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Enhancing Compe i i eness o Li es ock Ma ke s in A id Regions: Focus On Li es ock
P oduc ion, Ma ke ing, and T ade Sys ems in Tu kana, Kenya
Eki u F ancis Anno*
Unica Uni e si y (UUM), School o Doc o al S udies, Lilongwe, Malawi
Co esponding Au ho Eki u
F ancis Anno
Unica Uni e si y (UUM), School
o Doc o al S udies, Lilongwe,
Malawi
A icle His o y
Recei ed: 17 / 09 / 2025
Accep ed: 07 / 10 / 2025
Published: 13 / 10 / 2025
Abs ac : The s udy examined he pe o mance o li es ock ma ke s in a id a eas, speci ically
in Tu kana, wi h an emphasis on compe i i eness and de e minan s o ma ke access wi hin
li es ock p oduc ion, ma ke ing, and ade sys ems. The esea ch s udy in ol ed 168 li es ock
ade s selec ed om ope a ional li es ock ma ke s in Tu kana, speci ically Ke io (Tu kana
Cen al Sub Coun y), Loki iama (Loima Sub Coun y), and Kachoda (Tu kana No h Sub
Coun y), wi h hei pe o mances also jux aposed agains o he ma ke s in a id egions o
Kenya. The s udy esul s indica ed ha ex eme compe i ion is e iden in he Tu kana li es ock
ma ke ing sys em, conside ably a ec ing li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke ing ac i i ies. This
leads o he non- unc ionali y o some po en ial ma ke s, diminishes he compe i i eness o
se e al ade s, and ul ima ely obs uc s ma ke access ini ia i es. Fac o s include inadequa e
legisla ion, insu icien esea ch, in o mal ma ke ing sys ems, esou ce –based con lic s and
insecu i y, es ic ed capi al, ma ke compe i ion, exploi a ion o low-capi al ade s, and
clima e change in ensi y hese consequences. The s udy ad oca es o comp ehensi e
p og amming in li es ock de elopmen in Tu kana, emphasising s akeholde capaci y
enhancemen , sys ems-o ien ed me hodologies, knowledge and echnology dissemina ion,
legisla i e imp o emen s, and he augmen a ion o compe i ion and ma ke access capabili ies.
This includes he ans o ma ion o Li es ock Ma ke ing Associa ions (LMAs) in o Li es ock
Ma ke ing Coope a i es (LMC) and he inc ease o capi al esou ces o li es ock businesses o
enhance he compe i i eness o local ade s and di e si y en e p ises. These objec i es a e
accomplished when na ional and coun y li es ock plans inco po a e he p oduc ion and
ma ke ing po en ial o d yland egions.
Keywo ds: Li es ock P oduc ion, Ma ke Access, Pas o al Economy, Ma ke Func ionali y,
Compe i ion, Li es ock Policy.
How o Ci e in APA o ma Anno, E. F. (2025). Enhancing Compe i i eness o Li es ock Ma ke s in A id Regions: Focus On
Li es ock P oduc ion, Ma ke ing, and T ade Sys ems in Tu kana, Kenya. IRASS Jou nal o Economics and Business Managemen .
2(10),81-90.
1. In oduc ion
Li es ock plays a c ucial ole in expanding s a e economies
and de eloping sus ainable ood sys ems. The global ma ke o
li es ock is expec ed o each $20 billion by 2026, wi h p oduc ion
expec ed o each o e 2 billion heads. Howe e , he li es ock
indus y in A ica con ibu es 30–80% o he con inen 's GDP
(FAO e al., 2020). Li es ock and de elopmen p og ammes
con ibu e o he 17 Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs),
no ably po e y e adica ion (SDG 1), ze o hunge (SDG 2), good
heal h and wellbeing (SDG 3), gende equali y (SDG 5), decen
wo k and economic g ow h (SDG 8), indus y, inno a ion and
in as uc u e (SDG 9), educed inequali ies (SDG 10), sus ainable
ci ies and communi ies (SDG 11), esponsible consump ion and
p oduc ion (SDG 12), clima e ac ion (SDG 13), and pa ne ships
o he goal (SDG 17).
In Kenya, he li es ock indus y p o ides subsis ence o a
signi ican po ion o he popula ion, con ibu ing o ood,
economic, and nu i ion secu i y (Ma ijn and an Leynseele,
2018). I is es ima ed ha 80 pe cen o Kenya's landmass is
classi ied as A id and Semi-A id Lands (ASALs). Despi e ha ing
he bigges li es ock popula ion in Kenya, Tu kana is also he a ea
wi h he lowes s anda d o li ing in he coun y. Twen y yea s
ago, acco ding o da a om he yea 2000, se en y pe cen o he
popula ion o Tu kana was ei he nomadic o semi-nomadic. This
numbe has dec eased o app oxima ely six y pe cen as a esul o
he se e e e ec s ha clima e change and u baniza ion ha e had on
pas o al economies and ways o li ing.
Inc easingly, pas o alis s a e d opping ou o li es ock
a ming occupa ion as a esul o d ough , disease, insecu i y and
ca le us ling, inc easing u banisa ion and se e i y o a id a eas
ha dships. Acco ding o Shabana and Ma anda (2019) and Anno
and Pje o (2021), he dominance o u banisa ion, land g abbing
o e pas o al lands and mig a ion om u al a eas o u ban a eas
exace ba e he challenges a ec ing pas o al li es ock a ming
sys ems. Kenya’s li es ock policy is elabo a e in guiding he
de elopmen o li es ock subsec o s such as dai y, bee , and
poul y a ming on ma e s o p oduc ion, heal h, ma ke
de elopmen and access, p ocessing, and ag ibusiness, wi h he
p i a e sec o a he cen e o such ma ke -o ien a ed models (Anno
and Pje o, 2021).
The li es ock policy emains la gely silen on enhancing
such subsec o s in he a id a eas o Kenya. This scena io denies
pas o al and ag opas o al communi ies and li es ock en ep eneu s
in he a id a eas he abili y o maximise he p oduc ion and ade o
ca le, sheep, goa s, and camels, which a e la gely p oduced in he
a id a eas as en isioned in Kenya's Ag icul u al Sec o G ow h
S a egy (ASGTS, 2019–2029). Ha ing amewo ks ha
IRASS Jou nal o Economics and Business Managemen . Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025), 81-90
Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025)
82
encompass a ious aspec s o li es ock de elopmen in a id a eas
will no only c ea e a enues o p oduc i e and luc a i e li es ock
a ming bu also o ien pas o al a ming sys ems, which a e la gely
subsis ence, despi e he a ailabili y o eno mous ac o s o
p oduc ion, o ma ke -d i en li es ock a ming, which is
compe i i e, p o i able, and sus ainable (Isako e al., 2019).
