UROLITHIASIS UROLITHIAS CLASSIFICATION – TYPES AND COMPOSITION OF STONES IN UROLITHIAS DISEASE

175 Volume 5, Issue 10: Special Issue (EJAR) ISSN: 2181-2020 MPHAPP THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “MODERN PHARMACEUTICS: ACTUAL PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS” TASHKENT, OCTOBER 17, 2025 in-academy.uz UROLITHIASIS UROLITHIAS CLASSIFICATION – TYPES AND COMPOSITION OF STONES IN UROLITHIAS DISEASE Eshmuradova F.O'. Suyunov N. D. Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Tashkent city, Republic of Uzbekistan e-mail: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17332485 Relevance: urolithiasis are common type of urological disease, accounting for approximately 12% of the population. The increasing incidence of the disease is associated with risks such as chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure. The literature provides a classification of stones based on the chemical composition, types of stones, etiology, and risk factors. According to the World Health Organization, stones are classified according to their composition as follows: calcium-based stones (75–85% oxalate or phosphate), uric acid stones (5–10%), struvite stones (5–15%, associated with infection) and cysteine stones (1–2%). Urolithiasis is the formation of stones of various sizes in the urinary tract due to the deposition of chemical substances due to metabolic disorders. The recurrence rate of urolithiasis is up to 50% every 5 years. Objective of the study: to study the classification of urolithiasis, stone types and chemical composition. Materials and methods: the study used methods related to urolithiasis in the world and the Republic of Uzbekistan, statistical data, literature, retrospective clinical, and comparative analysis methods. Results: the classification of urolithiasis, i.e. urinary stone disease, is usually based on the chemical composition of the stones, which determines the etiology, risk factors and treatment strategies. Based on the Global Burden of Disease studies conducted by the World Health Organization and its partners, the global prevalence of the disease was studied in 204 countries, and the age-standardized incidence rate decreased by 17.5% (14.7–20.0) in 1990-2019, but an increase is observed in hot regions due to climate change and environmental factors. In Uzbekistan, Central Asian countries, environmental factors (dry climate, water salinity, a sharp decrease in the Aral Sea) can increase the prevalence of the disease from 4–5% to 7–8%, which leads to dehydration and increased mineralization. Summary literature according to the analysis, it was found that the classification of urolithiasis, the types and composition of stones in urolithiasis are different in different states, countries, and regions. Based on this analysis, we will study the distribution and epidemiology of urolithiasis in different regions. Table Used literature Type Prevalenc e Common Causes/Risk Factors Formation Mechanism Management Notes Calcium (oxalate/pho sphate) 70–80 percent Hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, obesity, metabolic syndrome Supersaturation on Randall's plaques Hydration, diet; lithotripsy/URS for larger stones Uric acid 8–10 percent High-purine diet, gout, acidic urine Free-particles in tubules Alkalinization, allopurinol 176 Volume 5, Issue 10: Special Issue (EJAR) ISSN: 2181-2020 MPHAPP THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “MODERN PHARMACEUTICS: ACTUAL PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS” TASHKENT, OCTOBER 17, 2025 in-academy.uz Struvite 7–15 percent Bacterial infections (urease producers) Alkaline urine precipitation Antibiotics, surgical removal In the end 1–2 percent Genetic (Cystinuria) Amino acid reabsorption defect Fluid intake, chelators like tiopronin Causes and Risk Factors Formation involves urine supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention, influenced by crystallization promoters/inhibitors and cellular injury. General risks: dehydration, high-sodium/protein diets, genetics, hot climates. Type-specific: monogenetic for cysteine, others (4 percent of adults). Oxidative stress and osteogenesis factors may contribute. Conclusions: urolithiasis is a multifaceted pathology that occurs as a result of complex etiological factors. Its classification and identification of causes are important in clinical practice and serve as the basis for developing individualized treatment and effective preventive measures. Studies conducted in recent years show that the metabolic and genetic aspects of urolithiasis require a deeper study. Also, the formation of a healthy lifestyle and dietary habits is important in preventing the disease.