Copy igh © The Au ho (s). All Righ s Rese ed © 2025 GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE |INT. Jou nal o Ag icul u e and Resea ch|
Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and
E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o
Abuja, Nige ia
By:
Funso Omolayo Alabuja1, Fa ou Obiage i Nwakodo2, Bea ice I oya Oyediji3,
Joseph Bamidele4 & S. O. Sennuga 5
*
1Depa men o Ag icul u al Economics, Facul y o Ag icul u e, Uni e si y o Abuja,
FCT, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nige ia
2Depa men o Ag icul u al Economics and Ex ension, Facul y o Ag icul u e,
Umuahia Campus Abia S a e Uni e si y, Nige ia.
3Depa men o Ag icul u al Ex ension and Ru al De elopmen ,
Facul y o Ag icul u e Uni e si y o Ibadan, Nige ia
4Facul y o Business and Law, Uni e si y o No hamp on, Wa e side Campus,
Uni e si y D i e, No hamp on NN1 5PH, Uni ed Kingdom
5Depa men o Ag icul u al Ex ension and Ru al Sociology, Facul y o Ag icul u e,
Uni e si y o Abuja, FCT, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nige ia
Abs ac :
This s udy examined gende di e en ials in esou ce u iliza ion and e iciency o oma o
p oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council, Abuja. P ima y da a we e ob ained om 200 a me s using
a mul is age sampling echnique, and analyzed wi h desc ip i e and in e en ial s a is ics,
including s ochas ic on ie p oduc ion analysis. The indings e ealed ha male a me s
we e sligh ly olde (mean age=42.1 yea s) compa ed o emales (39.3 yea s) and has highe
yea s o a ming expe ience (11.6 s. 9.4 yea s). Men accessed mo e c edi (₦158,000) han
women (₦112,000) and had longe coope a i e membe ship (6.8 s. 4.6 yea s). Resou ce
accessibili y showed clea dispa i ies: males eco ded highe mean sco es o land (4.00),
coope a i e suppo (3.80), and be e access o a m inpu s (4.00), while emales epo ed
lowe alues, especially o coope a i e suppo (2.20) and adop ing new echnologies and
a ming inno a ions (2.20). P o i abili y analysis o e 2022–2024 indica ed highe Ne Fa m
*
Co esponding Au ho ’s email: d .yemi[email p o ec ed].uk
Manusc ip ID: #02129
10.5281/zenodo.17532355
Vol. 08 Issue 10 Oc obe - 2025
e-ISSN 3050-9602
p-ISSN 2795-4340
Page 01 o 19
Alabuja, F., Nwakodo, F., Oyediji, B., Bamidele, J., & Sennuga, S. O. (2025). Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and
E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja, Nige ia. GPH-In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e and Resea ch, 8(10),
01-19. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17532355
2
Volume 8 Issue No 10 (2025) Access: h ps://gphjou nal.o g/index.php/a
Income (₦171,067 o men s. ₦133,067 o women) and Bene i –Cos Ra io (1.86 s. 1.82),
con i ming p o i abili y bu wi h s onge gains o men. S ochas ic on ie esul s indica ed
sub-op imal e iciency o bo h g oups; howe e , women demons a ed highe mean echnical
e iciency (0.71) compa ed o men (0.55), e lec ing be e esou ce use despi e limi ed
access. E iciency was signi ican ly in luenced by seed, e ilize , seed, e ilize , a m size,
ag ochemicals, and labou . The majo cons ain s included high inpu cos s (81.7% male;
78.8% emale), limi ed c edi (70.8% male; 85.0% emale), poo s o age (73.3% male; 81.3%
emale), and ma ke ing challenges (75.0% male; 82.5% emale). The s udy highligh s
p onounced gende dispa i ies in access, p o i abili y, and challenges, al hough women
exhibi ed ela i ely highe p oduc ion e iciency.
Keywo ds:
Gende di e en ial, Toma o p oduc ion, Resou ce u iliza ion, E iciency.
How o ci e: Alabuja, F., Nwakodo, F., Oyediji, B., Bamidele, J., & Sennuga, S. O. (2025).
Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and E iciency o Toma o
P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja, Nige ia. GPH-In e na ional Jou nal o
Ag icul u e and Resea ch, 8(10), 01-19. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17532355.
INTRODUCTION
Toma o (Solanum lycope sicum) is one o he mos impo an ege able c ops in Nige ia,
bo h as a sou ce o income o a me s and as a i al con ibu o o na ional ood secu i y.