Mode nisa ion o li es ock ading, especially in he u ban
and pe i-u ban a eas in Kenya, is aimed a mo i a ing li es ock
p oduc ion and ma ke access among li es ock keepe s and
en ep eneu s. Howe e , li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke ing
elemen s and bes - i ing li es ock ade sys ems ha e no ye been
achie ed due o a my iad o challenges and un apped oppo uni ies
which call o li es ock policy s eng hening, esea ch
ad ancemen s and decen alisa ion o inance as p esc ibed in
Anno and Pje o (2021).
Li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke ing sys ems a e essen ial
componen s o he expansion o he li es ock indus y in any
ju isdic ion and a ming con ex . These sys ems make i possible o
c ea e and communica e he alue o animals and li es ock
p oduc s o a ious ma ke segmen s, which is a c i ical s ep in he
g ow h o he li es ock sec o . Con olling he a iables ha a ec
compe i ion and ma ke access would, as a esul , inc ease
li es ock de elopmen p og amming in a id a eas. Such an
app oach will enable pas o al a eas o main ain in es men s in
li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke ing hem wi h g ea e lexibili y in
ma ke s wi h a ying capaci ies (Be ihun, 2017; Anno, 2025).
2. Li e a u e Re iew
2.1 Li es ock o De elopmen
The li es ock indus y and he associa ed economic
oppo uni ies p o ide ood, li elihoods, and income o a
signi ican ly la ge numbe o people ac oss he wo ld. These
bene i s s em om a ious sou ces. In es men s in li es ock
de elopmen a e made by go e nmen s and de elopmen pa ne s,
ci il socie y o ganisa ions, and li es ock a ming en ep eneu s.
The key in en ion is o boos li es ock p oduc ion and p oduc i i y
o indus y g ow h and humani y's wellbeing (Zhou and S aa z,
2016). The apid inc ease in demand o li es ock p oduc s (LPs)
in de eloping na ions is e e ed o as a " ood e olu ion".
Li es ock supplies accoun o mo e han i y pe cen o
he wo ld's ag icul u al p oduc ion, wi h hi y pe cen o ha
supply coming om de eloping na ions. Cu en ly, consump ion
le els in de eloping na ions a e low, bu hey a e expec ed o
inc ease as wages and o he pull ac o s con inue o ise. The
enhanced li es ock p oduc i i y, compe i i eness, and ma ke
access enable s a e an icipa ed o b ing abou an expansion o he
economies o s a es and egions ha engage in li es ock a ming. I
is also an icipa ed ha hese enable s will con ibu e o he
de elopmen o u al a eas by acili a ing he c ea ion o jobs and
he educ ion o po e y, which has s unned he pas o al a eas o
many yea s (Be ihun, 2017).
2.2 Li es ock Ma ke s and D yland Economies
The e m "ma ke ing" e e s o he p oduc channels,
ma ke ac o s, and comme cial ac i i ies ha a e esponsible o
acili a ing he passage o goods and se ices om p oduce s o
consume s. Pu chasing, selling, and slaugh e ing animals a e all
pa o he li es ock ade in d yland egions. Addi ionally, he
mea is p ocessed and alue added, and he li es ock and p oduc s
a e ma ke ed a in ended ma ke s. Ma ke ing is associa ed wi h
unc ions ha add alue o a m ou pu in ag icul u e, and ma ke
access is an essen ial componen o ma ke in ol emen and isk
managemen o pas o alis s. As a esul , a bigge sha e o he sale
o animals and li es ock p oduc s occu s on ma ke places ha a e
mode a ely compe i i e (Isako e al., 2019).
In he a id a eas, when d ough is occu ing, ma ke ing
plays a pi o al ole in al e ing he d sizes o educe p essu e on
sca ce en i onmen al esou ces. The majo i y o he ime, li es ock
is sold in pas o al a eas o aise money o mee he inancial
equi emen s o amilies o hings like ood, clo hes, educa ion,
and medical ca e. The anspo a ion o li es ock and p oduc s o
ma ke s, on he o he hand, p esen s a ba ie o many li es ock
businesses, which hinde s he e iciency o li es ock ading and
he economic ewa ds ha may be ob ained om ma ke s (Abebe
e al., 2018).
2.2.1 Socioeconomic Fac o s on Li es ock Ma ke s
The e a e a a ie y o socioeconomic ac o s ha can
es ic he pe o mance o li es ock en ep eneu s in a ious
ma ke segmen s. These ac o s include cul u e, eligious p ac ices,
belie s, con lic s, po e y, and limi ed i m s a -ups. Likewise,
acco ding o Be ihun (2017), he e a e a numbe o ac o s ha a e
d i ing he consump ion o animal p oduc s, including bu no
limi ed o popula ion g ow h, u banisa ion and he expansion o
u ban cen es, income le els in de eloping na ions, o eign
in luences, and echnological b eak h oughs.
The success ul implemen a ion o a li es ock ma ke ing
sys em has a signi ican and a ou able impac on he
comme cialisa ion o li es ock ade. O ganising li es ock
p oduc ion and ma ke ing in e en ions wi h s ong ma ke links
can enable local en ep eneu s o join new ma ke s and become
mo e compe i i e (Ameso e al., 2018). The impac is demons a ed
by he p ac ices and p ocesses o li es ock ma ke ing, as well as
he ole o sec o s ha do no include li es ock in d yland a eas.
2.2.2 Li es ock P oduc ion and Ma ke ing Risks
The e a e di e en li es ock a ming and ade sys ems
a ound he wo ld, and animal ma ke s a e equen ly seen as
ho spo s o he ans e o diseases (Anno and Pje o, 2021). I is
i al o inc ease knowledge o he haza ds associa ed wi h
li es ock ade sys ems and ma ke s o acili a e he es ablishmen
o li es ock de elopmen ini ia i es ha a e a ge ed and based on
e idence. Ma ke s o animals a e excellen loca ions o he
collec ion o da a and he dissemina ion o in o ma ion.
