Co esponding au ho : Jonas Agyekum Min ah
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
S a is ical analysis o he causes and e ec s o mo o cycle acciden s in he Gomoa Eas
dis ic in he Cen al Region o Ghana
Jonas Agyekum Min ah 1, * and Ma ge a Min ah 2
1 Depa men o S a is ics, Geo ge Washing on Uni e si y, Washing on, D.C., Uni ed S a e o Ame ica.
2 Depa men o Applied Ma hema ics and S a is ics, Facul y o Applied Sciences, Acc a Technical Uni e si y, Ghana.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 3054-3067
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 04 Ap il 2025; e ised on 20 May 2025; accep ed on 22 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1991
Abs ac
Road a ic acciden s in ol ing mo o cycle ide s con inue o pose a signi ican public heal h challenge, wi h a
subs an ial po ion o he heal h- ela ed consequences occu ing in de eloping na ions, including Ghana. This esea ch
de eloped an app op ia e model o assessing he causes and e ec s o a mo o cycle acciden in he Gomoa Eas Dis ic .
Employing a c oss-sec ional esea ch design, a andom sample comp ising 115 mo o cycle ide s was selec ed using
he snowball sampling me hod. S uc u ed ques ionnai es we e employed o ga he da a om his selec ed sample.
S a is ical analysis included he u iliza ion o he Chi-squa ed es o associa ion and a bina y logis ic eg ession model.
The indings indica ed ha mos mo o cycle acciden ic ims we e males (84.3%). Among he esponden s, he majo i y
(57.4%) we e in he age ca ego ies o 26-35 yea s. Mo eo e , he s udy unco e ed ha age, equency o main enance,
weigh , adhe ence o speed limi s, iding expe ience, and iding unde he in luence o alcohol all had a signi ican
impac on mo o cycle acciden s in he Gomoa Eas dis ic (p<0.05). The likelihood o mo o cycle acciden s occu ing
in he Gomoa Eas dis ic was conside ably high, p ima ily due o a p e alen issue o d unk iding among mo o cycle
ide s. The e was high p e alence o mo o cycle acciden s among males han emales. I is impe a i e ha policies and
egula ions designed o enhance oad sa e y o bo h mo o cycle ide s and o he oad use s be igo ously implemen ed
in he Gomoa Eas dis ic .
Keywo ds: Mo o cycle Acciden s; Logis ic Reg ession; Inju ies; Gomoa Eas Dis ic ; Ghana
1. In oduc ion
In Ghana, oad anspo is he p edominan mode o a el, wi h o e 80% o passenge a ic and mo e han 70% o
eigh anspo a ion elying on oads [1]. The su ge in economic ac i i ies and in es men s in oad in as uc u e has
led o an inc eased use o mo o cycles, pa icula ly in u ban a eas o comme cial pu poses, despi e he ac ha hese
ope a ions a e o en unau ho ized [2]. In Ghana and se e al o he de eloping coun ies, mo o cycles ha e become he
p e e ed and mos accessible mode o anspo a ion o many people, e en hough i comes wi h conside able isks
[3]. Shockingly, an a e age o 3,242 indi iduals succumb o oad a ic inju ies e e y day, amoun ing o 1.35 million
li es los annually due o oad acciden s, along wi h as many as 50 million people sus aining inju ies [1]. Mo o cycle-
ela ed inju ies p esen a no able bu o en o e looked public heal h issue in de eloping na ions, anking among he
leading causes o inju ies and a ali ies esul ing om acciden s [2].
In sub-Saha an A ica, he u iliza ion o comme cial mo o cycles o anspo a ion, especially by young people, has
become widesp ead and accep ed, d i en by ising unemploymen . Se e al ac o s con ibu e o his su ge in
comme cial mo o cycle use, including inadequa e mass anspo a ion sys ems, poo oad condi ions, and a ic
conges ion, among o he ac o s p e alen in de eloping coun ies [4].
