Co esponding au ho : Moyinoluwa Solomon Adekeye
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Po en ials and challenges o bio uels as a eplacemen o naph ha in s eam c acking
uni s
Moyinoluwa Solomon Adekeye 1, *, Ugochukwu Daniel Okwo 2, Samuel Maduekwe 3, Ikechukwu Bisma ck
Owunna 4, Vi ian Chinenye Akunne 5, Is ael Oluwaseun Jimson 6 and Is eal Oluwa imileyin Olajide 7
1 Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Fede al Uni e si y o Ag icul u e Abeoku a, Ogun S a e, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Me allu gical and Ma e ials Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Nige ia Nsukka.
3 Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o Technology, Ogbomoso, Nige ia.
4 Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Benin, Nige ia.
5 Depa men o Indus ial Chemis y, Fede al Uni e si y o Technology Owe i, Imo S a e, Nige ia.
6 Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, Lagos S a e Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Iko odu No h, Lagos S a e,
Nige ia.
7 Depa men o Pu e and Applied Chemis y, Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o Technology, Ogbomoso Oyo s a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 315-322
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 30 No embe 2024; e ised on 11 Janua y 2025; accep ed on 13 Janua y 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.21.1.0029
Abs ac
Bio-naph ha is gaining impo ance as a enewable eeds ock o ossil naph ha in s eam c acking which is one o he
mos c i ical s eps in he manu ac u e o e hylene and o he ole ins wi hin he pe ochemical indus y. Manu ac u ed
om biomass, was e oils, and algae; bio-naph ha is associa ed wi h conside able en i onmen al bene i s om he lowe
ca bon oo p in while also mee ing global sus ainabili y goals. This e iew desc ibes he p oduc ion ou es o bio-
naph ha, i s chemical and physical p ope ies, and i s compa ibili y wi h s eam c acking echnologies as hey cu en ly
s and. While bio-naph ha exhibi s compa able e hylene yields o ossil naph ha and lowe impu i ies, challenges pe sis
due o eeds ock a iabili y, p e ea men equi emen s, and gene ally high p oduc ion cos s. O he de eloping
echnologies, his e iew iden i ies hyd o he mal lique ac ion and Fische -T opsch syn hesis as key o he scaling and
cos -e ec i eness o bio-naph ha. These could be acili a ed by he adop ion o policy in e en ions, such as subsidies
and blending manda es. Conclusi ely, coo dina ed esea ch e o , indus y collabo a ion, and egula o y suppo will
enable biomonome s like bio-naph ha o become key enable s o he deca boniza ion o he pe ochemical alue chain
and he ci cula economy.
Keywo ds: Bio-Naph ha; S eam C acking; E hylene P oduc ion; Sus ainable Feeds ocks; Renewable Al e na i es
1. In oduc ion
The pe ochemical indus y elies hea ily on naph ha, a key eeds ock de i ed om c ude oil, o he p oduc ion o
e hylene and o he ole ins ia s eam c acking [1]. This p ocess unde pins a as ange o downs eam p oduc s,
including polye hylene, polyp opylene, and syn he ic ubbe s, which a e essen ial in mode n economies [2]. Howe e ,
he dependence on ossil-de i ed naph ha poses signi ican challenges, pa icula ly conce ning en i onmen al
sus ainabili y. The ex ac ion, e ining, and u iliza ion o c ude oil con ibu e subs an ially o g eenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and exace ba e esou ce deple ion. E hylene, he main p oduc o naph ha c acking, is c i ical o he global
p oduc ion o plas ics. In 2023, global e hylene demand exceeded 200 million me ic ons, d i en by he apid g ow h
o he packaging, au omo i e, and cons uc ion indus ies [3]. As his demand con inues o ise, he need o mo e
sus ainable eeds ock solu ions becomes impe a i e. The g owing emphasis on educing ca bon oo p in s and adhe ing
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 315-322
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o in e na ional clima e ag eemen s, such as he Pa is Acco d, has spu ed in e es in enewable al e na i es o
adi ional eeds ocks. Bio-naph ha, de i ed om enewable esou ces such as biomass, was e oils, and ag icul u al
esidues, o e s a sus ainable op ion. I s u iliza ion aligns wi h he b oade objec i e o achie ing ca bon neu ali y in
indus ial p ocesses while add essing he en i onmen al sho comings o ossil-based naph ha [4]. Bio-naph ha’s
po en ial lies no only in i s enewable o igin bu also in i s compa ibili y wi h exis ing s eam c acking echnologies.