Nige ia is he la ges p oduce o oma o in Sub-Saha an A ica, ye he coun y pa adoxically
emains a ne impo e o oma o p oduc s due o ine iciencies in p oduc ion and pos -
ha es handling (Adeoye e al., 2021). The c op plays a signi ican ole in u al li elihoods
by gene a ing employmen and se ing as a key die a y sou ce o i amins. Despi e i s
economic impo ance, oma o p oduc ion aces se ious challenges, including low p oduc i i y,
limi ed access o quali y inpu s, high pos -ha es losses, and weak ma ke linkages (Okoye e
al., 2019; Idu e al., 2025). Among hese challenges, gende dispa i y in access o and
u iliza ion o esou ces has eme ged as a c i ical ac o in luencing p oduc i i y. S udies
consis en ly show ha male and emale a me s di e signi ican ly in hei access o land,
c edi , ex ension se ices, labou , and mode n echnologies, which di ec ly a ec s e iciency
ou comes (Olawuyi e al., 2020; FAO, 2021). These inequali ies a e no me ely echnical bu
deeply oo ed in cul u al no ms and ins i u ional amewo ks ha p i ilege male a me s
(Yunus e al., 2025).
The concep o esou ce-use e iciency, pa icula ly in ag icul u al p oduc ion, has a ac ed
a en ion in Nige ian ag icul u al economics li e a u e. E iciency is commonly decomposed
in o echnical, alloca i e, and economic dimensions, all o which p o ide insigh s in o how
well a me s u ilize a ailable esou ces (Oboh & Ekpebu, 2021; Adeyemi e al., 2025).
Se e al empi ical s udies ha e applied s ochas ic on ie analysis and ela ed models o
e alua e smallholde a me s’ e iciency, o en highligh ing signi ican ine iciencies ha
s em om subop imal inpu combina ions (Ogunniyi e al., 2022; Joel e al., 2025).
Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja,
Nige ia
© 2025 Published by GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE | In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e & Resea ch
Impo an ly, gende plays a decisi e ole in de e mining hese e iciency le els. Fo ins ance,
Agboola e al. (2021) ound ha while male oma o a me s in Oyo S a e had g ea e access
o inpu s such as land and e ilize s, emale a me s exhibi ed highe e iciency in esou ce
u iliza ion unde cons ained condi ions. This pa adox unde sco es he esilience and adap i e
s a egies o en adop ed by women a me s, despi e sys emic disad an ages. Simila ly,
Oladeebo & Fajuyigbe (2019) epo ed e iciency gaps be ween male and emale ege able
a me s in Osun S a e, a ibu ing he dispa i ies o di e ences in access o c edi and
ex ension se ices. Such indings sugges ha imp o ing women’s access o ag icul u al
esou ces could yield disp opo iona e gains in p oduc i i y, as women al eady demons a e
he capaci y o maximize e iciency unde limi ed access scena ios (Maisule e al., 2025).
Beyond echnical conce ns, gende di e en ials in esou ce u iliza ion and e iciency ha e
p o ound implica ions o u al de elopmen , po e y educ ion, and ood secu i y in Nige ia.
