In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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Renewable Ene gy Resea ch: P omo ing En i onmen al Resilience Towa ds
Communi y Wel a e - A Li e a u e Re iew on Inclusi e De elopmen
Andi Eka P ase ia1, Ab a Saleng2, Sawedi3
1,2,3 Hasanuddin Uni e si y, Indonesia
ABSTRACT: Renewable ene gy esea ch in ol es s udies ha change pe spec i es on ene gy u iliza ion in o wo op ions:
enewable ene gy and ossil ene gy. Fossil ene gy is de i ed om ossil uels — o ganic emains o li ing hings ha died millions
o yea s ago and a e apped benea h he ea h’s su ace. The o ma ion p ocess akes a long ime, unlike enewable ene gy, which
is na u ally p o ided. The use o enewable ene gy e e s o he u iliza ion o ene gy sou ces ha can be enewed na u ally. This
mus be a sha ed conce n o main ain he sus ainabili y o na u e o he con inui y and sa e y o he Ea h. Renewable ene gy, such
as sola , wind, wa e , geo he mal, and biomass, can be used o p oduce elec ici y o o he o ms o communi y wel a e. The use o
enewable ene gy o e s many bene i s, including educing en i onmen al impac s, inc easing ene gy e iciency, and c ea ing jobs.
This s udy aims o: (1) analyze he ole and e ec i eness o mul i-s akeholde syne gy in communi y empowe men h ough
enewable ene gy; and (2) analyze he policy s a egies needed o s eng hen en i onmen al esilience o ensu e equi able and
sus ainable communi y de elopmen h ough enewable ene gy. The da a o his s udy we e ob ained h ough a li e a u e e iew
ha examines enewable ene gy om a ious pe spec i es. The esul s o his s udy a e expec ed o con ibu e o he de elopmen
o inclusi e de elopmen s udies and be bene icial o socie y.
KEY WORDS: Communi y Wel a e, En i onmen al Resilience, Inclusi e De elopmen , Renewable Ene gy.
INTRODUCTION
The inc easing global demand o ene gy has become one o he mos p essing challenges in achie ing sus ainable de elopmen .
Con en ional ene gy sou ces, pa icula ly ossil uels, ha e been he p ima y d i e s o indus ial g ow h; howe e , hei exploi a ion
has led o se e e en i onmen al deg ada ion, including global wa ming, ai pollu ion, and biodi e si y loss. These impac s
unde sco e he u gen need o ansi ion owa ds enewable ene gy sou ces ha a e en i onmen ally iendly, socially inclusi e, and
economically sus ainable.
Renewable ene gy, de i ed om na u ally eplenished sou ces such as sunligh , wind, wa e , geo he mal hea , and biomass, o e s
a iable al e na i e o ossil uels. I s adop ion no only educes ca bon emissions bu also p omo es en i onmen al esilience and
enhances communi y wel a e. The shi owa ds enewable ene gy ep esen s mo e han a echnological ans o ma ion; i e lec s a
pa adigm shi in how socie ies concep ualize ene gy secu i y, economic equi y, and en i onmen al s ewa dship (Saleh & Hassan,
2024; Balcila e al., 2025). The success o his ans o ma ion depends la gely on how well enewable ene gy policies a e in eg a ed
wi h local de elopmen goals and communi y empowe men s a egies.
Despi e i s po en ial, he ansi ion o enewable ene gy aces se e al challenges, including policy inconsis ency, inadequa e
in as uc u e, limi ed access o inancing, and a lack o communi y pa icipa ion in decision-making p ocesses. Many de eloping
coun ies, including Indonesia, a e s ill in he ea ly s ages o building ins i u ional amewo ks o suppo enewable ene gy adop ion
(Adi ya e al., 2025; Hassan e al., 2024; Rahman, 2019). Fu he mo e, he socio-economic bene i s o enewable ene gy a e no
e enly dis ibu ed, which can lead o dispa i ies be ween egions. Add essing hese challenges equi es s ong poli ical will, cohe en
policy design, and inclusi e go e nance ha ensu es bo h en i onmen al sus ainabili y and social equi y.