Unlike o he enewable eeds ocks, bio-naph ha can se e as a "d op-in" eplacemen , minimizing he need o ex ensi e
in as uc u e modi ica ions [5]. Howe e , unde s anding i s iabili y equi es a ho ough examina ion o i s p oduc ion
p ocesses, chemical p ope ies, and in eg a ion challenges. This pape aims o p o ide a comp ehensi e e iew o bio-
naph ha’s po en ial as a eplacemen o adi ional naph ha in s eam c acking uni s. Speci ic objec i es include:
E alua ing bio-naph ha p oduc ion p ocesses and hei en i onmen al implica ions. Assessing he compa ibili y o bio-
naph ha wi h exis ing s eam c acking echnologies, including p oduc yields and byp oduc composi ion. Iden i ying
echnical, economic, and logis ical challenges associa ed wi h i s adop ion. O e ing ecommenda ions o u u e
esea ch and policy de elopmen o suppo bio-naph ha in eg a ion in he pe ochemical indus y.
2. O e iew o S eam C acking and Feeds ock Requi emen s
2.1. S eam C acking P ocess
S eam c acking is a high- empe a u e p ocess ha b eaks down hyd oca bons in o smalle molecules using s eam as a
diluen o p e en coke o ma ion. Hyd oca bons a e hea ed o empe a u es anging om 800 o 900°C in a ubula
eac o , causing molecula bonds o b eak and o m a mix u e o p oduc s. E hylene is he p ima y ou pu , accoun ing
o up o 30–40% o he yield, ollowed by p opylene, bu adiene, and o he aluable byp oduc s. The p ocess ope a es
unde highly con olled condi ions o op imize yields and minimize undesi ed p oduc s. C acked gas is hen quenched,
comp essed, and sepa a ed in o i s cons i uen ac ions. The e iciency o s eam c acking is hea ily in luenced by he
composi ion o he eeds ock, as well as he eac o design and ope a ing condi ions [6].
2.2. Feeds ock P ope ies
[7] The choice o eeds ock di ec ly impac s he e iciency and economics o s eam c acking. Ideal eeds ocks possess:
• High Hyd ogen- o-Ca bon Ra ios: Resul in highe ole in yields. Fo ins ance, pa a inic naph ha gene ally
ou pe o ms a oma ic naph ha in e hylene p oduc ion.
• The mal S abili y: Minimizes coke deposi ion on eac o walls, ex ending ope a ional cycles.
• Low Impu i ies: Reduces equipmen ouling and he o ma ion o undesi ed byp oduc s, such as sul u
compounds.
Fossil-de i ed naph ha has his o ically me hese equi emen s, bu bio-naph ha, wi h i s a iable composi ion, equi es
de ailed analysis o ensu e compa ibili y and compa able pe o mance.
Figu e 1 Simpli ied low scheme o a naph ha c acke [8]
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3. P oduc ion o Bio-Naph ha
3.1. Bio-Naph ha Sou ces [9]
Bio-naph ha can be p oduced om di e se enewable eeds ocks, classi ied as:
• Fi s -Gene a ion Feeds ocks: De i ed om ood c ops such as suga cane and co n h ough e men a ion. While
e ec i e, hey aise conce ns abou ood secu i y and land use.
• Second-Gene a ion Feeds ocks: Include lignocellulosic biomass, ag icul u al esidues, and was e ma e ials.
These a e non- ood-based and o e highe sus ainabili y.
• Thi d-Gene a ion Feeds ocks: Focus on algae, which can p oduce high lipid yields and do no compe e wi h
a able land. Algae-based bio-naph ha is eme ging as a p omising al e na i e due o i s scalabili y and high
ene gy con en .
Was e Oils and Fa s: U ilized cooking oils and animal a s a e con e ed in o bio-naph ha ia hyd o ea ing, o e ing a
ci cula economy app oach.
Table 1 Compa a ie analysis o he enewable sou ces o bio-nap ha
Sou ce
Desc ip ion
Feeds ock
A ailabili y
En i onmen al
Impac
Economic
Feasibili y
Challenges
Plan -based
oils
[10]
De i ed om oils
like soybean,
apeseed, and palm
oil.
High in
opical
egions,
seasonal.
Can lead o
de o es a ion and
biodi e si y loss i
no sus ainably
sou ced.
Mode a e o high,
depends on c op
yield and oil
ex ac ion
e iciency.
