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Mul iphysics FEM-based Design and The mo-mechanical Simula ion o Domes ically
Used ube ous ood P ocessing Machine
Alexis Malachy Robe and Vic o Da id Okon
Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing Technology, Akwa Ibom S a e Poly echnic, Iko
Osu ua, PMB. 1200
ARTICLE
INFO
ABSTRACT
Pape ID: IJASTR-
68DC0A2B12066
Recei ed: 2025-09-02
Published: 2025-10-05
DOI:
h ps://dx.doi.o g
/10.5281/zenodo.17
330588
Page No: 203-217
Tube ous oo c ops such as yam, cassa a, and cocoyam a e i al s aples in Nige ia,
ye hei adi ional manual p ocessing h ough pounding is labo ious, in ensi e, ime-
consuming, and physically demanding. This s udy applies a Mul iphysics ini e
elemen me hod (FEM) app oach o he design and he mo-mechanical simula ion o
a domes ically used ube ous ood p ocessing machine, wi h ocus on op imizing i s
p ocessing chambe wi he c i ical si e o he mal and s uc u al in e ac ions. The
machine comp ises a s ainless-s eel con aine wi h sha –blade assembly and
polye hylene insula ion o hea e en ion. Using ANSYS, he mal analyses
inco po a ed in e nal con ec ion om ood hea ing and ex e nal cooling, while s a ic
s uc u al simula ions e alua ed on Mises s ess, elas ic s ain, and o al de o ma ion
unde coupled loads. Mesh models o open and closed chambe designs we e e ined
o accu a e p edic ions. Findings om he s udy showed ha bo om-hea ed models
achie ed highe base empe a u es o 80.5 °C enabling apid p ocessing. The hea
lux peaked a 0.0186 W/mm² in he localized ho spo s bu was educed o 0.0030
W/mm² h ough design e inemen s, enhancing uni o mi y. Equi alen elas ic s ain,
ini ially 0.0818 mm/mm a chambe –blade in e aces, was minimized o 0.000126
mm/mm a e op imiza ion. Simila ly, on Mises s ess ell om 86.9 MPa in he
chambe o 24.3 MPa in blade assemblies, well below he yield s eng h o s ainless
s eel. The indings demons a e ha FEM-based he mo-mechanical analysis
e ec i ely in o ms ma e ial selec ion and geome y op imiza ion, p oducing sa e ,
mo e du able, and ene gy-e icien machines. Beyond echnical pe o mance,
adop ion o such op imized designs can alle ia e manual d udge y, imp o e ood
sa e y, and suppo ood secu i y in ag a ian communi ies.
Keywo ds: Tube ous ood p ocessing machine, Fini e elemen me hod (FEM),
The mo- mechanical simula ion, Mul iphysics analysis, Design op imiza ion
1. In oduc ion
Tube ous oo c ops, such as yam, cassa a, and swee po a o, a e s aple oods in many egions
a ound he wo ld. These c ops a e ypically p ocessed h ough pounding, a labou -in ensi e
ask ha equi es signi ican physical e o . To alle ia e his bu den, he de elopmen o
ube ous oo ood-based p ocessing machines has gained a en ion (Laila e al., 2025; Ja ed e
al., 2025). Nige ia, as a coun y wi h a ich ag icul u al he i age, hea ily elies on ube ous oo
In e na ional Jou nal o Ad anced Scien i ic and Technical
Resea ch
A ailable online on
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ISSN 2249-9954
Ci e This Pape : Alexis Malachy Robe and Vic o Da id Okon (2025). "
Mul iphysics FEM-based Design and The mo-mechanical Simula ion o
Domes ically Used ube ous ood P ocessing Machine ". INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH (IJASTR), ol. 15,
no. 5, 2025, pp. 203-217. DOI: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17330588
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c ops such as yam, cassa a, and cocoyam as s aple oods. The adi ional me hod o p ocessing
hese c ops in ol es manually pounding hem using a mo a and pes le, which is labou -
in ensi e and ime-consuming (Haza ika e al., 2025). This s udy a gues o he adop ion and
imp o emen o ube ous oo ood-based p ocessing machines in Nige ia o enhance ood
p ocessing e iciency, educe d udge y, and p omo e economic g ow h. Tube ous oo c ops
play a i al ole in Nige ia's ood secu i y and economic de elopmen (Onawo & Egboduku,
2025). Howe e , he adi ional me hod o p ocessing hese c ops poses se e al challenges.
