«Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland, 2025

August , 2025 № 10 Warsaw, Poland 28-29.8.2025 Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 2 UDC 001.1 P 97 Publisher.agency: Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29 , 2025). Warsaw, Poland, 2025. 134p ISBN 978-4-0027-8069-6 DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17336805 Editor: Dagmara Witkowska, Professor, University of Warsaw International Editorial Board: Dorota Kołodziej Professor, Jagiellonian University Urszula Kaźmierczak Professor, Warsaw University of Technology Tomasz Sobczak Professor, Wroclaw University of Science & Technology Filip Chmielewski Professor, Warsaw University of Life Sciences Oliwia Szczepańska Professor, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice Arkadiusz Ziółkowski Professor, Poznan University of Economics Jan Kwiatkowski Professor, Warsaw School of Economics Daria Wróblewska Professor, University of Arts of Poznan Lena Krupa Professor, Adam Mickiewicz University Dawid Pawlak Professor, Jan Kochanowski University Roksana Jankowska Professor, Nicolaus Copernicus University Karol Chmielewski Professor, University of Opole Jędrzej Zawadzki Professor, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Katarzyna Brzezińska Professor, Marie Curie-Sklodowska University [email protected] https://publisher.agency/ «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 3 Table of Contents Pedagogical Sciences PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR FORMING THE FUTURE TEACHER’S READINESS TO DEVELOP CREATIVE ABILITIES......................... 5 AKHMETSAPA AIGUL ЖАСӨСПІРІМ ФУТБОЛШЫЛАРДЫ ДАЙЫНДАУ МӘСЕЛЕСІНІҢ ПЕДАГОГИКАЛЫҚ-ПСИХОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ НЕГІЗДЕРІ ......................... 8 САТКАЛИЕВ ДАСТАН АДИЛБЕКҰЛЫ ӘСКЕРИ-ТАКТИКАЛЫҚ ДАЙЫНДЫҚТЫ ОҚЫТУ ӘДІСТЕМЕСІ ............................................................................................................. 14 ХАЛЕЛОВ ЭЛЬДАР ЕФРЕМОВИЧ ENGAGING MATHEMATICS THROUGH COMPUTER GAMES .................................................................................................................. 19 AYAZHAN TURDYZHAN Journalism THE LITERARY NARRATIVE OF THE OUR LITERATURE JOURNAL ............................................................................................................ 23 NINO MINDIASHVILI LELA GVINIASHVILI Economic Sciences ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ ЛИЧНОСТИ: МЕЖПРЕДМЕТНЫЙ ПОДХОД ................................................................................ 29 МУСАГУЛОВ АСЕТ СЕРИКОВИЧ ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ ............................................................................................................ 32 КАБОШЕВ РУСЛАН ЖАНЫБЕКОВИЧ НУРГОЖИН ЕРБОЛ ДЖАМБУЛОВИЧ LEÇONS DES TRAJECTOIRES HISTORIQUES DE L’INFLATION : ÉTATS-UNIS VS FRANCE (1860-2025) ................................................... 37 HASIMBOLA ANITA, RAKOTOZAFY JEAN, RAZAFINDRAVONONA ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ СТРАТЕГИИ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ КОМПАНИИ ...................................................................................... 59 КАРАТАЕВ РУСТЕМ АЗАМАТОВИЧ БЕГАЛИНА САУЛЕ СУЮНДЫКОВНА ЖАНЗАКОВ ЖАНБОЛАТ КАНАТБЕКОВИЧ КОРОЛЕНКО МИХАИЛ ВЛАДИМИРОВИЧ EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND THEIR EFFECTS ON BUSINESS PROCESSES ............................................... 62 ZHAO JINGHAN DOSZHAN RAIGUL CORPORATE CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 JIAO ZHENDA KOZHAKHMETOVA ASSEL DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STARTUP PROJECTS: KEY FEATURES IN THE MODERN ECONOMY................................ 67 LI XIAOAO DOSZHAN RAIGUL ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ВЫЗОВЫ В ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ЭКСТРЕННОЙ СОСУДИСТОЙ ХИРУРГИИ ....................................................................... 70 ИМАНГАЛИЕВ АСКАР МЕЛИСОВИЧ СТРУКТУРА И ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ СЛУЖБЫ ЭКСТРЕННОЙ СОСУДИСТОЙ ХИРУРГИИ: МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ И НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ОПЫТ ......................................................................................................................................................................... 79 ИМАНГАЛИЕВ АСКАР МЕЛИСОВИЧ Geographic Sciences COP29: QLOBAL İQLİM DƏYİŞMƏLƏRİ İLƏ MÜBARİZƏDƏ YENİ ÇAĞIRIŞLAR ......................................................................................... 88 SADIQOVA VÜSALƏ QƏDIR QIZI Legal Sciences CRIMINAL-LEGAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BULLYING ............................................................................................................................ 93 ORSAYEVA RAISSA ANUAROVNA SADUAKASOVA LAILA KUMARBEKOVNA Psychological Sciences PARENTS AND EDUCATORS’ IMPACT ON CHILD’S LANGUAGE LEARNING AND THEIR EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING ............................. 98 OTABEKOVA RUSHANA NURBEKOVNA Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 4 Biological Sciences NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED SYNERGISTIC ANTICANCER DRUG DELIVERY AND NEUROMODULATORY EFFECTS: PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL INSIGHTS.................................................................................................................................................................................. 102 DAVID APHKHAZAVA ARCHIL CHIRAKADZE KEZIE-EZEAKU EYIUCHE CHINENYE ADITY BHARTI MANISH REDDY MOGILAHALLI RAMACHANDRAPPA HARSH KUMAR SANKET ANIL KADUS AFIFA MOHAMMAD YUNUS SALEEM ARFAN IMTIAZ ABDUL SAMAD ANKITA SURANNAVAR Political Studies PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP: APPLICATION PROSPECTS AS AN INNOVATIVE MECHANISM IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ......... 127 GULIYEVA AYSEL SHAMIL KYZY «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 5 Pedagogical Sciences PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR FORMING THE FUTURE TEACHER’S READINESS TO DEVELOP CREATIVE ABILITIES Akhmetsapa Aigul Zhetysu University named after I. Zhansugurov, Master of Education, teaching assistant Kazakhstan Taldykorgan Abstract: The article examines the pedagogical conditions necessary for forming the readiness of future teachers to develop students’ creative abilities. Creativity is considered a key competence of the 21st century, and therefore teacher education must focus not only on professional knowledge but also on fostering innovative and reflective practices. The research emphasizes that readiness to nurture creativity is determined by the integration of innovative teaching methods, personal and professional development of future teachers, and the creation of supportive educational environments. The article highlights the importance of practice-oriented training, collaboration, and cultural engagement as essential conditions for preparing teachers who can effectively stimulate and guide learners’ creative potential. Keywords: future teacher, pedagogical conditions, readiness, creative abilities, teacher education, innovation, reflective practice, professional training. In the context of modern education, the preparation of future teachers is closely connected with the need to cultivate their ability to foster creativity in students. The rapidly changing demands of society, the expansion of information technologies, and the emphasis on innovation in all spheres of life require teachers not only to master subject knowledge but also to be ready to support and develop learners’ creative potential. Creativity is increasingly recognized as a key competency of the 21st century, making the teacher’s role in stimulating and guiding students’ creative abilities especially significant. The readiness of future teachers to develop creativity involves a set of personal, professional, and methodological qualities that allow them to design learning environments which encourage originality, problem-solving, and independent thinking. However, such readiness does not form spontaneously; it requires specific pedagogical conditions within the process of professional training. These conditions include the use of active and interactive teaching methods, the integration of creative tasks into the curriculum, the creation of a supportive educational atmosphere, and the development of reflective practices that enable future teachers to critically evaluate and improve their own professional activity. Thus, the study of pedagogical conditions for forming the readiness of future teachers to develop creative abilities is an urgent issue in teacher education. It contributes to the improvement of teacher training programs and ensures the professional competence of graduates, who are expected to meet the challenges of modern education by fostering creativity in the younger generation. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 6 The modern educational paradigm increasingly emphasizes creativity as one of the central competences that learners must acquire to succeed in a knowledge-based society. Consequently, the preparation of future teachers requires not only subject knowledge and methodological skills but also the ability to inspire and guide students’ creative growth. Pedagogical conditions for such preparation must be systemic, practice-oriented, and personality-centered. Personal Development of the Future Teacher The foundation for readiness to develop creative abilities lies in the personal qualities of the teacher. Empathy, openness to new experiences, flexibility of thinking, and tolerance for ambiguity are vital. Future teachers should be encouraged to cultivate curiosity and imagination in their own learning process, as only a creative teacher can nurture creativity in others. Special training modules in teacher education programs should therefore focus on self-discovery, emotional intelligence, and creative self-expression. Innovative Pedagogical Technologies An essential condition for forming readiness is the integration of innovative technologies into the process of professional training. Digital platforms, virtual simulations, and gamification provide opportunities for designing interactive learning situations that stimulate creativity. For example, project-based learning supported by ICT allows future teachers to collaborate on interdisciplinary problems, while design thinking workshops teach them to approach challenges with originality and empathy. Collaboration and Co-Creation Creativity thrives in collective environments where participants exchange ideas and construct knowledge together. Therefore, teacher education should include cooperative learning formats such as peer teaching, group research projects, and joint problem-solving tasks. Through collaboration, future teachers learn to value diversity of perspectives and to facilitate teamwork among their own future pupils. Practice-Based Training Another important pedagogical condition is the close connection between theoretical knowledge and practical teaching experience. Student teaching practice should be designed not as a routine, but as an experimental laboratory where young teachers can test creative methods, design original lesson scenarios, and receive constructive feedback. Such experiential learning builds confidence and transforms abstract knowledge into real professional readiness. Cultural and Social Context Finally, readiness to develop creative abilities is shaped by the broader cultural and social environment of teacher education. Universities should cooperate with schools, art institutions, and local communities to create authentic contexts for creativity. Participation in cultural projects, competitions, and social initiatives strengthens the future teacher’s awareness of creativity as a universal value and equips them with diverse strategies for developing students’ potential. The readiness of future teachers to develop students’ creative abilities is not a spontaneous quality but the result of purposeful pedagogical influence. It requires a complex system of conditions that combine personal development, innovative pedagogical technologies, collaborative learning, practice-oriented training, and integration of cultural experiences. When these conditions are consistently implemented in teacher education, they create a foundation for professional competence and creativity. Importantly, the process of forming such readiness should be viewed not only as the acquisition of methodological skills but also as the cultivation of a creative worldview. A teacher who is open to innovation, capable of reflection, and engaged in continuous self-development becomes a role model for learners, inspiring them to think independently and creatively. Therefore, the modernization of teacher education programs must focus on building an environment where future teachers can experiment, collaborate, and connect theory with «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 7 practice. Only under these pedagogical conditions can the new generation of educators effectively meet the challenges of modern education and contribute to the creative development of their students. References 1. Craft A. Creativity in schools: Tensions and dilemmas. – London : Routledge, 2005. – 208 p. 2. Guilford J. P. The nature of human intelligence. – New York : McGraw-Hill, 1967. – 538 p. 3. Kim K. H. The creativity crisis: The decrease in creative thinking scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking // Creativity Research Journal. – 2011. – Vol. 23, № 4. – P. 285– 295. – DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2011.627805. 4. Robinson K. Out of our minds: Learning to be creative. – 2nd ed. – London : Capstone, 2011. – 320 p. 5. Sawyer R. K. Explaining creativity: The science of human innovation. – 2nd ed. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012. – 368 p. 6. Sternberg R. J., Lubart T. I. The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms // Sternberg R. J. (ed.). Handbook of creativity. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1999. – P. 3– 15. 7. Kondrashova L. V., Kondrashov M. M., Chuvasova N. O., Kalinichenko N. A., Deforzh H. V. Development of creative potential of future teachers – strategy for improving the quality of higher pedagogical education // Educação & Formação. – 2020. – Vol. 5, № 3. – URL: https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5858/585865676016 (дата обращения: 25.08.2025). 8. Taiteliyeva L., Zhubandykova A., Balazhanova K., Turdaliyeva S., Sholpan S., Baizhanova S. Development of readiness of future teachers of preschool organisations to innovative activity // Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 17, № 6. – P. 1972–1982. – DOI: 10.18844/cjes.v17i6.7547. 9. Nazarova Z. A. Current state of development of creative qualities in teachers // Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal. – 2024. – Vol. 5, № 2. – P. 142–148. – URL: https://wos.academiascience.org/index.php/wos/article/view/4680 (дата обращения: 25.08.2025). Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 8 ЖАСӨСПІРІМ ФУТБОЛШЫЛАРДЫ ДАЙЫНДАУ МӘСЕЛЕСІНІҢ ПЕДАГОГИКАЛЫҚ-ПСИХОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ НЕГІЗДЕРІ Саткалиев Дастан Адилбекұлы оқытушы, М.Өтемісов атындағы БҚУ, Орал қ. Аннотация. Бұл мақалада жасөспірім футболшыларды дайындау мәселесінің педагогикалық-психологиялық негіздері қарастырылады. Автор спорттық дайындықтағы жас ерекшеліктерін ескеру, тұлғаның жан-жақты дамуын қамтамасыз ету, жаттығу процесінде психологиялық тұрақтылықты қалыптастырудың маңызын талдайды. Сондай-ақ, футболшылардың техникалық-тактикалық дағдыларын жетілдіруде педагогикалық тәсілдер мен психологиялық қолдаудың өзара байланысы сипатталады. Зерттеу нәтижелері жасөспірім спортшылардың кәсіби шеберлігін дамытуға, командалық рухты қалыптастыруға және спорттағы табысқа жетуіне ықпал ететіні анықталды. Кілт сөздер: жасөспірім футболшылар, спорттық дайындық, педагогикалықпсихологиялық негіздер, техникалық-тактикалық дағдылар, психологиялық тұрақтылық, командалық рух. Annotation. This article examines the pedagogical and psychological foundations of training adolescent football players. The author analyzes the importance of considering agerelated characteristics in sports training, ensuring the comprehensive development of the individual, and fostering psychological resilience during the training process. The interrelation between pedagogical approaches and psychological support in improving players’ technical and tactical skills is also highlighted. The research findings indicate that such an approach contributes to enhancing the professional skills of young athletes, fostering team spirit, and achieving success in sports. Keywords: adolescent football players, sports training, pedagogical and psychological foundations, technical-tactical skills, psychological resilience, team spirit. Өзектілігі. Жасөспірім спортшыларды, соның ішінде футболшыларды дайындау — дене тәрбиесі мен спорт ғылымындағы күрделі әрі маңызды бағыттардың бірі. Жас ерекшеліктеріне сай оқушылардың физиологиялық, психологиялық және әлеуметтік даму кезеңдерін ескере отырып жаттығу үрдісін құру – табысты нәтижеге жетудің басты шарты. Психологиялық жағынан алғанда, жас футболшылар 10–13 жас аралығында ойын арқылы дамуға бейім келеді. Бұл кезеңде еліктеу, жарысу, жетістікке ұмтылу секілді қасиеттер айқын көрініс табады. Сондықтан жаттықтырушы әрбір баланың ішкі мотивациясын қолдап, өзіндік жетістікке жету жолында ұмтылысын арттыруы қажет. Педагогикалық тұрғыда алғанда, мектеп жасындағы балаларды спортқа үйретуде жүйелілік, бірізділік, жас ерекшелігіне сайлық, жекешелендіру, тәрбиелік мақсаттылық қағидалары басты назарда болуы тиіс. Бұған қоса, командалық ойын болғандықтан, футбол «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 9 арқылы ұжымда жұмыс істеу, өзара қолдау көрсету, ортақ мақсатқа ұмтылу сынды құндылықтар қалыптасады. Футболмен жүйелі түрде әртүрлі бағытта айналысу негізгі дене сапаларын дамытуға ықпал етеді; бұлшықет массасының артуына және май тінінің азаюына, артериялық қысым мен тыныштық күйіндегі жүрек соғу жиілігінің қалыпқа келуіне әсер етеді; сондай-ақ сүйек тінінің минералдануына және ағзаның функционалдық мүмкіндіктерінің артуына оң ықпалын тигізеді [1, 2]. Мектептегі спорт секцияларындағы жаттығу үдерісі балалар мен жасөспірімдер спорт мектебінің (БЖСМ) тиісті дайындық кезеңіне арналған бағдарламалық материалдарға сәйкес жүргізіледі. Алайда жалпы білім беретін оқу орны аясында жүзеге асырылатын спорт секциясының жұмысы оқу процесі мен каникулдық кезеңдердің ерекшеліктерін ескере отырып ұйымдастырылады, бұл жағдай кейде қажетті жаттығу жүктемесінің толық көлемін қамтамасыз етуге мүмкіндік бермейді. Сондықтан спорттық дайындық үдерісін жоспарлау кезінде жаттығу бағдарламасының мазмұнын түзету қажеттілігі туындайды, бұл жүктеменің бір бөлігін дене жаттығуларымен өздігінен айналысу формаларына қайта бөлу арқылы жүзеге асады. М. М. Горбуновтің [3] зерттеуіне сай жас футболшылардың техникалық дайындығын жетілдіру мәселесі өте өзекті. Өйткені физикалық қасиеттердің жоғары деңгейіне, әсіресе жас футболшылардың теориялық және ерікті дайындығына ие бола отырып, техникалық дайындық зардап шегуі мүмкін. Техникалық дайындық бәсекеге қабілетті іс-әрекеттегі сол сәттерді экстраполяциялауға бағытталған, бұл футболшыға қысқа уақыт ішінде көптеген үйренген комбинациялардың ішінен ең дұрысын, қазіргі уақытта қолайлы таңдауға көмектеседі. Егер футболшы жаттығуларда көптеген әдістерді қолданса, онда ойын барысында ол ойын алаңында пайда болатын күтпеген тапсырмалар мен жағдайларды шеше алады. Көптеген жаттықтырушылар жас футболшылардың техникалық дайындығының жеткіліксіз деңгейін атап өтеді, бұл әсіресе бақылау-аударма сынақтарында көрінеді. Тәжірибе көрсеткендей, дайындықтың бастапқы кезеңдерінде қателіктердің жоғары пайызымен орындалатын әдістер болашақта спорттық қызмет кезеңінде де қалады Мектеп секциясындағы сабақтар жағдайында ойын әдісін қолдана отырып, техникалық дайындықты жетілдіруге бағытталған дұрыс таңдалған жаттығулар кешені жас спортшының эмоционалдық саласына әсер етеді, жүйке-бұлшықет аппаратының физиологиялық мүмкіндіктерін арттырады, шығармашылық қабілеттерін көрсетеді, бұл жас футболшылардың техникалық қабілеттерінің өсуіне әсер етеді. Жасөспірім футболшыларды дайындау мәселесіне қатысты отандық және ресейлік ғалымдардың соңғы зерттеулері бұл бағыттағы әдістемелік негіздерді жаңартуды талап ететінін көрсетеді. Мәселен, А.Ж. Тұрсынов [4] өзінің еңбегінде қазіргі заманғы футбол талаптарына сәйкес техникалық және тактикалық дайындықты интеграциялап оқытудың маңызын атап өтеді. Автордың пікірінше, жас футболшылардың техникалық шеберлігін дамыту барысында ойын жағдайына бейімделген жаттығулар қолданылғанда ғана шешім қабылдау жылдамдығы мен дәлдігі артады. Сонымен қатар, Б.Н. Иманқұлов [5] жүргізген зерттеулерде футболшының техникалық іс-қимылдарын автоматтандыру тек көп рет қайталау арқылы ғана емес, ойынның шынайы жағдайында ұдайы бейімделу арқылы қалыптасатыны айтылған. Мұндай тәсіл психологиялық тұрақтылық пен эмоциялық бақылауды да қатар дамытуды көздейді. С.П. Кузнецов [6] өз еңбегінде жас футболшылардың техникалық дайындық деңгейін бағалаудың кешенді әдістемесін ұсынған. Ол дәлдік, жылдамдық, кеңістікте бағдарлау, және үйлесімді қозғалыс сияқты көрсеткіштерді есепке ала отырып, әрбір ойыншыға бейімделген жаттығу жоспарын жасау қажеттігін алға тартады. Автор жаттықтыру процесінде сандық Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 16 негізінде жүргізіледі. Мұндай бағалау олардың төзімділігі мен шыдамдылығын айқындайды. Төртіншіден, психологиялық және ұжымдық қабілеттерді бағалау студенттердің командалық жұмыстағы рөлі мен тәртібін бақылау арқылы жүзеге асырылады. Бұл көрсеткіш олардың ұжымда әрекет ете алу, жауапкершілік пен тәртіпті сақтау деңгейін анықтауға мүмкіндік береді [5]. Мұндай кешенді бағалау жүйесі студенттердің тек білімін емес, сонымен бірге практикалық және психологиялық даярлығын толыққанды айқындайды. Әскери-тактикалық дайындық тек кәсіби білім беріп қана қоймайды, сонымен қатар студенттердің патриоттық сезімін оятады. Сабақ барысында жастарда Отанға адалдық, азаматтық жауапкершілік, тәртіп пен шыдамдылық қалыптасады. Ұжымдық жаттығулар студенттердің бір-біріне көмектесу, қиын жағдайда ортақ шешім қабылдау қабілетін дамытады. Осы тұрғыдан алғанда әскери-тактикалық дайындық – тек әскери салаға ғана емес, жалпы азам Қазіргі таңда әскери-тактикалық дайындықта инновациялық технологияларды пайдалану маңызды орын алуда. Электронды карталар, әскери тренажерлар, компьютерлік симуляциялар студенттердің тактикалық ойлауын дамытып, шынайы әскери жағдайға жақындатылған тәжірибе береді. Мәселен, виртуалды жаттығу бағдарламалары студенттерге қауіпсіз ортада түрлі тактикалық шешім қабылдауды үйретеді. Бұл тәсілдер оқу процесінің тиімділігін арттырып қана қоймай, студенттердің қызығушылығын да күшейтеді [6]. Сонымен қатар қашықтан оқыту элементтері де әскери-тактикалық дайындықта қолданылып жүр. Онлайн платформалар арқылы тактикалық тапсырмаларды талдау, әскери тарихтағы белгілі шайқастарды зерттеу және картографиялық материалдармен жұмыс жасау жүзеге асырылуда. Бұл әдістеме студенттердің өз бетімен іздену қабілетін арттыруға мүмкіндік береді. Әлемдік тәжірибеде әскери-тактикалық дайындыққа ерекше көңіл бөлінеді. Көптеген елдерде әскери кафедраларда студенттерді оқыту барысында тәжірибеге негізделген әдістер қолданылады. Мысалы, НАТО елдерінде тактикалық дайындық арнайы әскери полигондарда өткізіліп, студенттер нақты ұрыс жағдайына барынша жақындатылған ортада жаттығады. Қазақстанда бұл тәжірибені бейімдеп қолдану оқу процесінің сапасын арттыруға септігін тигізері анық. Сонымен қатар шетелдік тәжірибе жастардың әскери-патриоттық тәрбиесіне де ерекшеназар аударады. Оқытудың барлық деңгейінде азаматтық жауапкершілік пен Отанға адалдық басты құндылық ретінде қарастырылады. Мұндай ұстаным Қазақстанның да әскери білім беру жүйесіне енгізіліп келеді. Әскери-тактикалық дайындық тек кәсіби әскери сала үшін ғана емес, жалпы қоғам үшін де әлеуметтік маңызға ие. Бұл пән жастардың бойында тәртіп, бірлік, жауапкершілік сезімдерін қалыптастырады. Сонымен қатар төтенше жағдайларда әрекет ету қабілеті дамиды. Яғни, әскери-тактикалық дайындық азаматтық қорғаныс жүйесінің де құрамдас бөлігі болып табылады. Әскери-тактикалық дайындықты оқыту әдістемесі студенттердің әскери-практикалық дағдыларын жетілдіруге бағытталған. Оның басты мақсаты – болашақ мамандардың жауынгерлік жағдайда дұрыс шешім қабылдауын, іс-әрекеттерді тиімді ұйымдастыруын қамтамасыз ету. Бұл үдерісте студенттер шартты тактикалық белгілерді қолдануды, бөлімше құрамында үйлесімді әрекет етуді және ұрыс алаңындағы жағдайды модельдеуді үйренеді. Осыған байланысты әскери-тактикалық дайындық кешенді міндеттерді шешуге бағытталып, студенттердің кәсіби әрі жеке қабілеттерін дамытады. Әскери-тактикалық дайындық – әскери білім беру жүйесінің негізін құрайтын басты бағыттардың бірі. Оның мазмұны кең көлемді элементтерден тұрады. Атап айтқанда, «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 17 тактиканың негізгі ұғымдарын меңгеру, жалпы әскери жарғылардың талаптарын орындау, ұрыстағы бөлімше мен жеке құрамның міндеттерін білу ерекше маңызға ие. Сонымен бірге ату жүргізу тәртібі мен позицияларды ұйымдастыру, барлау және қарсы барлау ісшараларын орындау, жасырын жылжу дағдыларын игеру, сондай-ақ жорық пен ұрыс тәртібін сақтау студенттердің кәсіби даярлығын қалыптастырады. Бұған қоса, шартты тактикалық белгілерді қолдану олардың әскери жағдайды жедел талдап, тиімді шешім қабылдауына көмектеседі. Әскери-тактикалық дайындық – жоғары оқу орындарында бастапқы әскери дайындық пәнінің маңызды құрамдас бөлігі. Оның әдістемесін жетілдіру студенттердің әскери-практикалық дағдыларын қалыптастыруға, жауынгерлік жағдайға бейімделуіне және Отан қорғаушы ретінде дайындалуына ықпал етеді. Дәстүрлі оқыту әдістерін заманауи технологиялармен үйлестіру – әскери білім беруді жаңа деңгейге көтерудің тиімді жолы болып табылады. Әскери-тактикалық дайындық қазіргі білім беру жүйесінде студенттердің кәсіби және азаматтық жауапкершілігін қалыптастыруда шешуші рөл атқарады. Бұл пәннің мазмұны тек қана әскери ғылымдардың негізін меңгерумен шектелмей, студенттердің ойлау жүйесін дамытуға, жылдам шешім қабылдауға, топтық іс-әрекетке бейімделуіне ықпал етеді. Әсіресе жауынгерлік жағдайда ықтимал қауіп-қатерлерді болжау, алдын ала жоспар құру және күтпеген өзгерістерге бейімделу қабілеттері маңызды болып саналады. Білім беру тәжірибесі көрсеткендей, әскери-тактикалық дайындық барысында дәстүрлі әдістермен қатар интерактивті тәсілдерді қолдану ерекше нәтиже береді. Мысалы, тактикалық жағдайды талдау карталары, мультимедиялық материалдар, компьютерлік симуляциялар студенттердің теориялық білімін практикамен ұштастыруға мүмкіндік береді. Мұндай әдістер оқу үдерісін жеңілдетіп қана қоймай, оны қызықты әрі тиімді етеді. Әскери дайындықтың тағы бір маңызды ерекшелігі – тәрбиелік бағыттылығы. Практикалық жаттығулар барысында студенттердің бойында төзімділік, шыдамдылық, ұжымдық ынтымақтастық, тәртіп пен жауапкершілік сияқты қасиеттер қалыптасады. Бұл қасиеттер олардың болашақ кәсіби қызметінде ғана емес, азаматтық өмірде де аса қажет дағдылар ретінде көрініс табады. Осылайша әскери-тактикалық дайындық тек қана кәсіби білім берумен шектелмей, студенттердің тұлғалық дамуына ықпал ететін кешенді процесс болып табылады. Әскери-тактикалық дайындықтың тиімділігі көбінесе оқытушының кәсіби шеберлігіне байланысты. Оқытушы студенттерге тек теориялық білім беріп қана қоймай, олардың бойына әскери тәртіп пен жауынгерлік рухты сіңіруі тиіс. Ол үшін сабақ барысында нақты әскери мысалдар келтіру, тәжірибелік тапсырмаларды дұрыс ұйымдастыру және студенттердің жеке қабілеттерін ескеру маңызды. Оқытушының жетекшілік рөлі студенттердің мотивациясын арттырып, пәнге деген қызығушылығын күшейтеді. Сонымен қатар, қазіргі заманғы әскери педагогика оқытушыдан жаңа ақпараттық технологияларды меңгеруді талап етеді. Интерактивті тақталарды, мультимедиялық бағдарламаларды, әскери симуляторларды қолдану сабақтың сапасын едәуір арттырады. Бұдан бөлек, оқытушы студенттерді топтық талқылауларға, рөлдік ойындарға, әскери-тарихи оқиғаларды талдауға жұмылдыра отырып, олардың ойлау қабілетін жетілдіреді. Осы тұрғыдан алғанда, әскери-тактикалық дайындықты жетілдіру Қазақстанның ұлттық қауіпсіздік жүйесін нығайтуға, жастардың елжандылық сезімін арттыруға ықпал ететін маңызды фактор болып қала береді. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 18 Пайдаланылған әдебиеттер 1. ҚР Қорғаныс министрлігі. Жалпы әскери жарғылар жинағы. – Астана, 2020. 2. Кәрімов, Д.Ә. Әскери-патриоттық тәрбие мен тактикалық дайындықтағы инновациялық тәсілдер. // Қазақстан жоғары мектебі. – 2022. – №2. – 60-67 б. 3. Нұрғалиев, Б. Студенттердің әскери-тактикалық жаттығуларға бейімделуі. // Білім берудегі инновациялар. – 2023. – №1. – 75-83 б. 4. Смайылов, Қ. ЖОО оқытушыларының әскери-педагогикалық шеберлігін арттыру жолдары. // Білім беру мен ғылым. – 2023. – №3. – 40-47 б. 5. Иванов, А. Методы оценки готовности студентов по тактической подготовке. // Военное образование. – 2022. – №2. – С. 77-84. 6. Мұхамеджанов, Т. Әскери-тактикалық дайындықтың тәрбиелік мүмкіндіктері. // Патриоттық тәрбие журналы. – 2021. – №1. – 25-31 б. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 19 Engaging Mathematics Through Computer Games Ayazhan Turdyzhan Teacher of math at Study point The teaching strategy followed the academic calendar by including computer games specifically designed for the seventh grade into regular class sessions. The objectives included showcasing the value of gamification in homework assessment and encouraging a thorough comprehension of maths subjects through interactive gaming. The instruction's goals were to bridge the gap between traditional and current assessment methods, improve students' math engagement and comprehension, and dynamically evaluate assignment comprehension by immersing students in math-based activity. Teaching Method: Computer games were the main teaching tool used in the demo lesson on surface area of figures for 25 students. After introducing the idea of surface area, students engaged in hands-on learning utilizing computer games meant to solidify their comprehension. Strategies & Approaches: The course used a blended learning strategy that mixed interactive gaming with straight instruction. First, I used illustrations and practical examples to clearly explain surface area ideas. After participating in guided practice exercises, students moved on to the lesson's primary activity, which involved playing computer games. By using gamification strategies, students engaged in interactive games where they had to find out how big different figures' surfaces were. This promoted problem-solving and active learning. Before starting the computer game, I check the students' homeworks according to Figure 1. If they have completed the homework correctly, they can proceed to play the game. If they have not completed the homeworks, they must do them in the auditorium before continuing. The homework consists of only three problems across three levels. Figure1: Students homework answers Materials and Resources: I used tablets or laptops with educational software made especially for the teaching surface of the area to promote learning. In addition, demonstrations and cooperative Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 20 learning exercises made use of conventional teaching tools like whiteboards, markers, and manipulatives. The computer games that I use in lessons are called legendsofLearning Figure 2 . Figure 2: Fraction Constructor game Problems and Solutions: Ensuring that every student had fair access to technology was one of the challenges faced during the teaching process. I set up the pupils to work in small groups with access to devices in order to solve this. In addition, I offered students who had technical issues substitute offline exercises. Role as a Teacher: My job as a teacher was to help students learn by creating a safe and encouraging learning environment, offering advice, and scaffolding lessons. I engaged with students through guided practice, individual comments, and demonstrations, adapting my methodology to fit their various learning styles. The purpose of the Survey: The goal of the survey was to get student input on their experiences with the surface area games that were utilized during the lesson. It sought to evaluate how well the games aided students' comprehension of surface area ideas, how engaged they were with the interactive course materials, and how satisfied they were with the method of instruction as a whole. Survey Questions: 1.How would you rate the level of difficulty of the surface area problems presented in the games? 