Compe i ion
wi h ood
supply, equi es
la ge land a eas
o cul i a ion.
Was e oils and
a s [11]
Includes used
cooking oil and
animal a s.
Readily
a ailable in
u ban a eas.
Low
en i onmen al
oo p in ;
p omo es was e
ecycling.
High; educes
disposal cos s
and aps in o
exis ing was e
s eams.
Collec ion,
so ing, and
p ocessing
in as uc u e
needed.
Lignocellulosic
Biomass [12]
Ob ained om
ag icul u al
esidues, o es y
was e, and
dedica ed ene gy
c ops like
swi chg ass.
Abundan and
unde u ilized
globally.
Minimizes
compe i ion wi h
ood c ops and
imp o es soil
quali y.
Mode a e;
p ocessing cos s
a e s ill high due
o p e ea men
equi emen s.
High capi al cos
o bio e ine ies
and complex
con e sion
p ocesses.
Algae [13]
Mic oalgae and
mac oalgae
cul i a ed o hei
high oil yield.
High po en ial
bu cu en ly
niche.
Low land usage
and can u ilize
was ewa e ;
po en ial ca bon
seques a ion.
Low o mode a e;
p oduc ion cos s
a e s ill high o
comme cial
scale.
Scaling
cul i a ion and
main aining
e iciency unde
di e se
condi ions.
Suga and
S a ch C ops
[14]
Includes
suga cane, co n,
and whea used o
e men a ion o
p oduce bio-
naph ha
p ecu so s.
High bu
seasonal in
many egions.
Po en ial land-use
change and
e ilize impac on
wa e ways.
High o egions
wi h es ablished
ag icul u al
supply chains.
Compe es wi h
ood p oduc ion
and aises
e hical conce ns.
Municipal Solid
Was e [15]
O ganic ac ions o
household and
indus ial was e
p ocessed o
ex ac
hyd oca bons.
High in
u banized
a eas.
Reduces land ill
usage and
g eenhouse gas
emissions.
Mode a e; elies
on was e
managemen
in as uc u e.
So ing
complexi y and
need o
ad anced was e-
o-ene gy
echnology.
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3.2. P oduc ion P ocesses [16]
• Hyd o he mal Lique ac ion (HTL): Con e s we biomass in o bio-c ude unde high p essu e and mode a e
empe a u es. Bio-c ude is hen e ined in o bio-naph ha.
• Fische -T opsch Syn hesis: Biomass is gasi ied in o syngas, which is ca aly ically con e ed in o hyd oca bons,
including bio-naph ha [].
• Py olysis: Biomass is he mally decomposed in o bio-oil, cha , and gas. Bio-oil unde goes u he upg ading o
p oduce bio-naph ha [].
• Hyd o ea ing: Con e s was e oils in o bio-naph ha by emo ing oxygen, sul u , and ni ogen impu i ies
h ough hyd ogena ion p ocesses.
Each p oduc ion me hod has unique ad an ages and challenges, wi h scalabili y and eeds ock a ailabili y being c i ical
de e minan s o easibili y.
3.3. En i onmen al Impac
Bio-naph ha signi ican ly educes he en i onmen al impac compa ed o ossil-de i ed naph ha:
Li ecycle assessmen s (LCAs) indica e a 80% educ ion in GHG emissions when bio-naph ha is de i ed om second- o
hi d-gene a ion eeds ocks [17]. I p omo es was e alo iza ion, educing land ill dependency. The use o enewable
esou ces minimizes esou ce deple ion and suppo s sus ainable de elopmen goals (SDGs). Howe e , he
en i onmen al bene i s depend on he eeds ock and p oduc ion me hod. Fo example, i s -gene a ion eeds ocks can
lead o indi ec land-use changes, o se ing ca bon sa ings [18].
4. Compa ibili y o Bio-Naph ha in S eam C acking Uni s
4.1. Chemical and Physical P ope ies
[19] Bio-naph ha’s chemical composi ion a ies signi ican ly depending on he eeds ock and p oduc ion me hod.
Howe e , i s gene al composi ion includes hyd oca bons in he C5–C12 ange, simila o ossil naph ha, making i a
iable al e na i e. Key a ibu es include:
• Hyd oca bon Composi ion: Bio-naph ha p ima ily consis s o pa a ins, ole ins, and a oma ics. Howe e , i may
con ain oxygena ed compounds, depending on he p oduc ion pa hway. These oxygena es can cause undesi ed
side eac ions du ing s eam c acking, equi ing p e- ea men .