Manual ube ous ood p ocessing equi es signi ican physical e o , leading o a igue and
heal h issues among women, who a e p ima ily esponsible o his ask (Ojolo, 2024; Onawo
& Egboduku, 2025). Addi ionally, he p ocess is ime-consuming, limi ing he quan i y o ood
ha can be p ocessed wi hin a gi en pe iod. These challenges hinde he po en ial o ube ous
oo c ops o con ibu e o ood secu i y and economic g ow h. A s udy conduc ed by
Ogiemudia e al. (2016) ound ha he use o pounding machines inc eased p ocessing
e iciency by 70% compa ed o manual pounding. This imp o emen allows o inc eased ood
p oduc ion, which can help mee he g owing demand and educe pos -ha es losses. The
physical s ain associa ed wi h manual p ocessing me hod can lead o musculoskele al
diso de s and o he heal h issues. By in oducing pounding machines, he physical bu den on
women can be alle ia ed, p omo ing hei well-being. Fu he mo e, he use o machines
educes he isk o inju ies caused by acciden s du ing manual p ocessing o ube ous ood
(P ase yo e al., 2022; Sypuła e al., 2025). Acco ding o a s udy by Amine e al. (2015), he
adop ion o pounding machines signi ican ly educed he incidence o inju ies among women
in ol ed in ood p ocessing. Among he a ious componen s o such machines, he ube ous
ood p ocessing chambe is o pa amoun impo ance, as i is he p ima y si e o mechanical
and he mal in e ac ions du ing ood p ocessing. To op imize he design and pe o mance o
hese machines, ad anced enginee ing echniques such as Mul iphysics Fini e Elemen Me hod
(FEM) based design and he mo-mechanical simula ion ha e been employed in his s udy.
Mul iphysics FEM-based design in ol es he use o compu a ional models ha in eg a e
mul iple physical phenomena, such as s uc u al mechanics and hea ans e , o simula e he
beha iou o complex sys ems (Pa adia & Swea , 2025;
Alo aibi e al., 2025). This app oach
allows he analyses and op imiza ion o he ood p ocessing machines pe o mance unde
a ious ope a ing condi ions, aking in o accoun he in e ac ions be ween di e en physical
p ocesses. In he con ex o ube ous ood p ocessing machines analysed in his s udy,
Mul iphysics FEM-based design enables he simul aneous conside a ion o mechanical s esses
and equi alen s ains, he mal e ec s, and ma e ial p ope ies, leading o mo e accu a e and
comp ehensi e p edic ions o machine beha iou (Liu, e al., 2025;
Zhao e al., 2025). The mo-
mechanical simula ion, a subse o Mul iphysics analysis, ocuses on he coupled e ec s o
he mal and mechanical phenomena. In ube ous ood p ocessing machines, his ype o
simula ion is pa icula ly ele an due o he hea gene a ed du ing he in-chambe ood
p ocessing and i s impac on he s uc u al in eg i y and pe o mance o he machine
componen s. By inco po a ing he mo-mechanical simula ions in o he design p ocess,
po en ial issues ela ed o he mal expansion, ma e ial a igue, and o e all machine e iciency
can be iden i ied and mi iga ed (Bassey e al., 2023; Ikpe & Bassey, 2023; Si ega , 2025). The
ocus on he mal, s ess, equi alen , and o al de o ma ion analysis on he ube ous ood
p ocessing chambe is jus i ied by se e al key ac o s:
i. C i ical componen : The ube ous ood p ocessing chambe is he p ima y si e o
mechanical and he mal in e ac ions du ing ood p ocessing. I expe iences high
s esses, empe a u e luc ua ions, and de o ma ions, making i he mos c i ical
componen o ensu ing he machine's o e all pe o mance and longe i y.