2.How did the interactive nature of the games help you understand surface area better? 3.Did you enjoy playing the surface area games? 4.Do you think you learned more about surface area through computer games compared to traditional methods? Why or why not? «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 21 Figure 3: Students, fond of this game. The survey items were specifically selected to correspond with the learning goals. In order to determine whether the challenges in the games were suitably challenging for the students' ability levels, Question 1 assesses the perceived difficulty level of the surface area problems. In line with the goal of improving comprehension through engagement, Question 2 investigates how the interactive aspects of the games aided students' learning of surface area. Inquiry 3 focuses on how much the kids are enjoying the activities, which indicates how involved and content they are with the educational process. Finally, Figure 3 addresses the teaching goal of assessing the effectiveness of the gaming strategy by comparing the effectiveness of computer games to conventional ways in teaching surface area. To maintain confidentiality and anonymity, no personally identifiable information was collected from participants other than optional demographic data. Summary of Results: Level of Difficulty of Surface Area Problems: 45% of students rated the difficulty level as moderate. 35% of students rated the difficulty level as challenging. 20% of students rated the difficulty level as easy. Impact of the Interactive Nature of Games: 60% of students reported that the interactive nature of the games significantly helped them understand surface area better. 25% of students stated that the games somewhat contributed to their understanding. 15% of students did not find the interactive features beneficial for understanding surface area. Enjoyment of Playing Surface Area Games: 70% of students expressed that they enjoyed playing the surface area games. 20% of students reported neutral feelings towards the games. 10% of students did not enjoy playing the games. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 22 Comparison of Learning with Computer Games vs. Traditional Methods: 55% of students believed they learned more about surface area through computer games compared to traditional methods. 30% of students felt there was no significant difference in their learning between the two methods. 15% of students believed traditional methods were more effective for learning surface area concepts. The survey indicates positive reception towards using video games for teaching surface area, with students finding the activities interesting and beneficial. However, some students found the surface area problems difficult, suggesting adjustments for better alignment with their abilities. While most enjoyed the activities, improvements could enhance overall satisfaction. Further integration of computer games in teaching other math concepts and differentiation in content and difficulty levels can cater to diverse learning needs. Discussion The survey's findings are in line with my original teaching goals and offer insightful information about how well computer games can teach surface area principles. In line with my objective of encouraging engagement and comprehension through interactive learning activities, most students expressed enjoyment for the games and thought they were helpful for comprehending surface area. Linking Survey Outcomes to Instruction: The decision to use the games in the lesson was supported by the favorable comments about their efficacy and level of participation. The results of the poll underline how crucial it is to offer interactive and hands-on learning opportunities in order to accommodate a variety of learning preferences and styles. The survey's results provide useful information regarding how well computer games can teach surface area concepts and are consistent with my initial teaching objectives. As per my goal of promoting involvement and understanding via interactive educational exercises, the majority of pupils conveyed their delight for the games and believed they were beneficial for understanding surface area. Positive feedback regarding the games' effectiveness and degree of involvement reinforced the choice to incorporate them into the session. The poll's results highlight how important it is to provide opportunities for interactive, hands-on learning in order to meet the needs of a range of learning preferences and types. The results of the questionnaire are consistent with the larger educational landscape, demonstrating the increasing awareness of the potential of technologically enhanced learning resources to raise student accomplishment and engagement. The results are consistent with theoretical frameworks like constructivism, which highlight the value of experiential learning and active engagement in the learning process. Overall, the survey's findings support the benefits of including computer games in math lessons and offer insightful information for improving instruction to better suit students' requirements. I want to keep improving the efficacy of my teaching style and providing all students with worthwhile learning experiences by making the most of interactive learning tools and taking student input into consideration. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 23 Journalism The Literary Narrative of the Our Literature Journal NINO MINDIASHVILI Caucasus International University, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, ORCID :00000002-6311-3665 Lela Gviniashvili Private Boarding School IB Mthiebi, Teacher of Georgian Language and Literature Abstract Beginning of the 21st century is characterized by complex processes; against the background of political, social, and economic crises in Georgia, new cultural paradigms emerged, supported by the print media. During the then difficult period, Georgian society had no shortage of journals and newspapers - on the contrary, if not for the print media of that time, such as Literature and Others, Literature and Art, Our Literature, Georgian Literature, Literary Palette, Literary Georgia, Literary Newspaper, Arili, Theatre, 20th Century, Hot Chocolate, Aphra and others, the cultural process in Georgia would have come to a dead end. Our Literature journal was published between 2006 and 2015 (Editor: Rostom Chkheidze) and it must said that from the very beginning it had a significant influence on the development of literature and culture. The aim of our research is to examine all the 2015 issues of the journal (the prose and poetry sections) and to highlight the literary output shaped by the publication’s editorial policy. Keywords: print media, prose, poetry, Out Literature journal, new paradigms. Introduction Beginning of the 21st century is characterized by complex processes; against the background of political, social, and economic crises in Georgia, new cultural paradigms emerged, supported by the print media. During the then difficult period, Georgian society had no shortage of journals and newspapers - on the contrary, if not for the print media of that time, such as Literature and Others, Literature and Art, Our Literature, Georgian Literature, Literary Palette, Literary Georgia, Literary Newspaper, Arili, Theatre, 20th Century, Hot Chocolate, Aphra and others, the cultural process in Georgia would have come to a dead end. Our Literature journal was published between 2006 and 2015 (Editor: Rostom Chkheidze) and it must said that from the very beginning it had a significant influence on the development of literature and culture. The aim of our research is to examine all the 2015 issues of the journal and to highlight the literary output shaped by the publication’s editorial policy. At this stage we will focus on prose and poetry sections, allowing us to determine:  Prose and poetry thematic interpretations;  Jenre diversity;  Authors’ selection strategies. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 24 The research is based on content-textological analysis, intertextuality and contextual approaches, which allow us to consider the authors’ narratives as reflections of specific historical, cultural and social realities. Theoretical Framework Analysis of literature, particularly the interpretation of contemporary texts, requires a multilayered theoretical and interpretive framework that considers both the aesthetic and socialcultural functions of a text. The texts compiled in the 2015 issues of Our Literature are presented as narrative forms carrying these multifaceted functions, the analysis of which is based on the following theoretical prisms: Polyphonic Narrative Theory Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of polyphony provides a strong foundation for interpreting texts that are not identified with a single, central, authoritative voice. In the texts of Our Literature, the opposition of voice-voice, dialogism and the coexistence of personal and public voices are clearly evident - creating a narrative field in which texts are no longer merely expressions of a single position, but become a space where multiple viewpoints intersect. (Bakhtin, 1975) Memory Theory Cultural memory and its literary representation constitute an important focus of analysis. According to Aleida and Jan Assmann, cultural memory involves not only the preservation of the past but also its strategic selection and representation. In this process, literature functions both to “process” traumatic experiences and to reconsider collective identity. The texts clearly reflect historical orders, war, transitional periods and collective traumas, thereby representing the writer’s position as of a medium of memory. (Assmann, 2011) Dynamic Model of Identity Modern literature no longer considers identity as a fixed substance. In the authors’ narratives, identity is presented as a multi-layered, transformative construction that depends on context. In this regard, post-structuralist approaches - such as those of Stuart Hall and Judith Butler - are particularly important, as they are based on the idea that identity is in constant motion, generated through discourse, social space and historical context. ( Hall 1980) Intertextuality and Cultural Coding The theoretical analysis incorporates the intertextual perspectives of Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes, through which a text is understood not in isolation but as the result of a dialogue with other texts. In the works presented in the journal, intertextual references and allusions to both Georgian and foreign literature create a rich dialogic field, which is imbued not only with aesthetic but also interpretive essence. (Barthes, 2015). Methodology The research is based on complex textological analysis, which includes:  Thematic analysis - The classification and interpretation of the dominant themes highlighted in the texts (memory, history, trauma, identity, social critique);  Narratological analysis - The analysis of the narrator’s function, temporal structures, focalization, and perspective;  Discourse analysis - How linguistic practices are shaped within an ideological context and how authors express experiences of power, socio-cultural pressure, and marginalization;  Contextual analysis - How texts are related to specific social, historic or cultural backgrouns;  Intertextual analysis - Identification of the dialogue with other literary and cultural texts. The methodological approach is based on a research model that aims not to identify statistical trends, but to conduct an in-depth hermeneutic and interpretive analysis. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 25 Discussion and Results As mentioned above, we examined the prose and poetry sections of the journal, which highlight the issues of Georgian literature of that period, its genre-specific characteristics, and thematic interpretations. In the prose and poetry sections of the 2015 issues, authors distinguished by specific themes and genre diversity (Our Literature, 2015) are strongly evident. Their fiction texts create a literary field that responds to an already complex social-historical context while simultaneously establishing an entirely new environment in which literature shapes a space for thought and experience. This interaction is clearly reflected by the authors and the themes they chose, which were published in various 2015 issues: In the prose sections of different issues, authors were published who, on the one hand, sought to continue the traditional line of Georgian literature and on the other hand, established entirely new trends in the literary discourse in terms of form, themes, and genre interpretations. Historical memory, the nation’s collective tragedy, social issues, national questions, formal experiments and genre innovations were among the subjects of interest for the authors published in the pages of Our Literature throughout 2015 (Our Literature, 2015). Fiction texts by the following authors were published in the pages of Our Literature journal in 2015: Lasha Imedashvili – The Sound of a Shot; Guram Petriashvili – Ilia Chavchavadze’s Bodyguard; Zeinab Buachidze – The Shores of Pontus; Tamaz Devidze – The Shore; Giorgi Sosiashvili – Beridze’s Bell Tower; Teimuraz Khoridze – The Ship with Pink Chimneys; Eter Tediashvili – Before the Return; Giorgi Sosiashvili – Repetition; Tamar Razmadze – Kalkva; Ucha Zakarashvili – Focus, Cake; Zelimkhan Magradze – The Grave in Khizabavra; Eka Pkhaladze – Playing a Writers’ Game; Elguja Tavberidze – Climbing the Tree; Guram Kartvelishvili – Eternal New Year, Circassian; Dimitri Uchanesishvili – The Lesson; Tariel Namoradze – Ms. Eteri, Upside Down or the Man Who Did Not Love Order; Koba Tchakaia – Mechanical Play for Rhythm-Loving Misfits; Leri Alimonaki – Vepkho; Nino Bakanidze – The Old Song of Akhalkalaki. (Our Literature, 2025) The poetry section was also distinguished by diversity and thematic interpretations. The topics addressed by the Georgian authors published in the journal include post-traumatic historical memory, poetry as a social-emotional reflection, intimate-meditative lyricism, historical themes, women and society: Creative texts by the following authors were published in the poetry sections: Levan Vasadze – Khilva, To Irubakidze, A Walk in Alexandrov Garden; Giorgi Khorgbaladze – Now it is about Poetry, Don’t You Hear Anymore, I Struggle to Reach the Abysses; Nunu Janelidze – We Are Children, You Came with Peace; Jargji Pkhoveli– Brand-New Poems and Metapoems; Vano Chkhikvadze – Poems 2014; Nino Darbaiseli – I Was Saying I Love You; Maia Mikadze – The Shore; Shota Golubiani – The Shore; Eka Kurkhuli – By the Shore; Maia Mikaia – The Shore; Tamar Shaishmelashvili – Come and Tell Me, The Rendezvous of the Echo; Dodo Chumburidze – You Are Reading Vazha, The Country has Changed; Nutsiko Dekanozishvili – White Motif, The Reddest Pomegranates; Emzar Kvitashvili – Heard in Sleep and Wakefulness; Juansher Tikaradze – The Provincial Maniac, Let’s Take a Walk Somewhere; Elguja Margia – Robai of Love, Robai of Request; Nana Kelekhidze – Belated New Year; Malkhaz Machavariani – Under the Sun of Tbilisi, A Moment, Encounter; Tavmas Chokheli – I Missed You as a Mother, You, My Flower of Sorrow, The Heart Trembles; Shota Bostanashvili – The Praising; Lali Akhvlediani – A Glass of Wine, The Old Photo, Scent of Autumn; Neli Batiashvili – The Silence; Vazha Khornauli – Sometimes with the Oasis, Sometimes with Valleys; Gucha Kvaratskhelia – Village Pictures, Under the Walnut Tree; Jargji Pkhoveli– The Eagle’s Burning, Three Primitives; Rezo Esadze – The Waiting, The Lake is Strange, Outside the Village; Aza Baslanidze – And Fly Freely, Running to Mother; Vano Chhkikvadze – Jabajuba; Dalila Bedianidze – And the Stars Resemble Bleeding Wounds; Guram Petriashvili – The Main Word, Sandro’s Poem; Tamar Lomize – Truly!, To Friends; Tamaz Barjadze – Imereti, The Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 32 Оценка эффективности менеджмента предприятия Кабошев Руслан Жаныбекович Казахстанско-Британский технический университет, Казахстан, Алматы Нургожин Ербол Джамбулович Казахстанско-Британский технический университет, Казахстан, Алматы Важнейшим фактором повышения эффективности общественного производства является совершенствование управления на всех уровнях — народнохозяйственном, отраслевом, региональном, а также на уровне отдельного предприятия. Задача повышения эффективности самого управления становится все более значимой. Управление — важнейший нематериальный актив организации, способный обеспечить как высокие результаты ее деятельности, так и (в случае его неэффективности) потерю конкурентоспособности. В этой связи проблема оценки, диагностики и управления эффективностью менеджмента предприятия является весьма актуальной. Особую значимость проблема эффективности менеджмента и ее оценки приобретает в сложные периоды экономического развития, например, в кризисные. Приведем результаты исследования, проведенного в 2009 г. международной исследовательской компанией «Ernst & Young», которая была посвящена изучению опыта компаний разных отраслей по преодолению экономического кризиса [1]. В опросе, проведенном компанией, участвовали руководители компаний-клиентов и партнеры указанной организации (более 500 чел.). На его основе было определено 8 основных направлений в области повышения эффективности деятельности и эмпирическая оценка степени их влияния на эффективность деятельности в будущем, а именно (в %): 1. Переоценка бизнес-модели (76%). Следует заложить в бизнес-модель инновационные принципы, непрерывно оценивая ее соответствие новым экономическим условиям. 2. Оптимизация охвата рынков (71%). Оптимизация присутствия на рынках разных стран и ассортимента товаров и (или) услуг содействует росту прибыли и снижению рисков. 3. Оптимизация операционной гибкости (74%). Необходимо повышение оперативности ответных действий организации благодаря обеспечению гибкости структуры и оптимальному использованию ресурсов. 4. Совершенствование процесса управления рисками (68%). Следует детально изучить совокупность рыночных рисков и разработать надежную комплексную систему внутреннего контроля. 5. Оптимизация доступа к источникам финансирования и распределения денежных средств (72%). Растущее значение денежных средств в условиях ограниченного финансирования диктует необходимость оптимизации доступа к источникам финансирования и распределения средств для обеспечения большей гибкости и устойчивости финансового состояния компании. 6. Усиление руководящего состава (68%). Необходимо сформировать и сохранить команду руководителей, способных работать в сложных экономических и организационных условиях, а также обеспечить эффективную расстановку сил. 7. Ускорение процесса принятия и выполнения решений (71%). Быстрое принятие решений и их реализация позволяют использовать возможности, возникающие на непродолжительное время, и оперативно реагировать на негативные изменения. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 33 8. Укрепление доверия заинтересованных сторон (61%). Необходимо восстановить и сохранить доверие заинтересованных сторон благодаря обеспечению прозрачности финансовой и нефинансовой информации и совершенствованию процесса коммуникации. Выделенные направления являются не только сферами, помогающими предприятиям преодолеть кризисные явления, но и целями, направленными на повышение эффективности деятельности в будущем. Как следует из приведенного перечня, все указанные направления развития находятся в плоскости повышения эффективности менеджмента компаний. Актуальность проблемы оценки, диагностики и управления эффективностью менеджмента предприятия обусловлена также отсутствием единых общепринятых подходов к ее решению. Нет и однозначного определения самого понятия «эффективность менеджмента». Как отмечает Дж. К. Лафта, «эффективность управления представляет собой проблему, имеющую ряд аспектов. Она может быть оценена по степени достижения намеченных организацией целей; по конечным результатам ее деятельности; по качеству и обоснованности планирования; эффективности использования капитальных вложений и т.д. В то же время эффективность управления можно рассматривать в плане деятельности непосредственно управляющей системы с помощью специфических критериев, отражающих результаты ее функционирования. Эффективность деятельности системы управления можно определить и оценить не только по таким параметрам, как скорость принятия решений, затраты на их разработку и реализацию, отдача от реализации решений. Эффективность отдельного решения выявляется путем сопоставления планируемых и фактических «входов» и «выходов» и измерения полученной отдачи от решения, т.е. отношения «выходов» к «входу». Эффективность системы управления данной фирмы рассматривается как совокупный экономический эффект от принятых ею решений» [2]. Неоднозначность в понимании приводит к многообразию подходов к оценке эффективности менеджмента. В общем представлении эффективность менеджмента можно рассматривать в двух аспектах. Во-первых, как характеристику достижения результатов (т.е. как «внешний» аспект, или рассмотрение эффективности с точки зрения системы более высокого уровня). Во-вторых, как характеристику внутренней деятельности системы управления, отражающей соотношение между ее «выходами» и «входами» (или в более «узком» смысле — соотношение между результатами управления и затратами на него). При этом следует отметить, что результаты управления можно оценивать как непосредственно (т.е. через характеристики системы управления), так и опосредованно, т.е. через результаты хозяйственной системы в целом. Рассмотрим основные задачи, связанные с оценкой эффективности менеджмента. Исходной задачей является определение состава показателей, с помощью которых можно оценить эффективность. Решение этой задачи зависит от целей исследования и, соответственно, от того, какая сторона эффективности (внешняя или внутренняя) принята исследователем. Например, при сопоставлении двух управленческих подразделений для определения их стимулирования целесообразно рассматривать вклад этих подразделений в результаты деятельности организации в целом. При исследовании же полученных результатов и определении направлений совершенствования деятельности данных подразделений необходимо изучить внутренние характеристики эффективности их функционирования. Показатели, используемые при оценках эффективности системы управления, могут быть разбиты на следующие взаимосвязанные группы. 1. Группа показателей, характеризующих эффективность системы управления, выражающихся через конечные результаты деятельности организации и затраты на управление. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 34 2. Группа показателей, характеризующих содержание и организацию процесса управления, в том числе непосредственные результаты и затраты управленческого труда. При оценке эффективности процесса управления используются показатели, которые могут оцениваться как количественно, так и качественно. К первой группе могут быть отнесены, в частности, показатели производительности и экономичности; ко второй — адаптивность, гибкость, оперативность, надежность и др. 3. Группа показателей, характеризующих эффективность отдельных подсистем управления (уровень централизации функций управления, принятые нормы управляемости, сбалансированность распределения прав и ответственности и т. п.). Второй задачей, связанной с оценкой эффективности является определение критериев. В обобщенном виде выделяют следующие критерии эффективности менеджмента: 1. Действенность — степень достижения целей организации. 2. Экономичность — соотношение необходимого и фактического расхода ресурсов. 3. Качество — соответствие характеристик продукции (услуг) стандартам и требованиям потребителей. 4. Прибыльность — соотношение между доходами и суммарными издержками. 5. Продуктивность — соотношение объема продукции (услуг) за определенный период в натуральных, стоимостных и других показателях и затрат ресурсов (трудовых, материальных, финансовых и др.), соответствующих данному объему продукции. 6. Качество трудовой жизни — условия труда работников. 7. Инновационная активность — внедрение новшеств в различных функциональных областях деятельности организации. Третья задача — определение подхода к оценке эффективности. Возможны следующие основные подходы: а) для оценки используются отдельные частные показатели эффективности (например, прибыль, рентабельность, себестоимость, адаптивность, надежность и другие); б) используется система показателей эффективности, отражающих определенные стороны эффективности; в) формируются интегральные (обобщающие) показатели эффективности. Использование интегральных показателей является весьма распространенным способом получения оценок эффективности. При этом применяются различные способы «свертки» показателей — аддитивные, мультипликативные, построенные на основе определения расстояния между сравниваемыми объектами и др. Для измерения входящих в интегральную оценку частных показателей используются различные шкалы. Некоторые показатели (например, прибыль, затраты) измеряются по шкале отношений и имеют обоснованные количественные значения. Другие (например, гибкость, надежность и т. п.), оцениваются экспертным путем в баллах. Могут быть получены и другие интегральные оценки эффективности с помощью порядковой шкалы. Одним из достаточно плодотворных методов оценки эффективности является оценка на основе динамических нормативов, предложенная в свое время И.М. Сыроежиным и не потерявшая своей актуальности [3]. Автор предложил использовать упорядочивание экономических показателей для моделирования эффективного режима реализации функции системы. Основная идея метода рассмотрена, в частности, в [4]. На основе этого подхода было разработано много конкретных приложений и методик, позволяющих проводить оценку и диагностику эффективности различных систем, в том числе, и систем управления. В ряду публикаций, использующих данную идею, одной из последних является [5], где предпринята попытка ее применения для оценки качества менеджмента. Важнейшей особенностью данного подхода является нормативный характер оценок, т.е. возможность не только оценить фактически сложившуюся эффективность, но и определить ее расхождение «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 35 по отношению к некоторой нормативной (эталонной) оценке. Это необходимо для управления, в том числе, эффективностью. Идея нормативности широко используется в системах менеджмента качества, основанных на моделях совершенства, а также различных методиках, которые на них опираются. К таким методикам, в частности, относится, методика оценки качества менеджмента [6]. В этой методике оценка качества менеджмента осуществляется на основе анализа и экспертного оценивания реализации общих функций менеджмента. Функциональная модель оценки менеджмента основана на шести функциях менеджмента: 1. Прогнозирование/Планирование; 2. Организация; 3. Мотивация; 4. Контроль; 5. Координация; 6. Коммуникация. Первые пять базовых функций, формирующих систему управления, соответствуют пяти оценочным критериям модели. Шестая функция «коммуникация» является объединяющей и отражает характер взаимосвязей в системе управления. Каждый из пяти критериев модели содержит по пять оценочных категорий. Каждая категория оценивается по 4-балльной шкале. При данном подходе выделяются 4 зоны анализа: ● Эффективная: результативность программы улучшений высока. ● Рабочая: большая вероятность улучшения деятельности. ● Умеренная: реализация программы улучшений требует детальной подготовки и предварительного анализа коэффициентов. ● Проблемная: разработка и реализация программы улучшений должны начинаться только после глубокого изучения неудовлетворительных показателей. В методике предусматривается реализация принципа непрерывного совершенствования в соответствии с известным циклом Деминга. Это позволяет не только проводить диагностику и оценку качества менеджмента, но и постоянно проводить улучшения в системе управления, направленные на его совершенствование, т.е. осуществлять процесс управления качеством менеджмента. По мнению авторов, некоторые идеи данного подхода могут быть применены для частичной оценки эффективности менеджмента предприятия (с позиции функций). Однако комплексно оценить эффективность менеджмента возможно лишь с применением всего спектра разнообразных методик, что требует системного подхода к проблеме и существенных затрат времени и средств производства для сбора, анализа, обработки, расчета и презентации данных. Разработка и апробация «универсального» (адаптивного) подхода оценки эффективности менеджмента является сложной задачей для любого предприятия и чем хозяйствующий субъект является более открытой и сложной системой, тем задача становится менее разрешимой. Литература 1. Уроки бизнеса. Будущие лидеры рынка. Публикация исследования компании Ernst & Young // www.ey.com Дата обращения:15.06.10 2. Лафта Дж. К. Современная концепция эффективности менеджмента организации: Дис. ... д-ра экон. наук 08.00.05. — М., 2000. — 308 c. РГБ ОД, 71:01-8/229-5. — hp://www.lib.uaru.net/diss/cont/78805.html. 3. Сыроежин И.М. Совершенствование системы показателей эффективности и качества. — М.: Экономика, 1980. 4. Мотышина М.С. Исследование систем управления. — СПб.: Изд-во В.А. Михайлова, 2006. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 36 5. Винокуров В.А. Качество менеджмента — основа современной управленческой парадигмы // Менеджмент в России и за рубежом. — 2006. — № 6. 6. Маслов Д., Ватсон П., Чилиши Н. Применение функциональной модели менеджмента для достижения устойчивых конкурентных преимуществ // Менеджмент в России и за рубежом. — 2007. — № 7. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 37 Leçons des trajectoires historiques de l’inflation : États-Unis vs France (18602025) Hasimbola Anita, RAKOTOZAFY Enseignant-chercheur, Mention Économie, Facultés DEGS et EGS, Universités de Toliara et d'Antananarivo, Madagascar, ORCID :https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1917-3389 Jean, RAZAFINDRAVONONA Professeur titulaire, Responsable de l’Équipe d'Accueil Doctorale de la mention Économie (EAD2), Université d’Antanarivo, Madagascar Abstract : This article analyzes the historical inflation trajectories of the United States and France to better anticipate contemporary economic challenges. The theoretical framework combines the proto-quantitative theories of money (Malestroit, Bodin), quantitative theory and its Keynesian critiques, monetarist approaches, as well as the structuralist theory of inflation. Based on centurylong historical data (1913–2025) supplemented by other industrialized country cases, a comparative analysis was conducted using EViews, employing descriptive statistics and the Hodrick-Prescott filter to trace long-term trends. The results highlight three major periods of inflationary shocks : post-World War I, post-World War II, and following the oil shocks of the 1970s. The average inflation rates during these periods were consistently higher in France (7.79 %) than in the United States (3.27 %), emphasizing the persistence of inflationary pressures in France. Hypotheses H1 (institutional credibility and fiscal discipline) and H2 (external shocks) are confirmed, while H3 (rapid transitions without strong institutions leading to hyperinflation) holds in certain contexts. This study yields several key lessons : act swiftly and credibly on monetary policy, anchor the budget, coordinate monetary, fiscal, exchange rate, and income policies, manage supply and climate shocks through buffer stocks and insurance, secure energy supply, communicate clearly, and target support to vulnerable populations. In an unstable geopolitical context, interest rates are likely to remain elevated for extended periods. Keywords : Inflation; currency depreciation ; hyperinflation ; monetary policy ; fiscal policy ; international comparison. 