindness, close globe inju y, open globe inju y, isual
acui y,
INTRODUCTION
Ocula auma is a leading cause o blindness and isual impai men wo ldwide. I is mo e common in de eloping
coun ies. I is es ima ed ha 2.4 million ocula auma occu wo ldwide annually.[1] In he yea 1998 i was ound ha
a ound 3.9 million people we e epo ed o ha e bila e ally blindness o isual impai men , and mo e han 19 million
ha ing isual impai men o blindness unila e ally.[2] In India, i is epo ed ha incidence o ocula auma a ies om 1-
5%.[3] The e iological ac o s o ocula auma and he p esen a ion o ocula auma has al e ed o modi ied by
Indus ialisa ion and u banisa ion. Type o wo k and wo king
habi s
in luences
wo ke s’
ocula
auma.
Ocula
auma
is
a ies
in
ce ain demog aphics and egions. In he p esen s udy he place o s udy is su ounded by ea
plan a ion wo ke s and paddy ield wo ke s along wi h a ew indus ial wo ke s. Tea ga den wo ke s ha e mo e chances
o exposu e o inju y du ing wo k in he ga den and ac o y. Incidences o inju y is mo e du ing ha es ing season o
he a me s. Inju y can occu by ins umen s, chemicals, insec s bi e o by oad a ic acciden . Mo eo e , some
adi ional habi s a e also causing ocula auma among ea ga den popula ions. Many people a e engaged in ea indus y
in uppe Assam. Mos o he ocula auma ha e been epo ed among ea ga den wo ke s. I has been obse ed ha
causes o ocula auma can be p e en ed among he wo ke s by adequa e sa e y measu es as well as by awa eness. Mass
awa eness ega ding po en ial isk ac o s o ocula auma can be p e en ed numbe s o ocula auma.
D . Sumon Ku mi e al. Cu en Pa e n o Ocula T auma – A S udy in a Te ia y Ca e Cen e. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6
(5): 1186‐1194, 2025
1187
In ol emen o di e en s uc u es o he eyeball can be occu ed ollowing eye inju y co neal lace a ion, hyphaema,
i idodialysis, pos auma ic glaucoma, auma ic ca a ac , i eous haemo hage, e inal de achmen s, scle al up u e,
globe up u e e c. As pe BETT (Bi mingham Eye T auma Te minology) ocula auma di ided in o Open globe inju y
and Closed globe inju y. Open globe inju y is de ined as a ull hickness wound o he eye ball, due o ei he a lace a ion
o an occul up u e.[4] Closed globe inju y is de ined as when he eye wall is no pene a ed, bu he eye s uc u es a e
damaged which is mainly caused by blun auma. In ol emen o ocula Zones in Open globe inju y is an impo an
p ognos ic ac o o isual po en ial. Zone I- auma in ol es he co nea and limbus. Zone II- auma ex ends pos e io ly
om limbus up o 5mm pos e io o he limbus whe e deepe s uc u es including lens and zonules. Zone III- auma
ex ends mo e han 5mm pos e io o he limbus, in ol ing he e ina, op ic ne e and cho oid.[5] Analysis o pa e n o
ocula auma is help ul in iden i ying he isk ac o s and planning s a egies o he managemen o ocula inju ies.
In his s udy he epidemiological da a o ocula inju ies o Dib uga h dis ic o Assam has been highligh ed. The s udy
has aken in o conside a ion o he causa i e agen s o ocula inju ies, ypes o ocula inju ies, hei classi ica ion as pe
BETT (Bi mingham Eye T auma Te minology) and dis ibu ion o ocula inju y acco ding o age and sex.
Objec i es o he s udy- The s udy has been conduc ed based on he ollowing objec i es-
1. To s udy he cu en causes o ocula auma
2. To s udy di e en ypes o ocula auma
3. To s udy he dis ibu ion o ocula auma acco ding o isual acui y, age and sex.
Ma e ials and Me hods
Place o s udy: Assam Medical College & Hospi al, Dib uga h Du a ion o s udy : One yea ; Decembe 2023 o
No embe 2024. Type o s udy : A Hospi al-based obse a ional s udy
Sample size : 100
Inclusion C i e ia:
1. Age - 5 yea s and abo e
2. Bo h ex aocula and in aocula auma
3. Blun auma, lace a ion, ecchymosis, pene a ing inju y, pe o a ing inju y, close globe inju y, o eign body and all
ision h ea ening inju ies
Exclusion c i e ia
1. Less han 5 yea s o age
2. Healed o old cases
3. Mild ocula inju y like ab asion, edness, wa e ing and i i a ion.
4. Men al illness, uncoope a i e pa ien , coma and o bi al wall in ol emen .
The s udy was done a e ge ing app o al om he Ins i u ional E hical Commi ee o Assam Medical College,
Dib uga h, Assam on 6 h Oc obe 2023.