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Acco ding o Hawo h and Rowden[5], he g owing popula i y o mo o cycles as a mode o anspo a ion has led o a
ise in mo o cycle acciden s and associa ed a al inju ies in coun ies whe e hey a e widely used. Despi e being a
subs an ial public heal h issue, he e is a no able lack o esea ch in his ield, especially in he Gomoa Eas dis ic ,
whe e he p oblem is pa icula ly acu e. Inju ies esul ing om mo o cycle acciden s cons i u e a signi ican ye
equen ly o e looked eme ging public heal h issue in de eloping na ions, making a subs an ial con ibu ion o he
o e all ally o oad a ic inju ies [6, 8].
Acco ding o an exclusi e epo ob ained by he Ghana epo , mo o cycles we e esponsible o app oxima ely 45%
o he o al 1,454 a ali ies documen ed in he i s hal o 2021. Du ing his pe iod, mo o cycle- ela ed dea hs exceeded
he 518 a ali ies in ol ing comme cial ehicles and we e 308 mo e han he a ali ies linked o p i a e ehicles [9].
Acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO), e en in de eloped coun ies wi h low mo bidi y and mo ali y a es
om mo o cycle acciden s, he isk o a ali y in a mo o cycle c ash is wen y imes highe han in a mo o ehicle
collision [10].
Thus, his esea ch aims o es ablish he causes and e ec o mo o cycle acciden s in he Gomoa Eas Cons i uency
whe e mo o cycle acciden s is on he ise. This will go a long way in p o iding in o ma ion ha could in luence policy
make s and oad use s o help cu b mo o cycle acciden s and he o mula ion and p ope implemen a ion o plausible
solu ions like sanc ioning o eckless d i ing, adequa e a ic con ol and oad sa e y policy enhancemen .
2. Me hods
2.1. S udy A ea and Popula ion
The Gomoa Eas dis ic is posi ioned in he sou heas e n po ion o he Cen al Region, lying be ween la i udes 5014’
No h and 5035’ No h, as well as longi udes 0022 Wes and 0054’ Wes . This dis ic holds a dis inc i e geog aphical
posi ion, bo de ed o he no heas by he Agona Eas dis ic , o he sou hwes by Gomoa Wes , o he eas by he
Awu u-Senya Dis ic , and o he sou h by he E u u Municipali y. The sou he nmos pa o he dis ic mee s he
A lan ic Ocean. I co e s an app oxima e a ea o 260.69 squa e kilome e s [11]. Acco ding o he 2021 popula ion and
housing census, he dis ic 's popula ion s ands a 308,697, comp ising 152,238 males and 156,459 emales [12]. The
s udy popula ion comp ised o indi iduals who ope a e mo o cycles wi hin he Gomoa Eas dis ic .
2.2. S udy Design
This was a quan i a i e c oss-sec ional s udy conduc ed a he Gomoa Eas dis ic in he Cen al Region o Ghana.
2.3. Sampling Techniques
In his esea ch, a snowball sampling app oach was employed. Using his me hod, he esea che ini ially eached ou
o a pa icipan om he a ge popula ion who me speci ic c i e ia. This ini ial pa icipan hen assis ed in iden i ying
and ec ui ing o he mo o cycle ide s who sha ed simila cha ac e is ics o he s udy.
2.4. Sample Size De e mina ion
The sample size was calcula ed using Yamane’s o mula as shown below a a 95% Con idence In e al and a 5% ma gin
o e o [13]. A o al o 161 mo o cyclis s we e iden i ied in he Gomoa Eas dis ic . The o mula is gi en as ollows:
𝑛 = 𝑁
1 + 𝑁(𝑒)²
whe e;
n = Sample size, N = To al numbe o mo o cyclis s in he dis ic (161), and e = Ma gin o e o se a 5% (0.05).
𝑛 = 161
1 + 161(0.05)² =114.795 =115
The sample size was ounded up o 115 o inc ease he p ecision o he alues.
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2.5. Sou ce o Da a
This esea ch u ilized p ima y da a as i s main sou ce o in o ma ion. Da a collec ion was ca ied ou h ough a
s uc u ed ques ionnai e dis ibu ed o esponden s in he Gomoa Eas dis ic du ing ieldwo k. Addi ionally,
supplemen a y in o ma ion was ob ained om di e se sou ces, including ex books, jou nals, a icles, p e ious
esea ch s udies, media epo s, and online pla o ms, con ibu ing o he li e a u e e iew.