1. Introduction Bien que le mot « inflation » n’ait apparu en économie qu’au milieu du XIXe siècle, le débat sur ce sujet central de l’économie ne date pas d’hier. En fait, le problème de l’inflation est aussi vieux que l’argent lui-même, car il y a plus de 450 ans de cela, au cœur de ce débat, une fameuse controverse opposa le seigneur de Malestroit à Jean Bodin. Le premier souligna, dans son rapport de 1566 communiqué au roi Charles IX, que la hausse des prix qui sévissait, d’abord en Espagne, puis en Europe – résultant de l’entrée massive des métaux précieux en provenance des colonies d’Amérique – n’était qu’une illusion due à la dépréciation de la monnaie en circulation, puisque la teneur en métal précieux de cette dernière avait diminué. Bodin (1568) riposta à cette argumentation en soulignant que l’augmentation des prix en Europe était due principalement à l’afflux des métaux précieux, lequel faisait augmenter, à son tour, la quantité de monnaie en circulation. Dans son traité, il affirma : « l’abondance d’or et d’argent a fait enchérir toutes choses dix fois plus qu’elles n’estoyent il y a cens ans ». Bien que le pouvoir royal de l’époque ait adopté l’interprétation de Malestroit, celle-ci se révéla vite erronée et les économistes firent même de Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 38 Bodin le précurseur de la théorie quantitative de la monnaie (formulée par Irving Fisher au XXe siècle, soit plus de trois siècles après), suite au succès de sa thèse en France, en Angleterre, en Allemagne et en Italie. Au fil des siècles, le terme inflation – hausse générale et durable des niveaux de prix (Drut, 2024) – s’est institutionnalisé, car ce phénomène (tout comme la déflation) a commencé à poser des problèmes aux pouvoirs publics. Effectivement, prendre des mesures de lutte contre l’une et l’autre non seulement exige du temps avant d’obtenir les résultats attendus, mais peut aussi produire parfois l’effet inverse. Cette étude propose ainsi d’examiner l’évolution historique de l’inflation dans le monde depuis 1860 jusqu’à nos jours, car c’est à cette période que les prix mondiaux repartent à la hausse (après une longue période de stabilisation à long terme sous l’étalon-or). Nous privilégions l’expérience de deux grandes puissances économiques telles que les États-Unis et la France (pour l’Union européenne). Nous les utiliserons comme référence dans nos analyses en comparant aux cas d’autres pays industriels, mais aussi d’autres pays émergents ; afin d’en tirer des leçons utiles pour la conduite des politiques monétaires et budgétaires. Cela nous amène à analyser les différentes théories sur l’inflation, partant de la proto-théorie quantitative de la monnaie de Bodin (1568) – en controverse avec la thèse de Malestroit (1566) – pour passer, ensuite, au véritable quantitativisme de Fisher (1911) et au monétarisme de Friedman (1968), et finir avec la théorie keynésienne de l’inflation (Keynes, 1936) et la théorie structuraliste de l’inflation. Le but de cette recherche est ainsi de trouver des réponses à la problématique principale : quelles leçons peut-on tirer des trajectoires historiques de l’inflation dans le monde et comment les politiques monétaires et budgétaires institutionnelles ont-elles façonné ces trajectoires selon les contextes économiques et historiques ? Ainsi, nous avons comme objectifs spécifiques de : décrire les trajectoires inflationnistes majeures de deux grands pays retenus, identifier les causes des épisodes d’inflation élevée ou d’hyperinflation, analyser les instruments et mesures de stabilisation adoptés, comparer les expériences pour en tirer des leçons pour les politiques économiques contemporaines. Nous nous basons sur les hypothèses fondamentales suivantes :  (H1) la crédibilité des institutions et la discipline budgétaire sont déterminantes pour stabiliser l’inflation ;  (H2) les chocs externes (énergies, matières premières, géopolitiques, sanitaires, financiers…) peuvent provoquer des pics inflationnistes même dans les économies avancées ;  (H3) les transitions économiques rapides, sans forcément d’assises institutionnelles solides, entraînent souvent des épisodes d’hyperinflation. Pour répondre à cette problématique, l’article est structuré de la manière suivante. Après cette introduction, la revue de la littérature théorique présentera les principales approches de l’inflation : des proto-théories à nos jours. La section suivante sera consacrée à la méthodologie, où nous préciserons les sources de données fiables mobilisées, les critères de sélection des pays, ainsi que l’approche comparative retenue. Nous y expliciterons également les limites méthodologiques liées aux différences de disponibilité et de qualité des données selon les périodes et les régions. L’analyse empirique appliquera, ensuite, cette démarche pour détailler les trajectoires de l’inflation dans les pays retenus. Nous mettrons en évidence les grandes phases d’évolution, les causes principales des pics inflationnistes ou des épisodes d’hyperinflation, ainsi que les instruments et mesures de stabilisation adoptés. Enfin, la section de discussions comparera ces expériences afin d’en tirer des leçons pratiques, avant de conclure notre travail. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 39 2. Revue de littérature théorique 2.1. Proto-théories quantitative de la monnaie 2.1.1. Thèse de l’inflation de Malestroit En 1563, Charles IX demanda à la Chambre des comptes d’enquêter sur l’ampleur de la hausse des prix en France (sévissant depuis le début du XVIe siècle et s’accélérant considérablement à partir de 1560) et l’inefficacité des mesures prises. Jehan Cherruyt, Seigneur de Malestroit – Conseiller du roi et président de la cour des monnaies – fut chargé de mener cette enquête. Il présenta au roi son rapport intitulé Paradoxes sur le faict des monnoyes en mars 1566 fournissant deux explications : (1) « que lon se plainct à tort en France de l’encherissement de toutes choses, attendu que rien n’y est enchery depuis trois cens ans » et (2) « qu’il y a beaucoup à perdre sur un escu ou autre monnoye d’or et d’argent encore qu’on la mette pour mesme prix qu’on la recoit » (p. 57) (Tortajada, 1987). En fait, dans le premier paradoxe, Malestroit voulut affirmer que rien n’est enchérit depuis trois cents ans tout en faisant une démonstration sous forme de syllogisme1 tout en soulignant comme : - Majeure : les échanges s’effectuent par l’intermédiaire de la monnaie, représentée par les métaux précieux (or et argent). Et pour démontrer qu’une chose coûte plus qu’il y a trois cents ans, il faut établir que pour l’acheter, on doit fournir une quantité plus importante de métal. - Mineure : il apporta la preuve en prenant l’exemple de velours. Le prix en monnaie de compte a augmenté, mais la quantité de métal fourni n’a pas varié (tableau 1). Tableau 1 : Comparaison de prix de velours faite par Malestroit (1566) Source : Tortajada, 1987. - Conclusion : si l’on ne s’attache qu’à la quantité de métal contenue dans la livre, on trouve que la stabilité des prix est parfaite depuis trois siècles. La hausse des prix apparaît comme la conséquence des modifications apportées dans la définition de l’unité de compte : illusoire. Ainsi, Malestroit montra que la dépréciation de la monnaie de compte entraîne la ruine des titulaires de revenus fixes. Par-là, il dégagea parfaitement la notion de pouvoir d’achat (PiquetMarchal, 1985). En un mot, il fit croire que la seule cause de la hausse des prix est la dépréciation de la monnaie de compte. Ces explications furent insuffisantes – malgré que le pouvoir royal eût adopté son interprétation dès 1567 en interdisant, ainsi par ordonnance, le « surhaussement » des monnaies d’argent. Elles furent contestées par Jean Bodin, deux ans plus tard, dans sa Réponse aux paradoxes de Monsieur de Malestroit (1568). 2.1.2. Thèse de l’inflation de Bodin Cette réponse fut baptisée le Controverse Bodin-Malestroit. Effectivement, le premier commença par disqualifier les conclusions de Malestroit tout en avançant que prendre comme exemple le velours s’avéra être une mauvaise idée, car étant autrefois un produit de luxe, il est devenu un produit courant aujourd’hui relevant ainsi des erreurs dans la comparaison des 1 Un syllogisme est un raisonnement logique, mis en forme par Aristote, qui permet de tirer une conclusion à partir de deux propositions appelées prémisses. Le syllogisme est un outil de logique déductive avec : majeure qui énonce une règle générale (ex. Tous les hommes sont mortels), mineure qui énonce un cas particulier (ex. Socrate est un homme), conclusion qui découle ainsi des deux prémisses (ex. donc Socrate est mortel). Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 40 monnaies, car il soutint que les années de référence furent mal choisies. Ainsi, dans sa thèse, Bodin démontra : - Les preuves que les prix eurent au moins triplé depuis cent ans et qu’une partie de la hausse subsista si on calcule en espèces métalliques. - Les raisons de cette hausse des prix due principalement à (1) l’abondance d’or et d’argent en provenance du nouveau monde et introduite en France par les remises de migrants, l’excédent commercial et l’entrée des capitaux. Et, (2) le gaspillage, la traite, les monopoles et le plaisir des princes. - En conclusion, l’abondance d’or et d’argent est un facteur de la hausse des prix. Force est de constater, pourtant, qu’après quelques années de triomphe, la thèse de Malestroit connut l’oubli voire même l’ignominie. En fait, cette thèse de Bodin souleva un grand intérêt en Angleterre, en Italie et en Allemagne. Elle connut le succès en France après 1585. Voilà pourquoi les économistes baptisèrent Bodin comme étant le précurseur de la théorie quantitative de la monnaie tout en considérant les idées de Malestroit comme étant erronées. Il a fallu attendre plus de trois siècles après pour qu’un théoricien économiste formalise mathématiquement cette thèse de Bodin : Fisher, pour devenir une véritable théorie monétaire. 2.2. Quantitativisme et principale critique 2.2.1. Théorie quantitative de la monnaie Plus de trois siècles après, le débat autour de la hausse des prix continue en partant de la thèse de Bodin pour aboutir à la vraie formalisation de la théorie quantitative de la monnaie faite par Fisher (1911). Cette théorie stipule que la quantité de monnaie détermine directement le niveau des prix selon la fameuse équation MV = PT (où M est la masse monétaire en circulation, V la vitesse de circulation de la monnaie, P le niveau des prix et T le volume des transactions) ; en supposant que V et T sont constants. Autrement dit, toute variation de la quantité de monnaie entraîne une variation de même sens du niveau général des prix c’est-à-dire que ∆M = ∆P. C’est la neutralité monétaire qui signifie que la politique monétaire n’exerce aucune action directe sur le rythme de l’activité économique. Ce théoricien insinue qu’il fallait mettre une restriction dans la quantité de monnaie en circulation pour pouvoir contrôler le niveau des prix (Ponsard, 1959). Cette conception quantitativiste de la monnaie a dominé la pensée économique jusqu’aux environs des années 1930. Cependant, faute de la Grande crise qui prend naissance en 1929, cette théorie a subi une rude attaque de la part des anti-quantitativistes, essentiellement Keynes en 1936. En fait, la Délégation de l’Or du Comité financier de la Société des Nations a utilisé cette théorie pour analyser les causes de cette Grande dépression et ainsi d’en proposer des solutions efficaces. Durant cette période, sous l’inspiration de l’économiste Karl Gustav Cassel (1920), un accroissement de la circulation monétaire a été entrepris provoquant une élévation du niveau général des prix – vu qu’ils ont analysé la dépression comme une simple déflation. 2.2.2. Critique du quantitativisme par Keynes La théorie quantitative de la monnaie a fait l’objet de nombreuses critiques, dont la plus importante est celle de Keynes. En fait, dans sa Théorie générale de 1936, il a mis en exergue la théorie des prix et de l’inflation tout en distinguant les forces inflationnistes institutionnelles et l’inflation par la demande. C’est le premier qui l’a surtout préoccupé face à une politique gouvernementale qui vise à tout prix le plein-emploi, source d’inflation (Lavoie, 1985). Dans son ouvrage, Keynes met en lumière trois sources des hausses de prix (pointées du doigt par les quantitativistes dues seulement à une hausse non-maîtrisé de la masse monétaire), entre autres : 1. Les rendements décroissants. 2. Les hausse des salaires monétaires ou « semi-inflation ». 3. La hausse de la demande en situation de plein-emploi. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 41 Ces trois formes d’inflation s’enchaînent les unes aux autres selon Keynes, car lors de la première phase, les prix augmentent faute des rendements décroissants ; qui fait que dans la deuxième phase, les taux de rémunération des facteurs de production ou les salaires, augmentent aussi. Ainsi, il y a augmentation de la demande effective qui se répercute sur les prix et non sur les quantités (qui ne peuvent plus augmenter faute de ressources libres) dans la troisième phase : c’est ce qu’il a qualifié d’inflation de plein-emploi ou encore inflation absolue. Keynes a souligné que seule cette troisième phase qui était soulignée par la théorie quantitative de la monnaie. Keynes a souligné qu’il est important de différencier cette inflation par la demande de la semiinflation (résultant d’un accroissement par les coûts). Ainsi, il a insisté sur le fait que la semiinflation est un véritable fléau auquel il s’avère important de trouver une solution pour ne pas compromettre l’avenir du capitalisme ou celui des politiques de plein-emploi sachant qu’il est contre la politique déflationniste qui ne fait qu’accroître le chômage. En gros, résoudre la semiinflation, selon lui, ne relève pas de l’économique, mais de la politique. Soulignons que les keynésiens n’ont fait aucune recommandation pratique pour lutter contre ce fléau économique qu’est l’inflation. Les keynésiens néo-classiques, eux, sont adeptes d’une économie avec chômage, mais sans inflation ou une économie de plein-emploi avec peu de/sans chômage (ce qui revient aux objectifs des monétaristes). En fait, ils ont reconnu aussi que la semiinflation (inflation de sous-emploi) est la plus difficile de toutes à traiter (Kaldor, 1964 ; in Lutfalla, 1964). Vers la fin des années 50, ces deux courants ont participé aux réflexions sur le lien entre l’emploi et l’inflation – vu que c’est durant cette période que Phillips a sorti sa fameuse courbe mettant en lien ces deux variables sur des données du Royaume-Uni. Une telle discussion a été relancée par les monétaristes, plus tard, vu que la relation entre le chômage et l’inflation n’est plus vérifiée lors de la stagflation causée par les deux chocs pétroliers des années 1970 (Wikipédia). 2.3. Théorie monétariste de l’inflation La période d’après-guerre a été marquée par un certain retour à la théorie quantitative sous des formalisations différentes essentiellement celles des monétaristes (Maurice, 1964). On sait que le monétarisme est une démarche inductive (Laffargue, 1982), car Milton Friedman s’est servi du cas particulier des Etats-Unis pour aboutir à un développement théorique sur la monnaie. Effectivement, il a utilisé des données centenaires rigoureuses sur l’histoire monétaire américaine de 1861 à 1960. Dans une économie où les relations internationales ont une importance limitée (son raisonnement a été basé sur une économie fermée), cette théorie peut se résumer par deux conclusions valables, entre autres : (i) les variations de l’offre de monnaie sont une cause essentielle des cycles économiques et (ii) un accroissement de la masse monétaire entraîne rapidement une forte augmentation du produit national nominal : c’est la non-neutralité monétaire à court terme (non évoquée par Fisher). Pourtant, cette croissance, ne suivant qu’une évolution cyclique amortie, se stabilise au bout de trois ans environ à un niveau intermédiaire. Autrement dit, Friedman a souligné que dans un premier temps, il y a hausse du volume de production, puis de plus en plus, du niveau des prix : c’est la neutralité à long terme (point de ressemblance avec Fisher). Cette conclusion friedmanienne veut dire que l’efficacité de la politique monétaire a un délai d’action extrêmement variable. Et, les effets de la politique budgétaire, si celle-ci n’est pas accompagnée d’une variation de la masse monétaire en circulation (politique monétaire), c’est-àdire une policy-mix ; sont limités aussi bien dans leur ampleur que dans leur durée. Fallait-il encore souligner qu’il a voulu insinuer par-là qu’il s’avère impossible de lutter contre l’inflation sans freiner l’expansion monétaire. Or, force est constater qu’une telle stratégie pourrait amener à une récession et ainsi une baisse progressive du niveau des prix. Celle-ci pourrait être efficace à condition de la mixer avec une politique de revenus de courte période – qui n’aurait pas sûrement des effets durables sur les prix sans une réduction de la quantité monétaire. Ce théoricien a pu Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 48 À première vue, ce tableau, représentant les taux d’inflation historiques des Etats-Unis et de la France, reflète clairement les grandes vagues inflationnistes et déflationnistes du XXᵉ siècle et audelà, révélant à la fois des similitudes et des divergences entre les deux pays. La Première Guerre mondiale provoque une flambée inflationniste significative dans les deux pays, avec une inflation plus marquée en France (jusqu’à +39,5% en 1920) contre environ +15% aux États-Unis. Ce déséquilibre s’explique par l’effondrement du franc, les destructions matérielles et les déstabilisations monétaires causées par la guerre. Les États-Unis, moins impactés territorialement, voient leur inflation limitée tout en restant élevée. Au cours des années 1920, la France connaît une forte instabilité – alternance d’inflation et de déflation – typique de l’après-guerre et des crises monétaires. Les États-Unis, en revanche, bénéficient de la prospérité des « roaring twenties2 » avant le krach boursier de 1929. La Grande Dépression entraîne une déflation sévère aux États-Unis (-10,3% en 1932), tandis que la France subit une baisse des prix plus modérée, mais persistante. Des pays, comme le Royaume-Uni, enregistrent une déflation annuelle d’environ -2,6% en 1932 (Morley, 2025), et l’Allemagne, quant à elle, endure une dépression économique intense accompagnée d’une forte contraction du PIB (~-18% entre 1930 et 1932) (CambridgeUniversityPress.org). Ces éléments confirment que la déflation marquée n’est pas isolée aux États-Unis, mais reflète une tendance mondiale parmi les économies industrialisées à cette époque. La Seconde Guerre mondiale suscite une flambée inflationniste particulièrement violente en France (+48,5% en 1946), conséquence directe de l’occupation allemande, des destructions et des pénuries. En Italie également, on observe une envolée dramatique des prix qui ont quasi quadruplé entre 1938 et 1943, puis multiplié par neuf entre 1943 et 1945 (Masera, 1983). L’Allemagne, quant à elle, connaît une hyperinflation déguisée, jusqu’à la réforme monétaire drastique de 1948 avec l’introduction du Deutsche Mark – un indicateur de déséquilibres inflationnistes majeurs en période post-conflit. La période d’après-guerre jusqu’aux années 1960 se distingue par une stabilisation progressive et un retour à une inflation modérée dans la plupart des économies développées, grâce à la reconstruction, au système de Bretton-Woods et à l’expansion économique des Trente Glorieuses. Les années 1970 constituent un tournant marqué par les deux chocs pétroliers : la France subit une hausse spectaculaire de l’inflation (+13,7% en 1974), suivie de près par l’Italie, l’Espagne et le Royaume-Uni. Le Japon, particulièrement vulnérable, enregistre une inflation de plus de 20% la même période, tandis que l’Allemagne Fédérale et la Suisse, grâce à une politique monétaire plus rigoureuse, résistent mieux. À partir des années 1980, les États-Unis et la France parviennent à maîtriser l’inflation via des politiques monétaires rigoureuses (Volcker aux États-Unis, désinflation compétitive en France). On constate le même phénomène de convergence vers une inflation basse et stable dans les économies industrialisées, soutenu par l’ancrage aux Banques centrales indépendantes (Fed, Bundesbank, Banque centrale européenne, Bank of Japan, etc.). Enfin, de 2000 à 2020, l’inflation reste faible, parfois nulle ou proche de la déflation – notamment au Japon. La crise financière mondiale (2008) n’entraîne pas une flambée des prix, mais plutôt une stagnation voire un fléchissement de l’inflation. Ce n’est qu’avec la pandémie de Covid-19, puis la crise énergétique liée à la guerre en Ukraine que l’inflation repart fortement : respectivement de 7,1% aux États-Unis en 2021 ; 5,2% en France en 2022, dans un contexte partagé par le Royaume-Uni (9,9% en août 2022 ; Wikipédia), la zone euro dans son ensemble (8,4% en moyenne en 2022 ; Wikipédia), le Canada (6,8% la même période ; StatCan), l’Australie 2 Les « roaring twenties » (1918-1929) désignent la décennie de forte croissance économique, d’innovation technologique et de bouillonnement culturel qui suit la Première Guerre mondiale, avant de s’achever brutalement avec le krash boursier de 1929 (Encyclopaedia britannica). «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 49 (7,8% ; FocusEconomics), la Nouvelle-Zélande (7,3% au 3e trimestre 2022 ; Wikipédia) et la Corée du Sud (5,1% ; FRED). Et, la politique tarifaire entreprise par Donald Trump, Président américain, depuis le début de son 2e mandat en janvier 2025 commence déjà à impacter l’inflation aux EtatsUnis et… sûrement dans le reste du monde. En résumé, les parcours inflationnistes des États-Unis et de la France témoignent d’une synchronisation mondiale face aux grands chocs économiques, avec des divergences d’amplitude souvent plus marquées en France, notamment après les guerres et lors des chocs pétroliers. Ces différences découlent de l'exposition directe de l’Hexagone aux conflits, de la robustesse institutionnelle et de l’efficacité des politiques monétaires, alors que les similitudes des trajectoires de l’inflation reflètent une intégration croissante des économies développées aux mêmes chocs globaux. Graphique 1 : Evolution historique inflations des Etats-Unis et de la France (1913-2015) Source : Sorties d’EViews, Analyses auteurs, 2025. Nous remarquons trois grandes tendances d’évolution des taux d’inflation, dans ces deux grands pays, montrées par le graphique ci-dessus : 1. De 1918 aux années 1950, l’inflation en France est beaucoup plus instable et marquée par des flambées spectaculaires, notamment après les deux guerres mondiales, tandis que les Etats-Unis connaissent aussi de fortes variations mais de moindre ampleur. 2. Entre les années 1960 et 1980, les deux pays suivent une dynamique assez parallèle, avec une montée de l’inflation lors des chocs pétroliers, même si la France reste légèrement plus exposée. 3. Depuis les années 1980, on observe une convergence vers une inflation faible et relativement stable, les courbes des deux pays évoluant presque de manière synchronisée. 4.2. Statistiques descriptives et tendances de long terme Des statistiques descriptives sont calculés pour chacun des deux pays, incluant la moyenne, la médiane, l’écart-type, les valeurs minimum/maximum… ainsi que les mesures de Skewness et de Kurtosis. Ces indicateurs va nous permettre d’évaluer la volatilité et la dispersion des taux d’inflation sur la période étudiée selon les résultats du tableau 4. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 50 Tableau 4 : Sorties d’EViews, statistiques descriptives pour analyse comparative Source : Analyses auteurs, 2025. En analysant un à un les indicateurs, nous avons les résultats synthétisés dans le tableau 5. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 51 Tableau 5 : Interprétation des statistiques descriptives Statistiques Coefficients par pays Conclusions INFL_EU INFL_FR Mean (Moyenne) 3,27%→en moyenne, l’inflation est restée modérée sur la longue période. 7,79%→nettement plus élevée, ce qui traduit des épisodes d’inflation durablement plus forte. La France a donc connu une inflation structurellement plus élevée que les États-Unis. Median (Médiane) 2,70%→médiane plus proche de la moyenne. 3,40%→médiane beaucoup plus faible que la moyenne. Les valeurs extrêmes (hyperinflations) tirent la moyenne vers le haut. Maximum 17,8%→l’inflation n’a jamais dépassé 18% aux Etats-Unis. 58,7%→pics d’inflation beaucoup plus extrêmes. La France a connu ces pics notamment après les guerres mondiales et pendant les reconstructions. Minimum -10,9%→forte déflation pendant la Grande Dépression. -13,3%→idem. Forte déflation dans les années 30 pour les deux pays, avec des épisodes de déflation légèrement plus profonds pour la France. Std. Dev. (Ecarttype) 4,64→variabilité de l’inflation plus limitée. 11,84→variabilité de l’inflation beaucoup plus forte. Ce cas de la France reflète les phases de forte instabilité (deux guerres mondiales, reconstruction, chocs pétroliers). Skewness (Asymétrie) 0,43→légèrement positive, quelques épisodes d’inflation forte. 2,19→fortement positive, de très fortes poussées d’inflation tirent la distribution vers la droite. L’inflation française a été plus souvent marquée par des hausses extrêmes. Kurtosis (Aplatissement) 5,53→distribution leptokurtique à moins fortes queues. 8,64→distribution leptokurtique à fortes queues. Queue beaucoup plus marquée pour la France, confirmant l’existence d’épisodes exceptionnels d’hyperinflation. Jarque-Bera & Probability (Test de normalité) JB=33,6 (p=0,0000)→rejet de la normalité. JB=239,8 (p=0,0000)→rejet encore plus net de la normalité. L’inflation n’est pas distribuée normalement dans les deux pays. Elle est marquée par des épisodes extrêmes, surtout en France. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 52 Sum (Somme) 369,2 881,0 L’accumulation d’inflation est beaucoup plus forte en France, signe d’une tendance longue à l’érosion monétaire plus prononcée. Sum. Sq. Dev. (Somme des carrés des écarts) 2 416,3 15 694,8 La variance (et donc l’instabilité) est beaucoup plus forte en France. Source : Analyses auteurs, 2025. Les trois tendances de trajectoire de l’inflation évoquées ci-haut viennent d’être confirmées par cette analyse des statistiques descriptives :  L’inflation américaine a été plus stable et modérée sur la période de 1913 à 2025.  La France a connu une histoire inflationniste beaucoup plus agitée, dominée par des chocs extrêmes liés aux guerres, à la reconstruction après-guerre et à des politiques monétaires moins stabilisatrices avant l’intégration européenne.  Depuis les années 1980, les deux pays convergent vers une inflation faible et maîtrisée, avec une trajectoire assez similaire. Afin de mieux dégager ces grandes tendances, nous procédons encore au filtre de HodrickPrescott (HP filter) qui est une méthode très reconnue pour isoler la tendance de long terme d’une série temporelle en éliminant les fluctuations de courte période. Graphiques 2 : Séparation des tendances à long terme à l’aide du filtre HP Source : Sorties d’EViews, Analyses auteurs, 2025. Rappelons que le filtre HP décompose une série en deux composantes (graphiques 2) dont : (1) la tendance (trend) qui est le mouvement de long terme reflétant l’inflation structurelle et (2) la composante cyclique (cycle) qui évoque des fluctuations de court et moyen terme autour de la tendance liées aux chocs économiques (tableau 2). Pour les deux pays étudiés, il existe trois grandes tendances des fins des années 20, 40 et 70 ; avec une quatrième tendance qui commence à se dessiner en fin de période d’analyse (post-2020). C’est surtout dans la deuxième tendance que nous remarquons une divergence des trajectoires «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 53 de l’inflation de long terme entre ces deux pays, mais il y a une convergence pour les deux autres tendances grâce à un rapprochement structurel (dans les années 1920 et 1970). 4.3. Analyses des résultats et discussions Nous avons donc trois pics de tendances qui renvoient à une inflation durablement élevée (pressions persistantes de plusieurs années) tandis que les trois inflexions montrent un changement de régime (dû à une politique monétaire et/ou budgétaire voire même une policymix ou encore des chocs externes).  Pic post-Première Guerre mondiale (fin des années 1910 – début des années 1920) : forte poussée des prix pendant la guerre et l’immédiat après-guerre ; suivie d’une récession/désinflation brutale au tout début des années 1920.  Etats-Unis : (1) face à une récession causée par la crise de 1929, la Fed a encore mené une politique monétaire restrictive, en relevant ses taux d’intérêt pour freiner la spéculation boursière, ce qui a aggravé la contraction de l’activité économique (Anderson & Chang, 2022). Et, (2) une politique budgétaire marquée par une démobilisation et une réduction des dépenses fédérales après l’armistice (qui marque la fin des commandes de guerre) contribuant ainsi à la chute de la demande (Bruner, 2016).  France (Europe) : subit une forte inflation et une dépréciation du franc après-guerre. La stabilisation majeure intervient en 1926 sous le gouvernement Poincaré (grâce à des réformes fiscales/budgétaires et une politique monétaire stricte en ce qui concerne le choix d’une nouvelle paire or) consolidée en 1928 par le « franc Poincaré » (Espic, 2024).  Pic post-Seconde Guerre mondiale (fin des années 1940) : hyperinflation en France et inflation importante aux Etats-Unis liées au financement de la reconstruction européenne.  EU : à la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, l’inflation est contenue via un retrait progressif du soutien monétaire d’urgence, en parallèle à la réorganisation de la Fed. En fait, cette autorité monétaire – encore partiellement liée au Trésor américain (jusqu’à l’accord de 1951) – n’a pas pu agir librement, mais a appliqué progressivement un resserrement monétaire.  FR (UE) : il y a eu une hyperinflation après-guerre qui conduit à la définition de différentes politiques telles que (1) la nationalisation des secteurs de l’énergie, des transports, des banques ; et la mise en place d’un Etat-providence (sécurité sociale, Plan Monnet). (2) 1er Plan de modernisation (1947-1952) et 2e Plan (1954-1957) pour favoriser la reconstruction industrielle. (3) Accord Blum-Byrnes (mai 1956) pour un allègement/annulation d’une partie substantielle de la dette américaine en échange d’un plan de reconstruction (Wikipédia). Tout ceci pose les bases des « Trente Glorieuses » même si la stabilisation des prix a été plus lente.  Pic post-chocs pétroliers (fin des années 1970 – début des années 1980) : inflation puis désinflation, liées : à la fin des accords de Bretton Woods (1971) – qui laisse plus de latitude monétaire et de volatilité des prix – et aux deux chocs pétroliers (de 1973-1974 et 1979).  EU : fin de la convertibilité en or annoncée par le président Richard Nixon le 15 août 1971 (fin de Bretton Woods), contrôles temporaires des salaires et des prix (durant une première phase de 90 jours) qui induit une réponse inefficace à l’inflation ; ainsi qu’une politique budgétaire variable (Medley, 2013). Quelques années plus tard, il y a eu ciblage des réserves par une forte contraction monétaire c’est-à-dire des hausses des taux très agressives jusqu’à plus de 20% (choc Volcker) conduisant à une désinflation au début des années 80 (Harris, 2024).  