The pa ien s a ending a he Ou pa ien depa men and Casual y depa men o
Assam Medical College & Hospi al wi h ocula auma ul illing he inclusion and exclusion c i e ia du ing he s udy
pe iod we e included in his s udy. An in o med consen was aken a e in o ming he de ails o he s udy o include in
his s udy. All he pa ien s mo e han 5 yea s o age o ei he sex o ocula auma was aken as he sample o he s udy o
see he common age g oup and sex p eponde ance o ocula auma. Visual acui y was also eco ded o all pa ien s a he
ime o p esen a ion. In his s udy 100 pa ien s and 113 eyes we e included as he sample o he s udy. The diagnosis was
mainly based on he medical his o y and he clinical examina ion. Special in es iga ions we e done in some cases like in
hazy media, suspec ed o bi al wall ac u e o e obulba pa hology. Special in es iga ions such as onome y,
ke a ome y, undus pho og aphy, ul asonog aphy, CT scan and MRI we e pe o med whene e necessa y. The auma
cases has been classi ied as pe Bi mingham Eye T auma Te minology (BETT) - A. Closed globe (a. Con usion b.
Lace a ion) B. Open globe (a. Rup u e b. Lace a ion – i. Pene a ing ii. Pe o a ing and iii. IOFB)
The dis ibu ion o ocula auma we e abula ed acco ding o age, sex, la e ali y, isual acui y, causes o auma, ype o
auma and ype o ea men . Finally, he esul s o his s udy we e summa ized and a conclusion de i ed om he
clinical analysis o obse a ions made du ing he s udy. The s udy discussed in de ail wi h di e en ele an s udies on
he subjec by o he au ho s and clinically analysed. The da a and esul s we e abula ed and s a is ically analysed.
so wa e Mic oso Excel 2010 was used o s a is ical analysis o da a.
RESULTS
A o al o 100 ocula auma pa ien s and 113 inju ed eyes was aken as he sample o he s udy. In his s udy i has been
e lec ed ha unila e al eye inju ies (77%) we e highe han he bila e al (13%) inju y. 87% cases had unila e al eye
inju y (Righ eye was in ol ed 46% cases, le eye was inju ed 41% cases) and 13.0% had bila e al ocula inju y.
D . Sumon Ku mi e al. Cu en Pa e n o Ocula T auma – A S udy in a Te ia y Ca e Cen e. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6
(5): 1186‐1194, 2025
1188
Table1. Dis ibu ion o Ocula T auma acco ding o Age
AGE GROUP
(yea s)
NUMBER
(n)
PERCENTAGE
(%)
5— 9
5
5
10—19
11
11
20—29
29
29
30—39
26
26
40—49
12
12
50—59
13
13
60—69
2
2
≥ 70
2
2
TOTAL
100
100
Fig-1. Dis ibu ion o Ocula T auma acco ding o Age
The abo e able and ba diag am shows he dis ibu ion o ocula auma acco ding o age. 5% in 5-9 yea s,
11% in 10-19 yea s, 29% in 20-29 yea s, 26% in 30-39 yea s, 12% in
40-49 yea s, 13% in 50-59 yea s, 2% in 60-69 yea s, 2% in mo e han 70 yea s.
Table 2:- Dis ibu ion o ocula auma acco ding o gende
Ca ego y
Pe cen age
Male : Female
Male
77%
3.4 : 1
Female
23%
Fig-2. Dis ibu ion o ocula auma acco ding o gende .
The abo e able and pie diag am is showing- 77% cases o ocula auma ae male and 23% caes a e emale . Male and
emale a io was 3.4:1.