2.6. Da a Collec ion P ocedu e
Da a collec ion occu ed be ween Ap il and July 2024. P io o da a collec ion, wo esea ch assis an s we e ec ui ed
and ained in he undamen al e hical p inciples o da a collec ion and in using he s udy ins umen . The esea ch
assis an s we e s a ioned a loca ions whe e comme cial mo o cycle ide s ypically ga he o pick up passenge s and
ec ui esponden s. On a e age, i ook app oxima ely 5 minu es o comple e each ques ionnai e. The da a collec ion
ins umen was an in e iewe -adminis e ed ques ionnai e consis ing o 31 ques ions di ided in o six sec ions. Sec ion
A o he ques ionnai e ocused on cap u ing demog aphic in o ma ion abou he esponden s, including hei gende ,
age, educa ional le el, ma i al s a us, employmen s a us, and weigh . Sec ion B con ained gene al ques ions abou
mo o cycle usage. Sec ion C aimed o de e mine whe he speeding con ibu ed o mo o cycle acciden s. Sec ion D aimed
o in es iga e i alcohol consump ion played a ole in mo o cycle acciden s. Finally, Sec ion E examined he economic
and social consequences o mo o cycle acciden s on he ic ims [14].
2.7. P e es ing o Ques ionnai e
The esea ch ins umen s we e p e es ed in he Cape Coas Municipali y, a e which essen ial adjus men s we e made
o he ques ionnai e p io o he main s udy. These modi ica ions add essed ambigui ies, ensu ing cla i y in he
ques ions. Fu he mo e, he p e es ing p ocess helped iden i y he mos sui able iming o conduc ing he s udy.
2.8. E hical Conside a ion
The s udy pa icipan s ecei ed a de ailed explana ion o he s udy's pu pose and p ocedu es, and hei e bal consen
was secu ed be o e pa icipa ion. Mo eo e , s ic p o ocols we e implemen ed o main ain he con iden iali y o he
collec ed da a.
2.9. Da a Analysis
A e ga he ing ques ionnai es om he s udy’s pa icipan s, he da a was p ocessed using IBM SPSS Inc. e sion 16
(Chicago, Illinois, USA). Desc ip i e s a is ical ables we e u ilized o cons uc a demog aphic p o ile o he
esponden s, and he esul s o o he a iables we e con eyed h ough equencies, pe cen ages, and g aphical
ep esen a ions. To in es iga e he ela ionship be ween mo o cycle acciden s and he demog aphic a ibu es o he
esponden s, Pea son's chi-squa e es was employed. Finally, logis ic eg ession analysis was employed o es ablish a
sui able model o e alua ing he ac o s con ibu ing o mo o cycle acciden s in he Gomoa Eas dis ic .
3. Resul s
3.1. P elimina y Analysis
In he p elimina y analysis, desc ip i e s a is ics we e used o p o ide an o e iew o he demog aphic cha ac e is ics
o he pa icipan s. Following his, he Pea son Chi-Squa e es was conduc ed o e alua e he ela ionship be ween each
con ibu ing ac o and mo o cycle acciden s. The s udy ga he ed esponses om 115 pa icipan s who ully comple ed
he s uc u ed ques ionnai e, achie ing a 100% esponse a e due o he accessibili y o he en i e a ge popula ion.