• Lowe Sul u and Ni ogen Con en : Compa ed o ossil naph ha, bio-naph ha has lowe impu i y le els, which
educes ouling and ex ends he li espan o c acking u naces.
• Va iable Densi y and Boiling Range: Depending on he sou ce, bio-naph ha may ha e a sligh ly b oade boiling
ange, in luencing i s c acking pe o mance.
These p ope ies highligh he need o quali y con ol o ensu e ha bio-naph ha mee s he speci ica ions equi ed o
op imal s eam c acking pe o mance.
4.2. P ocess E iciency and P oduc Yields
[20] The e iciency o s eam c acking and he yield o key p oduc s, such as e hylene, a e di ec ly in luenced by he
eeds ock's composi ion. S udies e alua ing bio-naph ha in s eam c acke s ha e demons a ed:
• Compa able E hylene Yields: Bio-naph ha de i ed om high-pu i y sou ces (e.g., Fische -T opsch p ocesses)
can ma ch e hylene yields o ossil naph ha, ypically a ound 30–40%.
• Reduced Coke Fo ma ion: Due o i s lowe a oma ic and sul u con en , bio-naph ha ends o p oduce less coke,
minimizing eac o down ime and main enance cos s.
• Impac o Oxygena es: The p esence o oxygena ed compounds in some ypes o bio-naph ha can esul in
byp oduc s ha equi e adjus men s o downs eam sepa a ion p ocesses.
O e all, bio-naph ha shows p omise as a nea d op-in eplacemen , bu achie ing op imal yields may equi e
adjus men s o c acking condi ions, such as empe a u e and esidence ime.
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4.3. Byp oduc Composi ion
[21] S eam c acking gene a es a ange o byp oduc s, including hyd ogen, me hane, p opylene, and bu adiene. When
using bio-naph ha, no able di e ences in byp oduc composi ion include:
• Lowe A oma ic Byp oduc s: The educed a oma ic con en in bio-naph ha esul s in ewe a oma ic
byp oduc s, which could a ec downs eam ope a ions ha ely on hese compounds.
• Hyd ogen P oduc ion: The lowe sul u con en in bio-naph ha may in luence hyd ogen eco e y p ocesses,
pa icula ly in c acke s equipped wi h hyd ogen sepa a ion uni s.
• Coke Deposi ion: Reduced coke o ma ion due o lowe impu i y le els is a signi ican ad an age, as i ex ends
ope a ional cycles and educes ene gy consump ion du ing decoking ope a ions.
These di e ences necessi a e ca e ul assessmen o downs eam p ocessing uni s o accommoda e po en ial shi s in
p oduc and byp oduc dis ibu ions.
4.4. Indus ial Insigh s
[22] P elimina y indus ial ials o bio-naph ha in s eam c acking uni s ha e e ealed encou aging esul s:
Scalabili y: Bio-naph ha blends wi h ossil naph ha ha e been success ully es ed wi hou signi ican changes o c acke
pe o mance.
• In as uc u e Compa ibili y: Bio-naph ha can le e age exis ing pipelines, s o age anks, and c acking uni s,
educing he capi al expendi u es equi ed o adop ion.
• Ope a ional Adjus men s: Mino adjus men s in c acking pa ame e s, such as p e- ea men o eeds ock and
empe a u e op imiza ion, ha e p o en su icien o handle bio-naph ha’s a iabili y.
Despi e hese ad an ages, widesp ead adop ion is hinde ed by he inconsis en quali y o bio-naph ha and he need o
u he esea ch in o long- e m ope a ional impac s.