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ii. S ess concen a ion: The chambe is subjec ed o high mechanical s esses du ing
ope a ion, pa icula ly in a eas whe e he geome y changes ab up ly. Analysing s ess
dis ibu ions helps iden i y po en ial weak poin s and op imize he chambe design o
p e en ailu e.
iii. Equi alen s ess analysis: By examining he equi alen s ess ( on Mises s ess) in he
chambe , enginee s can assess he likelihood o ma e ial yielding and ailu e unde
complex loading condi ions, ensu ing he chambe 's du abili y and sa e y.
i . To al de o ma ion: Unde s anding he o al de o ma ion o he chambe unde a ious
ope a ing condi ions is c ucial o main aining dimensional accu acy, p e en ing
in e e ence be ween mo ing pa s, and ensu ing consis en p oduc quali y.
. Ma e ial selec ion: The mal and s ess analyses p o ide aluable insigh s o selec ing
app op ia e ma e ials ha can wi hs and he ha sh ope a ing condi ions wi hin he
chambe while mee ing ood sa e y equi emen s.
i. Design op imiza ion: By ocusing on hese analyses, enginee s can i e a i ely e ine he
chambe design o imp o e hea dissipa ion, educe s ess concen a ions, and minimize
de o ma ions, leading o enhanced pe o mance and longe i y o he machine.
By ocusing on he he mal, s ess, equi alen , and o al de o ma ion analysis o he ube ous
ood p ocessing chambe , mo e e icien , du able, and sa e machines ha mee he g owing
demands o domes ic ood p ocessing applica ions can be de eloped. This app oach no only
enhances he pe o mance o hese machines bu also con ibu es o imp o ed ood sa e y,
educed ene gy consump ion, and inc eased use sa is ac ion.
2. Resea ch Me hodology
Geome y o he ube ous ood p ocessing machine consis s o a cylind ical ba el (body) which
includes a s ainless s eel con aine , polye hylene laye housing he s eel con aine as well as
sha and blades componen s assembly made om s ainless s eel. The s ainless s eel had
he mal conduc i i y o 1.51e-2 W/mm·°C, ensile yield s eng h o 207 MPa and he mal
capaci y o 4.8e+5 mJ/kg·K. Howe e , he polye hylene ma e ial had he mal conduc i i y o
2.8e-4 W/mm·°C, ensile yield s eng h o 25 MPa and he mal capaci y o 2.3e+6 mJ/kg·K.
The polye hylene laye which was ound a he base, co e and he cylind ical ba el (body) o
he machine se ed as insula ing medium o p e en he escape o hea wi hin he cylind ical
essel.
The CAD models (see Figu e 1a-b) de eloped using ANSYS so wa e showcase an open and
a closed design o a ube ous ood p ocessing machine. Each model ea u es a s ainless s eel
con aine equipped wi h blade componen s, including a sha ba el and s ainless s eel blades
o e icien p ocessing. The designs inco po a e wo laye s o polye hylene o insula ion,
enhancing du abili y and empe a u e con ol. The le model p esen s an open con igu a ion,