Women cons i u e a signi ican p opo ion o he ag icul u al wo k o ce, ye hey emain
ma ginalized in access o p oduc i e asse s and decision-making p ocesses (A olami e al.,
2025; Olai an e al., 2025). The Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion (FAO, 2021) es ima es
ha closing he gende gap in ag icul u al p oduc i i y could inc ease yields on women’s
a ms by 20–30%, po en ially aising o al ag icul u al ou pu in de eloping coun ies by up
o 4%. Fo Nige ia, whe e oma o is bo h a s aple ood and an indus ial aw ma e ial, such
gains would con ibu e signi ican ly o educing impo dependency, s abilizing u al incomes,
and os e ing ag ibusiness de elopmen .(Oyediji e al., 2025). Mo eo e , add essing gende
inequali ies aligns wi h b oade sus ainable de elopmen goals (SDGs), pa icula ly SDG 2
(Ze o Hunge ) and SDG 5 (Gende Equali y). Howe e , wi hou a ge ed policies ha add ess
s uc u al ba ie s—such as unequal land enu e sys ems, inadequa e u al c edi ma ke s, and
male-biased ex ension se ices— he e iciency po en ial o emale oma o a me s will
emain unde u ilized (Nwosu e al., 2024; Akomola e e al., 2025). This s udy aims o
e alua e he gende di e en ial in esou ce u iliza ion and e iciency o oma o p oduc ion in
Nige ia. To accomplish his, he ollowing objec i es a e pu o wa d:
i. desc ibe he socio-economic cha ac e is ics o he male and emale oma o a me s in
he s udy a ea;
ii. assess he le els o gende accessibili y and esou ces u iliza ion in oma o p oduc ion;
iii. de e mine he gende di e en ial on p o i abili y o oma o a me s;
i . examine he gende di e en ial in p oduc ion e iciency o oma o a me s
. iden i y he challenges con on ing s awbe y a me s in he s udy a ea.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theo e ical F amewo k
The heo e ical ounda ion o his s udy es s p ima ily on p oduc ion heo y and e iciency
analysis models wi hin ag icul u al economics. P oduc ion heo y p o ides he basis o
unde s anding how inpu s a e ans o med in o ou pu s in oma o a ming. Wi hin his con ex ,
he Cobb-Douglas p oduc ion unc ion and ela ed econome ic models a e widely applied o
e alua e he ela ionship be ween esou ce inpu s (such as land, labou , seed, e ilize , and
capi al) and ou pu ( oma o yield). The heo y posi s ha di e ences in p oduc i i y a ise no
only om he quan i y o inpu s bu also om he e iciency wi h which hey a e u ilized. The
Alabuja, F., Nwakodo, F., Oyediji, B., Bamidele, J., & Sennuga, S. O. (2025). Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and
E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja, Nige ia. GPH-In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e and Resea ch, 8(10),
01-19. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17532355
4
Volume 8 Issue No 10 (2025) Access: h ps://gphjou nal.o g/index.php/a
applica ion o Fa ell’s (1957) e iciency heo y u he e ines his pe spec i e by
decomposing e iciency in o h ee componen s: echnical e iciency ( he abili y o a me s o
ob ain maximum ou pu om a gi en se o inpu s), alloca i e e iciency ( he abili y o use
inpu s in op imal p opo ions gi en hei p ices), and economic e iciency (a combina ion o
echnical and alloca i e e iciency). These models a e pa icula ly ele an o examining
how male and emale a me s di e in esou ce u iliza ion and e iciency ou comes (Agboola
e al., 2021; Oyo ombe e al., 2025).
Concep ual F amewo k
The concep ual amewo k o his s udy, explo ing he ela ionship be ween he independen
a iables and he dependen a iables (e iciency ou comes in oma o p oduc ion) being
media ed by he in e ening a iables. The independen a iables in his s udy a e he co e
a iables ha ep esen he key inpu s ha di e be ween male and emale a me s and a e
expec ed o in luence e iciency ou comes, and hese include socio-economic cha ac e is ics
o age, educa ion le el, household size, a ming expe ience, gende , access o ex ension
se ices, access o c edi as well as esou ce u iliza ion a iables o labou inpu ( amily and
hi ed labou ), access o c edi and capi al, use o imp o ed seeds and e ilize s, and access o
ex ension se ices. The in e ening a iables a e con ex ual ac o s ha can media e e ec o
gende and esou ces on e iciency ou comes. They include ma ke access and in as uc u e,
ins i u ional suppo (coope a i es, a me associa ions), cul u al no ms and gende oles in
a ming households, policy en i onmen (land enu e laws, ag icul u al policies) and
clima ic/seasonal condi ions a ec ing oma o p oduc ion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
S udy A ea
Kuje A ea Council is one o he six a ea councils o he Fede al Capi al Te i o y (FCT),
Nige ia, loca ed abou 40 km sou hwes o Abuja ci y cen e . The council sha es bounda ies
wi h Gwagwalada, Bwa i, and Abaji A ea Councils. Geog aphically, i lies wi hin he Guinea
sa annah zone, which is cha ac e ized by a sub-humid opical clima e sui able o a wide
ange o c ops. The a ea expe iences wo dis inc seasons: a ainy season om Ap il o
Oc obe and a d y season om No embe o Ma ch, wi h annual ain all anging be ween
1,100 and 1,600 mm (FCT-ADP, 2018). Fe ile soils, coupled wi h a ou able ain all, make
he a ea sui able o ege able a ming, pa icula ly oma oes.