Age Dis ibu ion
29
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
26
11
12
13
5
2
2
5— 9 10—19 20—29 30—39 40—49 50—59 60—69 ≥ 70
Age G oup
Male
77%
Male
Female
Gende dis ibu ion
Female
23%
Pe cen age
D . Sumon Ku mi e al. Cu en Pa e n o Ocula T auma – A S udy in a Te ia y Ca e Cen e. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6
(5): 1186‐1194, 2025
1189
Table 3:- Dis ibu ion o Ocula T auma acco ding o Cause o Inju y
Mode o inju y
EYES (n)
TOTAL NUMBER OF
PATIENTS
Righ
Le
Bo h eye
N
%
Road a ic acciden
8
9
5
22
22
Physical assaul
Sha p inju y
1
2
0
11
11
Blun inju y
4
2
2
Indus ial inju y
Mechanical T auma
8
7
1
22
22
Chemical inju y
4
1
1
Spo s equipmen
4
2
1
6
6
Animal inju y
1
2
0
3
3
Fi e ela ed auma
7
6
1
14
14
Ag icul u e ela ed auma
9
10
2
21
21
To al
46
41
13
100
100
The abo e able is showing he dis ibu ion o Causes o Ocula Inju y. The mos equen causes o ocula auma
a e Road a ic acciden s and Indus ial inju y and bo h he causes accoun ing o same pe cen age (22%), ollowed by
Ag icul u al
inju y ha is esponsible o 21% o auma, ollowed by Fi e ela ed inju y i e ela ed auma accoun ing
o 14% cases. O he modes o inju y such as spo s ela ed (6%). physical assaul (11%) and spo s ela ed (3%).
Table 4: Dis ibu ion o Close Globe Inju ies
TYPES
EYES (n)
TOTAL NUMBER OF EYES
Righ
Le
Bo h eyes
N
%
Lid ecchymosis
5
6
6
17
17
Subconjunc i al haemo hage +
conjunc i al lace a ion
6
3
3
12
12
Lid lace a ion
6
7
2
15
15
Hyphaema
4
3
0
7
7
T auma ic ca a ac
3
4
0
7
7
Vi eous haemo hage
3
2
0
5
5
Re inal de achmen
1
0
0
1
1
Bu n inju y
3
3
1
7
7
To al
31
28
12
71
71
The abo e able is showing dis ibu ion o di e en ypes o closed globe inju ies and i was obse ed ha 17%
pa ien s p esen ed wi h lid ecchymosis closely ollowed by lid lace a ion i.e. 15%. Subconjunc i al haemo hage wi h
conjunc i al lace a ion was seen in 12% cases. O he causes we e Hyphaema (7%) T auma ic ca a ac (7%), Vi eous
haemo hage (5%) and Re inal de achmen (1%).
Table 5. Dis ibu ion o Open globe inju y
Ca ego y
Righ eye
Le eye
Bo h eye
To al
%
Co neal lace a ion
6
6
1
13
13
I is p olapse+
i idodialysis
4
2
0
6
6
Globe up u e
2
3
0
5
5
IOFB
0
1
0
1
1
Simple pene a ion
1
0
0
1
1
D . Sumon Ku mi e al. Cu en Pa e n o Ocula T auma – A S udy in a Te ia y Ca e Cen e. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6
(5): 1186‐1194, 2025
1190
Co neal
2
1
0
3
3
lace a ion+ auma ic
ca a ac
To al
15
13
1
29
29
Fig.3- Dis ibu ion o ocula auma acco ding o Visual acui y (BCVA)
The abo e able is showing highes cases o Co neal lace a ion seen a 13% ollowed by I is p olapse 6%, Globe
up u e 5%, simple pene a ion 1%, auma ic ca a ac +co neal lace a ion 3% and In aocula o eign body 1%.
Table.7- Dis ibu ion o ocula auma acco ding o Visual acui y (BCVA)
Visual acui y
R . Eye
L . eye
To al
%
6/6 – 6/18
11
8
19
16.81
6/24 – 6/60
7
9
16
14.15
5/60 – 3/60
19
15
34
30.08
2/60 - HM+ e
13
17
30
26.54
PL + e/PL- e
9
5
14
12.11
To al
59
54
113
100
The abo e able and ba diag am is showing he dis ibu ion o ocula auma acco ding o Visual Acui y. Ou o 113
eyes 30.08% had isual acui y 5/60 o 3/60 ollowed by 2/60 o HM+ (26.54%). 16.81% o cases had 6/6 o 6/18 and
14.15% cases had 6/24 o 6/60 isual acui y. The lowes numbe o cases (12.11%) was ound wi h isual acui y PL+ o
PL- e.