while he igh model illus a es a closed a ian , highligh ing e sa ili y in ood p epa a ion
me hods. De ails o he model geome y as well as he he mal and mechanical p ope ies a e
p esen ed in Table 1:
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Table 1: De ails o he CAD model geome y
Objec
Name
Co e
Cylind ical
Ba el
Cylind ical
Ba el
Cylind ical
Ba el
Blades
Componen
Blades
Componen
Blades
Componen
Blades
Componen
Blades
Componen
Ma e ial
Polye hylene
S ainless S eel
Polye hylene
S ainless S eel
Polye hylene
Leng h X
82.945
mm
101.6 mm
76.749
mm
72.743
mm
14.847
mm
15.813
mm
14.847
mm
21.911 mm
Leng h Y
7.4577
mm
25.078
mm
79. mm
20. mm
1.8687
mm
2.0322
mm
1.8687
mm
60. mm
Leng h Z
82.945
mm
82.749
mm
76.749
mm
72.743
mm
17.539
mm
18.335
mm
17.539
mm
21.911
mm
Volume
2713.2
mm³
24476
mm³
79188
mm³
10250
mm³
13.173
mm³
15.426
mm³
13.173
mm³
3383.5
mm³
Mass
2.5775e-
003 kg
2.3252e-
002 kg
0.6137
kg
9.738e-
003 kg
1.0209e-
004 kg
1.1955e-
004 kg
1.0209e-
004 kg
3.2143e-
003 kg
Cen oid
X
-138.7
mm
-134.08
mm
-143.31
mm
-134.1
mm
-143.33
mm
-138.7
mm
Cen oid
Y
-36.433
mm
-44.517
mm
-82.644
mm
-111.65
mm
-104.12
mm
-86.126
mm
-74.126
mm
-111.12
mm
-79.227
mm
Cen oid
Z
67.456
mm
67.469
mm
67.458
mm
67.459
mm
79.122
mm
55.917
mm
78.997
mm
55.792
mm
67.457
mm
Momen
o Ine ia
Ip1
0.78583
kg·mm²
18.142
kg·mm²
708.21
kg·mm²
6.1165
kg·mm²
2.0046e-
003
kg·mm²
2.1354e-
003
kg·mm²
2.0046e-
003
kg·mm²
1.1313
kg·mm²
Momen
o Ine ia
Ip2
1.5361
kg·mm²
36.161
kg·mm²
673.91
kg·mm²
11.604
kg·mm²
2.0725e-
003
kg·mm²
2.2312e-
003
kg·mm²
2.0725e-
003
kg·mm²
6.2793e-
002
kg·mm²
Momen
o Ine ia
Ip3
0.78588
kg·mm²
20.707
kg·mm²
708.21
kg·mm²
6.118
kg·mm²
7.282e-
005
kg·mm²
1.0097e-
004
kg·mm²
7.282e-
005
kg·mm²
1.1313
kg·mm²
Nodes
31026
14392
9939
5614
2159
802
795
2168
1876
Elemen s
15929
7969
5116
2467
899
318
313
906
898
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Figu e 1: CAD model o a ube ous ood p ocessing machine
The 3 CAD models depic wo a ia ions o a ube ous ood p ocessing machine: an open (le )
and a closed ( igh ) design. The geome y is de ined wi h a iangula mesh ha ou lines he
cylind ical body and he conical in e io su ace. The ini e elemen mesh densi y a ies,
pa icula ly a ound he im and he base. Mo eo e , iangula meshing is employed, bu wi h
an addi ional lid ea u e. The mesh is dense a he junc ions be ween componen s o accoun
o he s esses when he lid is applied, also ensu ing a smoo h low o o ces ac oss he
s uc u e. Bo h models a e designed o e icien simula ion o mechanical pe o mance, wi h
he mesh acili a ing de ailed analysis o s uc u al in eg i y du ing ope a ion. Mesh de ails o
he CAD model a e p esen ed in Table 2 while he mesh isualiza ion is displayed in Figu es
2a-b.
Table 2: Mesh de ails o he ube ous ood p ocessing CAD model
S/N.