Table 2 Po en ial and Callenges o eplacing Naph ha wi h Bio- uels
Aspec
Po en ial
Challenges
En i onmen al
- Reduced ca bon oo p in and g eenhouse
gas emissions
- Lowe oxic emissions (SOx, NOx)
- Renewable esou ce u iliza ion
- Indi ec ca bon emissions om land-use
changes
- Resou ce-in ensi e cul i a ion and p ocessing
- Byp oduc and was e managemen complexi ies
Economic
- Reduced eliance on ola ile naph ha
ma ke s
- Oppo uni ies o local p oduc ion
- Access o subsidies/ca bon c edi s
- Highe p oduc ion cos s han naph ha
- Ini ial capi al o e o i ing uni s
- Policy dependence
Technical
- Compa ibili y wi h exis ing in as uc u e o
some bio uels
- P oduc ion o g een ole ins
- Imp o ed eeds ock quali y
- Va iabili y in bio uel quali y
- Po en ial ca alys incompa ibili y
- Ma e ial co osion isks
Scalabili y and
Logis ics
- Di e se eeds ock op ions om ag icul u al
and o ganic was e
- Insu icien p oduc ion scale o indus ial needs
- Specialized handling and s o age equi emen s
Sus ainabiliy
and Policy
- Suppo s global sus ainabili y goals
- Compliance wi h s ic e en i onmen al
egula ions
- Enhances co po a e social esponsibili y
- Inconsis en global quali y s anda ds
-Regula o y and ca bon accoun ing complexi ies
- Policy unce ain y
Social
Accep ance
- Aligns wi h demand o eco- iendly p oduc s
- P omo es sus ainabili y awa eness
- Food s. uel deba e
-Public skep icism abou bio uel sus ainabili y
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Table 3 Compa a i e Summa y be ween Nap ha and Bio-Nap ha
Aspec
Fossil Nap ha
Bio-Nap ha
Ca bon Foo p in
High
Low (50% - 80% educ ion).
Feeds ock Sou ce
Non- enewable (c udeoil)
Renewable (biomass, was e oils, algae)
P oduc ion Cos
Low (well-es ablished p ocess)
High (eme ging echnologies)
P oduc ion Yield
High (30–40% e hylene yield)
Compa able bu a iable
Ope a ional Issues
Minimal (ma u e op imiza ion)
Requi es p e- ea men (oxygena e emo al)
En i onme al Impac
Signi ican (GHG emissions, esou ce
deple ion)
Lowe bu dependen on eeds ock and p ocess
Policy Supo
Limi ed ca bon egula ions
Requi es subsidies, manda es, and incen i es
5. Fu u e Pe spec i es on Bio-Naph ha Adop ion
5.1. Eme ging Technologies in Bio-Naph ha P oduc ion
Ad ancemen s in p oduc ion echnologies a e c i ical o making bio-naph ha a iable and scalable al e na i e o ossil
naph ha. P omising de elopmen s include:
• Fische -T opsch Syn hesis Op imiza ion: Imp o emen s in ca alys s and eac o designs a e enabling highe
con e sion e iciencies and be e hyd oca bon selec i i y o bio-naph ha p oduc ion.
• Hyd o he mal Lique ac ion (HTL): This echnology o e s he po en ial o con e we biomass, such as algae,
in o bio-c ude ha can be e ined in o bio-naph ha. HTL is pa icula ly a ac i e o i s abili y o p ocess non-
ood eeds ocks wi h high mois u e con en .
• Second- and Thi d-Gene a ion Feeds ocks: Resea ch on algae and lignocellulosic biomass is educing
dependence on ood c ops, ensu ing mo e sus ainable eeds ock sou ces. Algal bio-naph ha is especially
p omising due o i s high lipid con en and apid g ow h a e.
Con inued esea ch in o scalable, cos -e ec i e p oduc ion me hods will be essen ial o o e coming he cu en
economic ba ie s.
5.2. In eg a ion wi h he Oil and Gas Indus y
Adop ing bio-naph ha wi hin he oil and gas indus y equi es s a egic planning and inc emen al in eg a ion:
• Co-P ocessing wi h Fossil Naph ha: Ini ially blending bio-naph ha wi h ossil naph ha allows companies o es
pe o mance while minimizing dis up ions o exis ing ope a ions. This phased app oach also helps o se cos s
while le e aging enewable con en .
• Adap a ion o Re ining P ocesses: Re ine ies can implemen p e- ea men uni s speci ically o bio-naph ha o
add ess challenges such as oxygena e emo al and eeds ock a iabili y.
• Pipeline and S o age Compa ibili y: Bio-naph ha’s physical and chemical p ope ies a e simila enough o ossil
naph ha o use exis ing pipelines and s o age acili ies wi h mino adjus men s.
As companies emb ace sus ainabili y goals and deca boniza ion manda es, bio-naph ha in eg a ion o e s a p ac ical
s ep owa ds educing he ca bon oo p in o pe ochemical ope a ions.
5.3. Policy and Regula o y Suppo
To accele a e he adop ion o bio-naph ha, obus policy amewo ks and incen i es a e necessa y. Key
ecommenda ions include:
• Blending Manda es: Go e nmen s could in oduce equi emen s o a speci ic pe cen age o bio-naph ha in
s eam c acke eeds ocks, simila o biodiesel blending manda es.