Table 1 Demog aphic Cha ac e is ics o Responden s
Va iables
F equency (n)
Pe cen age (%)
Gende
Male
97
84.3
Female
18
15.7
Age
15 – 25
13
11.3
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26 – 35
66
57.4
36 – 45
23
20
46 – 55
9
7.8
55 and abo e
4
3.5
Le el o Educa ion
Basic
28
24.3
Seconda y
64
55.7
Te ia y
19
16.5
None
4
3.5
Ma i al S a us
Ma ied
39
33.9
Di o ced
6
5.2
Single
68
59.1
Sepa a ed
2
1.7
Employmen S a us
Go e nmen employee
26
22.6
Sel -employed
70
60.9
Unemployed
10
8.7
S uden
9
7.8
Weigh
40 - 60kg
28
24.3
61 - 80kg
54
47
81 - 100kg
32
27.8
Abo e 100kg
1
0.9
Sou ce: Field su ey (2024)
Table 1 shows he demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he pa icipan s in his s udy. The indings indica e ha he majo i y
(84.3%) o esponden s we e male, while emales cons i u ed 15.7%. In e ms o age dis ibu ion, 57.4% o pa icipan s
we e aged be ween 26 and 35 yea s, wi h only 3.5% being o e 40 yea s old. Rega ding educa ion, 55.7% had comple ed
seconda y educa ion, 16.5% had a ained e ia y educa ion, and 3.5% had no o mal educa ion. Ma i al s a us e ealed
ha 59.1% o esponden s we e single, while 1.7% we e sepa a ed. Fo employmen s a us, 60.9% we e sel -employed,
and 7.8% we e s uden s. Conce ning weigh , he majo i y (47%) ell wi hin he 61–80 kg ange, while only 0.9%
weighed o e 100 kg.
Table 2 Responden Knowledge abou Mo o cycle Usage
Va iables
F equency (n)
Pe cen age (%)
Riding expe ience
Less han six mon hs
12
10.4
1 - 5 yea s
41
35.7
6 - 10 yea s
45
39.1
Mo e han 10 yea s
17
14.8
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License o ide
Yes
68
59.1
No
47
40.9
Helme usage
Ne e
16
13.9
Some imes
41
35.9
Always
58
50.4
Mo o cycle insu ance
Yes
76
66.1
No
39
33.9
Main enance equency
Ne e
1
0.9
Mon hly
58
50.4
E e y h ee mon hs
36
31.3
E e y six mon hs
20
17.4
Adhe ence o speed limi
Yes
88
76.5
No
27
23.5
Sou ce: Field su ey (2024)
The esul s shown in Table 2 e eal ha mos esponden s (39.1%) had 6–10 yea s o iding expe ience, while 10.4%
had less han six mon hs o expe ience. App oxima ely 68% o pa icipan s possessed a alid mo o cycle license,
whe eas 47% did no ha e one. The s udy also ound ha 50.4% o esponden s egula ly wo e helme s while iding,
while a smalle g oup (16%) epo ed ne e using a helme . Rega ding mo o cycle insu ance, 66.1% had insu ed hei
mo o cycles, while 39% had no secu ed insu ance co e age. Abou 50.4% o pa icipan s s a ed ha hey se iced hei
mo o cycles mon hly, wi h only 0.9% indica ing hey ne e did so. Addi ionally, he majo i y (88%) epo ed adhe ing
o speed limi s, while 27% admi ed o no ollowing speed egula ions while iding.
3.2. Responden In ol emen in Mo o cycle Acciden
Figu e 1 Responden In ol emen in Mo o cycle Acciden
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Figu e 1 depic s he esponden s' expe iences wi h mo o cycle acciden s. The indings e eal ha app oxima ely 87%
epo ed ha ing been in ol ed in a mo o cycle acciden , while he emaining 13% indica ed hey had ne e expe ienced
one.
Table 3 Na u e o Mo o cycle Acciden
Va iables
F equency (n)
Pe cen age (%)
Collision wi h ano he mo o cycle/ca
19
16.5
Loss o con ol
42
36.5
Knocked down a pedes ian
44
38.3
Mechanical aul
10
8.7
To al
115
100.0
Sou ce: Field su ey (2024)
Table 3 highligh s he common ypes o mo o cycle acciden s obse ed in his s udy. Abou 16.5% o acciden s in he
Gomoa Eas dis ic we e due o collisions wi h o he mo o cycles o ca s, while 36.5% we e caused by a loss o con ol.
Addi ionally, 38.3% o he inciden s in ol ed mo o cycle ide s hi ing pedes ians, and 8.7% we e a ibu ed o
mechanical ailu es. No ably, he majo i y o mo o cycle acciden s in he dis ic we e linked o ide s colliding wi h
pedes ians.