Objec Name
Mesh
In o ma ion
1
Physics P e e ence
Mechanical
2
T
ype
T iangula mesh
3
Span Angle Cen e
Medium
4
Ini ial Size Seed
Pa
5
Bounding Box Diagonal
162.11 mm
6
A e age Su ace A ea
430.74 mm²
7
Minimum Edge Leng h
0.11524 mm
8
E o Limi s
Agg essi e Mechanical
9
Ta ge Elemen Quali y
De aul
(5.e
-
002)
10
Smoo hing
Medium
11
In la ion Op ion
Smoo h T ansi ion
12
T ansi ion Ra io
0.272
13
Maximum Laye s
5
14
G ow h Ra e
1.2
15
In la ion Algo i hm
P e
16
In la ion Elemen Type
Wedges
17
Rigid Body Beha io
Dimensionally Reduced
18
Shee Body Me hod
Quad Dominan
19
Sweep
-
able Body Me hod
Sweep
20
Nodes
62052
21
Elemen s
31533
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Figu e 2: Mesh isualiza ion o he ube ous ood p ocessing CAD model
2.1. The mal and S uc u al Analysis
This is he s age whe e he mal and mechanical loads a e applied. The he mal analysis
in ol ed sol ing o empe a u e dis ibu ion, applying lux con e gence o 1.e-004, sol e
ole ance o 1.e-007 W/mm, o e elaxa ion o 0.1, Hemicube esolu ion o 10 as well as
maximum i e a ion o 1000. The he mal bounda y condi ions included ini ial empe a u e o
22 °C (uni o m), in e nal con ec ion ( ood hea ) including:
i. Faces: 18
ii. Coe icien : 5e-4 W/mm²·°C (500 W/m²·°C)
iii. Ambien Tempe a u e: 80 °C
Howe e , he ex e nal con ec ion (ai cooling) included:
i. Faces: 13
ii. Coe icien : 1e-5 W/mm²·°C (10 W/m²·°C)
iii. Ambien Tempe a u e: 22 °C
Fo he s a ic analysis, he mal esul s was applied as inpu o on mises s ess, equi alen
s ain and de o ma ion analysis. De ails o he s a ic s uc u al loads a e p esen ed in Table 3:
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Table 3: De ails o s a ic s uc u al loads
Objec Name Fo ce
Fo ce
2
P essu e Fixed
Suppo
Cylind ical
Suppo
Displacemen
S a e
Fully De ined
Scope
Scoping
Me hod
Geome y Selec ion
Geome y
2 Faces
1
Face
De ini ion
Type Fo ce P essu e Fixed
Suppo
Cylind ical
Suppo
Displacemen
De ine By
Vec o
No mal To
Componen s
Applied By
Su ace E ec
Magni ude 8. N
( amped)
15. MPa
( amped)
Loaded A ea
De o med
Radial
F ee
Axial
F ee
Tangen ial
Fixed
Coo dina e
Sys em
Global
Coo dina e
Sys em
X Componen
F ee
Y Componen
1. mm ( amped)
Z Componen
F ee
In e pola ion
Type
Mechanical Resul s T ans e
Accele a ion
-
Y Di ec ion
X Componen
0. mm/s²
( amped)
Y Componen
-
9806.6 mm/s² ( amped)
Z Componen
0. mm/s² ( amped)
3. Resul s and Discussion
Figu es 4a-b depic s wo simula ion p o iles o s eady-s a e he mal empe a u e dis ibu ions
o a cylind ical ube ous ood p ocessing chambe , modelled as a meshed p o ile. Figu e 4a
shows a bo om-hea ed con igu a ion wi h a empe a u e g adien dec easing upwa d, while
Figu e 4b illus a es a op-hea ed p o ile wi h he g adien dec easing downwa d. These
dis ibu ions sugges hea ing s a egies, such as conduc ion om he base (see Figu e 4a and
con ec ion om he op in Figu e 4b, which could op imize p ocessing o ube ous oods by
ensu ing e en cooking, s e iliza ion, o d ying while minimizing ene gy loss o ma e ial s ess.
In Figu e 4a, he maximum empe a u e o app oxima ely 80.5°C a he bo om bene i s
e icien hea ans e o apid ini ial p ocessing, implying as e cooking imes and be e
pa hogen elimina ion in dense ube bases, bu isks o e hea ing sensi i e ma e ials o une en
doneness i no moni o ed, po en ially leading o nu ien deg ada ion. The minimum o abou
51.1°C a he op implies ene gy conse a ion by a oiding o e -hea ing unused space,
bene icial o cos -e ec i e ope a ions, hough i could esul in incomple e p ocessing in uppe
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egions, necessi a ing s i ing o edesign o uni o mi y. Howe e , in Figu e 4b, he peak
empe a u e o abou 80°C a he op suppo s uni o m op-down pene a ion o delica e
su ace ea men s, implying imp o ed la ou e en ion and educed sco ching in ube s, bu
may cause he mal a igue in lid componen s o e ime. The minimum o app oxima ely 39.9°C
a he bo om bene i s sa e handling pos -p ocessing by quicke cooldown, educing bu n isks,
ye implies po en ial unde -p ocessing a he base, which could comp omise ood sa e y i
mic obial ac i i y pe sis s in coole zones.