• Subsidies o P oduce s: Financial suppo o bio-naph ha p oduce s can help o se he high cos s associa ed
wi h eeds ock collec ion, p ocessing, and echnology de elopmen .
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• Ca bon P icing: In oducing o s eng hening ca bon axes o cap-and- ade sys ems would make bio-naph ha
mo e compe i i e by in e nalizing he en i onmen al cos s o ossil naph ha.
• Resea ch Funding: Inc eased unding o R&D in bio-naph ha p oduc ion echnologies, eeds ock op imiza ion,
and li ecycle assessmen s will d i e inno a ion and cos educ ions.
Regions like he Eu opean Union a e al eady pa ing he way wi h enewable ene gy di ec i es, bu b oade global
adop ion is essen ial o meaning ul impac .
5.4. Indus y and Consume Collabo a ion
Collabo a i e e o s be ween s akeholde s can u he accele a e bio-naph ha adop ion:
• Indus y Pa ne ships: Pa ne ships be ween bio-naph ha p oduce s and pe ochemical companies can
acili a e pilo p ojec s, imp o e supply chain in eg a ion, and add ess echnical challenges.
• Consume Demand: Educa ing consume s abou he en i onmen al bene i s o bio-naph ha-de i ed p oduc s
can gene a e ma ke demand, incen i izing companies o adop g eene p ac ices.
Public-P i a e Ini ia i es: Join en u es be ween go e nmen s and p i a e companies can es ablish sha ed
in as uc u e o bio-naph ha p oduc ion and dis ibu ion.
5.5. Long-Te m Vision o Bio-Naph ha Adop ion
Looking ahead, bio-naph ha could play a ans o ma i e ole in he pe ochemical sec o :
• Deca bonizing Pe ochemical Value Chains: By eplacing ossil naph ha, bio-naph ha can signi ican ly educe
he ca bon oo p in o key pe ochemical p oduc s, including e hylene, p opylene, and a oma ics.
• Ci cula Economy In eg a ion: Using was e eeds ocks and alo izing byp oduc s aligns bio-naph ha
p oduc ion wi h ci cula economy p inciples, minimizing was e and maximizing esou ce e iciency.
• Global Ene gy T ansi ion: As indus ies and go e nmen s pu sue ne -ze o a ge s, bio-naph ha ep esen s a
c ucial s ep in educing eliance on ossil uels while suppo ing enewable ene gy goals.
Howe e , ealizing his ision will equi e sus ained in es men in echnology, policy, and collabo a i e e o s among
indus y s akeholde s
6. Conclusion
Bio-naph ha can he ald a c i ical di e gence in he use o enewable eeds ocks o he han ossil naph ha and o e he
pe ochemical indus y a chance o begin he pa h o global deca boniza ion h ough s eam c acking. P oduced om
biomass and was e oils, hese enewable eeds ocks o e p oduc pe o mance iden ical o ossil naph ha in e hylene
manu ac u ing while g ea ly educing he associa ed g eenhouse gas emissions and consump ion o non- enewable
esou ces. Howe e , eeds ock a iabili y, complica ions in p e- ea men , and highe p oduc ion cos compa ed o
ossil naph ha a e some o he p oblems ha need esolu ion. Eme ging echnologies including hyd o he mal
lique ac ion and ca aly ic upg ading p ocesses o e be e po en ial o imp o e scalabili y and economic iabili y o
bio-naph ha. Suppo i e policy measu es like ca bon p icing, subsidies, and blending manda es become highly ele an
o accele a ing i s deploymen . This will be u he s eamlined in i s in eg a ion wi hin he exis ing in as uc u e
h ough in es men in esea ch and indus y-wide collabo a ion. In he line o making he pe ochemical indus y
ca bon neu al, bionaph ha ep esen s an ex emely impo an s ep because i is a s ep whe eby he sec o can leap
ope a ionally wi h e iciency owa d sus ainabili y. Mos in e es ingly, he ac ha he e is inc eased ca bon neu ali y
om mos indus ies and go e nmen s in he wo ld; bio-naph ha uly epi omizes he much-needed inno a ion ha
will b idge he chasm be ween en i onmen al sus ainabili y and indus ial scalabili y. Whe e pe sis ence p e ails, bio-
naph ha can ew i e he ole o enewable ene gy in pe ochemical ope a ions o a esilien u u e in sus ainabili y.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 315-322
322
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