Table 4 Economic and Social E ec o Mo o cycle Acciden
Va iables
F equency (n)
Pe cen age (%)
Ha e you los any p ope y
Yes
55
47.8
No
60
52.2
Cos o ea men a e acciden
Less han 250 cedis
41
35.7
250 - 450 cedis
52
45.2
451 - 650 cedis
14
12.2
Abo e 650 cedis
8
7
Unemployed as a esul o acciden
Yes
10
8.7
No
105
91.3
A e able o ca y ou you economic ac i i ies a e he acciden
Yes
109
94.8
No
2
1.7
Some o hem
4
3.5
Did he insu ance co e ed he cos o ea men
Yes
109
94.8
No
2
1.7
Some o hem
4
3.5
Sou ce: Field su ey (2024)
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Table 4 ou lines he economic and social impac s o mo o cycle acciden s on he esponden s. A ound 52.2% epo ed
no p ope y loss because o mo o cycle acciden s, while 47.8% acknowledged expe iencing p ope y damage.
App oxima ely 45.2% o hose in ol ed in acciden s incu ed expenses anging om 250 o 450 Ghana cedis, wi h 7.0%
spending o e 650 Ghana cedis. In e ms o employmen , 91.3% o esponden s who had been in acciden s emained
employed, while 8.7% los hei jobs due o he inciden . Addi ionally, 94.8% we e able o esume hei economic
ac i i ies a e he acciden , whe eas 1.7% could no . Fu he mo e, he majo i y (94.8%) indica ed ha hei medical
expenses we e co e ed by insu ance, while 1.7% had no insu ance co e age o medical ea men , as hei mo o cycles
we e uninsu ed.
Table 5 Associa ion be ween Demog aphic Cha ac e is ics and Mo o cycle Acciden
Va iables
Mo o cycle Acciden
χ²
p - alue
Yes
No
Gende
Male
84(86.6)
13(13.4)
0.07
0.87
Female
16(88.9)
2(11.1)
Age
15 – 25
12(92.3)
1(7.7)
26 – 35
57(86.9)
9(13.6)
36 – 45
19(82.6)
4(17.4)
1.362
<0.002*
46 – 55
8(88.9)
1(11.1)
55 and abo e
3(90.0)
1(10.0)
Le el o Educa ion
Basic
27(96.4)
1(3.6)
Seconda y
53(82.8)
11(17.2)
3.91
0.205
Te ia y
16(84.2)
3(15.8)
None
3(90.0)
1(10.0)
Ma i al S a us
Ma ied
36(92.3)
3(7.7)
Di o ced
5(90.0)
1(10.0)
3.455
<0.037*
Single
56(82.4)
12(17.6)
Sepa a ed
1(50.0)
1(50.0)
Employmen S a us
Go e nmen employee
23(88.5)
3(11.5)
Sel -employed
59(84.3)
11(15.7)
1.924
<0.03*
Unemployed
9(90.0)
1(10.0)
S uden
6(70.0)
2(30.0)
Weigh
40 - 60kg
26(92.9)
2(7.1)
61 – 80kg
46(85.2)
8(14.8)
1.347
<0.005*
81 - 100kg
27(87.1)
4(12.9)
Abo e 100kg
1(50.0)
1(50.0)
Signi icance le el a (p<0.05)
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Table 5 shows he ela ionship be ween mo o cycle acciden s and he demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he esponden s.
The analysis e ealed signi ican associa ions be ween mo o cycle acciden s and ac o s such as age, ma i al s a us,
employmen s a us, and weigh (p<0.05). Howe e , gende and educa ional le el did no show a signi ican associa ion
wi h mo o cycle acciden s (p>0.05).