Ne e heless, s akeholde s and policymake s esponsible o
li es ock do no ha e a su icien unde s anding o animal ma ke s
and he ways hey in luence public heal h. The mos signi ican
aspec o his knowledge gap is he ole ha policy and esea ch
play in ensu ing sus ainable li es ock de elopmen (Kelley e al.,
2019; Mousley, 2015).
Conce ns abou he heal h o animals and he gene al
popula ion can be alle ia ed h oughou he en i e supply chain o
li es ock by eo ganising and managing li es ock de elopmen s in
a mo e ca e ul and o ganised manne . T ade ac oss in e na ional
bo de s is he p incipal sou ce o e enue o he as majo i y o
li es ock-based business owne s in he Ho n o A ica egion. This,
acco ding o Ha ds a e al. (2015), will encou age he
de elopmen o he li es ock sec o as well as he economic
iabili y o li es ock a ming and indus y a a ious le els o he
IRASS Jou nal o Economics and Business Managemen . Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025), 81-90
Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025)
83
economy. S eng hening he c oss-bo de li es ock ade p o ocol,
egional li es ock de elopmen ini ia i es, and ongoing
s akeholde engagemen s a e all ways o make li es ock sec o and
indus y de elopmen s mo e obus and yielding.
2.2.3 Ins i u ional Li es ock De elopmen Solu ions
Re o ms in legal, ins i u ional, and policy amewo ks, in
addi ion o he pa icipa ion o s akeholde s, a e necessa y o
de elop li es ock ma ke solu ions ha a e sus ainable. Conce ns
pe aining o ins i u ions and policies a e impac ing he numbe o
li es ock and ade ac i i ies ha ake place in coun ies and
egions ha engage in hese ac i i ies (Mugunie i, 2016). To no e,
he e is a co ela ion be ween he p o ocols ha go e n he
in e na ional ma ke and he e iciency o in e na ional ade, which
is made possible by he un es ic ed mo emen o li es ock and
p oduc s. Social, economic, and poli ical ins abili y in he ma ke
egion nega i ely impac s he pe o mance and di e si y o he
li es ock ade by inc easing he dynamics o li es ock p oduc ion
and ma ke ing (Napp e al., 2018).
Ex eme compe i ion is caused by a lack o o mal
ma ke ing, sys emic imbalances in supply and demand o ces,
ine ec i e managemen o non-ma ke o ces, and an inc ease in
he dynamics o li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke ing amewo ks.
Some o he signi ican ways in which he pe o mance o local
and egional ma ke s can be imp o ed include he pa icipa ion o
young people and women in he li es ock ade, he inco po a ion
o adul li e acy p og ammes in o pas o al p oduc ion sys ems, he
es ablishmen o p oac i e li es ock de elopmen di ec o a es, and
he ounda ion o li es ock ma ke ing in iable business models
and s a egies (Lubungu, 2016).
2.3 Supply and Demand ela ionship in li es ock Ma ke s
I is necessa y o li es ock a me s o aise he amoun o animal
esou ces hey p oduce and educe he amoun o money hey
spend on ansac ions o ha e an e ec i e p oduc ion and
ma ke ing s a egy ha is e icien and sus ainable (Anno and
Pje o, 2021). I small-scale a me s a e o be li ed ou o po e y
h ough ma ke access, i is now mo e impo an han e e be o e
o educa e a me s on he app op ia e b eeding s ock and local
b eed imp o emen , o inc ease in es men in li es ock heal h
managemen , o dissemina e in o ma ion abou p ices, and o
imp o e he quali y o mea and milk p oduced by li es ock. Also,
cons uc ion o in as uc u e o li es ock p oduc ion and ading,
as well as he conduc o esea ch o in o m policies and s a egies
o maximising li es ock alue chains, should be a collabo a i e
e o be ween go e nmen s, communi y p oduce o ganisa ions,
and o he in e es ed pa ies in he p i a e sec o (Agg ey e al.
2018).
2.4 B oke age in Li es ock P oduc ion and T ade
B oke s a e one o he mos impo an ma ke ac o s. They
unc ion as a media o o bo h legal and in o mal ansac ions ha
ake place inside and be ween li es ock ma ke s, making hem
c ucial in he mo emen o commodi ies and se ices bo h wi hin
and ac oss na ional bo de s (Holm e al., 2019). When i comes o
he ade o li es ock ac oss in e na ional bo de s in he
bo de lands o Kenya and Somalia, b oke s play a i al ole. The
analysis o b oking o e s c ucial insigh s in o he in o mal
economy o he A ican bo de lands. The supplie s and consume s
o li es ock and li es ock p oduc s ha a e in ol ed in c oss-
bo de ading ne wo ks a e usually sepa a ed by subs an ial
dis ances. Addi ionally, he endo s and pu chase s may ha e hei
headqua e s in ade co ido s ha ha e a a ie y o ins i u ional
con ex s and isk exposu es (Manyeki e al., 2021).
In e -e hnic comme cial ansac ions a e he p ima y a ea in which
b oke s p o ide assis ance. Addi ionally, b oke s a e esponsible
o nego ia ing p ices wi h o he deale s and ensu ing he sa e y o
p oduce s in bo de ma ke s ha a e egula ed by in o mal
s anda ds. B oke s a e esponsible o p o iding ma ke
in o ma ion on emo e ma ke places. In o ma ion asymme y is a
p oblem no only in li es ock sales bu also in businesses all o e
he wo ld. This phenomenon c ea es a gap o "s uc u al hole" in
ade ne wo ks, which mus be add essed by b oke ing (Ma ijn
and an Leynseele, 2018).
2.5 Li es ock Ma ke ing and Expo Cons ain s
Mos li es ock p oduc ion sys ems in A ica ely on
subsis ence a ming, leading o low ou pu le els. The p incipal
limi a ions ha a e placed on he p oduc ion o li es ock o expo
a e he low animal p oduc i i y and he absence o p oduc ion
echniques ha a e o ien a ed owa ds he ma ke (Mu endo e al.,
2020). Fo he li es ock ading indus y o unc ion well, he e
mus be a well-de eloped in as uc u e o he anspo a ion o
li es ock, as well as mode n slaugh e houses, a eas o animals o
es , and acili ies o s o age and qua an ine.
The p oduc ion and selling o li es ock in pas o al, ag o-
pas o al, mixed a ming, u ban and pe i-u ban a ming, and
specialised in ensi e a ming sys ems can be made mo e
economically easible, p oduc i e, ma ke -o ien a ed, compe i i e,
and sus ainable h ough he implemen a ion o e hical and
en i onmen ally sensi i e p oduc ion and ade sys ems (Zhou and
S aa z, 2016).
