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Heal h- ela ed quali y o li e a e li e ansplan a ion
Ama ja gal Tsengel 1, 3, Se gelen O goi 2 and Gan ugs Yundendo j 3, *
1 Fi s Cen al Hospi al o Mongolia, Ulaanbaa a , Mongolia.
2 Fi s Cen al Hospi al o Mongolia, O gan T ansplan a ion Cen e , Ulaanbaa a , Mongolia.
3 Depa men o Heal h Policy, School o Public Heal h, Mongolian Na ional Uni e si y o Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaa a ,
Mongolia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 088-094
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 26 No embe 2024; e ised on 03 Janua y 2025; accep ed on 05 Janua y 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.21.1.0006
Abs ac
Backg ound: Mongolian ci izens in need o li e ansplan ea men ha e been ecei ing he ea men ab oad since
2004, and in Mongolia since 2011. As he numbe o yea s o li e a e li e ansplan a ion inc eases, i is impo an o
be e unde s and he ac o s ha in luence pa ien ’s quali y o li e du ing hose yea s, and wha can be done o modi y
hem. (1) Quali y o li e e lec s how he in e ac ion be ween socio-economic and en i onmen al ac o s in luences social
and human de elopmen . (2) S udies on wo k capaci y ha e shown ha 6% o people a e li e ansplan a ion a e
classi ied as unable o wo k based on unc ional and in e na ional disabili y assessmen s, (3) while 23-61% a e ully
employed a e li e ansplan a ion. (4)(5) The e is a lack o esea ch examining he physical, psychological, and social
well-being o pa ien s a e li e ansplan ea men in Mongolia.
Me hods: Da a we e collec ed om 144 li e ansplan cases using desc ip i e esea ch design and ques ionnai e
me hod. The s udy used he SF-36 Heal h Assessmen Ques ionnai e, which was g ouped in o 8 g oups and he sco es
we e a e aged acco ding o he scale. The esul s o he s udy we e analyzed using SPSS 25.0 so wa e using Pea son’s
Chi-squa e es o di e ences be ween g oups.
Resul s: O he o al 144 cases included in he s udy, 81 (56.3%), we e male and 63 (43.8%) we e emale. By age g oup,
120 (83.3%) a e be ween he ages o 19-60, o wo king age, and 24 (16.7%) a e o e 60. Employmen a e li e
ansplan a ion was 41 (28.5%) ull- ime, 19 (13.2%) pa - ime, 84 (58.3%) unemployed o he e was no s a is ically
signi ican di e ence be ween g oups (P=0.024), o which 62 (43%) we e willing o wo k, 17 (12%) we e unwilling o
wo k, and 65 (45%) we e unknown (0.173) wi h no s a is ically signi ican di e ence. When assessing heal h- ela ed
quali y o li e, physical ac i i y was 65.7±27.1, heal h- ela ed limi a ions 38.5±40.1, psychological limi a ions 41.9±43.0,
pain 65.5±27.2, psychological a e age 71.7±19.2, physical ene gy a e age 57.8±21.2, mode a e, social pa icipa ion
a e age 68.1±20.6, and heal h change 85±22.2, indica ing ha ci izens who unde wen li e ansplan ea men had
good heal h- ela ed quali y o li e and heal h change indica o s.
Conclusion: People who ha e unde gone li e ansplan ea men ha e good heal h- ela ed quali y o li e and heal h-
ela ed changes.
Keywo ds: Li e ansplan ; Heal h; Quali y o li e; SF-36
1. In oduc ion
Mongolia i s began pe o ming li e ansplan s in 2011, he coun y is economically limi ed, bu o e he pas 10
yea s, cell, issue, and o gan ansplan s ha e been de eloped in he heal hca e sec o , and his ea men has been
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 088-094
89
p o ided in de eloped coun ies a ound he wo ld. (6) One measu e o his ha , on a e age, o e 90% o people
wo ldwide su i e o 1 yea and o e 75% su i e o 5 yea s o 5 yea s a e li e ansplan a ion. (7) In Mongolia,
he 1yea su i al a e a e li e ansplan a ion is 93.7%, he 3 yea su i al a e is 92.3%, and he 5 yea su i al
a e is 91.2%. (8) The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion de ines heal h as “a s a e o comple e physical, men al, and social well-
being”.(9) The esea ch ou look o o gan ansplan he apy is ocused on long- e m su i al and heal h- ela ed quali y
o li e (H QoL).(10) Quali y o li e assessmen s ha e shown ha al hough quali y o li e a e li e ansplan a ion is highe
han be o e, physical unc ion is lowe han in he heal hy popula ion.(4) The ail pheno ype in pa ien wi h ci hosis is
hough o be p ima ily due o malnu i ion, muscle weakness, and neu omo o dys egula ion.(11)(12) The abo e ac o s
a e conside ed in he 3 es s o he Li e Weakness Pheno ypic Index. These include physical unc ion assessmen s such
as g ip s eng h, balance, and muscle unc ion (13), and he F ail y Pheno ype Index (LFI) is de ined as one o h ee g oups
o physical unc ion assessmen s in he SF36 es . The e is no s udy in Mongolia ha examines he physical,
psychological, and social well-being o pa ien a e li e ansplan ea men .