In he b oade con ex o inclusi e de elopmen , enewable ene gy ini ia i es hold he po en ial o na ow he gap be ween u ban
and u al communi ies by p o iding access o a o dable and sus ainable ene gy. Th ough pa icipa o y go e nance and he ac i e
in ol emen o mul iple s akeholde s—including local go e nmen s, p i a e sec o s, and ci il socie y o ganiza ions— enewable
ene gy p ojec s can d i e socio-economic g ow h while main aining ecological in eg i y. The e o e, examining enewable ene gy
om he lens o en i onmen al esilience and communi y wel a e becomes essen ial o unde s and i s mul i ace ed ole in shaping
a sus ainable and equi able u u e.
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Renewable ene gy has eme ged as a cen al ocus in global de elopmen discou se due o i s po en ial o add ess bo h en i onmen al
deg ada ion and socio-economic inequali y. Acco ding o he In e na ional Renewable Ene gy Agency (IRENA, 2023), enewable
ene gy is no only an al e na i e o ossil uels bu also a key d i e o sus ainable and inclusi e g ow h. Schola s such as So acool
and G i i hs (2021) emphasize ha enewable ene gy ansi ions can con ibu e o achie ing se e al Sus ainable De elopmen
Goals (SDGs), pa icula ly hose ela ed o clean ene gy (SDG 7), clima e ac ion (SDG 13), and po e y educ ion (SDG 1). The
adop ion o enewable ene gy echnologies has p o en e ec i e in mi iga ing clima e change, educing dependency on impo ed
uels, and os e ing local inno a ion h ough g een employmen oppo uni ies.
F om an en i onmen al pe spec i e, enewable ene gy plays a c i ical ole in p omo ing ecological esilience. S udies by Folke e
al. (2016) and Adge (2020) de ine en i onmen al esilience as he capaci y o ecosys ems and human communi ies o abso b
dis u bances while main aining hei essen ial unc ions and s uc u es. Renewable ene gy sys ems, especially decen alized ones
like sola mic og ids and small-scale hyd oelec ic powe , enhance esilience by p o iding eliable ene gy du ing na u al disas e s
and educing he ulne abili y o communi ies o ene gy dis up ions. Fu he mo e, he shi owa ds enewable sou ces encou ages
sus ainable land use and esou ce managemen , he eby educing de o es a ion and pollu ion caused by adi ional ene gy ex ac ion.
Economically, enewable ene gy os e s communi y wel a e by c ea ing new sou ces o li elihood and educing ene gy po e y.
Acco ding o Alam e al. (2022), enewable ene gy de elopmen has he po en ial o imp o e u al economies by p omo ing small-
scale en e p ises, inc easing ag icul u al p oduc i i y h ough elec i ica ion, and enhancing educa ion and heal hca e se ices. The
economic bene i s a e u he ein o ced by he concep o “ene gy democ acy,” which p omo es local owne ship and pa icipa ion
in ene gy go e nance. This app oach allows communi ies o no only consume bu also p oduce ene gy, hus democ a izing access
and empowe ing ma ginalized g oups.
In he social dimension, enewable ene gy con ibu es o inclusi e de elopmen by in eg a ing communi y pa icipa ion in decision-
making p ocesses. As no ed by By ne and Taminiau (2016), success ul enewable ene gy p ojec s o en depend on he deg ee o
social accep ance and collabo a ion among s akeholde s. Inclusi e de elopmen amewo ks highligh he impo ance o in ol ing
local communi ies, women, and ulne able g oups in ene gy planning and implemen a ion. This pa icipa o y app oach ensu es ha
enewable ene gy ini ia i es align wi h local needs and cul u al alues, ul ima ely s eng hening social cohesion and us .
Howe e , se e al challenges pe sis in achie ing equi able enewable ene gy ansi ions. S udies by So acool e al. (2020) e eal
ha s uc u al inequali ies—such as unequal access o inancing, lack o echnical capaci y, and cen alized policy con ol—o en
hinde he e ec i eness o enewable ene gy p og ams. Addi ionally, he lack o in eg a ion be ween en i onmen al policies and
local go e nance sys ems limi s he sus ainabili y o such p ojec s. The e o e, o ealize he ull po en ial o enewable ene gy o
inclusi e de elopmen , mul i-s akeholde collabo a ion, anspa en go e nance, and adap i e policy amewo ks a e essen ial.
In summa y, he li e a u e highligh s ha enewable ene gy se es as bo h an en i onmen al and socio-economic ins umen o
sus ainable de elopmen . I p omo es en i onmen al esilience by educing ecological ulne abili y, enhances communi y wel a e
by p o iding equi able access o ene gy, and suppo s inclusi e de elopmen by empowe ing local pa icipa ion. Ne e heless,
achie ing hese ou comes equi es con inuous esea ch, policy inno a ion, and ins i u ional commi men o ensu e ha enewable
ene gy ansi ions a e jus , inclusi e, and sus ainable.