3. Me hodology
3.1 Sampling, Da a Collec ion and Analysis
A o al o 180 egis e ed li es ock ade s we e iden i ied o
pa icipa e in he s udy. The pa icipan s consis ed o li es ock
ade s ope a ing in he h ee sampled ma ke s in Tu kana. The
ma ke s included Ke io, Loki iama, and Kachoda. A con idence
le el o 95% and a ma gin o e o o 2% we e employed in he
s a is ical sampling p ocess, yielding a sample size o 168 ade s,
ep esen ing 93% o he o al popula ion unde examina ion. The
esea ch ins umen s employed we e semi-s uc u ed
ques ionnai es. Da a iangula ion employed PRA me hodologies
like isualisa ion, anking, sco ing, alongside seconda y da a om
li e a u e e iews.
The da a was examined quan i a i ely, employing s anda d
de ia ion o calcula e nume ical a iables, equencies, and
pe cen ages. The chi-squa e es was employed o asce ain
signi ican di e ences among ca ego ical a iables, while he
K uskal-Wallis es was u ilised o compa e nume ical a iables
ac oss esponden s in he h ee li es ock ma ke s. Quali a i e da a
was e alua ed h ough coding, opic de elopmen , in e p e a ion o
indings, alida ion and eliabili y assessmen , wi h esul s
p esen ed logically and sys ema ically.
IRASS Jou nal o Economics and Business Managemen . Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025), 81-90
Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025)
84
4. Resul s and Discussion
4.1 Quan i a i e Resul s
4.1.1 Demog aphic Cha ac e is ics o S udy Pa icipan s
The a e age age o he esponden s in all h ee
ma ke places was 36.45 yea s old. The s anda d de ia ion was 8.83
yea s, and he age ange o he esponden s was anywhe e om 18
o 65 yea s old. Men made up he majo i y o he esponses
(83.47% o hem). 79.27% o he s udy esponden s we e illi e a e,
and only 3.80% o hem had comple ed a ce i ica e aining
p og am. The s anda d de ia ion o he esponden s' yea s o
expe ience in li es ock p oduc ion was 5.90 yea s, wi h he
a e age numbe o yea s o expe ience being 12.76 yea s.
The K uskal-Wallis es demons a ed ha he e was a
s a is ically signi ican di e ence be ween he h ee ma ke s wi h
ega d o he a e age numbe o yea s spen in li es ock ma ke ing.
In e ms o yea s in li es ock ma ke ing, he esponden s om he
Loki iama ma ke had he g ea es mean o 14.21 yea s, while
hose om Kachoda ma ke had he lowes mean o 11.30 yea s. A
he 5% le el o signi icance, he e was a no able di e ence
be ween hese wo ma ke places in e ms o he mean numbe o
yea s spen selling li es ock. The majo i y o esponden s, which
accoun ed o 95.53% o he o al, we e li es ock keepe s, and he
indings we e consis en ac oss all h ee ma ke s (Table 1).
Table 1: Desc ip i e s a is ics o s udy esponden s
Ma ke
O e all
n=168
Ke io li es ock
Ma ke n=56
Loki iama Li es ock
Ma ke n=56
Kachoda
Li es ock Ma ke
n=56
K uskal Wallis
es
Chi-
squa e
Age
36.45 (8.83)
37.74 (7.81)
35.67 (10.68)
35.97 (7.99)
4.613
Male (%)
83.47
78.40
85.50
86.50
1.502
Female (%)
16.53
21.60
14.50
13.50
Educa ion le el
(%)
Adul Educa ion
16.93
26.7
12.7
11.4
2.645
Ce i ica e
3.80
3.4
4.7
3.3
Non-li e a e
79.27
69.9
82.6
85.3
Yea s in li es ock
ma ke ing
12.76 (5.90)
12.77 (4.94)
14.21 (6.32)
11.30 (6.45)
7.085**
Main occupa ion
Business
4.47
5.40
2.60
5.40
0.263
Li es ock keeping
95.53
94.60
97.40
94.60
No e: Figu es in he pa en heses a e he s anda d de ia ions associa ed wi h he means o he a iables indica ed.
**P < 0.05 mean signi ican a 5% le el.
Sou ce: Su ey da a, 2025.
A pos hoc analysis o mul iple compa isons using Tukey
HSD indica ed a signi ican di e ence in he mean sco e o
li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke access be ween all ma ke s, ha
is, Loki iama and Kachoda li es ock ma ke s, Ke io and Loki iama
li es ock ma ke s, as well as Kachoda and Ke io li es ock ma ke s,
a he 5% le el.
4.1.2 Li es ock P oduc ion and Ma ke Access in Tu kana
he e alua ion o li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke access
elemen s e eals ha li es ock p oduce s an d ade s a e eaping
he bene i s o he ma ke s (x
3.52), ha li es ock ma ke ing is
widely p ac iced in Tu kana (x
3.05), and ha despi e he
challenges aced by a id egions, li es ock p oduc ion is ad ancing
(x
2.88). he conside a ion o alue addi ion o li es ock
p oduc i i y, which was eco ded as (x
1.43), was he ac o ha
ecei ed he leas amoun o e alua ion. Addi ionally, he s udy
demons a ed ha he e is a gene al lack o egula ion ega ding
ma ke esea ch, ha li es ock ma ke ing sys ems a e ine ec i e,
and ha he ac o s o p oduc ion o li es ock a e insu icien .
IRASS Jou nal o Economics and Business Managemen . Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025), 81-90
Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025)
85
Figu e 1: Li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke access elemen s
4.1.3 T ade s’ Compe i ion and Ri al y in Tu kana
ega ding he compe i i e i al y among ade s, he s udy
e ealed ha ade s engage in i al y o hei o wn sel -se ing
bene i s (x
3.84), li es ock ade s h a e a posi i e ela ionship wi h
one ano he (x
3.6), compe i i e i al y is in luencing he
pe o mance o he li es ock ma ke (x
3.5 7), li es ock p oduce s
and ade s ha e p osi i e ela ionships (x
3.41), and co mpe i i e
i al y i s isible in ma ke s (x
3.24). One o he componen s o he
lease is ha compe i ion in li es ock ma ke s is ad an ageous o
he sec o (x
2.48) and ha he e is a sys em in place o go e n
compe i ion (x
2.42). In spi e o h e challenges ha u kana has in
e ms o li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke ing, i is clea ha he
li es ock ma ke ing indus y has he po en ial o h i e. On he
o he hand, in ense i al y con inues o be a hinde ing ac o o
ma ke expansion a emp s.