2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. S udy design
Da a we e collec ed using a desc ip i e esea ch design and ques ionnai e me hod.
2.2. S udy popula ion
The sample size o clien s equi ed o he s udy was calcula ed using he o mula o K ejce and Mo gan (14) when he
o iginal popula ion size is known. The equi ed sample size was es ima ed o be 144 pa ien s, which was dis ibu ed
p opo ionally acco ding o whe he hey ecei ed li e ansplan ea men a he Na ional Ins i u e o Heal h and
ab oad, esul ing in a sample size o 69 pa ien s ea ed a he Na ional Ins i u e o Heal h and 75 pa ien s ea ed
ab oad.
Eligibili y c i e ia o he su ey - Ci izens who ha e unde gone li e ansplan ea men a he Fi s S a e Hospi al
and ab oad, included in he a ge sample.
Exclusion c i e ia -Re usal o pa icipa e in he s udy
2.3. Va iables
The su ey ques ionnai e, he SF-36 Heal h Assessmen Ques ionnai e, was g ouped as ollows. We con e ed he
sco es o hese g oups o ques ions in o a sco e om 0 o 100 and a e aged he sco es acco ding o he eigh g oups
abo e.
• Physical ac i i y
• Physical pain
• Physical ac i i y limi a ions
• Psychological ac i i y limi a ions
• Pe sonal psychological s a e
• Social pa icipa ion
• Gene al heal h s a us
• Heal h changes
2.4. S a is ical analysis
The SF-36 (Sho Fo m Su ey) ques ionnai e, de eloped by he Ame ican Rand Co po a ion, was used o assess quali y
o li e, and consis ed o eigh ca ego ies: physical heal h, psychological heal h, le el o independence, social
ela ionships, en i onmen , pe sonal alues, and belie s. The assessmen was calcula ed in wo s ages. Fi s , each
ques ion was con e ed o a sco e om 0 o 100, wi h highe sco es indica ing be e heal h. Second, he sco es we e
a e aged ac oss eigh g oups acco ding o he scale.
The esul s o he s udy we e analyzed using SPSS25. Pea son’s Chi-squa e es was used o calcula e he mean, s anda d
de ia ion, and mean di e ence be ween g oups o li e assessmen a e li e ansplan a ion.
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3. Resul s
O he 144 cases included in he s udy, 69 (47.9%) ecei ed li e ansplan ea men in Mongolia and 75 (52.1%)
ab oad, and 81 (56.2%) we e male and 63 (43.8%) we e emale. By age g oup, 0 (0%) we e 0-9 yea s old, 1 (0.7%) we e
20-29 yea s old, 15 (10.4%) We e 30-39 yea s old, 47 (32.6%) we e 40-49 yea s old, 50-59 yea s old, and 24 (16.7%)
we e o e 60 yea s old. By educa ional le el, 3(2.1%) had p ima y educa ion, 39(27.1%) had seconda y educa ion, and
102 (70.8%) had e ia y educa ion. In e ms o employmen , 24 (16.7%) wo ke s, 16 (11.1%) employees, 59 (41.0%)
in he g oup, and 35 (24.3%) pensione s (P=0.002) showed a s a is ically signi ican di e ence. (Table 1)
Table 1 Demog aphic cha ac e is ics o s udy pa icipan s
Indica
o
Sum
Coun y whe e li e ansplan ea men was pe o med
Mongolia
Fo eign coun y
Р
alue
N
%
Num
be
Pe cen age
(along he
line)
Pe cen age
(By
column)
Num
be
Pe cen age (along
he line)
Pe cen age (By
column)
Gende
0.69
Male
81
56.2
40
49.4
58
41
50.6
54.7
Female
63
43.8
29
46
42
34
54
45.3
Age g oup
0-9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10-19
1
0.7
1
100
1.5
0
0
0
20-29
1
0.7
1
100
1.5
0
0
0
30-39
15
10.4
8
53.3
11.5
7
46.7
9.3
40 - 49
47
32.6
24
51.1
34.8
23
48.9
30.7
50 - 59
56
38.9
30
53.6
43.5
26
46.4
34.7
O e
60+
24
16.7
5
20.8
7.2
19
79.2
25.3
Educa ion
le el
0.768
Low
3
2.1
2
66
2.8
1
50
1.3
Mediu
m
39
27.1
18
46.2
26.1
21
53.8
28
High
102
70.8
49
48
71
53
52
70.7
Employmen
0.002
Employ
ee
24
16.7
7
29.2
10.1
17
70.8
22.7
O ice
16
11.1
8
50
11.6
8
50
10.7
Pensio
n
35
24.3
10
28.6
14.5
25
71.4
33.3
Disabili
y
59
41
39
66.1
56.5
20
33.9
26.7
O he
10
6.9
5
50
7.2
5
50
6.7
144
100
69
47.9
100
75
52.1
100