METHOD
This s udy employs a quali a i e li e a u e e iew app oach o analyze he ela ionship be ween enewable ene gy de elopmen ,
en i onmen al esilience, and communi y wel a e wi hin he amewo k o inclusi e de elopmen . A li e a u e e iew me hod was
selec ed because i allows o an in-dep h syn hesis o exis ing esea ch indings, heo ies, and case s udies ele an o he opic. By
in eg a ing knowledge om a ious academic sou ces, his esea ch aims o cons uc a comp ehensi e unde s anding o how
enewable ene gy ini ia i es con ibu e o social and ecological sus ainabili y.
The da a used in his s udy we e ob ained om seconda y sou ces, including schola ly books, pee - e iewed jou nal a icles, policy
pape s, ins i u ional epo s, and in e na ional publica ions om o ganiza ions such as he Uni ed Na ions (UN), he Wo ld Bank,
and he In e na ional Renewable Ene gy Agency (IRENA). The selec ion o sou ces ollowed a sys ema ic e iew p ocess, ocusing
on wo ks published be ween 2015 and 2024 o ensu e he inclusion o he mos ecen and ele an insigh s. Da abases such as
Scopus, ScienceDi ec , Sp inge Link, and Google Schola we e u ilized o iden i y key s udies using keywo ds like enewable
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
ISSN: 2581-8341
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ene gy, en i onmen al esilience, communi y wel a e, and inclusi e de elopmen .
The analy ical amewo k o his s udy is based on a hema ic analysis echnique, which in ol es iden i ying, examining, and
in e p e ing pa e ns and hemes ac oss he collec ed li e a u e. The analysis is o ganized a ound h ee main hemes:
1. En i onmen al Resilience – how enewable ene gy suppo s ecological balance and educes ulne abili y o clima e isks.
2. Communi y Wel a e – how enewable ene gy imp o es socio-economic condi ions and enhances quali y o li e.
3. Inclusi e De elopmen – how enewable ene gy go e nance p omo es equi y, pa icipa ion, and local empowe men .
Each heme was analyzed by compa ing and con as ing di e en schola ly pe spec i es and empi ical indings o iden i y gaps and
oppo uni ies o u u e esea ch. The iangula ion o da a om mul iple sou ces also enhances he c edibili y and alidi y o his
s udy. In addi ion, a desc ip i e and in e p e i e app oach was adop ed o cap u e he complexi y o in e ac ions be ween
en i onmen al, social, and economic dimensions o enewable ene gy de elopmen .
In summa y, he esea ch me hodology combines sys ema ic e iew echniques wi h hema ic and in e p e i e analysis o p o ide a
holis ic unde s anding o enewable ene gy’s ole in p omo ing sus ainable and inclusi e g ow h. The me hod emphasizes c i ical
e alua ion o li e a u e a he han da a quan i ica ion, enabling a nuanced explo a ion o policies, amewo ks, and eal-wo ld
implemen a ions ac oss di e en con ex s.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Findings
The ollowing able p esen s da a on Indonesia’s enewable ene gy de elopmen o e he pas decade, emphasizing he p opo ion
o enewable sou ces wi hin he na ional ene gy mix and he con ibu ion o key sec o s such as hyd opowe , geo he mal, bioene gy,
sola , and wind. This da a p o ides a clea o e iew o Indonesia’s p og ess owa d achie ing i s na ional ene gy ansi ion a ge s.
I highligh s bo h he g adual shi om ossil uel dependency and he challenges in scaling up newe enewable echnologies. The
able also se es as a compa a i e basis o analyzing ends in ene gy di e si ica ion, in as uc u e de elopmen , and policy
implemen a ion ela ed o sus ainable and communi y-based ene gy sys ems.
Table 1. Key Da a Poin s: Indonesia Renewable Ene gy & Communi y Ene gy
Me ic
Value / De ail
Sou ce
Sha e o elec ici y om “clean”
sou ces
~ 20% o Indonesia’s elec ici y was om clean
( enewable + hyd o/bioene gy) sou ces as o mid-2025.
Embe Ene gy
Sha e o sola + wind in elec ici y
mix
Ve y low: a ound 0.2% o sola & wind combined in
elec ici y gene a ion.