Figu e 2: Ma ke compe i i e i al y elemen s
2.88
2.35
3.05
3.52
1.43
2.36
1.95
1.2
1.12
1.27
1.32
0.82
1.25
1.07
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Li es ock p oduc ion is eal and p og essi e
Eno mous li es ock ac o s o p oduc ion (pas u e, wa e )
Li es ock ma ke ing is la ge in scope and size
Li es ock p oduce s, ade s and consume s bene i ing
Value addi ion o li es ock p oduc i i y conside ed
Li es ock ma ke ing sys ems a e e icien , compe i i e, and
sus ainable
Resea ch and ma ke su eys a e egula ized
Li es ock P oduc ion and Ma ke Access
S d. De ia ion Mean
3.41
3.6
2.48
3.24
3.57
3.84
2.42
2.77
2.74
1.16
1.11
1.34
1.42
1.42
1.19
1.32
1.41
1.46
0 1 2 3 4 5
Li es ock p oduce s and ade s ela e well
Li es ock ade s ela e well among hemsel es
Compe i ion is bene icial o indi iduals and he sub-sec o
Compe i i e i al y is e iden in li es ock ma ke s
Compe i i e i al y a ec ing ma ke pe o mance
Compe i i e i al y ins iga ed by ade s o hei own bene i
A sys em in place o egula e compe i ion in ma ke s
Compe i ion s eng hening ma ke s
Compe i ion educing li es ock p ices in ma ke s
Compe i i e Ri al y in Li es ock Ma ke s
S d. De ia ion Mean
IRASS Jou nal o Economics and Business Managemen . Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025), 81-90
Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025)
86
Table 2: Compe i i e i al y e ec s on li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke access
Va iable
Coe .
S d. E .
T
P>
Cons an
1.319
.219
6.028
.000
ade ’s compe i ion and i al y
.381
.069
5.536
.000
F (1, 166) = 30.642, P ob> F = 0.000, -squa ed =. 156, Adj -squa ed=.151
4.2 Quali a i e Resul s
4.2.1 Li es ock P oduc ion in Tu kana Coun y
The majo sys em o li es ock p oduc ion in Tu kana is
pas o alism; howe e , he iabili y o his mode o p oduc ion is
endange ed by a numbe o ac o s, including li es ock disease,
d ough , diminishing biodi e si y and pas u e supplies, insu icien
wa e , and mobili y cons ain s. When he cash economy is weak, i
makes i di icul o pas o alis s o buy he supplies hey need o
li es ock husband y. This leads o low le els o ou pu , which in
u n leads o dec eased household weal h and economic s abili y.
Among he o he ac o s ha hinde he pe o mance o li es ock
p oduc ion sys ems in Tu kana a e he ins abili y and
unp edic abili y o bo de egions ha con ain su icien pas u e
and wa e esou ces, he ampan li es ock aids and he s ha
occu bo h wi hin and ac oss bo de s, and he poli ical and
ansbounda y issues ha exis wi h neighbou ing coun ies.
In pas o al communi ies, angelands and g azing g ounds
a e expe iencing a decline as a esul o inc easing u banisa ion and
buil economy in es men s. The e has been a signi ican in luence
ha clima e change has had on he economy and he pas o al
p oduc ion sys em. This is because he ou pu and p oduc i i y o
li es ock ha e been impac ed signi ican ly. Tu kana pas o alis s
con inue o ace challenges in ansi ioning om subsis ence
li es ock p oduc ion o comme cial li es ock p oduc ion. These
challenges include long dis ances o ma ke s, expensi e
anspo a ion, and a lack o compe i i e educa ion and skills o
maximise li es ock sec o gains.
4.2.2 The Scale o Li es ock Ma ke ing in Pas o al A eas
The e is a high le el o con idence among ade s and
o ganisa ions in Tu kana ega ding he ma ke ing and ade o
li es ock. This con idence is suppo ed by he Coun y Di ec o a e
o Li es ock P oduc ion, he Coun y Li es ock Ma ke ing Council
(CLMC), and he Li es ock Ma ke ing Associa ions (LMAs) ha
ope a e p ima y and seconda y li es ock ma ke s. Te ia y
li es ock o - ake s pu chase animals a low a es om low-capi al
ade s, which esul s in exploi a ion, g eed, and in ense
compe i ion in he li es ock ade. On he o he hand, o mal
coope a i es do no ha e ade con ac s, which indica es ha hey
ha e es ic ed access o business capi al esou ces.
The lack o con ac s ha ha e been nego ia ed wi h
po en ial e ia y ma ke s can be a ibu ed o he ac ha CLMC
and he Coun y Di ec o a e o Li es ock P oduc ion ha e been
slow o de elop con ac a ming in li es ock p oduc ion and
ma ke ing. The inconsis encies ha exis be ween na ional and
coun y legisla ion conce ning li es ock make i di icul o
li es ock esou ces o mee he equi emen s o po en ial
cus ome s.
4.2.3 Impac o Li es ock Ma ke s on he Tu kana Economy
Li es ock ma ke s ha e made i possible o li es ock
a me s o sell hei animals and mee hei inancial equi emen s.
These ma ke s ha e made i possible o li es ock a me s o ob ain
inances o a a ie y o cos s, including ood and clo hing,
educa ion, medical expenses, e e ina y supplies, and business.
Despi e he challenges posed by clima e change, social issues,
economic condi ions, and poli ical si ua ions, li es ock ade s
ha e b oadened hei in es men oppo uni ies and inc eased he
amoun o cash ha is lowing in o u al a eas and homes ha a e
pas o alis . Al hough he cash ma ke o li es ock has made i
possible o cus ome s o ob ain a wide ange o animal p oduc s,
he cos s o mea con inue o be p ohibi i ely high o a signi ican
numbe o consume s. Howe e , he cons uc ion o an o ganised
li es ock ading sys em has no ye been accomplished, despi e he
ac ha he coun y go e nmen o Tu kana conside s li es ock
ma ke s o be he mos impo an poin o in es men in li es ock
p oduc ion.