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When iewed in ela ion o physical heal h, psychological s a e, le el o independence, social ela ionships, pe sonal
belie s, and en i onmen al cha ac e is ics, he e we e no di e ences in gene al heal h and heal h change indica o s
among people who unde wen li e ansplan s ea men . Physical ac i i y Mongolian 65.3±26.9, o eign 65.9±27.3
(P=0.900), heal h- ela ed limi a ions Mongolia 35.1±37.7, o eign 41.6±42.1 (P=0.329), psychological limi a ions
Mongolian 40.1±43.3, o eign 43.5±42.7 (P=0.631), physical ene gy Mongolian 59.4±22.2, o eign 56.3±20.3 (P=0.386),
psychological Mongolian 72.2±18.7, o eign 71.2±19.6 (P=0.761), social pa icipa ion Mongolian 69.2±20.0, o eign
67.1±21.2 (P=0.556), pain Mongolian 63.7±26.7, o eign 67.2±27.7 (P=0.438), gene al heal h Mongolian 52.9±13.0,
o eign 49.2±16.0 (P=0.133), heal h change Mongolian 88.4±19.4, o eign 82.3±24.2 (P=0.098) he e was o s a is ically
signi ican di e ence. (Table 2)
Table 2 Quali y o li e assessmen
Indica o
Coun y whe e li e ansplan ea men was pe o med
P alue
Mongolia
Fo eign coun y
Mean
S .D
Mean
S .D
Physical unc ioning
65.3
26.9
65.9
27.3
0.900
Role limi a ions due o physical heal h
35.1
37.7
41.6
42.1
0.329
Role limi a ions due o emo ional p oblems
40.1
43.3
43.5
42.7
0.631
Ene gy a igue
59.4
22.2
56.3
20.3
0.386
Emo ional well being
72.2
18.7
71.2
19.6
0.761
Social unc ioning
69.2
20.0
67.1
21.2
0.556
Pain
63.7
26.7
67.2
27.7
0.438
Gene al heal h
52.9
13.0
49.2
16.0
0.133
Heal h change
88.4
19.4
82.3
24.2
0.098
P alue is Independen 2 sample T es
When compa ing he heal h ela ed quali y o li e by employmen a e li e ansplan a ion, he e we e s a is ically
signi ican di e ences in physical ac i i y wo king 76.42±22.50, no wo king 59.40±27.61 (P<0.001), heal h ela ed
limi a ions wo king 54.72±41.04, no wo king 55.35±42.84, no wo king 34.07±41.27 (P=0.004), pain wo king
75.00±21.61, no wo king 60.03±28.69 (P=0.001), and gene al heal h wo king 54.62±13.83, no wo king 48.96±14.97
(P=0.026).
Howe e , he e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in physical ene gy when wo king, 60.47±18.53, and when
no wo king, 56.26±22.63 (P=0.253), psychological ene gy when wo king, 71.70±16.71, and when no wo king,
71.74±20.60 (P=0.991), social pa icipa ion when wo king, 68.40±16.91, and when no wo king, 67.99±22.61
(P=0.904), and heal h changes when wo king, 85.38±21.05, and when no wo king, 85.16±22.97 (P=0.956). The a e age
physical ac i i y sco es o he abo e g oups we e 63.52±25.32, when wo king and 52.90±25.75, when no wo king
(P=0.018), and he psychological sco es we e 64.94±14.53, when wo king and 53.63±17.87 when no wo king
(P<0.001), wi h s a is ically signi ican di e ences. Heal h ela ed quali y o li e is highe in people who a e employed
a e li e ansplan a ion. (Table 3)
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Table 3 Quali y o li e assessmen (By employmen )
Indica o
Employmen a e li e ansplan ea men
P alue
Yes
No
Mean
S .D
Mean
S .D
Physical unc ioning
76.42
22.50
59.40
27.61
<0.001
Role limi a ions due o physical heal h
54.72
41.04
29.12
36.56
<0.001
Role limi a ions due o emo ional p oblems
55.35
42.84
34.07
41.27
0.004
Ene gy a igue
60.47
18.53
56.26
22.63
0.253
Emo ional well being
71.70
16.71
71.74
20.60
0.991
Social unc ioning
68.40
16.91
67.99
22.61
0.904
Pain
75.00
21.61
60.03
28.69
0.001
Gene al heal h
54.62
13.83
48.96
14.97
0.026
Heal h change
85.38
21.05
85.16
22.97
0.956
Physical unc ioning
63.52
25.32
52.90
25.75
0.018
Role limi a ions due o physical heal h
64.94
14.53
53.63
17.87
<0.001
P alue is Independen 2 sample T es
Compa ed wi h he o e all heal h ela ed quali y o li e assessmen , gene al physical unc ioning indica o s and gene al
psychological indic o s imp o ed wi h inc easing yea s a e ea men .