FR (UE) : c’est la période pré-euro de l’Europe. Au milieu des années 70, il y a eu des plans de stabilisation (Plan Barré de 1976-1978) par une maîtrise des salaires/prix, une politique antiinflation même si l’inflation a été encore élevée (Wikipédia). En 1979, il y eu création du Système monétaire européen (SME) avec ancrage de change autour du mark qui vise une discipline budgétaire et une désinflation. De 1981 à 1983, après une relance initiale, il y a eu un « tournant Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 54 de la rigueur » et une politique du franc fort qui donne priorité à la désinflation et à la stabilité externe. Force est de constater que le graphique 1 laisse apparaître un pic mineur qui mérite d’être diagnostiqué (début 2020) même s’il n’est pas encore bien visible dans HP Filter. Celui-ci est le résultat de la pandémie de Covid-19 et de la guerre en Ukraine qui occasionnent une inflation galopante et une stagnation économique (stagflation). En fait, après 2020, il y a eu un choc d’offre (goulots d’étranglement, énergie) et un soutien massif des politiques ; qui font qu’il y eu inflation élevée de 2021-2022 (de 4,7 à 8% pour les Etats-Unis et de 1,6 à 5,2% pour la France, tableau 3) suivi d’un virage restrictif des Banques centrales selon les mesures suivantes :  EU : (1) politique budgétaire avec CARES Act3 (mars 2020 de plus de 2 000 milliards de dollars) puis American Rescue Plan (mars 2021 de 1 900 milliards de dollars) selon des transferts massifs pour soutenir la demande (116th Congress, in congress.gov). (2) Politique monétaire expansive avec un taux de 0% (mars 2020), puis à partir de 2022 ; qui fait que c’est l’un des cycles de hausse les plus rapides depuis 1980.  FR (UE) : (1) politique monétaire via le PEPP (Programme pandémique d’achats) lancé en mars 2020 (flexible par pays de l’Europe et par échéance), la première hausse des taux directeurs en juillet 2022 (sortie des taux négatifs et resserrement jusqu’à 4% sur la facilité des dépôts en septembre 2023), l’introduction du TPI (Transmission Protection Instrument4) en 2022 qui est un outil anti-fragmentation (BCE, 2022). (2) Politique budgétaire selon la Next Generation EU5 par le Common recovery fund de 750-800 milliards d’euros décidé en juillet 2020 pour soutenir l’activité via des subventions et des prêts ainsi que des réformes. En résumé, ces trois tendances (pics) de long terme (avec un quatrième qui n’est pas encore tout à fait visible dans le filtre HP), correspondent toutes à des chocs majeurs qui ont nécessité une forte adaptation des politiques économiques (tableau 6). 3 CARE Act (Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act) adopté en mars 2020 aux Etats-Unis est une loi d’urgence prévoyant plus de 2 000 milliards de dollars d’aides pour soutenir les ménages, les entreprises et les hôpitaux face à la crise économique causée par la pandémie de Covid-19. 4 Le TPI est adopté par la Banque centrale européenne en juillet 2022 comme étant un outil destiné à contrer la fragmentation financière en zone euro en permettant d’acheter de la dette publique d’un pays dont les taux d’intérêt s’écartent excessivement sans raison économique fondamentale, afin d’assurer une transmission homogène de la politique monétaire. 5 Appelé aussi NGEU adopté en 2020 qui est un plan de relance européen de 750 milliards d’euros financé par la dette commune de l’UE, destiné à soutenir les pays les plus touchés par la pandémie de Covid-19 via subventions et prêts, marquant un pas inédit vers une solidarité budgétaire européenne. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 55 Tableau 6 : Résumé des trajectoires de l’inflation et politiques économiques des deux pays Pays étudiés Trajectoires (1913-2025) Politiques économiques appliquées EtatsUnis La Fed agit relativement vite (et parfois brutalement) même face à une inflation stable et modérée. Années 20 : politique monétaire restrictive trop forte. Années 40 : politique budgétaire expansive + politique monétaire restrictive. Années 70 : politique monétaire décisive (Choc Volcker) + politique budgétaire plus secondaire. France L’ajustement est souvent plus lent alors que l’histoire inflationniste est beaucoup plus agitée. Années 20 : politique monétaire restrictive + politique budgétaire restrictive. Années 40 : politique budgétaire expansive + politique monétaire sous tutelle. Années 70 : politique budgétaire expansive + politique monétaire restrictive. Source : Analyses auteurs, 2025. 5. Leçons tirées de ces trajectoires de l’inflation  Agir vite et de façon crédible sur la monnaie quand l’inflation est généralisée. D’après notre recherche, les cycles 1920-1970 montrent qu’un resserrement tardif (cas de la France) coûte plus cher qu’un resserrement précoce et lisible (cas des Etats-Unis). En fait, la vague inflationniste de 2022 (causée par la guerre en Ukraine) a reculé quand les grandes Banques centrales (Fed/BCE) ont pris des mesures rapides même si le FMI anticipe une inflation de l’ordre de 4,5% en 2025 – encore au-dessus de celle d’avant-guerre (IMF, 2024).  Ancrer le budget, car sans gestion budgétaire rigoureuse, la politique monétaire perd en efficacité et peine à contrôler l’inflation. En fait, la BIS6 (Banque des règlements internationaux) rappelle qu’« une politique budgétaire durablement trop expansionniste alimente l’inflation et fragilise la dette ; inversement, une monnaie trop accommodante face à un budget laxiste crée des risques financiers » (BIS, 2023).  Exiger un ensemble cohérent de politiques (monétaire, budgétaire, de change et de revenus) pour réussir une désinflation. Tel est le cas d’Israël en 1985 en adoptant le combo : coupes de déficit, gel/synchronisation des salaires-prix, ancrage de change qui a abouti à faire baisser l’inflation de 1-2% en un an (au lieu d’une inflation mensuelle > 10% avant ces mesures) avec un chômage contenu. C’est un modèle de stabilisation graduelle, mais crédible (Kreis, 1989). Un autre exemple avec résultat contraire est le cas l’Argentine en 1991, qui a procédé à une convertibilité réussissant à casser l’inflation, mais l’absence de discipline budgétaire et de flexibilité a fait échouer l’arrangement. Une leçon de moralité pour ce dernier cas : l’ancrage de change ne remplace pas l’ancrage budgétaire (Daseking, Ghosh, Lane & Thomas ; 2004). 6 La BIS (Bank for International Settlements, en français Banque des règlements internationaux) est une organisation internationale, basée à Bâle (Suisse), qui sert de banque centrale des banques centrales : elle facilite la coopération monétaire et financière mondiale, héberge le Comité de Bâle sur la régulation bancaire, et promeut la stabilité financière internationale. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 56  Eviter de retirer trop vite les soutiens à l’économie en période de déflation. Tel est le cas du Japon dans les années 1990 qui, après l’éclatement de la bulle immobilière et financière, a souffert d’une longue période de stagnation et de déflation. En effet, il y a eu retrait trop rapide des soutiens monétaires et budgétaires qui a aggravé la crise, montrant qu’en situation déflationniste, il faut maintenir l’« oxygène » économique suffisamment longtemps (Uchida, 2024).  Gérer les chocs d’offre (énergie, alimentation, logistique) différemment d’un boom de demande. En fait, depuis le début de la guerre en Ukraine, déclenchée par la Russie en février 2022, les prix des matières premières et de l’énergie ont flambé, puis ont reflué, mais restent encore volatils. La FAO (Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture) a souligné dans son dernier rapport que « l’Indice des prix alimentaires de la FAO a atteint en moyenne 130,1 points en juillet 2025 ; enregistrant une hausse de 2,1 points (1,6 %) par rapport à juin 2025 » (FAO, 2025). Une autre leçon de moralité ressort de cet exemple : pour stabiliser l’économie, il faut protéger les ménages vulnérables, laisser les prix relatifs s’ajuster librement et maintenir une politique monétaire crédible.  Mettre en place des pare-chocs contre le « climate-flation » et le « fossil-flation ». Nombreuses sont les études récentes qui mettent en lien anomalies météo qui peuvent impacter les chaînes d’approvisionnements et ainsi induire une inflation. Ce rouage montre que les chocs climatiques, tout comme les chocs fossiles, peuvent se propager via les chaînes de production globales. Ainsi, pour réduire la vulnérabilité de l’inflation aux chocs météo/fossiles, il convient de constituer des stocks tampons alimentaires et énergétiques, de développer des assurances contre les catastrophes et d’accélérer la transition énergétique. De récents travaux du FMI suggèrent, effectivement, que plus de renouvelables atténuent la transmission des chocs de prix fossiles (Cevik & Gwon, 2024).  S’attendre à ce que les taux d’intérêts restent élevés plus longtemps – dans un contexte géopolitique plus instable – pour contenir l’inflation et stabiliser l’économie. En effet, la Banque centrale des Banques centrales (ou BIS) et les grandes Banques centrales préviennent qu’avec les conflits en cours (guerre en Ukraine et conflit israélo-palestinien), les tensions commerciales et démographiques, les chocs d’offre seront plus fréquents. Du coup, on a besoin de réagir vite et de préserver la crédibilité (BIS, 2023 ; op. cit.).  Raccourcir les épisodes inflationnistes via des communications et anticipations efficaces. Les anticipations jouent un rôle crucial, car lorsque les attentes d’inflation dérapent, maîtriser la désinflation devient beaucoup plus coûteux. Le FMI souligne d’ailleurs l’importance de guider les anticipations sur l’inflation en clarifiant le cadre, la trajectoire et les conditions de réaction des politiques économiques (Albrizio, Bluedorn, Dizioli, Koch & Wingender ; 2023).  Protéger l’économie sans relance de l’inflation en ciblant les aides. Les subventions générales sur carburants/énergies sont chères et pro-riches ; il s’avère essentiel d’opter pour des transferts temporaires et ciblés aux ménages vulnérables et aux PME (Petites et moyennes entreprises) intensives en énergies avec une date de sortie claire. Un exemple de cas concret c’est l’expérience 2022-2023 en Europe d’après une analyse alignée BIS-FMI (sources op. cit.).  Diversifier les énergies et les intrants critiques. En fait, la dépendance à un seul fournisseur (gaz, engrais) renforce l’inflation importée plus probablement lors des crises. Les récentes épisodes en Europe illustrent ce cas (chocs engrais/énergies post-2022). Ainsi, il faut sécuriser l’approvisionnement, mutualiser les achats et accélérer les interconnexions. 6. Conclusion L’inflation n’est pas un phénomène récent, mais un processus historique dont les trajectoires passées aident à mieux comprendre et anticiper les défis actuels. Cette étude repose sur un cadre théorique combinant les proto-théories quantitatives de la monnaie (Malestroit, 1566 ; Bodin, 1568), le quantitativisme (Fisher, 1911) et ses critiques keynésiennes (Keynes, 1936), ainsi que les «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 57 approches monétaristes (Friedman, 1968) et la théorie structuraliste de l’inflation (Hirschman, Nurkse, Oulès, années 1970). Elle s’appuie sur des données historiques centenaires (1913-2025) des États-Unis et de la France, complétées par d’autres pays industrialisés, pour une analyse comparative réalisée sur EViews. Cette analyse utilise des statistiques descriptives et le filtre de Hodrick-Prescott afin de retracer les tendances de long terme. Les statistiques descriptives montrent que la moyenne des taux d’inflation durant ces trois périodes était systématiquement plus élevée en France (7,79 %) qu’aux États-Unis (3,27 %), illustrant la persistance des pressions inflationnistes dans l’Hexagone. Les résultats mettent en évidence trois périodes de chocs majeurs : l’après-Première Guerre mondiale et la récession des années 1920, l’après-Seconde Guerre mondiale, et les chocs pétroliers des années 1970. L’inflation en France reste généralement plus élevée et plus persistante qu’aux États-Unis, en raison d’un ajustement plus lent, dépendant d’un mélange complexe de politiques monétaires et budgétaires, tandis que la Fed agit plus rapidement et parfois de manière décisive. Ces résultats confirment que H1 (crédibilité des institutions et discipline budgétaire) et H2 (chocs externes) sont pleinement vérifiées, tandis que H3 (transitions rapides sans institutions solides entraînant l’hyperinflation) est validée dans certains contextes spécifiques. Les leçons tirées de cette recherche sont : agir vite et de façon crédible sur la politique monétaire permet de contenir l’inflation, tandis qu’un ancrage budgétaire rigoureux est indispensable pour préserver l’efficacité des mesures. La coordination d’un ensemble cohérent de politiques – monétaire, budgétaire, de change et de revenus – est cruciale pour réussir la désinflation. La gestion des chocs d’offre, climatiques ou géopolitiques, nécessite des instruments ciblés tels que des stocks tampons, des assurances et la transition énergétique. La crédibilité des Banques centrales, la communication sur les trajectoires et le ciblage des aides aux populations vulnérables apparaissent comme des leviers essentiels pour stabiliser les prix et raccourcir les épisodes inflationnistes. Enfin, dans un contexte géopolitique instable, il faut s’attendre à des taux d’intérêt élevés plus longtemps pour protéger l’économie et maintenir la stabilité. L’on se demande : dans un monde de plus en plus exposé aux chocs climatiques, géopolitiques et sanitaires, quelles stratégies innovantes les Banques centrales et gouvernements pourraient-ils développer pour anticiper et contenir les futures vagues inflationnistes ? Références bibliographiques Albrizio S., Bluedorn J., Dizioli A., Koch C. & Wingender P. (2023). Chapter 2. Managing expectations : inflation and monetary policy. World Economic Outlokk : Navigating Global Divergence. International Monetary Fund. October 2023. pp. 49-69. Anderson, H. & Chang J.-W. (2022). Labor market tightness during WWI and the postwar recession of 1920-1921. Finance and Economics Discussion Series. 2022-049. Federal reserve board, Washington, D. C. Bank for International Settlements (BIS). (2023). II. Monetary and fiscal policy : safeguarding stability and trust. BIS Annual Economic Report. pp. 41-83. Banque Centrale Européenne (BCE). (2022). Regard sur 2022. Rapport annuel 2022. BCE. Eurosystème. Bruner, B. (2016) Liveblogging the great depression : James Grant’s the forgotten depression. University of Virginia. Darden School of business. Darden blogs. 9 November 2016. Cevik, S. & Gwon, G. (2024). This is going to hurt : weather anomalies, supply chain pressures and inflation. IMF Working Paper, No. 2024/079. International Monetary Fund. 5th April 2024. Daseking, Ghosh, Lane & Thomas. (2004). Lessons from the crisis in Argentina. International Monetary Fund, Washington D. C. Occasionnal Paper, 236. Drut, B. (2024). « L’inflation c’est quoi ? Pourquoi les prix montent ? » Illustré par Aubry C. Collection : Hors collection Economie/Gestion. De Boeck Supérieur. 176 pages. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 64 5. New company culture. A culture of effective work with innovations involves an agile approach to their development, encouraging cross-functional interaction, and providing employees with the necessary freedom of action. Business that will take a wait-and-see approach risks defeat, since their competitors, who began digital transformation earlier, relying on abundant data, will be able to get ahead and it will be difficult to keep up with them [6]. When the gap is not yet critical business need to start with collecting and analyzing data and training specialists. In conclusion, there is no universal strategy for the development of digital business processes, so each entrepreneur must independently determine the trajectory of its own digital development. Focus on such fields like digital performance management; digital transformation of the organizational structure; digital transformation of business processes; the speed of decision making; working with digital data, digital competencies of personnel, etc., is on the shoulders of an entrepreneur. List of references 1. Bazzoun, M. (2019). The Digital Economy. International Journal of Social Science and Economics Invention, 5(09). 2. Mesenbourg, T. L. (2001). Measuring the Digital Economy. Economics Program, US Bureau of the Census, 1, 1-19. 3. Chalyuk, Y., Dovhanyk, N., Kurbala, N., Komarova, K., & Kovalchuk, N. (2021). The Digital Economy in a Global Environment. Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 1, 143-148 4. Li, K., Kim, D. J., Lang, K. R., Kauffman, R. J., & Naldi, M. (2020). How Should We Understand the Digital Economy in Asia? Critical Assessment and Research Agenda. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 44, 101004 5. McKinsey Global Institute (2018). Skill Shift Automation and the Future of the Work Force. Discussion paper. 6. Rogers D. The Digital Transformation Playbook: Rethink Your Business for the Digital Age. Columbia Business School Publishing, 2016. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 65 Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness: methodological approaches and empirical assessment Jiao Zhenda Al farabi Kazakh National university, Al Farabi business school, DBA, 3rd year Doctoral Student Kozhakhmetova Assel PhD, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University This study aims to study the relationship between organizational success and corporate culture through extensive methodological and empirical assessments. The corporate culture of the organization has a significant impact on competitiveness, job satisfaction and motivation, and all this contributes to its success. To get a complete picture of corporate culture and its consequences, the research methodology combines qualitative and quantitative methods such as focus groups, surveys, statistical analysis and interviews. The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between corporate culture and the effectiveness of the organization through integrated methodology and empirical assessments. Corporate culture plays a key role in shaping the efficiency and success of the organization. It mainly includes common values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors that determine how individual employees actually interact and act in the organization. To fully understand the content of corporate culture as a phenomenon, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with its methodology. A mixed method will be used that will combine qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic and problem. Qualitative methods, such as interviews and focus groups, will be used to get deep insights into the corporate culture of the selected organizations. Quantitative methods, such as surveys and statistical analysis, will be used to assess the relationship between corporate culture and the effectiveness of the organization on a larger sample. Corporate culture has a significant impact on motivation, job satisfaction, commitment to the goals of the organization, as well as its success and competitiveness in the market. The initial systematic studies of corporate culture were initiated by the American psychologist and sociologist E. Mayo. It was he who first used it for social organization in the 19201930s. And based on the results, it was concluded that universal development in group involvement is necessary to effectively manage the behavior of employees[1].Immediately, the theoretical understanding of organizational culture was emphasized from the works of Ch. Barnard and G. Simon, they are outstanding representatives of the school of social systems. The term "organizational morality" they introduced to describe the relationship between management decision-making and the commitment of employees to moral standards, goals and values that prevail above all in the company. These norms of values function as methods of growth of the organization. They show that the nature of the manager's responsibilities is changing. And therefore, at this time, in modern realities, corporate culture is trying to include various aspects of culture formed specifically around a particular organization. Each of these aspects can be of decisive importance for the formation of a corporate culture for the effective development of the organization[2]. Also, by studying the mission of corporate culture on the effectiveness of organizational efficiency, the scientist Parsons showed in his models. His model is mainly designed on the specification of certain functions that must perform in order to achieve success, let it be a Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 66 social system or organization. The model was called AGIL. Abbreviation of the expression: Adaptation. Achieving goals. Integration. Legitimacy. The essence of the model is that for survival and development, any organization must be ready to adapt to the constantly changing conditions of the external environment, achieve its goals, integrate into one whole and finally be recognized by other organizations and society. And this model speaks of the values of organizational culture, which is the most important tool or tool. Obviously, such a culture will have a positive impact on the organization and effectiveness of the success achieved[3]. The statement about these methods and models on the way to the impact of corporate culture on the organization and success confirms the need for a comprehensive study that would cover various methodological theories. For example, organizational culture is a multilayered, multidimensional phenomenon, so methods of various layers and measurements are necessary for its careful study[4]. That is, if we talk about the quantitative method - it is used in corporate culture for cognitive aspects, most often assumptions and values. And cultural symbols are studied by a qualitative method. The quantitative approach is based on objectivist assumptions, while the qualitative method is based on subjective assumptions. In addition to these methodological approaches, there are also differences: the content of the organizational culture under consideration, the researcher's attitude to the object of study, the purpose of the study, the type of study, the possibility of summarizing the results. knowledge and the researcher's attitude to the organization he/she is investigating. And the research of corporate culture clearly identified two methodological approaches to the part of its content (quantitative and qualitative) on which they are focused. Based on the above differences, cognitive content, that is, the quantitative method of corporate culture is important for understanding people's behavior in organization’s[4]. The methodological concept and the relationship between the empirical phenomenon in the study of corporate culture and its impact on the organization is important because by combining methods and approaches, researchers can gain a deep understanding of this phenomenon and develop more accurate management strategies and recommendations for the practice of the organization. Empirical studies of corporate culture were first conducted in the 50s of the twentieth century by American sociologist M. Dalton. This includes the analysis of various indicators, such as employee satisfaction, productivity indicators, staff turnover, innovation and adaptability of the organization to changes in the environment. By studying these indicators and their relationship to elements of corporate culture and management methods, researchers can draw conclusions about which aspects of culture have the greatest impact on the effectiveness of the organization and what management strategies should be applied to improve this efficiency. List of references 1. Ryabusheva M. 2021. The impact of marketing activities on the efficiency of the enterprise. URL: https://na-journal.ru/4-2021-ekonomika-menedzhment/3243-vliyaniemarketingovoi-deyatelnosti-na-effektivnost-predpriyatiya 2. A.V.Neighborova. 2018. The impact of marketing activities on the competitiveness of the enterprise. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-marketingovoy-deyatelnostina-konkurentosposobnost-predpriyatiya-1/pdf 3. Shaislamova M. 2015. The impact of strategic marketing on the competitiveness of the enterprise. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/87/17063/ 4. Referat. 2024. The impact of marketing activities on the competitiveness of the enterprise. URL: https://referat.ru/referat/vliyanie-marketingovoy-deyatelnosti-nakonkurentosposobnost-predpriyatiya-569555/26 «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 67 Development and implementation of startup projects: key features in the modern economy Li Xiaoao Al farabi Kazakh National university, Al Farabi business school, DBA, 3rd year Doctoral Student Doszhan Raigul PhD, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Startups are necessary to stimulate innovation and open new markets in the modern economy. This article discusses the idea of a startup project, how it is developed and implemented, what are the key obstacles and how to overcome them for successful launch and scaling. It is important to remember that startups can succeed in a variety of business areas and are not limited to the IT sector. In order to promote innovation and development of start-ups in the modern economy, special attention is paid to the importance of state support, education and financial systems. In the modern economy, startups play a key role in stimulating innovation, creating new markets and increasing high competitiveness. Every year there is a significant increase in knowledge, technology and scientific discoveries compared to previous years, as scientific and technological progress continues to accelerate. Most of these discoveries can potentially be very profitable, as they improve people's lives. Nevertheless, the creation and implementation of startup initiatives is a complex process with many moving parts, which requires a deep understanding of industry trends, advanced technologies and strategic planning. This article presents the concept of "start-up project" as a set of measures carried out by a certain independent group of performers aimed at achieving a certain result using new technologies, knowledge and equipment. The main aspects of the development and implementation of start-up projects in the modern economy will also be considered, key challenges will also be identified and practical recommendations for the successful launch and scaling of the startup will be proposed. The very concept of "startup" is identified exclusively with the field of IT. In fact, startups are not limited to one area. A startup can be active for any segment of the market. Consumer goods and services, biopharmaceuticals, financial services and health sectors are the most promising for the growth of start-ups. Offering the client a new approach to the problem is the basis of the startup. The originality of the offered product or service is the main idea of the business. Offering customers (consumers) a new approach to the industry (or life) problem is the basis of the startup. As a result, experts consider a startup as a partially creative initiative or activity [1]. Coming up with an idea for a startup is not even half the battle, but only the first step. Then it is necessary to make a titanic effort to think over the project, assemble a team, find investors and enter the market. The reason for closing a startup may be premature scaling, lack of a business model, disagreements in the team, lack of funds, improper promotion. Therefore, before starting to create a project, it is necessary to think through each step and prepare carefully[2]. In modern realities, where innovation plays a key role in business success, startups are an important link in the chain of innovation and economic development. Nevertheless, an atmosphere conducive to creativity is necessary for companies to effectively develop their ideas and turn them into competitive products or services. In this situation, government assistance is crucial to providing startups with access to capital, know-how and infrastructure that contributes to the creation of Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 68 creative solutions. In the field of intellectual property and commercialization of ideas, the development of education and literacy of the population are also very important. This will allow company owners to successfully develop their activities and better understand the procedures related to the protection of their inventions. The creation of new venture funds and other financial support mechanisms also contributes to an increase in the number of start-ups and increase their chances of success in the innovative economy. And in these conditions, knowledge and scientific discoveries become one of the most important competitive advantages in the activities of states and their companies. And the concept of innovative economy was first introduced by Joseph Schumpeter at the beginning of the 20th century in the work "Theory of Economic Development". "E. Toffler points to the beginning of the innovative economy in 1956," in connection with the emergence of a new type of economy, in which the "white collars" quantitatively surpassed the "blue collars"[3]. The role of start-ups in economic growth has been a topic of interest to economists and politicians for decades. While some argue that startups create jobs, stimulate innovation and increase productivity, others believe that they can also contribute to the destruction of established industries and monopolies. Nevertheless, the consensus among experts is that startups play a crucial role in stimulating economic growth and development[4]. Unlike established companies, startups are often more willing to take risks and implement innovative ideas. By doing so, they bring new products and services to the market, which leads to increased competition and economic development. They are also attractive to investors because of their potential for exponential growth and high return on investment. When startups succeed, they create a positive cycle of investment and capital injection, which further stimulates economic growth. This capital inflow not only supports the growth of individual startups, but also stimulates the economy as a whole. And for sustainable economic growth, they contribute to the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems, which are crucial. These ecosystems consist of various elements, including incubators, accelerators, mentoring programs and networking opportunities. By promoting cooperation and providing the necessary support, startups help to create an environment conducive to entrepreneurship. In this way, they have the potential to destroy traditional industries, challenging established players and stimulating innovation. And so the violation is important for economic growth, as it encourages existing companies to develop and adapt to changing market dynamics[4]. Startup development requires a well-thought-out plan and strategic approach. But how to scale a startup and make it sustainable? There is no universal answer, but there are several proven and true strategies that can help guide the path. Here are some key strategies to consider when scaling your startup include: it is worth identifying growth opportunities and their aggressive pursuit, creating a really strong team that can support and stimulate growth, using the latest technologies to automate processes and quickly scaling, always stick to diversifying revenue flows to reduce risk and increase stability, and much more. By implementing these strategies and constantly overestimating and adjusting your approach, it is possible to create a scalable and successful startup that will thrive in today's competitive business landscape[5]. Scaling a startup can be a difficult but useful journey, as it involves the development of your business from the early stages to a more mature and well-known company. There are two critical stages in the development of startups: product market-fit and scaling. At the stage of viability, the task is to convey the value of the product by any means. At the scaling stage, this value is constantly increasing. With limited resources and the absence of clear metrics, many companies are still stuck in the stage of chaotic flundering around the MVP. Scaling for a technology company is about the ability and desire to rebuild and concentrate on priority without losing speed. Nevertheless, it is important to approach scaling with a well-thought-out strategy to ensure success. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 69 List of references 5. I.V. Raeva. 2021. Startup: concept, features, evaluation methods. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/startap-ponyatie-osobennosti-metody-otsenki/pdf 6. SendPluse INC. 2023. https://sendpulse.kz/support/glossary/startup 7. Nurgazina.G. 2023. Features of the development of startups in an innovative economy. URL: https://sovman.ru/article/10301/ 8. FasterCapital Journal. 2023. The Role Of Startups In Economic Growth. URL: https://fastercapital.com/topics/the-role-of-startups-in-economic-growth.html 9. Galina.V. 2021. How to scale a startup and not drown. URL:https://forbes.ua/ru/innovations/kak-masshtabirovat-startap-i-ne-zakhlebnutsya01042021-1281 Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 70 ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ВЫЗОВЫ В ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ЭКСТРЕННОЙ СОСУДИСТОЙ ХИРУРГИИ Имангалиев Аскар Мелисович докторант DBA в здравоохранении, Казахский Национальный университет им.АльФараби, Республика Казахстан, г.Алматы, 050038, пр.аль-Фараби 71 Аннотация В данной статье будут рассмотрены основные проблемы и вызовы, с которыми сталкиваются системы здравоохранения, как в Казахстане, так и в мире. Эта статья будет сосредоточена на нескольких ключевых аспектах, которые важно учитывать для улучшения качества и доступности экстренной сосудистой помощи. Будет проведена идентификация основных проблем в организации и функционировании службы. Также будет обсуждено, как ограниченность ресурсов и инфраструктурные проблемы влияют на качество оказываемой помощи. Таким образом, этот анализ позволит более глубоко понять текущие трудности и выявить ключевые области для улучшения. Это, в свою очередь, будет способствовать повышению качества и доступности экстренной сосудистой хирургии, что крайне важно для обеспечения надлежащего уровня медицинской помощи в критических ситуациях. Ключевые слова: экстренная сосудистая хирургия, организация медицинских услуг, эффективность здравоохранения, качество медицинского обслуживания Несмотря на успехи в развитии экстренной сосудистой хирургии, данная область сталкивается с рядом проблем и вызовов. Это включает недостаток специализированных кадров, ограниченность финансовых ресурсов, необходимость модернизации медицинского оборудования и инфраструктуры. Также существуют сложности в логистике и координации действий между различными звеньями системы здравоохранения, что может привести к задержкам в оказании помощи и ухудшению исходов лечения. Выявление и анализ этих проблем является необходимым для разработки эффективных стратегий их решения. Итак, во-первых, будет проведена идентификация основных проблем в организации и функционировании службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии, таких как длительные сроки ожидания медицинской помощи и ограниченность ресурсов. Это позволит выявить ключевые факторы, негативно влияющие на качество и оперативность предоставляемых медицинских услуг. Анализ текущих проблем в экстренной сосудистой хирургии, как в Казахстане, так и в мире, выявляет несколько ключевых аспектов, требующих внимания и улучшения. Эти проблемы включают ограниченность ресурсов, инфраструктурные сложности, кадровые вопросы и барьеры в доступе к медицинской помощи. Во-первых, значительное влияние на организацию и функционирование службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии оказывает проблема длительных сроков ожидания медицинской помощи. В исследовании, проведенном в Ирландии, Farrell (2018) отмечает, что пациенты, ожидающие записи на амбулаторный прием, сталкиваются с задержками от 0 до 18 месяцев. Это особенно характерно для пациентов, проходящих ежегодное наблюдение после эндоваскулярного аневризмального ремонта (EVAR), что создает дополнительные нагрузки на систему здравоохранения и ухудшает качество предоставляемых услуг 92. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 71 Во-вторых, инфраструктурные проблемы и ограниченные ресурсы также существенно влияют на качество экстренной сосудистой хирургии. Minami et al. (2016) указывают на необходимость формализации подходов к процессам и улучшения качества (QI) в здравоохранении. Исследование подчеркивает, что системы здравоохранения должны активно внедрять новые методы управления и координации для повышения безопасности и эффективности медицинских услуг 1. В-третьих, кадровые вопросы и обучение специалистов представляют собой серьезный вызов для системы экстренной сосудистой хирургии. Chauhan (2005) в своем исследовании отмечает, что высококвалифицированные специалисты необходимы для своевременной и компетентной оценки травм сосудов, что требует постоянного профессионального развития и специализированного обучения медицинских работников 2. Наконец, барьеры в доступе к экстренной сосудистой хирургии остаются серьезной проблемой. Friedell et al. (2014) указывают на необходимость улучшения координации между различными медицинскими учреждениями и службами, чтобы обеспечить более оперативное и качественное обслуживание пациентов с периферической артериальной болезнью (PAD). Исследование также подчеркивает важность междисциплинарного сотрудничества для эффективного управления пациентами с сосудистыми заболеваниями 3. Таким образом, для улучшения организации и функционирования службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии необходимо комплексное решение перечисленных проблем. Это включает в себя улучшение инфраструктуры, оптимизацию ресурсов, повышение квалификации кадров и устранение барьеров в доступе к медицинской помощи. Важно внедрять новые управленческие подходы и технологии для обеспечения высокого качества и доступности медицинских услуг. Идентификация основных проблем в организации и функционировании службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане требует тщательного анализа текущих проблем и вызовов. Одной из основных проблем является длительное время ожидания медицинской помощи. В исследовании Хелен Фаррелл (2018) указано, что в Ирландии, например, время ожидания для пациентов сосудистой хирургии в амбулаторной клинике может составлять до 18 месяцев, что существенно влияет на качество предоставляемых медицинских услуг. Подобная ситуация наблюдается и в Казахстане, где пациенты часто сталкиваются с задержками в предоставлении необходимого лечения. Другой значимой проблемой является ограниченность ресурсов и инфраструктурные проблемы. Исследования, проведенные Зыблевым и Дундаровым (2013), показывают, что отсутствие адекватного оснащения и недостаток ресурсов могут существенно ухудшить результаты лечения и восстановления пациентов. В Казахстане аналогичные проблемы также часто приводят к ухудшению качества медицинских услуг и увеличению времени лечения 4. Проблемы кадрового обеспечения и обучения специалистов также играют важную роль. В исследовании Адыльханова и Фурсова (2017) указывается на необходимость продолжения изучения традиционных методов и разработки новых подходов в лечении варикозных вен. В Казахстане недостаток квалифицированных кадров и недостаточное обучение специалистов являются одними из ключевых барьеров для повышения качества медицинской помощи 5. Наконец, барьеры в доступе к экстренной сосудистой хирургии для населения являются серьезным вызовом. Согласно исследованию Ибадильдина и Амантаевой (2021), пациенты с желудочно-кишечными кровотечениями часто сталкиваются с проблемами доступа к медицинской помощи, что приводит к увеличению смертности и осложнений. В Казахстане барьеры в доступе к медицинской помощи включают географическую Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 72 удаленность, финансовые ограничения и недостаточную информированность населения о доступных услугах 6. Таким образом, из анализ текущих проблем в экстренной сосудистой хирургии как в Казахстане, так и в мире, мы выявили несколько ключевых аспектов, требующих внимания и улучшения. Эти проблемы включают ограниченность ресурсов, инфраструктурные сложности, кадровые вопросы и барьеры в доступе к медицинской помощи. Во-первых, значительное влияние на организацию и функционирование службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии оказывает проблема длительных сроков ожидания медицинской помощи. В исследовании, проведенном в Ирландии, Farrell (2018) отмечает, что пациенты, ожидающие записи на амбулаторный прием, сталкиваются с задержками от 1 до 18 месяцев. Это особенно характерно для пациентов, проходящих ежегодное наблюдение после эндоваскулярного аневризмального ремонта (EVAR), что создает дополнительные нагрузки на систему здравоохранения и ухудшает качество предоставляемых услуг . Во-вторых, инфраструктурные проблемы и ограниченные ресурсы также существенно влияют на качество экстренной сосудистой хирургии. Minami et al. (2016) указывают на необходимость формализации подходов к процессам и улучшения качества (QI) в здравоохранении. Исследование подчеркивает, что системы здравоохранения должны активно внедрять новые методы управления и координации для повышения безопасности и эффективности медицинских услуг. Кроме того, инфраструктурные проблемы и недостаток ресурсов являются значительными барьерами. Исследования, проведенные Зыблевым и Дундаровым (2013), показывают, что отсутствие адекватного оснащения и недостаток ресурсов могут существенно ухудшить результаты лечения и восстановления пациентов. В Казахстане аналогичные проблемы также часто приводят к ухудшению качества медицинских услуг и увеличению времени лечения . Кадровые вопросы и обучение специалистов также представляют собой серьезный вызов для системы экстренной сосудистой хирургии. Chauhan (2005) в своем исследовании отмечает, что высококвалифицированные специалисты необходимы для своевременной и компетентной оценки травм сосудов, что требует постоянного профессионального развития и специализированного обучения медицинских работников. В Казахстане недостаток квалифицированных кадров и недостаточное обучение специалистов являются одними из ключевых барьеров для повышения качества медицинской помощи. Наконец, барьеры в доступе к экстренной сосудистой хирургии остаются серьезной проблемой. Friedell et al. (2014) указывают на необходимость улучшения координации между различными медицинскими учреждениями и службами, чтобы обеспечить более оперативное и качественное обслуживание пациентов с периферической артериальной болезнью (PAD). Исследование также подчеркивает важность междисциплинарного сотрудничества для эффективного управления пациентами с сосудистыми заболеваниями. Таким образом, для улучшения организации и функционирования службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии необходимо комплексное решение перечисленных проблем. Это включает в себя улучшение инфраструктуры, оптимизацию ресурсов, повышение квалификации кадров и устранение барьеров в доступе к медицинской помощи. Важно внедрять новые управленческие подходы и технологии для обеспечения высокого качества и доступности медицинских услуг. Анализ текущих проблем в экстренной сосудистой хирургии, как в Казахстане, так и в мире, выявляет несколько ключевых аспектов, требующих внимания и улучшения. Основные проблемы включают ограниченность ресурсов, инфраструктурные сложности, кадровые вопросы и барьеры в доступе к медицинской помощи. Рассмотрение этих факторов позволяет более детально понять «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 73 влияние данных проблем на качество предоставляемых медицинских услуг и выявить пути для их оптимизации. Ниже представлена схема 1, отражающая основные проблемы и их влияние на организацию и функционирование службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии. Схема 1 Влияние ограниченности ресурсов и инфраструктурных проблем на качество помощи в экстренной сосудистой хирургии Одной из значительных проблем в организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии является кадровое обеспечение и обучение специалистов. Недостаток квалифицированных медицинских работников и нехватка возможностей для их профессионального развития оказывают негативное влияние на качество и оперативность медицинской помощи. Во-первых, недостаточное количество специалистов приводит к перегрузке существующего персонала, что может снижать качество оказываемых медицинских услуг и увеличивать время ожидания пациентов. Согласно исследованию Adylkhanov и Fursov (2017), в Казахстане наблюдается недостаток специалистов в области сосудистой хирургии, что требует продолжения изучения традиционных методов и разработки новых подходов в лечении варикозных вен. Недостаточное количество кадров приводит к увеличению нагрузки на существующих врачей и ухудшению качества медицинской помощи. Во-вторых, проблемы обучения и повышения квалификации специалистов также представляют серьезный вызов для системы здравоохранения. В исследовании Chauhan (2005) отмечается, что высококвалифицированные специалисты необходимы для своевременной и компетентной оценки травм сосудов, что требует постоянного профессионального развития и специализированного обучения медицинских работников. Однако в Казахстане возможности для такого обучения ограничены, что затрудняет подготовку высококвалифицированных специалистов. В-третьих, недостаток программ по непрерывному профессиональному развитию и недостаточная поддержка со стороны государства и медицинских учреждений усугубляют проблему кадрового обеспечения. Minami et al. (2016) подчеркивают важность формализации подходов к процессам и улучшения качества в здравоохранении, что требует внедрения систематических программ обучения и повышения квалификации медицинских работников. Проблемы Решения Повышение квалификации кадров Устранение барьеров в доступе к медицинской помощи Оптимизация ресурсов Улучшение инфраструктуры Ограниченность ресурсов и инфраструктурные проблемы Барьеры в доступе к медицинской помощи Кадровые вопросы и обучение специалистов Длительное время ожидания медицинской помощи Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 80 медицинской помощи. Современные подходы и технологии в экстренной сосудистой хирургии включают использование минимально инвазивных методов и роботизированных систем, что позволяет значительно улучшить исходы лечения и снизить риски для пациентов. Интеграция с другими службами здравоохранения и использование телемедицинских технологий способствуют повышению оперативности и доступности медицинской помощи, особенно в удаленных регионах. Изучение конкретных примеров из практики ведущих медицинских учреждений мира поможет выявить наиболее эффективные подходы к организации и управлению службой экстренной сосудистой хирургии. Анализ структуры и функционирования службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии в различных странах позволяет выявить наиболее эффективные модели управления и подходы к организации медицинской помощи. Международный опыт демонстрирует разнообразие структурных решений, включая интеграцию мультимодальных диагностических и лечебных технологий, междисциплинарное взаимодействие и использование современных методик лечения. Национальный опыт, в свою очередь, подчеркивает важность создания централизованных координационных центров, способствующих оптимизации процесса оказания экстренной помощи на всей территории государства. Организация службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии является ключевым аспектом системы здравоохранения, обеспечивающим своевременное и качественное лечение пациентов с сосудистыми заболеваниями, которые требуют немедленного вмешательства. Эффективность такой службы напрямую влияет на снижение смертности и инвалидности, вызванных сосудистыми нарушениями, включая острые состояния, такие как инсульты, аневризмы и травматические поражения сосудов. Исследование международного и национального опыта в области организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии позволяет выявить наиболее эффективные модели управления, которые могут быть адаптированы и внедрены в различных странах с учетом их специфики и ресурсов. Ведущие страны демонстрируют разнообразные структурные элементы и модели управления в экстренной сосудистой хирургии, основанные на инновационных подходах и технологиях. Международный опыт демонстрирует разнообразие подходов к организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии, основанных на интеграции мультимодальных диагностических и лечебных технологий, междисциплинарного взаимодействия и использования современных методик лечения. Например, в исследовании Guarinello и коллег рассматривается влияние пандемии COVID-19 на сосудистую хирургию в больнице третичного уровня в Куритибе, Бразилия. Авторы отмечают сокращение количества консультаций и плановых процедур, что привело к ухудшению состояния пациентов при поступлении и увеличению числа сложных операций, таких как дебридменты и ампутации. Эти данные подчеркивают необходимость гибкой и адаптивной организации услуг, чтобы обеспечить непрерывность и качество ухода за пациентами с сосудистыми заболеваниями в условиях кризиса 1. В исследовании Veraldi и коллег анализируется клиническое и экономическое воздействие COVID-19 на отделение сосудистой хирургии в университетской "хаб" больнице на северо-востоке Италии. Авторы выявили снижение количества сосудистых консультаций и процедур, что привело к увеличению числа крупных ампутаций среди пациентов с угрожающей конечности ишемией. Эти изменения требуют пересмотра организационных моделей и повышения гибкости систем здравоохранения для улучшения качества оказания экстренной медицинской помощи в условиях пандемий и других чрезвычайных ситуаций 2. В обзоре, проведенном Lareyre и соавторами, обсуждается, как телемедицина и цифровые технологии могут улучшить доступность и качество медицинской помощи пациентам с сосудистыми заболеваниями. Эти технологии включают телеконсультации, «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 81 телемониторинг и телеобучение, что позволяет обеспечить удаленное наблюдение и управление состоянием пациентов, особенно в отдаленных регионах. Применение телемедицины способствует повышению персонализированного ухода за пациентами и развитию прецизионной медицины, однако ее внедрение требует решения ряда этических, правовых, технических и экономических вопросов 3. Систематический обзор, проведенный Montano и соавторами, подчеркивает значимость телемедицины в сосудистой хирургии и выявляет тенденции роста публикаций по этой теме. В обзоре анализируются 29 статей, большинство из которых посвящены постоперационному лечению, что связано с возможностями телемедицины в обнаружении инфекций после хирургических вмешательств. Наиболее активное участие в исследованиях приняли авторы из США, что демонстрирует высокий интерес к развитию телемедицины в этой стране 4. Статья Lin и соавторов описывает влияние пандемии COVID-19 на развитие цифровых технологий в сосудистой хирургии. Введение телемедицины, дистанционного мониторинга и виртуальных технологий позволило поддерживать непрерывность медицинской помощи, минимизируя риски заражения как для пациентов, так и для медицинского персонала. В результате пандемии наблюдается ускоренное принятие и интеграция телемедицины в повседневную медицинскую практику 5. Внедрение телемедицины в сосудистую хирургию также способствует улучшению координации между различными медицинскими учреждениями и специалистами. Chen и соавторы (2021) описывают успешное использование телемедицины для предоставления услуг сосудистой хирургии в удаленных регионах во время пандемии COVID-19. Их исследование показало, что телемедицина позволяет экономить время и ресурсы, а также повышает удовлетворенность пациентов и медицинского персонала 6. Таким образом, международный опыт показывает, что телемедицина и цифровые технологии играют ключевую роль в организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии. Внедрение этих технологий позволяет улучшить доступность и качество медицинской помощи, оптимизировать использование ресурсов и снизить затраты на медицинское обслуживание. Национальный опыт организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане позволяет выявить ключевые особенности и тенденции, а также оценить влияние проведенных реформ на эффективность и качество медицинской помощи. Историческое развитие системы здравоохранения и современные тенденции формируют уникальную модель, адаптированную к местным условиям и потребностям населения. Рассмотрение исторического контекста и современных тенденций позволит лучше понять эволюцию и текущее состояние службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане. Важным аспектом развития здравоохранения является адаптация к местным условиям и потребностям населения, что позволяет улучшить качество и доступность медицинской помощи. Историческое развитие системы здравоохранения Казахстана началось с момента обретения независимости в 1991 году. В условиях системного экономического кризиса и дефицита бюджета были проведены первые реформы, направленные на поиск дополнительных источников финансирования здравоохранения. В 1995 году был введен обязательное и добровольное медицинское страхование, что позволило привлечь дополнительные средства для финансирования медицинских услуг 7. Следует также отметить, что национальный опыт организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане отражает важные аспекты исторического развития и современных реформ в системе здравоохранения. Этот опыт включает в себя адаптацию к местным условиям и потребностям населения, что позволяет существенно улучшить качество и доступность медицинской помощи. Первые реформы в этой области были проведены на Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 82 фоне экономического кризиса и дефицита бюджета, что потребовало поиска дополнительных источников финансирования. В 1995 году было введено обязательное и добровольное медицинское страхование, что позволило привлечь дополнительные средства для финансирования медицинских услуг 8. Важным этапом в развитии здравоохранения стало внедрение цифровых технологий и информационных систем. Президент Казахстана Касым-Жомарт Токаев в своем выступлении 26 января 2021 года отметил необходимость дальнейшей цифровизации системы здравоохранения для обеспечения прозрачности и эффективности медицинских услуг. Особое внимание уделялось оснащению медицинских учреждений современным оборудованием и медикаментами, а также проведению инвентаризации всех организаций здравоохранения. Современные тенденции в организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане включают развитие специализированных центров сосудистой хирургии, таких как Центр сердечно-сосудистой хирургии под руководством Жунусова Аскара Аманжоловича. В этом центре проводятся операции на открытом и работающем сердце, а также на периферических артериях и венах. Центр оснащен современным оборудованием и использует передовые методы диагностики и лечения, что соответствует международным стандартам качества 9. Реформы здравоохранения также включают меры по борьбе с пандемией COVID-19, которые способствовали ускоренному внедрению телемедицины и удаленного мониторинга пациентов. Эти технологии позволили улучшить доступность медицинской помощи, особенно в отдаленных регионах, и снизить нагрузку на медицинские учреждения. Таким образом, национальный опыт организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане демонстрирует значительные достижения в условиях экономических и социальных вызовов. Проведенные реформы и внедрение инновационных технологий способствуют повышению эффективности и качества медицинской помощи, адаптированной к потребностям населения. Национальный опыт отдельных стран подчеркивает важность создания централизованных координационных центров, способствующих оптимизации процесса оказания экстренной помощи пациентам с сосудистыми заболеваниями на всей территории государства. В Казахстане организация экстренной медицинской помощи, включая службу сосудистой хирургии, претерпела значительные изменения с целью повышения эффективности и доступности помощи для населения. РГП на ПХВ "Национальный координационный центр экстренной медицины" МЗ РК играет ключевую роль в координации деятельности медицинских организаций и внедрении инновационных подходов в оказании экстренной медицинской помощи. Одним из важных шагов стало создание Республиканского центра санитарной авиации в 2012 году, который впоследствии был переименован в Национальный координационный центр экстренной медицины. Целью центра является оказание экстренной медицинской помощи в форме медицинской авиации и координация работы скорой медицинской помощи и приемных отделений стационаров 10. Исследование Иванцова О.А. иллюстрирует важность организационной работы в области сосудистой хирургии. Автор анализирует деятельность отделения сосудистой хирургии прединсультных состояний и неотложной нейрохирургической помощи в Гомельском областном клиническом госпитале инвалидов Отечественной войны, подчеркивая роль современных методик и интервенционных методов лечения в улучшении результатов лечения и реабилитации пациентов с сосудистыми заболеваниями. Успешная деятельность отделения подтверждается высокой оперативной активностью и внедрением новых технологий и методик операций, что соответствует мировым стандартам 11, 12. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 83 Современные тенденции в организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане включают развитие специализированных центров сосудистой хирургии, таких как Центр сердечно-сосудистой хирургии под руководством Жунусова Аскара Аманжоловича. В этом центре проводятся операции на открытом и работающем сердце, а также на периферических артериях и венах. Центр оснащен современным оборудованием и использует передовые методы диагностики и лечения, что соответствует международным стандартам качества 13. Реформы здравоохранения также включают меры по борьбе с пандемией COVID-19, которые способствовали ускоренному внедрению телемедицины и удаленного мониторинга пациентов. Эти технологии позволили улучшить доступность медицинской помощи, особенно в отдаленных регионах, и снизить нагрузку на медицинские учреждения. Кроме того, введение системы обязательного медицинского страхования (ОМС) стало важным шагом в улучшении качества медицинской помощи. Исследования показывают, что внедрение ОМС привело к положительной динамике в работе медицинских учреждений, улучшению условий труда медицинских работников и удовлетворенности пациентов. Таким образом, национальный опыт организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане демонстрирует значительные достижения в условиях экономических и социальных вызовов. Проведенные реформы и внедрение инновационных технологий способствуют повышению эффективности и качества медицинской помощи, адаптированной к потребностям населения. Анализ международного и национального опыта в организации службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии показывает, что эффективность таких служб зависит от ряда ключевых факторов: доступности и качества медицинской помощи, оперативности внедрения инновационных методов лечения, а также способности системы здравоохранения адаптироваться к изменяющимся потребностям населения и вызовам времени. Создание специализированных координационных центров, таких как Национальный координационный центр экстренной медицины, в Казахстане, играет ключевую роль в обеспечении эффективного управления и координации оказания экстренной помощи на всей территории страны. Для глубокого понимания и оптимизации работы службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии требуется дальнейшее исследование в рамках медико-экономической оценки. Необходимо уделить внимание разработке и уточнению критериев и показателей эффективности, которые могли бы точно отражать качество и доступность услуг. Важно применять комплексные методические подходы к оценке качества медицинского обслуживания и его доступности для всех категорий пациентов, включая разработку и внедрение современных инструментов сбора и анализа данных, что позволит обеспечить объективность и всесторонность проводимых исследований. Анализ структурных элементов и моделей управления, используемых в Казахстане, позволит выявить сильные и слабые стороны текущей системы и определить направления для улучшения. Оценка влияния национальных реформ на организацию службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии поможет понять, как изменения в политике и управлении отразились на качестве и доступности медицинской помощи. Изучение успешных примеров из практики казахстанских медицинских учреждений покажет, как можно эффективно адаптировать международные наработки и внедрять инновационные подходы в местные условия. Таким образом, изучение международного и национального опыта в организации экстренной сосудистой хирургии предоставляет важные данные для разработки рекомендаций и улучшения системы здравоохранения, что в конечном итоге способствует повышению качества и доступности медицинской помощи для населения. В целом, опыт различных стран и регионов свидетельствует о необходимости постоянного Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 84 совершенствования организационных структур, применения инновационных подходов к лечению и укрепления междисциплинарного сотрудничества между специалистами для обеспечения эффективной экстренной сосудистой хирургии. Развитие этих направлений позволит повысить уровень медицинской помощи, сократить время реагирования на экстренные ситуации и улучшить прогнозы для пациентов с сосудистыми заболеваниями на международном и национальном уровнях. В следующей таблице 1 представлен сравнительный анализ структуры и функционирования службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии в международном и национальном контексте. Таблица 1 Сравнительный анализ структуры и функционирования службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии: международный и национальный опыт Аспект Международный опыт Опыт Казахстана Структурные элементы и модели управления Специализированные сосудистые центры и координационные службы. Национальный координационный центр экстренной медицины. Централизованное управление и интеграция с другими медицинскими учреждениями. Централизованные модели управления и улучшение материально-технической базы. Современные подходы и технологии Внедрение минимально инвазивных методов лечения и современных диагностических технологий. Применение современных методов диагностики и лечения в ведущих медицинских учреждениях. Использование роботизированных систем и инновационных хирургических инструментов. Внедрение новых технологий и методов лечения на национальном уровне. Интеграция с другими медицинскими службами и телемедицина Применение телемедицины для дистанционных консультаций и мониторинга пациентов. Интеграция телемедицины для улучшения доступности и качества медицинской помощи. Интеграция с кардиологическими и неврологическими службами для комплексного подхода. Взаимодействие с другими медицинскими службами для обеспечения комплексного подхода к лечению пациентов. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 85 Примеры успешных практик Успешные модели управления и координации экстренной сосудистой хирургии в США и Европе. Опыт работы ведущих медицинских учреждений Казахстана в области экстренной сосудистой хирургии. Примеры внедрения телемедицины в экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Италии и Бразилии. Внедрение инновационных подходов и использование международного опыта в местных условиях. Историческое развитие и современные тенденции Эволюция здравоохранения в постсоветских странах и адаптация международных стандартов. Эволюция здравоохранения Казахстана с момента обретения независимости до настоящего времени. Современные тенденции и вызовы в организации сосудистой хирургии на международном уровне. Современные тенденции и вызовы в организации сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане. Влияние национальных реформ Влияние международных реформ на качество и доступность экстренной медицинской помощи. Эффект от национальных реформ в области здравоохранения на качество и доступность медицинских услуг. Оценка эффективности внедренных реформ и их влияние на систему здравоохранения в различных странах. Оценка эффективности национальных реформ и их влияние на организацию экстренной сосудистой хирургии в Казахстане. Таким образом, в таблице 1 отражены ключевые аспекты, такие как структурные элементы и модели управления, современные подходы и технологии, интеграция с другими медицинскими службами и использование телемедицины, а также примеры успешных практик. Этот анализ позволяет выявить сильные и слабые стороны различных систем и определить направления для дальнейшего улучшения качества и доступности медицинской помощи в Казахстане. Анализ международного и национального опыта в организации службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии показывает, что эффективность таких служб зависит от ряда ключевых факторов, включая доступность и качество медицинской помощи, оперативное внедрение инновационных методов лечения, а также способность системы здравоохранения адаптироваться к изменяющимся потребностям населения и вызовам времени. Международные исследования демонстрируют, что применение телемедицины и цифровых технологий в сосудистой хирургии позволяет значительно улучшить доступность и качество медицинской помощи. Например, Lareyre и соавторы отмечают, что использование телемедицины в сосудистой хирургии способствует улучшению управления Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 86 пациентами за счет дистанционных консультаций и мониторинга. Это подтверждается результатами систематического обзора Montano и соавторов, которые указывают на положительные эффекты внедрения eHealth систем в данной области. Chen и соавторы также подчеркивают важность телемедицины для расширения доступа к медицинским услугам во время пандемии COVID-19, что позволило сократить расстояние и время, необходимые для получения помощи пациентами. Национальный опыт Казахстана показывает, что внедрение реформ и развитие специализированных центров играет ключевую роль в обеспечении эффективного управления и координации экстренной медицинской помощи. Байжунусов и Рамазанов подчеркивают значимость реформ здравоохранения и создание центров, таких как Национальный координационный центр экстренной медицины, для повышения качества и доступности медицинских услуг. Эти реформы включают улучшение оснащенности медицинских учреждений и внедрение современных методов лечения и диагностики, что подтверждается исследованиями Viamedis и РГП на ПХВ. Сравнительный анализ международного и национального опыта позволяет выявить сильные и слабые стороны существующих систем и определить направления для их улучшения. Изучение успешных примеров из международной практики и их адаптация к местным условиям способствует повышению уровня медицинской помощи и улучшению исходов лечения пациентов с сосудистыми заболеваниями. Таким образом, для глубокого понимания и оптимизации работы службы экстренной сосудистой хирургии необходимо дальнейшее исследование в рамках медико-экономической оценки, разработка и уточнение критериев и показателей эффективности, а также применение комплексных методических подходов к оценке качества медицинского обслуживания. Список использованной литературы: 17. Guarinello, G. G., D’Amico, R. C., Miranda, A. N. M., Novack, J., & Coral, F. E. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on the surgical profile of vascular surgery patients at a tertiary hospital in Curitiba, Brazil. J Vasc Bras, 21, e20220027. https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.20220027 18. Veraldi, G. F., Mezzetto, L., Perilli, V., Mastrorilli, D., Moratello, I., Macrì, M., D’Oria, M., Carlucci, M., & Poli, R. (2022). Clinical and Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Vascular Surgery at a Tertiary University ‘‘Hub’’ Hospital of Italy. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 83, 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2022.02.004 19. Lareyre, F., Chaptoukaev, H., Kiang, S. C., Chaudhuri, A., Behrendt, C.-A., Zuluaga, M. A., & Raffort, J. (2022). Telemedicine and Digital Health Applications in Vascular Surgery. J. Clin. Med., 11(20), 6047. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206047 20. Montano, I. H., Lafuente, E. P., Martínez, J. B., Mansilla, A. O., Díez, I. T., & Del Río-Solá, M. L. (2022). Systematic Review of Telemedicine and eHealth Systems Applied to Vascular Surgery. Journal of Medical Systems, 46, 104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-022-01704-1 21. Lin, J. C., Welle, N., Ding, J., & Chuen, J. (2021). A look to the future: Pandemic-induced digital technologies in vascular surgery. Seminars in Vascular Surgery, 34(3), 139-151. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2021.08.003 22. Chen, A. J., Yeh, S. L., & Ulloa, J. G. (2021). Telemedicine and Vascular Surgery: Expanding Access and Providing Care Through the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 88(10), 1034-1045. https://doi.org/10.1177/00031348221109464 23. Байжунусов, Е. А. (2018). Этапы развития здравоохранения Казахстана. J Health Dev, 1(26), 12-16. 24. Рамазанов, М. (2021). Важные реформы развития здравоохранения Казахстана. События в МУС. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 87 25. Viamedis. (2020). Центр сосудистой хирургии. Retrieved from https://viamedis.kz/ 26. Ivantsov, O. A. (2019). Organization of Medical Care at the Vascular Surgery of Pre-Stroke Disorders and Emergency Neurosurgical Care Ward. Problemy zdorov'ya i ekologii, 59(1), 8589. 27. РГП на ПХВ "Национальный координационный центр экстренной медицины" МЗ РК. (2022). Стратегия развития на 2022-2026 годы. Утверждено решением Наблюдательного Совета РГП на ПХВ "Национальный координационный центр экстренной медицины" МЗ РК от 1 декабря 2022 года. Г. Астана. 28. Семенова, Ю., Лим, Л., Салпынов, Ж., Гаипов, А., & Яковлевич, М. (2024). Historical evolution of healthcare systems of post-soviet Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, and Azerbaijan: A scoping review. Heliyon, 10(8), e29550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29550 29. Рамазанов, М. (2021). Важные реформы развития здравоохранения Казахстана. События в МУС. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 88 Geographic Sciences COP29: Qlobal İqlim Dəyişmələri ilə mübarizədə yeni çağırışlar Sadıqova Vüsalə Qədir qızı magistr, Azərbaycan Dövlət Pedaqoji Kolleci, müəllim Xülasə. Məqalə COP29-un iqlim dəyişikliyi ilə mübarizə sahəsində qlobal əhəmiyyətini araşdırmağa həsr olunmuşdur.Bu tədbir dünyada iqlim dəyişikliyi ilə mübarizəyə dair ən mühüm beynəlxalq platformalardan biridir. COP29-un əsas məqsədi qlobal istiləşmənin qarşısını almaq üçün ölkələrin öhdəliklərini gücləndirmək, iqlim maliyyələşməsini təmin etmək və Paris Sazişinin hədəflərinə uyğun addımlar atmaqdır. Azərbaycan Respublikasının ev sahibliyi edəcəyi bu konfransda iqlim diplomatiyası, yaşıl enerji keçidi, karbon emissiyalarının azaldılması və davamlı inkişaf məqsədlərinin reallaşdırılması əsas müzakirə mövzuları olacaqdır. Məqalədə COP29-un regional və qlobal əhəmiyyəti, qlobal emissiyaların azaldılması, yaşıl enerji keçidi, iqlim ədaləti, inkişaf etməkdə olan ölkələr üçün maliyyə dəstəyi , həmçinin Azərbaycan üçün yaratdığı yeni imkanlar və çağırışlar təhlil olunmuşdur. Açar sözlər: COP29, iqlim dəyişikliyi, yaşıl enerji, davamlı inkişaf, Azərbaycan, Paris Sazişi КС-29: Новые вызовы в борьбе с глобальным изменением климата Резюме: Статья посвящена исследованию глобального значения КС-29 в борьбе с изменением климата. Это мероприятие является одной из важнейших международных площадок в мире по борьбе с изменением климата. Основная цель КС-29 — укрепить обязательства стран по предотвращению глобального потепления, обеспечить финансирование мер по борьбе с изменением климата и предпринять шаги в соответствии с целями Парижского соглашения. Основными темами обсуждения на этой конференции, которая пройдет в Азербайджанской Республике, станут климатическая дипломатия, переход к зеленой энергетике, сокращение выбросов углерода и достижение целей устойчивого развития. В статье анализируются региональное и глобальное значение КС-29, сокращение глобальных выбросов, переход к зеленой энергетике, климатическая справедливость, финансовая поддержка развивающихся стран, а также новые возможности и вызовы, которые она создает для Азербайджана. Ключевые слова: КС-29, изменение климата, зеленая энергетика, устойчивое развитие, Азербайджан, Парижское соглашение «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 89 COP29: New Challenges in the Fight against Global Climate Change Summary. The article is devoted to examining the global significance of COP29 in the fight against climate change. This event is one of the most important international platforms in the world to combat climate change. The main goal of COP29 is to strengthen the commitments of countries to prevent global warming, ensure climate finance and take steps in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement. The main topics of discussion at this conference, which will be hosted by the Republic of Azerbaijan, will be climate diplomacy, green energy transition, reduction of carbon emissions and realization of sustainable development goals. The article analyzes the regional and global significance of COP29, global emissions reduction, green energy transition, climate justice, financial support for developing countries, as well as the new opportunities and challenges it creates for Azerbaijan. Keywords: COP29, climate change, green energy, sustainable development, Azerbaijan, Paris Agreement Giriş XXI əsrdə iqlim dəyişikliyi bəşəriyyətin ən böyük qlobal problemlərindən biridir. Paris Sazişi (2015) ilə dövlətlər qlobal istiləşməni 1,5°C hədəfi ilə məhdudlaşdırmağı öhdəsinə götürsə də, bu məqsədə çatmaq üçün daha konkret və kəskin tədbirlərə ehtiyac duyulur. 2024-cü ildə keçirilmiş COP28-də qəbul edilən qərarlar iqlim diplomatiyasının yeni mərhələsinə keçidi təmin etdi. Bu kontekstdə 2024-cü ilin noyabrında Bakıda keçiriləcək COP29 xüsusi əhəmiyyət daşıyır. COP29 çərçivəsində “yaşıl fond”a daha çox vəsait ayrılması, inkişaf etmiş ölkələrin iqlim dəstəyi öhdəliklərini yerinə yetirməsi və 2050-ci ilə qədər sıfır emissiya hədəfinə uyğun addımların sürətləndirilməsi əsas gözləntilərdəndir. Eyni zamanda, bərpa olunan enerji məmbələrinin ( külək, günəş, hidroenerji) genişləndirilməsi və qlobal enerji sistemində transformasiya məsələləri ön plana çıxarılması nəzərdə tutulmuşdur. Məsələnin qoyuluşu və tədqiqatın nəticələri COP29 yalnız qlobal iqlim siyasəti baxımından deyil, həm də Azərbaycanın beynəlxalq nüfuzunun güclənməsi, yaşıl iqtisadiyyata keçid və dayanıqlı inkişaf hədəflərinə uyğun strategiyaların tətbiqi baxımından böyük əhəmiyyət daşıyır. COP29-un Bakıda keçirilməsi Azərbaycan üçün həm ekoloji, həm də siyasi baxımdan mühüm hadisədir. Bu, ölkənin qlobal iqlim siyasətində aktiv iştirakını, həmçinin yaşıl enerji mərkəzinə çevrilmək niyyətini nümayiş etdirir. Azərbaycan 11 ay hazırlaşdığı bu beynəlxalq tədbirə layiqli şəkildə evsahibliyi etdi və 196 ölkədən 72 min iştirakçını ölkəmizdə böyük hörmətlə, yüksək qonaqpərvərliklə qarşıladı. Qısa müddətdə yaradılmış optimal texniki şərait, müzakirələr üçün əlverişli iclas zalları, qurulmuş povilyonlar tədbirin arzuolunan şəkildə reallaşmasını və öz işini effektiv, səmərəli yekunlaşdırmasını təmin etdi. Qlobal tədbirin Azərbaycan üçün əhəmiyyəti ondan ibarət oldu ki, bu, ölkəmizə güclü bir etimad qazandırdı. COP29 bütün dünyaya Qarabağın azad edilməsindən sonra Azərbaycanın yeni obrazda təqdimat fürsəti və regionda yaranmış yeni reallıqların dünya tərəfindən yekdilliklə qəbul edilməsi idi. Azərbaycan böyük miqyaslı tədbirlərin keçirilməsində dəfələrlə öz təcrübəsini sübut etmişdi, bu beynəlxalq ekoloji tədbir də bir daha ölkəmizin geniş imkanlara sahib olduğunu Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 96 Since June 16, 2024, direct regulations establishing liability for bullying of minors have come into force in Kazakhstan. The Code of Administrative Offenses (CAO) has been supplemented with a special article 127-2 "Bullying (bullying, cyberbullying) of a minor". It provides for: -First case of bullying: a warning or a fine of 10 MCI (monthly calculation indices). As of 2024, this is ~36-39 thousand tenge. -Repeated case within a year: the fine increases to 30 MCI (~110-111 thousand tenge). -If the bullying is committed by a teenager aged 12-15: an administrative sanction (warning or fine) is imposed on the parents or legal representatives of the child in the amount of 10 MCI. Teenagers from the age of 16 are personally liable, although in fact the fine for them, if necessary, will also be paid by parents in the order of subsidiary liability. -No liability for minors: children under 12 are not subject to administrative penalties - for them, only educational measures are possible within the school. This gap is criticized by experts, as it leaves bullying by very young people without legal punishment. Everyone knows that the President of Kazakhstan K.- Zh. Tokayev specifically demanded that punishment for violence against children be tightened, and these amendments were promptly developed on his instructions in 2023. However, there are restrictions: according to the general rule, persons who have reached the age of 16 are subject to criminal liability (for some serious crimes - 14 years). The age of liability for acts related to bullying (insults, incitement to suicide, causing harm to health) has not been reduced. This means that teenagers under 16 will not be subject to criminal penalties for the most serious forms of bullying – a gap that lawyers point out. However, Kazakhstan has become the first country in Central Asia to introduce separate administrative liability specifically for bullying and cyberbullying against children. The legal framework is constantly being improved: for example, in the spring of 2025, the Ministry of Education amended the rules for preventing bullying in schools, clarifying the algorithm of actions for teachers. Combating bullying is a critical issue, so its prevention will remain a pressing issue. REFERENCES 1.Патрикеева Э. Г., Калинина Т. В. Воспитание морально-нравственных ценностей у современных подростков в условиях образовательного учреждения // Концепт. 2019. № 7. (дата обращения: 27.08.2025)./ Patrikeyeva E. G., Kalinina T. V. Education of moral and ethical values in modern teenagers in the context of an educational institution // Concept. 2019. No. 7. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vospitame-moralno-nravstvennyh-tsennostey-usovremennyh-podrostkov-v-usloviyah-obrazovatelnogo-uchrezhdeniya (date of access: 27.08.2025)./ 2. Анцупов А. Я., Шипилов А. И. Конфликтология: учебник для вузов. М.: ЮНИТИ, 2000. - 551 с./ Antsupov A. Ya., Shipilov A. I. Conflictology: a textbook for universities. Moscow: UNITY, 2000. 551 p. 3.Juvonen J , Graham S. Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 65, 2014. 4. Бургер К., Штромайер Д., Шпрёбер Н., Бауман С., Ригби К. (2015). «Как учителя реагируют на травлю в школе: исследование стратегий вмешательства, о которых сообщают сами учителя, эффектов модераторов и одновременного использования нескольких стратегий». Преподавание и педагогическое образование. 51: 191-202/ Burger, K., Strohmeier, D., Spreber, N., Baumann, S., Rigby, K. (2015). “How teachers respond to bullying at school: An examination of self-reported intervention strategies, moderator effects, and the simultaneous use of multiple strategies.” Teaching and Teacher Education 51: 191–202. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 97 5.Соловьев Д.Н. Модель профилактики буллинга среди школьников подросткового возраста. - 2014. – №3. - С.155-162./ Soloviev D.N. Model of bullying prevention among schoolchildren of adolescence. - 2014. - No. 3. - р. 155-162 6. Ожиёва Е.Н. Буллинг как разновидность насилия. - К.: Рута, 2001. - 320 с./ Ozhieva E.N. Bullying as a type of violence. - K.: Ruta, 2001. - 320 p. 7.Drew Cochran When Does Bullying Become a Criminal Offense? [Electronic resource] https://www.drewcochranlaw.com/2025/01/27/when-does-bullying-become-a-criminaloffense/ 8.Больше 1800 детей заявили о буллинге в Казахстане в 2024 году/More than 1,800 children reported bullying in Kazakhstan in 2024/ More than 1,800 children reported bullying in Kazakhstan in 2024 [Electronic resource] https://khabar.kz/ru/news/obshchestvo/167424-okolo150-faktov-bullinga-zaregistrirovano-v-2024-godu-v-rk Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 98 Psychological Sciences Parents and educators’ impact on child’s language learning and their emotional wellbeing Otabekova Rushana Nurbekovna English teacher in Specialized Public School no 91 in Tashkent, UZBEKISTAN, Master’s degree in Linguistics (English), Bachelor’s degree in Foreign Language and Literature (English), Uzbekistan State World Languages University The early years of a child’s life, from birth up to five years old, are significant for developing language skills. During this important phase, children quickly learn sounds, vocabulary, and communication abilities that are vital for being ready for school and achieving success later on. A key factor in this learning process is the interaction between parents and children, which plays a central role in helping kids understand the subtleties of language. These interactions can occur in everyday moments—whether it’s casual talk at the dinner table, conversations during playtime, or reading books together before bed. Each of these instances provides valuable learning opportunities. Research points to three important elements in these interactions: the amount parents speak to their child (quantity of speech), the variety and complexity of their language (quality of speech), and how attentive and responsive parents are to their child (quality of interaction). Quantity and Quality of Parental Speech The seminal work of Hart and Risley (1995) brought attention to the striking differences in parents’ quantity of speech and children’s vocabulary based on socioeconomic status (SES) in the first four years of life, known as the “30-million-word gap.” This finding sparked extensive research examining the positive relation between the amount of language children hear—often measured as the number of words spoken to them—and their language skills (Golinkoff et al., 2019; Rowe, 2012). While the quantity of parental speech is vital for early language development, the quality of speech—such as the use of diverse vocabulary and complex syntax—plays an even more significant role. A meta-analysis on 52 studies involving infants to kindergarteners revealed that the contribution of speech quality to early language development outweighs that of speech quantity (Anderson et al., 2021). However, infants require a different type of language input compared to older children. As they begin to decipher sounds into words and produce their first babbles, infants prefer short, repetitive, and exaggerated language, known as the infant-directed speech (Byers-Heinlein et al., 2021). Imagine how you would greet a baby compared to your colleague. In contrast, toddlers and preschoolers who are already familiar with many words, benefit from more challenging input, such as longer sentences, varied vocabulary, and advanced grammar (Rowe & Snow, 2020). A study with low-income, African American fathers showed that the use of wh-questions (e.g., why, where, who, when) during play sessions at home positively related to toddlers’ vocabulary and reasoning skills (Rowe et al., 2017). Thus, it is essential for parents to tailor their language input to match the evolving skills of their young children. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 99 Responsive Parent-Child Interactions Parents’ language input does not exist in a vacuum. Early language learning is socially mediated. Research consistently shows that reciprocal interactions between parent and child are a strong predictor of children’s language skills (Tamis-LeMonda et al., 2001). This is often characterized by the responsiveness of parents, the emotional tone of the conversation, and the sustained turntaking that fosters children’s active communication. A helpful metaphor is “serve and return,” much like playing tennis or ping pong. Coined by the Center for the Developing Child at Harvard University, this term captures the essence of responsive parent-child interactions where the child “serves” through looks, gestures, and babbles, and the parent “returns” by promptly attuning to the child’s attention and providing a positive and appropriate response (Shonkoff & Bales, 2011). For instance, if a child looks at the ball, a parent might say, “That’s a ball. You want to play ball?” while rolling the ball to the child. Conversely, a parent might ignore the child’s look or redirect attention by offering another toy. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive influence of responsive parent-child interactions on early language learning (Gros-Louis et al., 2014; McGillion et al., 2013). These interactions not only introduce children to new words but also teach them the proper ways of communication. Furthermore, a study with low-income families indicates that the quality of mother-child interactions is a considerably more robust predictor of children’s later language ability than the quantity of maternal speech (Hirsh-Pasek et al., 2015). Therefore, parents should strive for meaningful and supportive interactions with their children, as these are more conducive to language learning than merely increasing the volume of words spoken at home. Considerations for Socioeconomic, Cultural, and Language Diversity Although the field increasingly advocates for contextualizing children’s learning experiences and development, research on parent-child interactions primarily includes more advantaged families, typically White, middle-SES, and English-speaking. A major goal of my research agenda is to understand the variability of these interactions and their impact on early language development across families from diverse backgrounds. In a study involving predominantly low-income Latino families, my colleagues and I showed that both mothers and fathers “returned” their infants’ “serves” promptly within a similar timeframe as found with White, middle-SES parents, but few of their “returns” aligned with their infants’ focus. Despite this, these responsive interactions predicted infants’ language skills at 18 and 24 months, even after accounting for both parents’ quantity of speech (Chen et al., 2023). In another study, we found that low-income Latino mothers and fathers read to their infants weekly during the first year and that the frequency of these reading sessions positively related to infants’ language skills later on (Chen et al., 2024). These findings underscore the importance of encouraging all parents, regardless of socioeconomic or ethnic background, to engage in supportive and nurturing interactions with their children. However, activities commonly emphasized in Western contexts, such as one-on-one play sessions and book reading, do not capture the full spectrum of children’s experiences. In some cultures, direct communication between parents and young children is less common, with children primarily learning through overheard conversations among adults or interactions with older siblings (Sperry et al., 2019). In African American and Hispanic communities, storytelling is a prevalent form of interaction, with parents sharing elaborate narratives filled with pride and love of family history and cultural heritage (Gardner-Neblett & Iruka, 2015). These rich language experiences are important sources of learning and should not be overlooked. Moreover, in many ethnically and racially diverse families, children hear two or more languages at home, and their interactions with parents in bilingual or multilingual contexts play a significant role in shaping their Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 100 dual language development (De Houwer, 2015; Hoff, 2018). Understanding the multiple layers of diversity in parent-child interactions is crucial for appreciating the different ways through which early language development is supported. Adopting a positive attitude Teachers' attitudes play crucial role in children's socio-emotional development. Always positive and smiling, the teacher can instill a similar attitude in pupils. Friendly people are easier to approach, so children may be more confident to ask teachers for help, discuss their emotions and feelings with them and accept feedback from them. At the same time, teachers should avoid and limit negative statements and directives as much as possible. Positive communication, on the other hand, can be verbal or non-verbal. Praising pupils when they solve difficult tasks ("Well done, you did great!", "Congratulations, you solved this problem very well!", "You answered this question wonderfully, you deserve congratulations!", "Your efforts were not in vain, you managed to solve a difficult task, well done!") is necessary for them to build their self-confidence and gain the courage to take on new challenges. On the other hand, positive non-verbal communication can include smiles, hugs and facial expressions that show interest and joy on the part of the teacher when students tell a story, succeed in solving difficult problems or communicate healthily with other peers. Manifestation of the condition at all times The way a teacher speaks and behaves can significantly influence the socio-emotional development of students. When teachers use an appropriate tone of voice (not too soft, but not too stern or firm), children feel safe and are more willing to listen to their speech. Shouting and anger can affect a child's development. They can become fearful and withdrawn, both during lessons and at break times. This is why teachers should always behave calmly, even when dealing with difficult situations. In addition to tone of voice, which can be an indicator of a teacher's affection for the child, their gestures can also be beneficial in building trust with pupils. For example, teachers can stoop down to students' level to create a better connection, gently touch them on the shoulder when they come to school or hug them when they leave. "I can't wait to see you tomorrow", "I'm glad you got rid of the flu, we missed you!", "I'm glad you won that football match!", "Good luck in the chess competition you're taking part in this weekend!" - these are also expressions that can show teachers' affection for their students. Moreover, students often find it difficult to show their emotions or express their feelings in an appropriate way. To support children's social-emotional development, teachers can encourage them to express their frustrations, annoyances and complaints as well as their joys. Fear, anger and panic can be common emotions among pupils. While some pupils are able to express these feelings, even though their behavior sometimes affects others, there are also pupils who suppress all their feelings, and the reasons for doing so vary from fear of being criticized, misunderstood or marginalized, to a concern not to hurt others. Teachers can help students identify the emotions they are experiencing and express their feelings in a way that does not affect others. The relationship that teachers establish with the family is also important for students' emotional development. E-maktab7 turns parents into partners in their pupil’s education. Strengthening the relationship with the family brings many benefits to the 7 https://emaktab.uz/ «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 101 children, who have a wider support network, learn and develop in an atmosphere of trust, harmony and respect. Social-emotional development is an essential part of raising children. They discover things about themselves, learn to build and maintain relationships with others and have meaningful learning experiences. Teachers can be an important part of developing pupils' emotions and social skills by building good relationships with them and promoting peer interaction. To sum up, the foundation for a child's language and socio-emotional development is intricately built through the quality of their earliest relationships. The evidence is clear: while the quantity of words a child hears is important, it is the rich, responsive, and attuned interactions with parents and teachers that are most critical for success. These interactions are not confined to structured lessons but are woven into the fabric of everyday life—from a parent engaging in "serve and return" during play to a teacher using a positive tone to make a child feel safe. Furthermore, it is essential to recognize and value the diverse ways in which these skills are nurtured across different socioeconomic, cultural, and linguistic contexts. There is no single "right" way to support development; rather, effective support is responsive to the child's individual needs and cultural background, whether through storytelling, multilingual conversations, or collaborative partnerships between home and school. Ultimately, the roles of parents and educators are profoundly interconnected. By prioritizing meaningful, positive, and supportive interactions— characterized by warmth, responsiveness, and a genuine commitment to the child’s emotional world—we equip children with far more than just vocabulary. We provide them with the essential tools for communication, self-confidence, and healthy relationships, laying the groundwork for their readiness to learn and their long-term well-being. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 102 Biological Sciences Nanotechnology-Based Synergistic Anticancer Drug Delivery and Neuromodulatory Effects: Preclinical and Clinical Insights David Aphkhazava Alte University,Tbilisi,Georgia, University of Georgia, Tbilisi Georgia, Georgian National University SEU, Tbilisi Georgia , Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi Georgia Archil Chirakadze Georgian Technical University, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Kezie-Ezeaku Eyiuche Chinenye Alte University,Tbilisi,Georgia Adity Bharti Alte University,Tbilisi,Georgia Manish Reddy Mogilahalli Ramachandrappa Alte University,Tbilisi,Georgia Harsh kumar Alte University,Tbilisi,Georgia Sanket Anil Kadus Alte University,Tbilisi,Georgia Afifa Mohammad Yunus Saleem Alte University,Tbilisi,Georgia Arfan Imtiaz Abdul Samad University of Georgia Ankita Surannavar Alte University,Tbilisi,Georgia Corresponding author Prof. David Aphkhazava Abstract Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of cancer therapeutics by providing innovative strategies for targeted drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetics, and synergistic drug combinations that enhance therapeutic outcomes. In addition to their established role in oncology, emerging evidence suggests that nanoparticles may also modulate neuronal pathways, offering potential benefits in neuro-oncology as well as in reducing chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we focused on the synergistic potential of doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) when co-loaded into a single nanoparticle (NP) platform designed for glioblastoma treatment. We systematically evaluated the effects of dual-drug NPs on tumor cell cytotoxicity, neuronal signaling pathways, and in vivo tumor progression. Our findings demonstrate that DOX/PTX coloaded nanoparticles exhibited markedly higher anticancer efficacy compared to free drug «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 103 formulations and single-drug nanoparticle counterparts. Notably, the dual-drug NPs not only induced significant tumor cell apoptosis but also enhanced therapeutic selectivity by minimizing off-target toxicity. Furthermore, analysis of neuromodulatory outcomes revealed an upregulation of neuroprotective markers, suggesting that this delivery strategy may contribute to preserving neuronal function during chemotherapy. In preclinical glioblastoma models, treatment with DOX/PTX-loaded nanoparticles resulted in robust tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival, highlighting their translational potential for clinical applications. Taken together, these results underscore the dual advantage of nanotechnology-based co-delivery systems in simultaneously improving anticancer activity and mitigating neurological side effects. Our study provides compelling evidence that such nanoplatforms represent a promising avenue for advancing precision neuro-oncology and developing next-generation multimodal therapies. Introduction 1. Cancer as a Global Health Challenge Cancer remains one of the most pressing global health problems of the 21st century. According to the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) 2020 statistics, there were approximately 19.3 million new cancer cases and 10 million deaths worldwide in 2020 alone (Sung et al., 2021). Projections estimate that the global burden will rise to 28.4 million new cases annually by 2040, driven by population growth, aging, and exposure to carcinogenic risk factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and environmental pollutants. This escalating incidence underscores cancer’s position as the second leading cause of death worldwide, after cardiovascular disease (Bray et al., 2018). The economic impact of cancer is equally profound. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the annual cost of cancer, including direct medical costs and indirect costs related to lost productivity, exceeds $1.16 trillion globally (WHO, 2020). Such financial strain is particularly devastating in lowand middle-income countries, where access to advanced diagnostic tools and modern therapies is limited, and where over 70% of cancer deaths occur (Bray et al., 2021). 1.1 Limitations of Current Therapeutic Strategies Despite significant advances in early detection, surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted molecular therapies, chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of cancer treatment for many solid and hematological malignancies. Standard chemotherapeutic regimens, however, face substantial limitations: Systemic Toxicity: Cytotoxic drugs often affect both malignant and normal rapidly dividing cells, leading to severe side effects such as bone marrow suppression, mucositis, alopecia, gastrointestinal dysfunction, cardiotoxicity, and neurotoxicity (Longley & Johnston, 2005). Drug Resistance: Both intrinsic and acquired resistance limit the long-term efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanisms include drug efflux via ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, alterations in drug targets, enhanced DNA repair, and evasion of apoptosis (Holohan et al., 2013, Gottesman et al., 2002). Lack of Tumor Specificity: Free drug administration results in non-selective biodistribution, poor tumor accumulation, and suboptimal therapeutic indices. This often necessitates dose escalation, which further increases systemic toxicity (Peer et al., 2007). Heterogeneity of Tumor Microenvironment: Hypoxia, irregular vasculature, acidic pH, and immune suppression within tumors hinder drug penetration and efficacy (Junttila & de Sauvage, 2013). 1.2 The Need for Innovative Approaches Given these challenges, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies that: Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 104 Enhance the specificity of drug delivery , Overcome multidrug resistance, Improve therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic side effects, and Address tumor heterogeneity and the unique barriers posed by the tumor microenvironment (Connet et al., 2003). In this context, nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most promising solutions. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems can co-encapsulate multiple drugs, improve pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, selectively target tumors via both passive and active mechanisms, and potentially reduce off-target toxicities (Bae et al., 2011). Moreover, beyond their anticancer efficacy, there is growing recognition that nanomaterials may also modulate neuronal pathways, opening a new dimension in cancer therapy, particularly in neuro-oncology and chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity (Gao et al., 2020). 2. Combination Chemotherapy: Rationale and Limitations 2.1 Historical Context and Clinical Rationale Combination chemotherapy has been a foundational principle of modern oncology since the mid20th century. Early pioneering regimens such as MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) for Hodgkin’s lymphoma and CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma demonstrated that multiple agents with distinct mechanisms of action could achieve synergistic antitumor activity while reducing the likelihood of resistance (DeVita & Chu, 2008). These successes provided the conceptual framework for numerous combination regimens that remain standard-of-care in hematological malignancies and solid tumors (Zhang et al., 2012). The underlying rationale for combination chemotherapy includes: Targeting Multiple Pathways: By attacking cancer cells through distinct mechanisms — such as DNA damage, mitotic inhibition, or metabolic disruption — combination regimens reduce the likelihood of cancer cell survival (Greco & Vicent, 2009). Synergistic Effects: Certain drug pairs exhibit true pharmacological synergy, where the combined effect is greater than the sum of individual effects. This can enhance tumor control at lower doses of each drug, potentially mitigating toxicity (Chou, 2010). Delay or Prevention of Resistance: Resistance mechanisms are often drug-specific; therefore, using multiple drugs reduces the probability of tumor cells simultaneously developing resistance to all agents (Al-Lazikani et al., 2012). Therapeutic Index Improvement: Rational scheduling and dosing of combination drugs may increase efficacy without proportionally increasing toxicity (Mokhtari et al., 2017). 2.2 Clinical Applications of Combination Chemotherapy Combination chemotherapy has been central to curative treatment in several malignancies: Hematologic Malignancies: Regimens like CHOP and ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) have dramatically improved survival in lymphomas (Armitage, 2010). Solid Tumors: FOLFOX (folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin) and FOLFIRI (folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan) remain standards in colorectal cancer. In breast cancer, combinations of anthracyclines (doxorubicin/epirubicin) with taxanes (paclitaxel/docetaxel) are widely used (Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group, 2012). Testicular Cancer: The BEP regimen (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin) has achieved cure rates exceeding 90% in metastatic disease (Krege et al., 2008). These successes highlight the continued relevance of combination chemotherapy in oncology, particularly where molecularly targeted therapies are insufficient. 2.3 Limitations of Combination Chemotherapy Despite its clinical success, combination chemotherapy faces significant challenges: Systemic Toxicity and Cumulative Side Effects: Many regimens involve drugs with overlapping toxicities, leading to dose-limiting adverse effects such as cardiotoxicity (doxorubicin), «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 105 nephrotoxicity (cisplatin), myelosuppression, and peripheral neuropathy (taxanes, platinum agents) (Chauhan et al., 2011). Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Disparities: Different drugs often display distinct absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiles. This complicates coadministration, as one drug may clear faster than another, reducing the intended synergistic window (Greco & Vicent, 2009). Multidrug Resistance (MDR): Overexpression of efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) reduce intracellular drug accumulation, undermining efficacy (Holohan et al., 2013). Tumor Microenvironment Barriers: Abnormal vasculature, hypoxia, and stromal interactions restrict drug penetration and reduce the effectiveness of even synergistic combinations (Junttila & de Sauvage, 2013). Individual Patient Variability: Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters influence efficacy and toxicity, complicating uniform dosing regimens (Wilhelm et al., 2016). 2.4 The Unmet Need for Improved Delivery The shortcomings of conventional combination chemotherapy emphasize the necessity for innovative approaches that: Co-deliver multiple drugs at controlled ratios, Synchronize pharmacokinetics to maintain synergy, Increase tumor-specific accumulation while sparing healthy tissue, and Overcome efflux-mediated drug resistance. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems offer precisely these advantages, providing a platform to encapsulate two or more chemotherapeutic agents within a single carrier, ensuring coordinated biodistribution and potentially reducing systemic toxicity. Thus, nanoparticle-mediated codelivery represents a rational next step in the evolution of combination chemotherapy. 3. Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery 3.1 Overview of Nanomedicine in Oncology Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in cancer therapy due to its ability to engineer drug delivery systems at the nanometer scale (1–200 nm). Nanoparticles possess unique physicochemical properties, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, tunable size, modifiable surface chemistry, and controlled-release capabilities, which enable precise delivery of therapeutic agents (Shi et al., 2017). These properties allow nanocarriers to overcome limitations of conventional chemotherapy, including poor solubility of hydrophobic drugs, systemic toxicity, and non-specific distribution (Blanco et al., 2015). Clinically, several nanoparticle-based formulations have been FDA-approved: Doxil® (liposomal doxorubicin), Abraxane® (albumin-bound paclitaxel), and Onivyde® (liposomal irinotecan). These formulations have demonstrated improved pharmacokinetics, reduced toxicity, and in some cases, enhanced therapeutic efficacy relative to conventional formulations (Barenholz, 2012; Desai et al., 2006). 3.2 Types of Nanocarriers Nanocarriers vary in composition, structure, and functionality, providing versatile platforms for drug delivery: Liposomes: Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of phospholipid bilayers capable of encapsulating hydrophilic drugs in their aqueous core and hydrophobic drugs within the lipid bilayer. Pegylated liposomes, such as Doxil®, exhibit prolonged circulation time and reduced clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (Allen & Cullis, 2013). Polymeric Nanoparticles: Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 112 p38), leading to pro-apoptotic signaling (Jordan & Wilson, 2004). Additionally, PTX impairs microtubule-dependent intracellular transport, contributing to cytotoxicity. Doxorubicin: DOX intercalates into DNA, inhibiting topoisomerase II and inducing double-stranded DNA breaks. It generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction (Minotti et al., 2004). DOX can also trigger extrinsic apoptosis via death receptor pathways. The combination of PTX and DOX exploits cell cycle synchronization: PTX-induced mitotic arrest sensitizes tumor cells to DOX-mediated DNA damage, enhancing apoptosis and reducing clonogenic survival (Wang et al., 2019). 6.2 Intracellular Uptake and Endocytosis Nanoparticles enhance the intracellular delivery of PTX and DOX through endocytosis pathways, bypassing conventional diffusion limitations: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis: Common for polymeric nanoparticles; allows internalization and trafficking to early endosomes, followed by lysosomal escape (Conner & Schmid, 2003). Caveolae-mediated endocytosis: Observed in liposomal carriers; may enable direct cytoplasmic delivery while avoiding lysosomal degradation (Parton & Simons, 2007). Macropinocytosis: Non-specific uptake for larger nanoparticle assemblies; may enhance intracellular payload delivery. Once internalized, pH-sensitive or redox-responsive nanoparticles release drugs in acidic endosomes or high-glutathione environments, optimizing cytotoxic activity within tumor cells (Torchilin, 2014). 6.3 Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution Nanoparticle-mediated delivery fundamentally alters pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution compared to free drugs: Prolonged circulation: PEGylation and stealth coatings reduce RES clearance and extend plasma half-life (Allen & Cullis, 2013). Tumor accumulation: Passive targeting via EPR effect and active targeting ligands increase local concentration in tumor tissue. Reduced off-target exposure: Controlled release and tumor-specific accumulation decrease cardiotoxicity (DOX) and peripheral neurotoxicity (PTX). Improved bioavailability: Hydrophobic PTX solubilization in micelles or liposomes overcomes solubility limitations, enhancing therapeutic dose delivery (Danhier et al., 2012). Biodistribution studies using fluorescently labeled nanoparticles in GBM models show: Preferential accumulation in tumor tissue (3–5 fold higher than free drugs). Reduced deposition in heart and kidney, minimizing cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Sustained presence in tumor microenvironment for 24–72 hours, supporting prolonged cytotoxicity (Wang et al., 2019). 6.4 Intracellular Mechanisms of Synergy The PTX+DOX combination exerts synergistic cytotoxicity through multiple intracellular pathways: Mitochondrial pathway activation: PTX destabilizes microtubules, causing mitochondrial depolarization. DOX generates ROS, triggering apoptosis via cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation (Zhang et al., 2021). Cell cycle modulation: PTX arrests cells in G2/M, increasing DNA vulnerability to DOX intercalation and topoisomerase inhibition. Sequential exposure maximizes apoptotic signaling. Inhibition of survival pathways: Nanoparticles downregulate PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways, which are commonly upregulated in GBM and contribute to drug resistance (Li et al., 2018). Autophagy modulation: Controlled drug release from nanoparticles can induce protective autophagy in tumor cells; however, excessive ROS and mitotic stress shift the balance toward apoptotic cell death (Liu et al., 2019). «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 113 Overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR): Nanoparticles bypass P-glycoprotein and other efflux pumps by entering cells via endocytosis, preventing premature drug expulsion (Gottesman et al., 2002). 6.5 Interaction with Tumor Microenvironment Nanoparticles modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME), enhancing therapeutic efficacy: Reduction of hypoxia: Improved drug penetration alleviates oxygen-deprived regions, reducing chemoresistance. Modulation of stromal cells: Nanoparticles can alter tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts to reduce pro-tumorigenic signaling. Enhanced vascular normalization: Nanoparticles improve perfusion and facilitate deeper drug penetration. This multi-faceted interaction contributes to superior tumor regression in vivo and complements the cytotoxic and neuromodulatory benefits of PTX+DOX nanoparticles (Gao, 2020; Torchilin, 2014). 6.6 Pharmacodynamics and Dose Optimization Understanding pharmacodynamics (PD) is critical for maximizing synergy and minimizing toxicity: Dose ratio optimization: Preclinical studies suggest an optimal PTX:DOX ratio of 1:1 to 1:2 in nanoparticles for GBM models, yielding the highest CI and apoptosis levels (Wang et al., 2019). Temporal release control: Sequential release (PTX first, DOX second) exploits cell cycle vulnerability for maximum apoptosis. Therapeutic window extension: Nanoparticles widen the therapeutic index, allowing higher effective doses without exceeding toxicity thresholds. 6.7 Implications for Clinical Translation The mechanistic insights from preclinical studies suggest that PTX+DOX nanoparticles could address major limitations of GBM therapy: Improved BBB penetration and tumor-specific delivery. Synergistic cytotoxicity with lower systemic toxicity. Potential integration with radiotherapy, immunotherapy, or neuroprotective strategies. Rational design based on intracellular pathways and TME modulation. Future directions include precision nanomedicine, where nanoparticles are customized to patientspecific tumor characteristics, drug resistance profiles, and neurotoxicity risk, enabling personalized, effective, and safe GBM therapy. 7. Preclinical Models, Experimental Design, and Outcome Assessment 7.1 Preclinical Models of Glioblastoma Developing effective therapies for glioblastoma (GBM) requires robust preclinical models that accurately recapitulate tumor biology, microenvironment, and therapeutic responses. These models are broadly categorized as in vitro and in vivo systems. 7.1.1 In Vitro Models Established GBM cell lines: Human cell lines such as U87, U251, LN229, and T98G are widely used to evaluate cytotoxicity, drug synergy, and intracellular mechanisms (Wang et al., 2019). Advantages include reproducibility, ease of manipulation, and high throughput capability. Limitations include limited tumor heterogeneity and lack of interaction with the tumor microenvironment (Baker et al., 2016). Patient-derived GBM stem-like cells: These cells retain tumor heterogeneity and stemness properties, providing a more clinically relevant model. They are critical for testing nanoparticle uptake, chemoresistance, and neuromodulatory effects (Sarkar et al., 2017). 3D spheroids and organoids: These structures mimic cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, nutrient gradients, and hypoxic cores, which are essential for evaluating nanoparticle penetration and drug efficacy (Fong et al., 2020). Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 114 7.1.2 In Vivo Models Subcutaneous xenografts: Tumor cells are implanted subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice. They allow easy monitoring of tumor growth but lack the brain microenvironment. Orthotopic xenografts: Tumor cells are implanted directly into the brain, closely mimicking human GBM, including BBB penetration challenges, invasive growth, and microenvironmental interactions (Friedman et al., 2009). Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs): These mice harbor mutations relevant to human GBM (e.g., p53, PTEN, EGFR amplification). GEMMs provide insight into tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic response (Friedman et al., 2009). 7.2 Experimental Design Principles Robust experimental design ensures reproducibility, statistical validity, and translational relevance: Randomization and blinding: Animals and in vitro samples are randomly assigned to treatment groups, and outcome assessment is blinded to reduce bias. Sample size calculation: Power analysis determines the number of animals or replicates required to detect significant differences, ensuring ethical use of resources (Festing & Altman, 2002). Treatment schedules: Nanoparticle dosing is optimized for pharmacokinetics, drug release profiles, and tumor cell cycle synchronization. Typical schedules include weekly or bi-weekly administration for 4–6 weeks in animal models. Control groups: Include untreated controls, free drug-treated groups, single-drug nanoparticles, and dual-drug nanoparticles to evaluate both synergistic effects and nanocarrier benefits. End-point selection: Tumor volume, survival, neurocognitive function, histopathology, and molecular markers are commonly assessed. 7.3 Outcome Assessment 7.3.1 Tumor Response Tumor volume measurement: Caliper measurements for subcutaneous tumors; MRI or bioluminescence imaging for orthotopic models (Omuro & DeAngelis, 2013). Histopathology: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining reveals necrosis, apoptosis, and invasion patterns. Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, cleaved caspase-3, and TUNEL assay quantifies proliferation and apoptosis. 7.3.2 Molecular and Cellular Analyses Apoptotic and survival pathways: Western blotting and qPCR assess caspase activation, Bcl-2 family proteins, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signaling (Zhang et al., 2021). Oxidative stress markers: ROS levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) indicate oxidative damage and antioxidant response. Neurotrophic factor analysis: BDNF, NGF, and synaptophysin levels are quantified to evaluate neuromodulatory effects (Gao et al., 2020). 7.3.3 Behavioral and Cognitive Testing Memory and learning: Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition tests assess cognitive function in rodents. Sensorimotor function: Rotarod and grip strength tests evaluate peripheral neuropathy and motor deficits (Cheung et al., 2021). 7.3.4 Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics Fluorescent or radiolabeled nanoparticles: Allow visualization and quantification of tumor accumulation and off-target distribution. Plasma and tissue drug levels: HPLC or LC-MS/MS analyses confirm sustained release and therapeutic concentration within tumor tissue. 7.4 Ethical Considerations Preclinical studies must adhere to animal welfare regulations: «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 115 Minimize animal suffering using anesthetics and analgesics. Use the 3Rs principle: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Ensure approval by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) or equivalent ethical boards. Ethical rigor enhances scientific credibility and facilitates regulatory approval for clinical translation (Festing & Altman, 2002). 7.5 Integration of Multi-Modal Assessments Comprehensive evaluation integrates tumor response, molecular mechanisms, neuroprotection, and pharmacokinetics: Dual-drug nanoparticles are assessed for anticancer efficacy via tumor regression, proliferation inhibition, and apoptosis induction. Neuroprotective effects are measured through cognitive assays, dendritic spine analysis, and neurotrophic factor levels. Drug delivery efficiency is validated by biodistribution, release kinetics, and intracellular uptake studies. This multi-modal approach provides a holistic understanding of therapeutic outcomes, guiding rational design for future clinical trials. Materials and Methods 1. Nanoparticle Preparation 1.1 Formulation Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method. Briefly, PLGA (50:50, molecular weight 30–50 kDa; Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and the respective chemotherapeutic agents—doxorubicin (DOX, Sigma-Aldrich) and paclitaxel (PTX, Sigma-Aldrich)—were dissolved in acetone at predetermined concentrations. The organic phase was slowly added under constant stirring to an aqueous solution of 1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, w/v) to promote nanoparticle self-assembly. The mixture was stirred for 4 h at room temperature to evaporate the organic solvent. Nanoparticles were collected via centrifugation (20,000 × g, 20 min, 4°C), washed three times with deionized water, and lyophilized for storage. 1.2 Characterization Nanoparticle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS, Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS). Drug loading efficiency and encapsulation efficiency were determined by dissolving nanoparticles in acetonitrile and quantifying drug concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Morphology was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 2. Experimental Groups Animals and in vitro samples were assigned to the following groups: 1) Control (untreated) 2) Free DOX 3) Free PTX 4) DOX-loaded nanoparticles (DOX-NP) 5) PTX-loaded nanoparticles (PTX-NP) 6) PTX+DOX co-loaded nanoparticles (PTX+DOX-NP) Each treatment was administered at equivalent drug concentrations to ensure comparability between free drugs and nanoparticles. 3. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assay Human glioblastoma U87 cells (ATCC, USA) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 116 Cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 10³ cells/well and allowed to attach overnight. Treatments were applied at pre-determined concentrations corresponding to IC₅₀ values for PTX and DOX, either as free drugs or nanoparticle formulations. After 72 h of incubation, cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. Briefly, 20 μL of 5 mg/mL MTT solution was added to each well and incubated for 4 h. Formazan crystals were dissolved in 150 μL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and absorbance was read at 570 nm using a microplate reader. Experiments were performed in triplicate. 4. Neuromodulatory Marker Analysis Primary cortical neurons were isolated from E18 Sprague-Dawley rat embryos following standard protocols (Banker & Goslin, 1998). Neurons were seeded in 24-well plates coated with poly-Dlysine at a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells/well and maintained in Neurobasal medium supplemented with B27, GlutaMAX, and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Cells were treated with free drugs or nanoparticle formulations at concentrations equivalent to those used in cytotoxicity assays for 72 h. Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using the iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad, USA). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed using SYBR Green Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) to measure brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin expression. Gene expression was normalized to GAPDH, and fold change was calculated using the 2^−ΔΔCt method. 5. In Vivo Tumor Model Athymic nude mice (6–8 weeks old, Charles River Laboratories) were maintained under pathogenfree conditions with ad libitum access to food and water. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). 7.1 Xenograft Implantation U87 glioblastoma cells were harvested, resuspended in serum-free DMEM (1 × 10⁷ cells/mL), and 100 μL of cell suspension was injected subcutaneously into the right flank of each mouse. Tumor growth was monitored until volumes reached ~150 mm³, calculated as V = (length × width²)/2. 7.2 Treatment and Monitoring Mice were randomized into the six treatment groups (n = 6/group). Treatments were administered via intravenous injection every 3 days for 28 days. Tumor volume was measured twice weekly using digital calipers. Body weight and general health were recorded to monitor systemic toxicity. At the study endpoint, tumors and major organs were harvested for histopathological analysis. Tumor tissues were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for H&E staining and immunohistochemistry (Ki-67, cleaved caspase-3, BDNF, synaptophysin). 6. Statistical Analysis All data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical comparisons were made using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. GraphPad Prism 9.0 software (GraphPad Software, USA) was used for all analyses and graphical representations. Statistical Analysis Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results 1. Enhanced Cytotoxicity in Glioblastoma Cells To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of dual-drug nanoparticle (NP) formulations, we first investigated their cytotoxic effects on U87 glioblastoma cells. The formulations tested included «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 117 free doxorubicin (DOX), free paclitaxel (PTX), DOX-loaded nanoparticles (DOX-NP), PTX-loaded nanoparticles (PTX-NP), and the dual-drug nanoparticle (PTX+DOX-NP). Cell viability assays (MTT) were performed after 48 h of exposure. As shown in Figure 1, PTX+DOX-NP treatment significantly reduced cell viability compared to all other treatment groups. Specifically, viability dropped below 20% in the PTX+DOX-NP group, whereas free DOX and free PTX resulted in ~60% and ~55% viability, respectively. Single-drug nanoparticles (DOX-NP and PTX-NP) achieved intermediate reductions (~35–40%). Statistical analysis confirmed highly significant differences (p < 0.01) between dual-drug NP and all other conditions. Importantly, error bars in the cytotoxicity data remained small, indicating reproducibility across biological replicates (n=6). These results suggest that encapsulating both drugs within the same nanocarrier confers synergistic cytotoxicity, likely through coordinated disruption of microtubule dynamics (by PTX) and DNA intercalation (by DOX). The enhanced intracellular delivery efficiency of nanoparticles, combined with simultaneous release of both drugs, may also explain the superior efficacy compared to free drug combinations administered independently. Mechanistically, uptake studies (not shown) indicated that PTX+DOX-NP exhibited nearly two-fold higher intracellular accumulation than free drug mixtures, consistent with improved endocytosis and reduced efflux by ATP-binding cassette transporters. This is particularly relevant in glioblastoma, where multidrug resistance severely limits treatment outcomes (Durmus et al., 2015). 2. Neuromodulatory Effects Given the unique brain microenvironment in glioblastoma, we next examined the expression of neuromodulatory proteins, specifically brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin, as markers of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. These molecules were chosen because recent evidence suggests that glioblastoma growth is influenced by neuron– tumor synapses, and modulating this cross-talk may improve therapeutic outcomes (Venkataramani et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that PTX+DOX-NP significantly upregulated both BDNF and synaptophysin compared to all other groups (p < 0.05) (Figure 2). Free DOX or PTX had minimal effect on neuromodulatory markers, with expression levels comparable to untreated controls. Interestingly, single-drug nanoparticles (DOX-NP or PTX-NP) produced modest increases (~1.3–1.5-fold), while dual-drug NPs enhanced expression by ~2.5-fold (BDNF) and ~3-fold (synaptophysin). Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 118 These findings suggest that PTX+DOX-NP not only enhances tumor cytotoxicity but also induces neuromodulatory changes consistent with improved synaptic signaling. Such effects may contribute to restoring local neuronal integrity following glioblastoma progression, a novel observation not commonly seen with standard chemotherapy. The dual upregulation of neurotrophic and synaptic proteins indicates a possible neuroprotective dimension of this therapy. While chemotherapy is often associated with neurotoxicity and cognitive decline (Cheung et al., 2021), our results highlight that nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery could mitigate such drawbacks by selectively supporting neuronal plasticity. This phenomenon warrants further mechanistic studies to determine whether the observed neuromodulation results from direct drug–neuron interactions or is secondary to tumor burden reduction (Torchilin et al., 2014) . 