Bo h he Li es ock Subsec o Policy and Bill and he
Li es ock Ma ke ing Bill o Tu kana a e now in he p ocess o
being d a ed o ul il he pu pose o p o iding policy and
egula o y guidelines ega ding he e iciency and e ec i eness o
li es ock p oduc ion as well as he o ganisa ion o li es ock
ma ke ing ac i i y wi hin he coun y. Addi ionally, he p oposed
legisla i e amewo ks o li es ock aim o enable he p oduc ion
o animal esou ces ha a e bo h heal hy and p oduc i e, es ablish
li es ock ma ke s and ade capaci ies, and ins all go e nance and
adminis a i e mechanisms o he ope a ion o li es ock ma ke s.
Howe e , he issue o insu icien capi al a ailabili y has no been
o e come, and inb eeding has esul ed in he weakening o he
local b eeds, which has led o a egene a ion o in e io b eeds,
educ ion in ma ke compe i ion and economic ewa ds.
4.2.4 T ade s' Compe i ion and Ri al y in Tu kana
Li es ock Ma ke s
Li es ock ade s epo ed ha ing g ea ies wi h li es ock
p oduce s; howe e , ade s b eached ma ke chains o acqui e and
sell animals ou side o he ag eed-upon ma ke o ganisa ion and
s uc u es. This was seen as a kind o compe i ion and a ba ie o
in e ac ions be ween p oduce s and ade s. The s yle o
compe i ion ha is now being u ilised is de imen al o he
li es ock indus y because o he dispa i ies ha exis be ween he
capi al esou ces o ade s, he ma ke ing s a egies hey employ,
he pu chases and sales hey make, and he ma ke sha e ha is
held by indi iduals and g oups. The duplica ion o li es ock
en e p ises, he specializa ion o ade s, and he con ol ha he
LMA au ho i ies ha e o e ma ke ope a ions a e all examples ha
show his phenomenon. As a esul o he closing o he Lomida
aba oi in Lokichoggio, he di icul ies ha a e p esen in he
li es ock ade ha e become e en mo e se e e.
4.3 Discussion o S udy Resul s
The indings o he s udy indica e ha males a e mo e
likely o be in ol ed in he p oduc ion and ma ke ing o li es ock
in Tu kana. This means ha women a e only able o engage in
p oduc ion wi hou ha ing owne ship o he animal esou ces,
p oduc s, o inancial esou ces ha hey help o gene a e. The e
IRASS Jou nal o Economics and Business Managemen . Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025), 81-90
Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025)
87
a e a signi ican numbe o li es ock p oduce s and ade s who a e
illi e a e, and he inabili y o ead and w i e unques ionably
es ic s he chances a ailable o u ilise he knowledge o execu e
p oduc ion and ma ke ing p ojec s. In Tu kana seconda y ma ke s,
almos all o he people who deal in li es ock ade a e also
li es ock keepe s, wi h he ypical numbe o yea s engaged in he
li es ock ading indus y a ying om pe son o pe son. This
demons a es ha he e a e dispa i ies in ma ke ing expe ise,
expe ience, and capi al esou ces, which in u n c ea es oppo uni y
o compe i ion ha is o ally unnecessa y.
The p oduc ion and selling o li es ock in Tu kana a e
usually conside ed o be non-p og essi e and c i ical a iables in
li es ock p oduc ion. This is because o age and wa e con inue o
be sca ce h oughou he seasons, which has an impac on animal
nu i ion, ma ke weigh s, and he ood and income secu i y o
li es ock keepe s. Acco ding o he indings o he s udy, despi e
he ac ha di icul ies in li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke ing a e
educing he bene i s ha li es ock a me s, ade s, and consume s
a e ecei ing, he e a e s ill signi ican chances o maximising
li es ock de elopmen in Tu kana. The alue addi ion o li es ock
and li es ock p oduc s is ex emely limi ed as a esul o he
con inued use o adi ional p ac ices, as well as he slow
ad ancemen o p oduc ion and ma ke ing s a egies, as well as he
slow adop ion o hese app oaches.
In Tu kana, he e is no ye a de ined li es ock ma ke ing
sys em ha is o mal in design and ha has he po en ial o enable
local ma ke s and en ep eneu s o e ec i ely compe e in a wide
ma ke a ena. The e a e elemen s o ine iciency and unsus ainable
p ac ices ha a e p esen in he semi- o mal Li es ock Ma ke ing
Associa ion (LMA) and co-managemen models ha a e now in
use. The esea ch, su eys, da a ga he ing, and ansmission o
in o ma ion ega ding li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke ing lack
consis ency. This causes a signi ican gap in he de elopmen o
li es ock since he amoun o domes ic knowledge and expe iences
ha can ha e an impac on he local se ing is qui e es ic ed.
Due o he ac ha low-capi al ade s a e exploi ed and
compe e wi h one ano he , consume s do no conside compe i ion
o be help ul. The pe o mance o he ma ke is impac ed by
compe i i e i al y since i is a o m o une hical beha iou ha is
ini ia ed by ce ain "eli e" ade s o hei own sel -se ing p o i s.
Nei he he egula ion o compe i ion in ma ke s no he u ilisa ion
o such a sys em o he pu pose o enhancing ma ke s eng h
exis s. The cos s o li es ock and p oduc s de i ed om li es ock
con inue o be high in Tu kana because compe i ion is no de ined,
con olled, o managed anywhe e in he coun y. Reg e ably, he
own o Lodwa in Tu kana, which is si ua ed a he cen e o
li es ock p oduc ion in he coun y, has ex emely high p icing
cu en ly.
5. Conclusion
P oduc ion and ma ke ing p ac ices a e i al componen s o
li es ock de elopmen , independen o he se ing in which hey
should be implemen ed. Fo he pu pose o p oducing high-quali y
animals and li es ock p oduc s ha a e able o gene a e and
main ain ma ke demand and supply, he con en s and p ocesses o
each con ibu e o he c ea ion o be e li es ock esou ces. The
cha ac e is ics o li es ock and li es ock p oduc s p oduced in a id
lands should be di e en ia ed o c ea e a uniqueness ha can
suppo local ma ke s and en ep eneu s in sus aining ma ke
pe o mance. This is necessa y o manage compe i ion in li es ock
ma ke s. Compe i ion and compe i i eness among local
en ep eneu s and ma ke s can be s uc u ed h ough he
es ablishmen o li es ock ma ke s and p oduc consump ion
ou le s in s a egic loca ions, he p o ision o ma ke in o ma ion,
he egula ion o he numbe o selle s in each ma ke , and he
managemen o en y ba ie s. This will ul ima ely esul in he
main enance o he pe o mance o he li es ock ma ke s in
Tu kana.