Table 6. Dis ibu ion o Pa ien acco ding o In e en ion Pe o med
Ca ego y
Righ eye
Le eye
To al
Pe cen age
Lid Repai
8
5
13
13
Co neal epai
6
7
13
13
Visual acui y
R . eye L . eye
0
2
4
6
5
8
7
8
10
9
9
12
11
14
13
16
15
18
17
20
Dis ibu ion o ocula auma acco ding o Visual acui y
(BCVA)
19
Pe cen age
D . Sumon Ku mi e al. Cu en Pa e n o Ocula T auma – A S udy in a Te ia y Ca e Cen e. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6
(5): 1186‐1194, 2025
1191
Co neal epai + i idec omy+
ca a ac
ex ac ion
4
5
9
9
Ca a ac ex ac ion
6
3
9
9
Conjunc i al epai
1
2
3
3
Scle al epai
7
5
12
12
Pa acen esis
3
5
8
8
IOFB
1
0
0
1
Medical managemen
17
15
32
33
The abo e able is showing dis ibu ion o ype o managemen o ocula auma. Lid epai was done in 13%
cases, co neal epai in 13%, Ca a ac ex ac ion in 9%, conjunc i al epai 3%, scle al epai 12%, Pa acen esis o
hyphaema in 3% and in IOFB emo al in 1%. Medical managemen was done in 33% cases.
Some clinical pho og aphs o ocula auma
Fig.4 a). Lid lace a ion Fig. 4 b). Conjunc i al lace a ion wi h SCH
Fig 4. c) Lid ecchymosis 4. d) Fo eign body in an e io chambe
Fig. 4. e) Co neal lace a ion wi h i is p olapse Fig. 4. ) Globe up u e
D . Sumon Ku mi e al. Cu en Pa e n o Ocula T auma – A S udy in a Te ia y Ca e Cen e. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6
(5): 1186‐1194, 2025
1192
Discussion
Ocula auma has se e e consequences, no only esul ing in signi ican isual loss and pe manen isual disabili y bu
also a ec ing on economy o he amily. Despi e ocula auma is being p e en able, a signi ican numbe o blindness
epo ed globally e e y yea . The e is lack o su icien comp ehensi e da a on magni ude and isk ac o s o ocula
auma in egion wise. Ocula auma depends upon he occupa ion, ype o wo ks, wo king habi s, a ailabili y o sa e y
measu es du ing wo k and lack o awa eness. Type o cul i a ion and p ocesses o cul i a ion a e di e en in di e en
egion. The Place o his s udy is geog aphically loca ed nea u al a ea whe e he popula ion a e mos ly engaged wi h
paddy cul i a ion and ea plan a ion. This s udy is designed o enume a e he a ious causes o ocula auma and i s
classi ica ion. Visual acui y a he ime o p esen a ion and ype o managemen we e also eco ded.
The demog aphic b eakdown e ealed a signi ican gende dispa i y. In his s udy males accoun ing o 77% (n=77) and
emales 23% (n=23), esul ing in a male- o- emale a io o 3.4:1. Kanoje e al. conduc ed a s udy in 2024 whe e 77.47%
ocula auma we e male.[6] P akash e al (2013)[7] also conduc ed a s udy on ocula auma whe e 65.50% we e male.
In di e en s udy o ocula auma as well as in he p esen s udy i is obse ed ha occu ence o ocula auma is mo e
in male han emale. Ocula auma is highe p eponde ance in young male. Young male pa icula ly suscep ible due o
inc eased exposu e o isk ac o s like spo s, iolence and occupa ional haza ds. Ocula auma common in male in all
age g oup because o hei ou doo na u e o wo k, such as being d i e s, a me s, ac o y wo ke s and o he machine y
wo ks.[8] The p esen s udied a ea is mainly su ounded by ea plan a ion and paddy cul i a ion whe e majo i y o he
male wo ke s a e engaged. I has also been obse ed ha in case o machine y wo ks, d i e s, ou doo games, bu ning
o i e c acke s and in o he ou doo wo ks male membe s a e mos ly engaged. These a e he causes o highe numbe o
ocula aumas among male han emale. The highe isk in male has been ound in almos e e y popula ion and hospi al-
based s udy o ocula inju y
The age and gende pa e n we e obse ed in his s udy. I was ound maximum numbe o cases (29%) we e in he age
g oup o 20-29 yea s ollowed by 26% in he age g oup o 30- 39 yea s. The e is a simila i y wi h he s udy done by He
Cao e al.[9] Tha s udy e ealed mean and s anda d de ia ion o age o inciden as 29±16.8; and a highe male a lic ion
a e. App oxima ely 3/4 h o he sample popula ion was 30 yea s o younge . Simila esul s was quo ed by Bane jee e
al.[10].