Embe Ene gy
Ins alled gene a ion capaci y
g ow h 2023
To al ins alled gene a ion ~70.8 GW; ossil uels s ill
dominan ; non-hyd o enewables added almos 1 GW in
2023 (biomass + was e ~0.4 GW, sola ~0.3 GW,
geo he mal ~0.2 GW).
U.S. Ene gy In o ma ion
Adminis a ion
Renewable ene gy’s sha e in o al
ene gy consump ion / mix
11.7% in 2021; a ge o each ~23-34% in coming yea s
depending on plan.
JISDP+1
Renewable ene gy po en ial s
cu en u iliza ion
Many RE ypes ha e la ge po en ial bu e y low
u iliza ion. E.g.: sola po en ial is huge bu u iliza ion is
e y small; wind also unde u ilized.
JISDP+2Da aboks+2
Communi y-based mini g id case
Mua a Enggelam (Eas Kaliman an) illage: sola PV
mini-g id p ojec s a ed wi h 35 kWp capaci y in 2016,
la e expanded o 45 kWp. Local households educed
dependence on diesel, e c.
The analysis o ecen da a e eals bo h p og ess and pe sis en challenges in Indonesia’s ansi ion owa d enewable ene gy and
inclusi e de elopmen . As o mid-2025, app oxima ely 20% o Indonesia’s o al elec ici y gene a ion de i es om clean ene gy
sou ces, including hyd o, bioene gy, and geo he mal powe (Embe , 2025). Al hough his ma ks a g adual imp o emen om
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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p e ious yea s, he con ibu ion o sola and wind ene gy emains ex emely low a only 0.2% o o al gene a ion. This imbalance
highligh s a s uc u al dependency on ossil uels and unde lines he slow pace o enewable di e si ica ion in Indonesia’s ene gy
sec o .
Indonesia’s ins alled gene a ion capaci y eached app oxima ely 70.8 gigawa s (GW) in 2023, domina ed by coal and gas powe
plan s. Non-hyd o enewable sou ces con ibu ed less han one gigawa o new capaci y, composed mainly o biomass (0.4 GW),
sola (0.3 GW), and geo he mal (0.2 GW) (EIA, 2023). These numbe s demons a e a limi ed bu ongoing e o o expand enewable
in as uc u e. Howe e , he ela i ely small con ibu ion om sola and wind indica es ba ie s such as insu icien in es men ,
limi ed echnological ans e , and slow egula o y adap a ion o suppo small-scale and decen alized enewable p ojec s.
In e ms o he na ional ene gy mix, enewable sou ces accoun ed o 11.7% o o al ene gy consump ion in 2021. The Indonesian
go e nmen ’s a ge o achie e 23–34% enewable ene gy sha e by 2030 emains ambi ious gi en he cu en ajec o y (Bappenas,
2022). This gap be ween policy ambi ion and implemen a ion unde sco es he need o mo e inclusi e and locally g ounded
s a egies ha in ol e communi ies di ec ly in enewable ene gy p oduc ion and managemen .
Communi y-based ini ia i es, such as he sola mini-g id p ojec in Mua a Enggelam, Eas Kaliman an, illus a e how enewable
ene gy can enhance local wel a e and esilience. The 45-kilowa -peak (kWp) sola powe sys em has signi ican ly educed he
communi y’s eliance on diesel gene a o s, lowe ed ene gy cos s, and imp o ed access o eliable elec ici y (ADB, 2023). Beyond
economic bene i s, he p ojec os e ed local pa icipa ion, en i onmen al awa eness, and gende inclusion h ough communi y
managemen s uc u es. This example demons a es ha decen alized, communi y-d i en ene gy sys ems can align wi h Indonesia’s
b oade ision o sus ainable and inclusi e de elopmen .
O e all, he da a sugges s ha while Indonesia has made no able s ides in enewable ene gy adop ion, pa icula ly h ough
hyd opowe and geo he mal expansion, he ansi ion emains une en and cen alized. La ge-scale p ojec s end o domina e, while
small and communi y-based ini ia i es—al hough impac ul— emain limi ed in numbe and scale. S eng hening policy incen i es,
echnological inno a ion, and inancial suppo o local enewable p ojec s could signi ican ly accele a e p og ess owa d
en i onmen al esilience and communi y wel a e.