Figu e 1 Quali y o li e li e ansplan a ion (yea s)
In Figu e1, when he abo e eigh indica o s a e g ouped, he o e all quali y o li e indica o o physical ac i i y was he
highes in people who ecei ed ea men in 2010 (93±7.0), 80±0.0 in 2011, 75.3±29.2 in 2013, 81.4±17.3 in 2014, and
85±15.5 in 2017, while he lowes was 48.5±24.7 in 2023 and 52.3±26.8 in 2022 (P=0.046), wi h a s a is ically
signi ican di e ence. When assessing he gene al indica o s ela ed o psychological heal h, he highes was 80±2.9 in
2010, 73.3±2.9 in 2013, 70.5±12.6 in 2014, and 76.2±0.0 in 2017, and he lowes was 48.8±17.5 in 2023, 52.6±11.9 in
2024, and 54.0±15.7 in 2022 (P=0.008), wi h s a is ically signi ican di e ences.
4. Discussion
Ou s udy ound ha he heal h imp o emen a e li e ansplan a ion was 88.4% and he psychological s a e was
72.2% which is good. A s udy assessing quali y o li e using he SF-36 me hod, conduc ed by K is in Pazekas (2024) in
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 088-094
93
he s udy “Heal h ela ed quali y o li e and wo k abili y o pa ien s a e li e ansplan a ion”, ound ha gene al heal h
was 69.7%, (10) acco ding o a s udy by Isabel Roldo Nogue a (2020) and colleagues, “Quali y o li e a e li ing dono
li e ansplan a ion” gene al heal h was 73.2%, and psychological well-being was 66.4%,(15) acco ding o s udy by
Hilla y Monick (2009) on “Heal h ela ed quali y o li e a e li e ansplan a ion in adul s”, gene al heal h was 58%,
and psychological well-being was 73%, (16) Jenni e S.Lai (2023) “Associa ion o F ail y Wi h Heal h-Rela ed Quali y o
Li e in Li e T ansplan Recipien s”, (1) Louis Onghena (2016) “Quali y o li e a e li e ansplan a ion: S a e o he a ”,
(17) San iago Tome (2008) “Quali y o li e a e li e ansplan a ion. A sys ema ic e iew” (18) as a esul , he quali y o
li e a e li e ansplan a ion has imp o ed compa ed o p e ious pe iods. In a s udy by Ma ia Ann Simpsin (2023)
“Heal h- ela ed Quali y o Li e A e Li e T ansplan a ion—An Impo an Goal, bu One De ini ion (o Size) Does No
Fi All” heal h ela ed quali y o li e a e li e ansplan a ion is in luenced by d ug choice, side e ec s, ea men
wai ing ime, basic heal h khowledge, physical condi ion, and indi idual cha ac e is ics. These ac o s a e hough o
play an impo an ole in he o e all well-being o li e ansplan ecipien s. (19) Nakao e .al (2016) conduc ed a heal h
su ey in 8 hospi als in Ulaanbaa a , Mongolia, in 2012-2013, using he SF36 assessmen me hod o assess he heal h
s a us o adul s in Ulaanbaa a , a ci y wi h high ai pollu ion. The esul s o he s udy showed ha he quali y o li e
ques ionnai e sco es we e high, and C onbach’s alpha was abo e 0.7 in mos subg oups, indica ing ha he
ques ionnai e was eliable. (20) Ou s udy did no compa e he quali y o li e be o e li e ansplan a ion wi h ha o
heal hy con ols, and his is impo an o in es iga e u he .
5. Conclusion
Compa ed wi h he o e all heal h ela ed quali y o li e assessmen a e li e ansplan a ion, gene al physical unc ion
and gene al psychological indica o s imp o ed wi h inc easing yea s a e ea men .
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
S a emen o e hical app o al
The esea ch me hodology was discussed and app o ed by he Academic Council o he School o Public Heal h,
Mongolian Na ional Uni e si y o Medical Sciences on May 31, 2022 (mee ing no. 22/15). This discussion occu ed
du ing a mee ing o he Resea ch E hics Re iew Commi ee o he Mongolia Na ional Uni e si y o Medical Sciences on
June 22, 2022 (mee ing no. 2022/3-07), and pe mission o conduc ing he s udy was g an ed.
S a emen o in o med consen
In o med consen was ob ained om all indi idual pa icipan s included in he s udy.
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