Ma ke access is a c i ical componen in de e mining he
iabili y o local li es ock ma ke s and he capaci y o business
owne s o success ully engage in li es ock ading h oughou he
yea in bo h domes ic and o eign ma ke s. Compe i i eness and
access o ma ke s a e wo ac o s ha should be conside ed when i
comes o he p oduc ion and sale o li es ock in d y egions. To
ha e physical access o ma ke s, i is necessa y ha a eas ha
p oduce li es ock a e loca ed wi hin a easonable dis ance o
ma ke ya ds, ha oads a e in good condi ion, and ha adequa e
ansi choices a e a ailable.
The s uc u e o ma ke s, which includes go e nmen ,
axa ion, and he coope a i e o ganisa ion o ade s, has a
signi ican ole in he design o ma ke access. S uc u ing and
imp o ing he pe o mance o li es ock en e p ises in he a id
a eas h ough he capaci y de elopmen o ma ke s akeholde s, he
o mula ion o necessa y policies and egula ions mo i a ing
li es ock p oduc ion and ma ke ing ac i i ies will be accomplished
h ough he comme cialisa ion o li es ock esou ces and ade
p o ocol, he con ol o compe i ion in ma ke s, and he p o ision
o a le el playing ield o all li es ock en ep eneu s.
Clima e change and ins abili y, as well as li es ock us ling
along p ospec i e li es ock p oduc ion a eas and ade ou es,
con inue o be impo an hu dles o he de elopmen o li es ock in
Tu kana, despi e he ac ha pas o alism is he p edominan mode
o li es ock a ming in he egion. The lack o capi al p esen s a
big challenge o li es ock businesses ha a e con olled by ade s
wi h minimal capi al, making hem mo e suscep ible o ex eme
compe i ion and exposu e o exploi a ion. In he li es ock ade,
Tu kana does no engage in con ac a ming, and he sec o is le
uns uc u ed and diso de ly as a esul o he lack o p ope
egula ions and p ocedu es go e ning li es ock p oduc ion and
comme ce.
6. Recommenda ions
6.1 Recommenda ions o Applica ion
The go e nmen and o he de elopmen pa ne s should
make in es men s in p og ams ha empowe young people and
women so ha hey can ake ad an age o chances o li es ock
de elopmen and inc ease hei economic po en ial and le el o
sel -su iciency. Pas o alis s should be encou aged o en oll hei
child en in school in la ge numbe s, and adul s should pa icipa e
in he adul li e acy p og am. This will help educe he amoun o
illi e acy and igno ance ha exis s in Tu kana.
Th ough he use o communica ion, bo h young people and
adul s will be able o speak wi h one ano he and sha e hei
knowledge, as well as de elop and main ain ela ionships wi h
a ious s akeholde s and le e age communica ion o pa icipa e in
he ma ke . The li es ock indus y should be encou aged o
di e si y he comme cial ope a ions o non-pas o alis business
IRASS Jou nal o Economics and Business Managemen . Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025), 81-90
Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025)
88
owne s. Taking his mo e will esul in a g ea e di e si ica ion o
e enues o pas o alis s, an inc ease in he li es ock comme ce,
and an injec ion o addi ional money in o li es ock businesses.
The ading in animals is con olled by male p op ie o s.
S udies should be conduc ed on he pa icipa ion o women in
en e p ises ha a e based on li es ock, and hese s udies should be
inco po a ed in o na ional and coun y li es ock de elopmen
policies and plans. This should include he de elopmen o
women's compe encies o success ully compe e in ma ke places.
Li es ock s akeholde s should inc ease he e o s ha a e being
made o e adica e li es ock ailmen s, which will esul in zones
ha a e ee o li es ock diseases. This will allow o an inc ease in
he comme cialisa ion o li es ock, he di e si ica ion o
li elihoods, and he compe i i eness o impo an li es ock alue
chain i ms. In a eas whe e li es ock is p oduced and in he
icini y o li es ock ma ke ya ds, i is impo an o make
in es men s in he p oduc ion o o age and he o mula ion o
al e na i e eed.
Local business owne s will ha e an ad an age o e hei
compe i o s on bo h domes ic and in e na ional ma ke s i hey
implemen a esou ce managemen plan ha allows o he
p oduc ion and ma ke ing o li es ock ha is bo h heal hy and
p oduc i e om yea o yea . Con inuous inb eeding and a lack o
imp o ed b eeding se ices in pas o al se ings a e wo ac o s ha
con ibu e o he unde de elopmen o indigenous li es ock b eeds.
The p oduc ion p oblem in Tu kana can be alle ia ed o some
deg ee by he es ablishmen o b eeding sys ems and he
in oduc ion o supe io b eeds.
The low li es ock p oduc i i y ha occu s in pas o al
egions esul s in a numbe o issues ha a e se e e o he ma ke .
These challenges include low ma ke weigh s, low p ice, and poo
quali y li es ock and li es ock p oduc s. To p o ec li es ock
p oduc ion a eas om he enc oachmen o g owing u banisa ion,
which ends o inc ease he numbe o ading cen es, illages, and
non-pas o al business in es men s, he Tu kana Coun y
Go e nmen should p io i ize he iden i ica ion, mapping and
p o ec ion o li es ock p oduc ion a eas in collabo a ion wi h ci il
socie y and co po a ions.
A combined analysis o clima e change phenomena should
be ca ied ou by ci il socie y o ganisa ions and pas o al
communi ies o de e mine he ex en o he impac ha clima e
change will ha e on he li elihoods and en i onmen o
pas o alis s. An empi ical and policy-o ien ed e alua ion o he
capaci y o pas o alis s o esis clima e shocks and he e ec s o
pe iodic d ough on li es ock esou ces is some hing ha should be
done. To imp o e communica ion, p icing, and anspo a ion, all
o which a e essen ial o he long- e m pe o mance o ma ke s, a
anspa en li es ock ma ke ing sys em ha includes ans e able
li es ock and alue chain s a egies is equi ed. This will allow o
he aising and selling o li es ock in a id a eas o become easie ,
mo e p o i able, and mo e compe i i e o e he cou se o ime.