Discussion
The indings o his s udy highligh ha enewable ene gy de elopmen plays a s a egic ole in s eng hening en i onmen al
esilience and p omo ing communi y wel a e when implemen ed h ough inclusi e and pa icipa o y amewo ks. Indonesia’s
g owing a en ion o enewable ene gy e lec s a na ional commi men o achie ing sus ainable de elopmen goals, pa icula ly
hose conce ning a o dable and clean ene gy (SDG 7), clima e ac ion (SDG 13), and educed inequali ies (SDG 10). Howe e ,
p og ess emains une en, wi h la ge-scale and cen alized p ojec s domina ing o e communi y-based ini ia i es.
F om an en i onmen al pe spec i e, enewable ene gy signi ican ly con ibu es o esilience by educing dependency on ossil
uels, minimizing g eenhouse gas emissions, and suppo ing clima e adap a ion s a egies. Decen alized enewable sys ems—such
as sola mic og ids and small-scale hyd o p ojec s—p o ide eliable ene gy access e en in emo e a eas, ensu ing ene gy secu i y
du ing na u al o economic dis up ions. These ini ia i es also p omo e sus ainable esou ce managemen by educing de o es a ion,
imp o ing ai quali y, and encou aging e icien land use.
F om a social and economic pe spec i e, enewable ene gy suppo s communi y wel a e h ough job c ea ion, income
di e si ica ion, and imp o ed access o essen ial se ices. In u al communi ies, elec i ica ion h ough enewable sou ces enhances
p oduc i i y, educa ion, and heal hca e. Fo ins ance, communi y-based sola powe p ojec s like hose in Mua a Enggelam, Eas
Kaliman an, ha e demons a ed how pa icipa o y managemen can educe ene gy po e y and s eng hen local empowe men . Such
p ojec s embody he concep o ene gy democ acy, whe e communi ies a e no me ely consume s bu ac i e pa icipan s in ene gy
p oduc ion and decision-making.
F om a go e nance and policy pe spec i e, inclusi e de elopmen equi es collabo a ion among mul iple s akeholde s—
go e nmen agencies, p i a e in es o s, ci il socie y, and local communi ies. E ec i e enewable ene gy policies should no only
p o ide inancial incen i es and echnical assis ance bu also c ea e pla o ms o pa icipa o y go e nance. This ensu es ha ene gy
ansi ions a e socially equi able and en i onmen ally sus ainable. Policy in eg a ion be ween na ional amewo ks and local
ini ia i es is essen ial o a oid cen alized dependency and o ensu e ha communi ies bene i di ec ly om enewable ene gy
in es men s.
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O e all, his discussion e eals ha enewable ene gy has he po en ial o b idge he gap be ween sus ainabili y and social equi y.
Howe e , achie ing his equi es con inuous policy inno a ion, ins i u ional commi men , and public pa icipa ion. Inclusi e
de elopmen in enewable ene gy should p io i ize empowe men , equi y, and esilience, ensu ing ha echnological p og ess aligns
wi h he b oade goals o en i onmen al and human well-being.
CONCLUSION
This s udy concludes ha enewable ene gy de elopmen plays a i al ole in os e ing en i onmen al esilience and enhancing
communi y wel a e wi hin he amewo k o inclusi e de elopmen . Renewable ene gy se es no only as an en i onmen al solu ion
o mi iga e clima e change and educe ecological deg ada ion bu also as a social ins umen ha empowe s communi ies and
p omo es equi able access o ene gy esou ces. The in eg a ion o enewable sys ems such as sola , hyd o, geo he mal, and bioene gy
has con ibu ed o educing ossil uel dependence, suppo ing ecosys em s abili y, and c ea ing new economic oppo uni ies o
local popula ions. Howe e , Indonesia’s ansi ion owa d enewable ene gy emains cons ained by cen alized go e nance, limi ed
in es men in small-scale p ojec s, and insu icien communi y pa icipa ion. To add ess hese challenges, na ional ene gy policies
mus emphasize pa icipa o y app oaches ha s eng hen local owne ship, build ins i u ional capaci y, and align enewable ene gy
ini ia i es wi h social inclusion goals. By p io i izing communi y in ol emen , policy cohe ence, and mul i-s akeholde
collabo a ion, enewable ene gy can become a ans o ma i e o ce ha b idges en i onmen al sus ainabili y wi h social equi y.
Ul ima ely, a jus and inclusi e ene gy ansi ion will ensu e ha he bene i s o enewable inno a ion con ibu e no only o clima e
esilience bu also o he long- e m p ospe i y and well-being o all communi ies.
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