Addi ionally, he inju y dis ibu ion was une enly spli be ween he unila e al 87% (46 cases was in ol ed Righ eye and
41 cases was in ol ed le eye) and bila e al 13%. Shailaja Ka e e al [11] conduc ed a s udy on 2017 whe e ound ha
mos o he pa ien s had in ol ed one eye, igh eye being in ol ed 49%, le eye being in ol ed 49.25% cases and bo h
eyes we e in ol ed 1.75% cases. In di e en s udies as well as in he p esen s udy i has been obse ed bo h he eye a e
almos equally in ol ed.
As pe Ocula auma classi ica ion, Bi mingham Eye T auma Te minology (BETT) i has been obse ed ha Closed
globe inju y is highe han he open globe inju y. In is s udy 71% cases p esen ed wi h closed globe inju ies and 29%
cases p esen ed wi h open globe inju ies. A s udy conduc ed by Shukla e al [3] (2005) whe e men ioned ha 66.7% was
closed globe inju y whe eas 26.7% was open globe inju y. Simila inding in a s udy on ocula auma by Woo JH e al
[12] (2018) in Singapo e we e ound 95% close globe inju ies and 5% open globe inju ies. In di e en s udies i has been
quo ed ha close globe inju y is highe han open globe inju y.
The mos equen causes ocula auma a e oad a ic acciden and indus ial inju y and bo h he causes accoun ing o
same pe cen age (22%), ollowed by ag icul u al inju y ha was esponsible o 21%. Fi e ela ed inju y mainly i e
c acke s inju y, accoun ing o 14% cases. O he causes o ocula auma we e spo s ela ed inju y (6%). physical assaul
(11%) and animal inju y (3%). Road a ic acciden was he common cause o a oidable ocula auma as pe epo o
She ga AC e al. [13] Go ind Singh Ti yal e al (2023)[14] in hei s udy epo ed oad a ic acciden o be main cause
o ocula auma. This can be explained by hea y inc ease oad a ic in ecen yea s and lack o sa e y measu es and
awa eness. Same pe cen age (22%) o Ocula auma has been obse ed due o Mechanical cause. Many o he wo ke s
a e ela ed o ea ac o y om whe e ocula inju ies epo ed. Ag icul u al inju y (21%) and 6% chemical inju y has also
been obse ed in he p esen s udy. A s udy conduc ed by S. Kha y e al [15] epo ed ha 25.8% cases we e due o
ag icul u al agen s and 1.30% cases epo ed chemical inju y. The e is an ano he s udy by A inash Mis a e al
(2014)[16] who men ioned ha 20% oad a ic acciden , 43.63% Ag icul u al and 37.01% o he causes o ocula auma.
Singh D.V. had men ioned 5% cases o chemical inju ies in his s udy.[17] The wo ke s ela ed o ea plan a ion and paddy
cul i a ion we e p esen ed wi h ocula auma. Mos o ocula bu n inju y (14%) we e mainly ela ed o i e c acke
inju y du ing Diwali es i al. Spo s ela ed equipmen and du ing playing some ocula inju ies (3%) we e epo ed in
his s udy. These a e he a oidable causes o ocula auma. Spo s ela ed inju y as well as i e c acke inju y can be
p e en ed by adequa e sa e y measu es and awa eness. Physical assaul is ano he cause o blun ocula auma (11%).
Shailaja Ka e e al ound 3% cases o ocula auma we e due o animal inju y.[11] In his s udy he animal pa s like
ho n, ail e c. we e caused 3% ocula inju ies.