Main li es ock ade s in Tu kana a e hampe ed in hei
abili y o agg ega e li es ock pu chases o e ia y o e minal
ma ke s due o limi ed capi al esou ces and he high expenses o
anspo a ion. The scena io educes he compe i i eness o local
ade s, along wi h hei ope a ing capi al and ba gaining
capaci ies, and i also a ec s hei abili y o nego ia e bes ma ke
deals. I is necessa y o hose who ha e a s ake in li es ock
p oduc ion and ma ke ing o acqui e knowledge ega ding he
ele ance o he cash economy in li es ock a ming and ade.
De eloping ela ionships wi h many s akeholde s and es ablishing
a sys ema ised app oach o ma ke ing and ma ke s a e bo h qui e
impo an . To a oid he o ma ion o ca els, mis us , and ie ce
compe i ion in he ma ke , ma ke ing sys ems o li es ock should
be ee o co up ion and une hical ac ics ha bene i ma ke
pa icipan s disp opo iona ely.
I is possible o go e nmen s and o ganisa ions ha a e
pa o ci il socie y o gi e li es ock ade s and business owne s
he abili y o de e mine he ex en and scale o he li es ock ade
in hei espec i e geog aphic a eas. T ade s a e awa e ha pas o al
egions con ain a la ge quan i y o animals; ne e heless, hey a e
unable o ma ch his quan i y o he demand ha is now being me
by he ma ke . To acili a e he sale o su plus li es ock in o eign
ma ke s, i is necessa y o compa e he supply o li es ock o he
cu en demand in bo h he local and in e na ional ma ke s. As a
esul , he ma ke ing app oach o li es ock will be imp o ed,
which will inc ease i s compe i i eness in ma ke places. No able is
he ac ha weal hy ade s ha e a monopoly on main li es ock
ma ke places, and hey use low-capi al ade s as hei supplie s.
Ins i u ions ha a e esponsible o he p oduc ion and
selling o li es ock should encou age he widesp ead
implemen a ion o business models ha a e bo h ealis ic and
compe i i e, and ha a e ailo ed o speci ic demog aphics o he
ma ke . The playe s in he ma ke will be able o con ol he le el
o compe i ion and educe he amoun o compe i ion wi hin hei
own ju isdic ional ma ke s. The abili y o each li es ock ma ke
and i s s akeholde s o handle daily ma ke ing ac i i ies and
cul i a e heal hy s akeholde ela ionships will be acili a ed by he
iden i ica ion and e alua ion o he dange p o ided by new
en an s, supplie s, and buye s' nego ia ing powe . This h ea is in
addi ion o he h ea posed by al e na i e p oduc s.
By ensu ing ha a me s, ade s, and consume s ha e
access o in o ma ion ega ding he p ices o li es ock and
p oduc s gene a ed om li es ock, he go e nmen and o he
signi ican ma ke ac o s a e obliga ed o ul il hei esponsibili y.
The p omo ion o heal hy compe i ion in ma ke s h ough he
educ ion o con lic s o in e es and hos ili y be ween
s akeholde s, as well as he gua an ee ha ma ke ing s a egies a e
able o p ope ly manage compe i ion in li es ock ma ke s h ough
he enhancemen o p icing and he sha ing o in o ma ion. I is
i al o ha e a ho ough unde s anding o he p oduc ion lines,
selling, anspo a ion, and axa ion cos s associa ed wi h li es ock
and li es ock p oduc s o make hem a o dable and equi able.
6.2 Recommenda ions o Fu u e Resea ch
The cu en le el o li es ock p oduc ion and managemen
echniques in pas o al a eas should be e alua ed, and
ecommenda ions should be made o ways o imp o e hese
p ac ices. The iabili y o pas o al angeland ecosys ems should be
e alua ed, and he po en ial o pas o alis s o suppo hemsel es
h ough na u e-based li elihoods should be de e mined. Li es ock
based businesses ha ha e he po en ial o be success ully
es ablished and maximised h ough he u ilisa ion o u u e and
spo ma ke s should be in es ed on. To ansi ion subsis ence
li es ock a ming in o a li es ock economy ha is ocused on he
ma ke , i is impo an o e alua e he bene i s ha alue addi ion
will b ing o he p oduc ion and ma ke ing o animals in pas o al
a eas.
IRASS Jou nal o Economics and Business Managemen . Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025), 81-90
Vol-2, Iss-10 (Oc obe -2025)
89
I is impo an o de e mine he ex en o which ma ke and
non-ma ke o ces in luence he selling o animals in a id a eas.
The supply and demand o he in e nal ma ke should be he
p ima y ocus, while he go e nmen 's policy on li es ock ading
should be he ocus o he non-ma ke ac o s. Li es ock ma ke
ac o s should de e mine whe he o no he heo ies and models
es ablished by co po a ions may be applied o he p oduc ion and
ma ke ing o li es ock in a id a eas.
To enhance he unc ioning and e iciency o local
li es ock ma ke s, i is necessa y o asce ain whe he o no i is
easible o ans o m exis ing li es ock ma ke ing associa ions
(LMA) in o li es ock ma ke ing coope a i es (LMC). No only
should he Tu kana Lomida Slaugh e house Coope a i e be
e alua ed o i s pe o mance, bu also he socioeconomic and
poli ical condi ions ha con ibu ed o i s inabili y o unc ion
p ope ly should be aken in o conside a ion. In pas o al a eas, i is
impo an o in es iga e he p e alen li es ock diseases ha ha e a
signi ican impac on he economic aspec s o animal p oduc ion,
ma ke ing, ade, and p oduc consump ion.
I is impo an o in es iga e he po en ial ad ances ha
could lead o disease- ee zones in pas o al a eas, he ole ha
women and young people play in he p oduc ion and ading o
li es ock, as well as he po en ial ha exis o hem o con ibu e
o he g ow h o he d yland li es ock sec o . Finding ou he
ins i u ional dynamics ha enable he e icien and success ul
p oduc ion and ade o li es ock in Tu kana, as well as he aspec s
ha d i e pas o alis s o sell hei animals when ma ke
ci cums ances imp o e, is some hing ha has o be done.
Disclaime
The iews s a ed in his a icle a e hose o he au ho
and do no necessa ily ep esen hose o any o he
en i ies men ioned.
In e es Con lic s
The au ho decla es no con lic o in e es wha soe e in
his publica ion.
Funding S a emen
This esea ch s udy was conduc ed in i s en i e y wi hou
any o m o unding om ex e nal sou ces. Fieldwo k
and publica ion cos s we e co e ed by he au ho .
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