Figu e 4: S eady-s a e empe a u e dis ibu ion on ube ous ood p ocessing chambe
The ANSYS simula ion p o iles in Figu es 5a-b indica e s eady-s a e o al hea lux
dis ibu ions on a meshed cylind ical chambe o ube ous ood p ocessing. Figu e 5a p esen s
a highe - lux scena io wi h a maximum o 0.018579 W/mm² concen a ed nea he chambe 's
op/ou e edges ( ed zones), ape ing o a nea -ze o minimum (3.789e-16 W/mm²) a he
base/inne walls (blue zones), indica ing une en hea inpu domina ed by localized sou ces.
Howe e , Figu e 5b, om a la e simula ion i e a ion, exhibi s educed o e all hea lux wi h a
maximum o 0.00301 W/mm² (s ill a ou e edges bu wi h a e y low in ensi y) and a minimum
o 5.820e-16 W/mm², sugges ing imp o ed uni o mi y and lowe ene gy g adien s ac oss he
chambe . One o he ad an ages o e ed by maximum hea luxes o 0.018579 W/mm² in Figu e
5a and 0.00301 W/mm² in Figu e 5b includes a ge ed hea ing o e icien p ocessing ( as e
mois u e e apo a ion in ube s a ho spo s), educing o e all ene gy use by ocusing lux whe e
needed. Howe e , he peak alues in Figu e 5a isk he mal ho spo s causing une en cooking,
nu ien deg ada ion, o chambe ma e ial s ess; whe eas, he decline in Figu e 5b implies
minimized isks, enhancing ood quali y and equipmen longe i y as well as educ ion in
ope a ional cos s.
In e na ional Jou nal o Ad anced Scien i ic and Technical Resea ch ISSN 2249-9954
A ailable online on h p://www. spublica ion.com/ijs /index.h ml olume 15, No. 5, 2025
O iginal A icle
©2025 RS Publica ion, [email p o ec ed]
211
Figu e 5: S eady-s a e o al hea lux dis ibu ion on ube ous ood p ocessing chambe
Figu es 6a-b ep esen s ANSYS simula ion p o iles illus a ing he equi alen elas ic s ain
dis ibu ion on a meshed cylind ical chambe . This includes a ba el body and in e nal blade
componen assembly, designed o ube ous ood p ocessing. Figu e 6a depic s a high-s ain
scena io wi h maximum o 0.081778 mm/mm concen a ed a equi alen elas ic s ain poin s
( ed zones, likely a he in e ace be ween he dissimila ma e ials o s ainless s eel and
polye hylene), dec easing o a minimum o 2.526e-9 mm/mm in low-s ain a eas (blue zones),
indica ing po en ial de o ma ion ho spo s om ope a ional o ces. Figu e 6b indica es a
signi ican ly educed s ain p o ile wi h a maximum o 0.0001259 mm/mm occu ing a he
join be ween he sha and he blade oo . Judging om he colou dis ibu ion, his sugges s
an op imized design i e a ion wi h mo e uni o m dis ibu ion and minimal s ain
concen a ions, possibly a e ma e ial o geome y adjus men s. I should be no ed ha he
colou dis ibu ion wi h ed implies peak alues while blue ep esen minimum alues. These
p o iles look sa e, ansla ing o ib a ion educ ion, be e ene gy ans e o uni o m ood
p ocessing,
enhanced du abili y, wi h long- e m pe o mance and minimal de o ma ion. The
plo in Figu e 6c quan i ies equi alen elas ic s ain me ics ac oss componen s, displaying a
high maximum alue o 8.18E-02 mm/mm on he cylind ical ba el alongside i s a e age o
1.03E-02 mm/mm, con as ed wi h much lowe alues o he blade componen (maximum
1.26E-04 mm/mm and a e age 9.15E-06 mm/mm). This isualiza ion highligh s he ba el as
he p ima y s ess bea e , likely unde g ea e ope a ional loads, and p esen design dispa i ies
whe e he blade expe iences negligible s ain, aiding in a ge ed ma e ial op imiza ions o he
assembly