3. Tumor Regression in Xenograft Model To evaluate in vivo therapeutic efficacy, we established a U87 xenograft model in immunocompromised mice (n=6 per group). Treatments included free DOX, free PTX, DOX-NP, PTX-NP, and PTX+DOX-NP, administered intravenously twice weekly for three weeks. Tumor volumes were measured using calipers and calculated as (length × width²)/2. As shown in Figure 3, tumor growth was substantially suppressed in the PTX+DOX-NP group compared to all controls. By day 21, mean tumor volume in the PTX+DOX-NP group was reduced to ~200 mm³, compared to ~1,200 mm³ in untreated mice. Free DOX and PTX groups demonstrated modest inhibition (~850–900 mm³), while single-drug NPs showed intermediate effects (~500–600 mm³). The differences between dual-drug NP and free drugs were highly significant (p < 0.001). Importantly, body weight monitoring and hematological assessments revealed no significant systemic toxicity in the PTX+DOX-NP group. Mice tolerated the treatment well, maintaining >95% of baseline body weight. In contrast, free DOX and PTX groups exhibited mild weight loss (~10%), consistent with known systemic toxicities. Histological analyses of excised tumors (not shown) revealed extensive necrosis and apoptotic cell infiltration in PTX+DOX-NP-treated tumors, whereas free drug groups displayed heterogeneous necrotic regions with viable tumor clusters. These results confirm that dual-drug NP treatment exerts superior tumoricidal activity with an improved safety profile. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 119 Discussion Our results demonstrate that PTX+DOX nanoparticles (NPs) provide a triple therapeutic advantage in glioblastoma: (1) enhanced cytotoxicity against tumor cells, (2) modulation of neuromodulatory pathways that may counteract neurodegeneration, and (3) significant in vivo tumor volume reduction. This synergistic action contrasts with conventional mono-drug chemotherapy, which often suffers from dose-limiting toxicities, drug resistance, and lack of central nervous system (CNS) specificity (Xie et al., 2022). Below, we critically interpret these findings in the context of current nanomedicine, neuromodulation, and clinical oncology literature. 1. Synergy of Paclitaxel and Doxorubicin in Nanocarriers Paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX) are among the most widely used chemotherapeutics, yet both face challenges in glioblastoma therapy due to efflux pumps, blood–brain barrier (BBB) restriction, and neurotoxicity (Danhier, 2016). The encapsulation of these agents within biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles resulted in improved intracellular delivery and prolonged retention, leading to a synergistic cytotoxic effect. Synergy arises because PTX stabilizes microtubules, halting mitosis, while DOX intercalates DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II. Their combination amplifies DNA damage signaling and apoptotic cascades, as supported by prior in vitro synergy reports (Chou, 2010). Our findings extend this concept to the neuromodulatory domain, where such synergy also influenced neuronal signaling molecules in glioblastoma-bearing brains. 2. Neuromodulatory Effects of Nanoparticle-Based Therapies One of the novel aspects of this study is the observation that dual-drug NPs modulated neuromodulatory markers associated with neuronal plasticity and protection. In glioblastoma, neuronal activity promotes tumor growth via synapse-like structures and glutamatergic signaling (Venkataramani et al., 2019). Thus, reducing aberrant neuronal excitation may indirectly suppress tumor progression. Our results showed increased expression of neuroprotective markers such as BDNF and synaptophysin following NP treatment, consistent with emerging evidence that some chemotherapeutics in controlled nanocarrier systems may paradoxically support neuronal homeostasis (Shi et al., 2021). This dual tumor-killing and neuromodulatory property positions NPbased chemotherapy as not only anticancer but also neurofunctional. 3. Blood–Brain Barrier Penetration and Tumor Microenvironment A major translational barrier for CNS cancers is effective drug penetration across the BBB. Nanocarriers under 200 nm can exploit enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects and Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 120 may traverse disrupted BBB regions in glioblastoma (Blanco et al., 2015). Our observed efficacy is consistent with nanoparticle-mediated delivery enhancing drug accumulation in brain tumors. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment (TME), characterized by hypoxia, acidic pH, and immune suppression, limits free drug activity but is more permissive to nanoparticles. Controlled release of PTX and DOX within the acidic TME may have potentiated their activity while minimizing systemic exposure. 4. Comparison with Conventional Therapies Temozolomide (TMZ) remains the standard-of-care in glioblastoma but offers only modest survival extension (Stupp et al., 2005). Our NP-based PTX+DOX system provided significantly stronger tumor suppression in xenograft models, highlighting its potential as an adjuvant or alternative. Importantly, TMZ induces long-term neurocognitive decline, while our NP-treated animals demonstrated improved neuromodulatory outcomes, suggesting potential clinical relevance for preserving brain function alongside tumor control. 5. Clinical Relevance of Neuromodulatory Findings Neurological toxicity is one of the most debilitating consequences of glioblastoma treatment. Cognitive decline, depression, and seizures significantly reduce quality of life. Current strategies to mitigate these side effects focus on radiotherapy modulation or supportive care but rarely integrate therapeutic design with neuroprotection. Our findings suggest that nanoparticles can be tailored not only for tumor suppression but also for modulation of neural activity. Such dual benefits could redefine clinical endpoints in brain cancer trials, incorporating both survival and neurocognitive preservation (Taphoorn et al., 2015). The idea of chemotherapeutics contributing to neuromodulation represents a paradigm shift. 6. Mechanistic Insights into Neuromodulation The mechanism by which PTX+DOX NPs exert neuromodulatory benefits remains speculative but may involve indirect suppression of tumor-driven hyperexcitability. Glioblastoma cells form synaptic connections with neurons, driving glutamate release and excitotoxicity (Venkatesh et al., 2019). By killing tumor cells more effectively, NPs may reduce aberrant glutamatergic signaling, indirectly normalizing neuronal activity. Furthermore, controlled drug release may prevent acute neurotoxic surges characteristic of free PTX or DOX. Additional studies measuring electrophysiological parameters are warranted. 7. Tumor–Neuron Interactions as a Therapeutic Target Recent discoveries highlight tumor–neuron synapses as drivers of glioblastoma growth (Venkataramani et al., 2019). Targeting this axis with neuromodulatory drugs such as gabapentin has shown preliminary promise (Porter et al., 2022). Our findings that chemotherapy-loaded NPs also modulate neuronal markers open opportunities for combined regimens where nanoparticles synergize with established neuromodulators. This aligns with the emerging field of "cancer neuroscience," which emphasizes neural activity as both a contributor and target in cancer therapy. 8. Preclinical–Clinical Translation Challenges Despite promising results, translation to the clinic faces hurdles. Pharmacokinetics in rodents often differ substantially from humans, and scaling nanoparticle doses remains nontrivial (Hare et al., 2017). Moreover, while our results showed minimal systemic toxicity, long-term biodistribution studies are required to exclude NP accumulation in off-target organs. Regulatory pathways for nanomedicines remain complex, with relatively few FDA-approved nanoparticle formulations beyond liposomal (Allen et al., 2013) doxorubicin and albumin-bound paclitaxel (Barenholz, 2012). Clinical validation will require rigorous Phase I trials assessing safety, biodistribution, and neurocognitive outcomes. «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 121 9. Clinical Outcomes and Ongoing Trials Encouragingly, nanoparticle-based chemotherapy is already under clinical evaluation for CNS cancers. For instance, liposomal irinotecan has demonstrated improved outcomes in glioma patients (Friedman et al., 2021). Trials combining nanocarriers with immunotherapy are also underway. Our study adds preclinical evidence supporting the design of dual-drug NP systems with neuromodulatory benefits. If validated in trials, such therapies could offer survival benefits alongside preservation of cognitive function, a major unmet clinical need (Kwon et al., 1996). 10. Limitations of the Study While our study provides robust preclinical data, limitations include lack of electrophysiological validation of neuromodulation, relatively short-term survival monitoring, and use of xenograft rather than orthotopic glioblastoma models. Additionally, while PLGA nanoparticles are biodegradable, long-term studies are necessary to ensure no persistent adverse effects. Finally, our neuromodulatory findings are associative rather than causative, necessitating mechanistic validation. 11. Future Directions Future work should pursue three parallel avenues: (1) mechanistic studies on neuromodulation using patch-clamp and optogenetic approaches; (2) orthotopic glioblastoma models for improved clinical relevance; and (3) early-phase clinical trials incorporating neurocognitive outcomes as endpoints. Expanding beyond PTX and DOX, additional combinations targeting tumor–neuron interactions, such as NMDA receptor antagonists or calcium channel blockers, may further enhance therapeutic efficacy. Personalized nanomedicine approaches, tailoring drug ratios and carriers to individual tumor–neuron profiles, represent an exciting frontier. 12. Broader Implications The integration of neuromodulation into cancer therapy represents a conceptual evolution in oncology. Traditionally, treatments focus solely on tumor eradication, with side effects tolerated as collateral. Our findings demonstrate that with nanotechnology, therapies can be engineered to optimize both oncological and neurological outcomes simultaneously. This dual focus could have implications beyond glioblastoma, extending to brain metastases, neuroblastoma, and even nonCNS cancers where the nervous system influences tumor biology (Zahalka & Frenette, 2020). Conclusion In conclusion, our study demonstrates that dual-drug nanoparticles (PTX+DOX-NP) offer a synergistic therapeutic approach in glioblastoma, combining enhanced cytotoxicity with beneficial neuromodulatory effects. This dual benefit is of particular importance because glioblastoma remains one of the most lethal and treatment-resistant brain tumors, where conventional therapies often fail to produce long-term survival gains. While current standards such as temozolomide and radiotherapy prolong life modestly, they do not adequately address the neurological decline and neurotoxicity associated with both disease progression and therapy. Our findings suggest that the integration of nanotechnology in drug delivery can address both dimensions: tumor eradication and neuronal support. Therapeutic Synergy in Glioblastoma The observed synergy between paclitaxel and doxorubicin in a nanoparticle formulation underscores the principle that drug combinations, when properly engineered, can outperform monotherapy. Nanoparticles ensure that both drugs reach tumor tissue in a synchronized and sustained manner, overcoming challenges of solubility, pharmacokinetics, and systemic toxicity. The data indicate that dual-drug NPs not only increased tumor cell kill but also minimized offtarget toxicity compared to free drugs, highlighting their translational promise. This finding aligns with previous preclinical evidence where combination nanotherapies showed superior tumor suppression compared to free formulations (Blanco et al., 2015; Bertrand et al., 2014). Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 128 governments to adapt PPPs to a wide range of sectors, including infrastructure, healthcare, education, energy, utilities, and ICT. Infrastructure development remains one of the most common fields for PPPs, covering projects like roads, bridges, airports, and urban transport systems that require large-scale investments. In healthcare, the construction and operation of hospitals, clinics, and e-health systems are increasingly managed through PPPs to ensure better service delivery under public oversight. In education, PPP supports the building of schools and universities, as well as the development of digital education and vocational training programs. In the field of energy and utilities, private investments in renewable energy plants, power distribution, and water supply systems are realized through PPPs, promoting sustainability and efficiency. The model’s flexibility makes it applicable even to information technology and communication infrastructure, where it plays a vital role in expanding digital connectivity and building e-government platforms. One of the most significant advantages of PPP lies in its ability to mobilize private sector investment in public projects, especially in contexts of fiscal constraint. Engaging private investors enables governments to implement large-scale initiatives without excessive public debt while benefiting from the project management capacity of the private sector. PPPs also embody the principle of risk sharing, distributing risks between partners according to their competencies. Construction and operational risks are typically borne by the private sector, while the public partner assumes political, regulatory, and legal risks. This allocation promotes accountability and efficiency, ensuring that risks are managed by those most capable of mitigating them. Moreover, PPPs foster innovation and service quality. The private sector’s competitive drive encourages the introduction of modern technologies, creative management practices, and customer-centered solutions. As a result, citizens receive higher-quality and more accessible services. PPPs also enhance the efficiency of resource utilization; the private sector’s capacity for cost control and optimized operational structures ensures that public funds are used effectively. However, despite their advantages, PPPs also face significant challenges and risks. Governance and coordination problems often arise due to the involvement of multiple stakeholders with diverse interests. Inadequate communication, poor institutional capacity, or unclear responsibilities can lead to administrative delays and inefficiencies. Financial risks are another major concern. If a PPP project fails or underperforms, the government may have to assume additional financial obligations to maintain essential services, thereby offsetting the model’s expected fiscal benefits. Furthermore, PPPs are typically based on long-term contracts that can last decades, which may limit the government’s ability to respond to future policy changes, technological evolution, or economic fluctuations. Renegotiations can be time-consuming and politically sensitive. In addition, excessive reliance on private partners may lead to dependency risks, especially in sectors crucial to public welfare such as energy, healthcare, or transportation. The insolvency or mismanagement of a private partner could disrupt public service delivery and damage public confidence. For these reasons, transparency and competitiveness are essential components of successful PPPs. An open and competitive partner selection process ensures that projects are awarded to competent and financially sound entities. Transparency throughout all stages—from bidding to implementation and monitoring—strengthens public trust and mitigates corruption risks. It also ensures better value for money and more effective use of public resources. In international practice, countries with strong transparency frameworks tend to achieve better outcomes. The United Kingdom’s Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and Singapore’s Public Sector Transformation model are notable examples of transparency-based PPP governance, focusing on clear procurement processes, independent audits, and community engagement. To ensure that PPPs function effectively, governments must strengthen their legal and institutional frameworks. Legislation on PPPs should provide clarity, stability, and predictability for both parties. Clearly defined rules on ownership, risk allocation, dispute resolution, and performance evaluation are critical to attract private investors and maintain public accountability. Simplified and standardized contract procedures can «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 129 minimize bureaucratic delays and make PPPs more accessible. The creation of specialized PPP agencies or units, such as the Infrastructure and Projects Authority in the UK or the PPP Center in the Philippines, plays a key role in providing technical expertise, evaluating project proposals, and coordinating implementation. Moreover, continuous project monitoring, performance auditing, and public reporting mechanisms are essential for accountability. Effective risk management must be integrated throughout the project lifecycle to ensure early detection and resolution of potential issues. Public oversight, through mechanisms like parliamentary reviews, citizen consultations, and transparency portals, helps align PPP projects with broader social and environmental goals. PPPs also play an increasingly important role in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By mobilizing private investment in renewable energy, clean water, sanitation, and infrastructure, PPPs contribute directly to environmental sustainability and social inclusion. For instance, renewable energy PPPs help reduce greenhouse gas emissions while expanding electricity access to rural areas. In developing countries, PPPs in water and waste management address both ecological challenges and public health needs. These projects demonstrate that PPP is not merely a financial tool but a strategic governance mechanism that integrates economic efficiency with social responsibility. International experience provides valuable lessons for countries seeking to strengthen their PPP frameworks. The UK emphasizes lifecycle cost efficiency and value-for-money assessment; Canada prioritizes community participation and transparent procurement; Singapore maintains strong state oversight while encouraging private sector innovation; Turkey has successfully implemented large-scale PPP hospital projects, showing how social infrastructure can be efficiently delivered through effective collaboration. Across these diverse examples, success depends not on the mere presence of private capital but on institutional integrity, regulatory clarity, and performance-based accountability. Therefore, governments must develop long-term PPP strategies grounded in transparency, risk balance, and sustainability principles. The Public-Private Partnership model represents a transformative approach to modern governance. By integrating the financial, technological, and managerial strengths of the private sector with the social and regulatory role of the state, PPP enables more efficient and innovative service delivery. It supports fiscal sustainability, promotes technological progress, and aligns economic development with public welfare. Nevertheless, its success requires adherence to key principles—transparent procurement, robust legal frameworks, effective risk management, and continuous public oversight. PPP is not a universal solution to all public sector challenges, but when properly designed and implemented, it becomes a sustainable and innovative mechanism that aligns private incentives with collective welfare. In an era of global competition, fiscal limitations, and growing citizen expectations, PPP stands out as a strategic model for responsive, resilient, and accountable governance that not only meets but anticipates the evolving needs of modern societies. Public services constitute the cornerstone of a state’s social responsibility and governance capacity in the modern world. In an increasingly complex and interdependent global environment, governments face growing demands to deliver efficient, high-quality, and inclusive services while maintaining fiscal discipline and accountability. Traditional models of public administration, which rely heavily on centralized bureaucracies, hierarchical decision-making, and rigid budgetary systems, often struggle to respond swiftly to changing economic realities and societal needs. The pace of technological innovation, the urgency of environmental challenges, and the expectations of citizens for greater transparency and responsiveness have all created a pressing need for new governance paradigms. Against this background, the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model has emerged as an innovative mechanism for delivering public goods and services through the strategic collaboration of public authorities and private entities. PPPs are not merely contractual arrangements; they are complex governance systems that integrate financial, technological, and Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 130 managerial resources from the private sector with the social mission, legitimacy, and regulatory authority of the state. This synthesis creates a hybrid model of governance that seeks to combine public accountability with private sector efficiency. The essence of PPP lies in the principle of complementarity — each side contributes its comparative advantage to achieve a shared objective that neither could efficiently accomplish alone. While the public partner ensures the protection of public interests, equity, and long-term sustainability, the private partner brings capital, innovation, and operational expertise to deliver measurable results. The scope of PPP applications has expanded significantly over the past three decades. Initially confined to large-scale infrastructure projects such as highways, airports, and energy systems, PPPs today encompass a wide range of public services — from healthcare, education, and housing to digital infrastructure, green energy, and environmental protection. This expansion reflects both the growing complexity of public needs and the recognition that the state alone cannot bear the financial and administrative burden of modern service provision. In an era of fiscal austerity and global competition for investment, PPP provides a strategic pathway for mobilizing private resources for public benefit. The model enables governments to leverage private financing mechanisms, including project bonds, syndicated loans, and blended finance instruments, while minimizing direct public expenditure. Moreover, PPPs encourage performance-based management, where private partners are rewarded based on outcomes rather than inputs, thus fostering efficiency and accountability. Another significant advantage of PPP is the redistribution of risks according to the capacity of each partner. In traditional public procurement, the government bears the majority of financial, operational, and reputational risks, even when failures occur due to inefficiencies in implementation. In PPPs, risks such as construction delays, cost overruns, or operational inefficiencies are largely transferred to private entities, while the state retains responsibility for regulatory stability and public interest safeguards. This balance not only protects taxpayers but also incentivizes private partners to adhere to high standards of performance and transparency. The effectiveness of PPPs is closely linked to their potential for innovation. Private firms, motivated by competition and profitability, tend to adopt advanced technologies, modern management systems, and data-driven decision-making approaches. When these capacities are aligned with the state’s social objectives, PPPs can significantly improve service quality, accessibility, and user satisfaction. For instance, the integration of digital technologies in healthcare PPPs has led to the creation of telemedicine platforms, electronic patient records, and AI-assisted diagnostics, expanding healthcare access to remote and underserved areas. Similarly, PPPs in transportation have facilitated the development of smart traffic systems and sustainable urban mobility solutions, reducing congestion and carbon emissions. Despite their strengths, PPPs also face considerable challenges. One of the main obstacles is the complexity of governance structures that involve multiple stakeholders with diverse and sometimes conflicting interests. Public institutions may lack the technical capacity to negotiate and monitor highly sophisticated contracts, while private investors may perceive political and regulatory risks as deterrents. Furthermore, the success of PPP projects often depends on the stability of the macroeconomic and legal environment. Sudden policy shifts, economic crises, or changes in political leadership can undermine the predictability that long-term contracts require. Another critical challenge relates to public accountability. PPPs blur the traditional boundaries between public and private responsibilities, raising questions about transparency, democratic control, and the equitable distribution of benefits. Without robust monitoring mechanisms and access to information, citizens may find it difficult to hold either partner accountable for project performance. This is why international experience strongly emphasizes the need for transparent procurement, clear reporting obligations, and independent evaluation frameworks. The role of civil society, the media, and auditing institutions is particularly crucial in ensuring that PPPs serve the broader public interest rather than narrow corporate objectives. The financial dimension of PPPs also requires careful consideration. Although PPPs are «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland 131 often promoted as a means of reducing public spending, they do not eliminate fiscal obligations; rather, they redistribute them over a longer time horizon. Poorly structured contracts can lead to contingent liabilities and hidden costs that burden future budgets. Therefore, it is essential that governments conduct rigorous value-for-money assessments and fiscal risk analyses before entering into PPP agreements. International financial institutions such as the World Bank and the OECD have developed comprehensive frameworks for PPP evaluation, emphasizing affordability, risk sharing, and long-term fiscal sustainability. Legal and institutional frameworks are equally fundamental to the success of PPPs. Countries with clear and stable PPP legislation tend to attract more private investment and achieve better project outcomes. Effective laws should define the roles and responsibilities of each party, outline transparent procurement procedures, specify dispute-resolution mechanisms, and provide guarantees for contract enforcement. The establishment of dedicated PPP units within government structures is also considered best practice. These units, staffed with financial, legal, and technical experts, act as coordination centers, ensuring that projects are properly designed, tendered, and implemented. The PPP model also plays a strategic role in achieving global sustainable development objectives. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development explicitly recognizes the importance of partnerships in mobilizing resources and innovation for the public good. PPPs contribute to several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including those related to infrastructure (Goal 9), energy (Goal 7), sustainable cities (Goal 11), and climate action (Goal 13). In developing countries, PPPs have been instrumental in expanding renewable energy capacity, improving sanitation systems, and building resilient transportation networks. For example, in Sub-Saharan Africa, solar PPP projects have brought electricity to millions of rural households that were previously off-grid. In Latin America, PPPs have enabled the construction of affordable housing units for low-income families while maintaining environmental sustainability standards. The role of PPPs in digital transformation has become particularly significant in recent years. Governments are increasingly partnering with technology companies to develop digital public infrastructure, including e-government platforms, national identification systems, and cybersecurity frameworks. These initiatives not only enhance administrative efficiency but also promote social inclusion by bridging the digital divide. The COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted the strategic importance of PPPs in crisis management. The rapid development and distribution of vaccines, the expansion of telehealth services, and the establishment of emergency logistics systems were all facilitated by collaborative efforts between public and private actors. These experiences demonstrate that PPPs can serve not only as longterm development tools but also as adaptive mechanisms in times of global disruption. To ensure the continued success of PPPs, several policy recommendations can be made. First, governments should invest in institutional capacity-building to strengthen their ability to design, negotiate, and manage complex partnerships. This includes training public officials in contract management, financial analysis, and performance evaluation. Second, transparency and public participation must be institutionalized. Publishing detailed information on PPP contracts, costs, and outcomes helps build trust and enables informed public debate. Third, governments should adopt flexible legal frameworks that allow for contract adjustments in response to technological and economic changes, while still maintaining accountability and fairness. Additionally, the social dimension of PPPs must not be overlooked. Projects should be designed with a strong emphasis on inclusivity, ensuring that vulnerable and marginalized groups benefit from improved services. The integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards into PPP contracts is an emerging trend that aligns economic incentives with broader societal values. By linking financial returns to measurable social and environmental outcomes, PPPs can drive sustainable and equitable growth. Furthermore, technological innovation will continue to shape the future of PPPs. The rise of artificial intelligence, blockchain, and data analytics offers new opportunities for enhancing transparency, efficiency, and risk management in PPP operations. For example, blockchain-based Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 132 procurement systems can ensure tamper-proof bidding processes, while AI-powered monitoring tools can track project performance in real time. As the world transitions toward a digital and lowcarbon economy, PPPs will likely become a cornerstone of both economic recovery and sustainable transformation. In conclusion, the Public-Private Partnership model represents a dynamic and forward-looking approach to public governance. It embodies the principles of collaboration, innovation, and shared responsibility that are essential for addressing the complex challenges of the twenty-first century. By uniting the strengths of the public and private sectors, PPPs enable the delivery of infrastructure and services that are more efficient, resilient, and citizen-centered. Yet, the success of this model depends on a delicate balance between economic rationality and social justice, between market efficiency and democratic accountability. To achieve this balance, governments must ensure that PPPs are guided by transparency, equity, and longterm sustainability. 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Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:1(3) Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference 134 Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference «Research Retrieval and Academic Letters» (August 28-29, 2025). Warsaw, Poland, 2025. 134p [email protected] https://publisher.agency University of Warsaw Solipska 29 02-482 Warsaw, Poland