D . Sumon Ku mi e al. Cu en Pa e n o Ocula T auma – A S udy in a Te ia y Ca e Cen e. In . J Med. Pha m. Res., 6
(5): 1186‐1194, 2025
1193
Go ind Singh Ti yal e al (2013) [14] conduc ed a s udy on ocula auma whe e obse ed 77.30% cases closed globe
inju y and 31.90% open globe inju ies. D N P akash e al [7] was ound he mos common diagnosis a he p esen a ion
was closed globe inju y (50.01%). In his s udy 71% ocula auma we e p esen ed wi h close globe inju y and 29%
ocula auma cases we e open globe inju y. 17% pa ien s p esen ed wi h lid ecchymosis closely ollowed by lid
lace a ion i.e. 15%. Subconjunc i al hemo hage wi h conjunc i al lace a ion was seen in 12% cases. O he s causes we e
Hyphaema 7% T auma ic ca a ac 7%, Vi eous haemo hage 5% and Re inal de achmen 1%. In a s udy done by Wagh
whe e majo i y o he pa ien s had lid lace a ion 67%. [18] Ky iakaki ED e al (2021) [19] in hei sys emic e iew o
s udy ound incidence o closed globe inju y o be highe han o he ocula inju y. Close globe inju ies a e pa icula ly
due o blun auma. Hyphaema, auma ic ca a ac . subconjunc i al haemo hage, Vi eous haemo hage we e he
common close globe inju y.
Open Globe Inju y is he ull hickness lace a ing inju y o he eyeball ha a e caused by ex e nal auma, usually by a
sha p objec . Open globe inju ies a e u he subdi ided in o pene a ing, pe o a ing and in aocula o eign body
auma.[20] A inash Mis a e al (2014)[16] no ed 40.63% pene a ing inju ies and 3.92% pe o a ing inju ies. In his s udy
29% cases p esen ed wi h open globe inju y. Co neal lace a ion (13%) is highe han he o he open globe inju ies
ollowed by I is p olapses (6%), Globe up u e (5%), simple pene a ion (1%), auma ic ca a ac +co neal lace a ion (3%)
and In aocula o eign body (1%).
In his s udy la ge numbe o cases (30.08%) had isual acui y 5/60 o 3/60 ollowed by 2/60 o HM+ (26.54%) a he
ime o p esen a ion.
16.81% o cases had isual acui y 6/6 o 6/18 and 14.15% cases had isual acui y 6/24 o 6/60. The
lowes numbe o cases (12.11%) ha e been ound wi h isual acui y PL+ o PL- e. I was obse ed ha many cases
p esen ed wi h isual impai men and blindness. So, ocula auma is a signi ican isk ac o o ocula mo bidi y.
Any ype o ocula auma needs o s a ea men as ea lies . P ima y epai in open globe inju y should be done wi hin
24 hou s o inju y. The mechanism and ex en o ini ial inju y and indings a p esen a ion a e he essen ial p edic o s o
ou comes o ocula auma. In he p esen s udy su gically managed by Lid Repai 13%, Co neal epai 13%, Ca a ac
ex ac ion 9%, Conjunc i al epai 3%, scle al epai 12%, Pa acen esis o hyphaema 8% and IOFB emo al 1%.
Medical managemen o ocula auma was done 33% cases.
The p ima y limi a ion o his s udy is lack o popula ion-based da a in a pa icula egion and occupa ion which hinde s
p ecise measu emen o ocula auma incidence and p e alence. To make awa eness o p e en ion s a egies, a obus
and s anda dized eye auma su eillance sys em should be es ablished wi hin a de ined popula ion.
Conclusion
Road a ic acciden s we e he common cause o a oidable ocula mo bidi y and ision loss in his s udy as well as o he
ele an s udies. In his s udy i was ound ha in his egion ag icul u al inju y and mechanical inju y we e common
cause o ocula auma. Dib uga h, Assam is su ounded by Tea ga dens whe e housands o wo ke s a e engaged and
cul i a ion is he p ima y occupa ion o u al popula ion. Mo eo e , i was ound Closed globe inju y p edomina e and
isual p ognosis is gene ally be e han open globe inju y. Ocula auma can be p e en ed by mass awa eness ega ding
po en ial isk ac o s and agen s esponsible o ocula inju ies and by adequa e sa e y measu es.
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