Table 6 Associa ion be ween Mo o cycle Usage and Mo o cycle Acciden
Va iables
Mo o cycle Acciden
χ²
p - alue
Yes
No
Riding expe ience
Less han six mon hs
11(91.7)
1(8.3)
1 - 5 yea s
37(90.2)
4(9.8)
1.539
<0.034*
6 - 10 yea s
37(82.2)
8(17.8)
Mo e han 10 yea s
15(88.2)
2(11.8)
License o ide
Yes
61(89.7)
7(10.3)
1.109
0.219
No
39(83)
8(17.0)
Helme usage
Ne e
11(68.8)
5(31.3)
Some imes
37(90.2)
4(9.8)
5.439
<0.02*
Always
52(89.7)
6(10.3)
Mo o cycle insu ance
Yes
68(89.5)
8(10.5)
1.252
<0.025*
No
32(82.1)
7(17.9)
Main enance equency
Ne e
1(50.0)
1(50.0)
Mon hly
51(89.5)
6(10.5)
1.17
<0.005*
E e y h ee mon hs
32(88.9)
4(11.1)
E e y six mon hs
16(80.0)
4(20.0)
Adhe ence o speed limi
Yes
78(88.6)
10(11.4)
0.933
<0.02*
No
22(81.5)
5(18.5)
Speeding
Yes
84(86.6)
13(13.4)
0.07
0.281
No
16(88.9)
2(11.1)
Riding unde he in luence o alcohol
Yes
46(90.2)
5(9.8)
0.848
<0.001*
No
54(84.4)
10(15.6)
Signi icance le el a (p<0.05)
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Table 6 examines he ela ionship be ween mo o cycle acciden s and mo o cycle usage. The indings indica e signi ican
associa ions be ween mo o cycle acciden s and ac o s such as iding expe ience, helme usage, mo o cycle insu ance,
main enance equency, adhe ence o speed limi s, and iding unde he in luence o alcohol (p<0.05). Howe e ,
possessing a iding license and speeding we e no signi ican ly associa ed wi h mo o cycle acciden s (p>0.05).
Consequen ly, non-signi ican ac o s we e excluded, and he analysis p oceeded wi h he emaining a iables
3.3. Fu he Analysis
Due o he dicho omous na u e o he dependen a iable, bina y logis ic eg ession analysis was ca ied ou as an
ad anced analysis o in es iga e he e ec o he p edic o a iables on he dependen a iable.
3.4. De ec ing Mul icollinea i y be ween explana o y a iables
One o he assump ions in logis ic eg ession is ha explana o y a iables should no be highly co ela ed wi h each
o he . The e o e, be o e applying logis ic eg ession, mul icollinea i y was checked among explana o y a iables.
Tole ance and VIF alues we e used o con i m mul icollinea i y, and he esul s we e indica ed in Table 7 below.
Table 7 Collinea i y S a is ics
Collinea i y S a is ics
Model
Tole ance
(VIF)
Gende
0.099
10.112
Age
0.821
1.217
Le el o educa ion
0.059
11.125
Ma i al s a us
0.06
10.105
Employmen s a us
0.047
12.167
Weigh
0.905
1.105
Riding license
0.046
15.766
Helme usage
0.044
12.366
Main enance equency
0.817
1.299
Mo o cycle insu ance
0.043
16.299
Adhe ence o speed limi
0.921
1.218
Alcohol consump ion
0.056
13.483
Riding unde he in luence o alcohol
0.869
1.495
Riding expe ience
0.948
1.336
Table 7 e ealed ha age, weigh , main enance equency, adhe ence o speed limi , iding unde he in luence o alcohol
and iding expe ience exhibi low a iance in la ion ac o s (VIFs) wi h hei ole ance le el close o 1. This indica es
ha mul icollinea i y does no exis be ween hese a iables and o he p edic o a iables. Hence, hese a iables can
be included in he model. Howe e , gende , le el o educa ion, ma i al s a us, employmen s a us, possession o a iding
license, helme usage, mo o cycle insu ance, and alcohol consump ion ha e high a iance in la ion ac o s (VIFs) wi h
hei ole ance le el no close o 1. This indica es he p esence o se e e mul icollinea i y be ween hese a iables and
o he p edic o a iables. Hence, hese a iables canno be included in he inal model due o he po en ial o uns able
coe icien es ima es and un eliable esul s.
3.5. Bina y logis ic eg ession analysis
Gi en ha he esponse a iable is dicho omous, bina y logis ic eg ession model was u ilized o he analysis. The
pa ame e s o he model we e es ima ed using he maximum likelihood me hod. A o wa d s epwise selec ion app oach
was employed in he logis ic eg ession analysis, wi h a iables included based on he signi icance o he sco e s a is ic,
se a p<0.05.