The popula ion o Kuje A ea Council is es ima ed a o e 170,000 people, mos o whom
depend on a ming as hei p ima y sou ce o li elihood (Na ional Popula ion Commission,
2006; NPC, 2019). Ag icul u al ac i i ies a e la gely smallholde -based, wi h a me s
cul i a ing less han h ee hec a es on a e age. Majo c ops include oma o, maize, yam,
cassa a, and lea y ege ables, while li es ock a ming also con ibu es o household income.
Toma o p oduc ion is especially signi ican due o he council’s p oximi y o Abuja, which
p o ides a me s wi h eady access o high- alue u ban ma ke s (Adeoye e al., 2021).
Howe e , p oduc ion aces pe sis en challenges, including limi ed i iga ion acili ies,
inadequa e s o age and p ocessing in as uc u e, poo access o c edi , and high pos -ha es
losses (Okoye e al., 2019).
Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja,
Nige ia
© 2025 Published by GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE | In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e & Resea ch
Socio-economic dynamics in Kuje e lec b oade gende oles in Nige ian ag icul u e. While
bo h men and women pa icipa e ac i ely in oma o p oduc ion, men gene ally ha e g ea e
access o land, c edi , and a m inpu s, whe eas women con ibu e subs an ially h ough
labou , p ocessing, and ma ke ing (A olami e al., 2025; Olawuyi e al., 2020). These
dispa i ies in luence esou ce alloca ion and e iciency le els, making he a ea a
ep esen a i e case s udy o in es iga ing gende di e en ials in oma o p oduc ion. Kuje
A ea Council, he e o e, p o ides a s a egic con ex whe e ecological sui abili y o oma o
a ming in e sec s wi h socio-economic and ins i u ional ac o s ha shape gende ed esou ce
u iliza ion and e iciency ou comes in Nige ian ag icul u e.
Popula ion o he S udy and Resea ch Design
The s udy popula ion comp ises male and emale oma o a me s in Kuje A ea Council, FCT,
Nige ia, whe e oma o p oduc ion is a key li elihood ac i i y. Bo h men and women a e
ac i ely engaged in p oduc ion, al hough hey di e in e ms o esou ce access, inpu
u iliza ion, and pa icipa ion in ma ke ac i i ies. Fo he pu pose o his esea ch, he a ge
popula ion will speci ically include male and emale oma o a me s cul i a ing oma oes
ei he as a p ima y o supplemen a y c op wi hin he council.
The s udy adop ed a su ey design, using s uc u ed ques ionnai es and in e iews o da a
collec ion. P ima y da a was collec ed using s uc u ed ques ionnai es and in e iews,
co e ing a iables such as a m size, inpu usage (land, labou , seeds, e ilize , capi al,
ex ension se ices), socio-economic cha ac e is ics (age, educa ion, household size, a ming
expe ience), and ou pu le els.
Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
This s udy adop ed a mul i-s age sampling echnique o selec oma o a me s in Kuje A ea
Council o he Fede al Capi al Te i o y. In he i s s age, ou majo oma o-p oducing
communi ies—Gaube, Chibi i, Kiyi, and Kwaku—we e pu posi ely selec ed based on hei
p ominence in oma o a ming, as iden i ied by he FCT-ADP (2018). In he second s age,
lis s o oma o a me s we e ob ained om ex ension o ice s, a me coope a i es, and
communi y leade s o se e as he sampling ame. In he hi d s age, a me s we e s a i ied
by gende o ensu e ai ep esen a ion o bo h men and women, gi en he ocus o he s udy.
In he inal s age, esponden s we e andomly selec ed om each s a um in p opo ion o
hei ela i e numbe s in he a ming popula ion. A o al o 200 esponden s we e sampled o
he s udy, comp ising 120 male a me s (60%) and 80 emale a me s (40%). These
esponden s we e e enly dis ibu ed ac oss he ou selec ed communi ies, wi h each
communi y con ibu ing 50 a me s—30 males and 20 emales. This dis ibu ion no only
ensu ed balance in gende ep esen a ion bu also p o ided geog aphical sp ead ac oss he
majo oma o-p oducing a eas o Kuje.
Da a Collec ion
The p ima y ins umen o da a collec ion in his s udy was a s uc u ed ques ionnai e
designed o ob ain de ailed in o ma ion om oma o a me s in Kuje A ea Council. The
ques ionnai e co e ed socio-economic cha ac e is ics, access o esou ces, p oduc ion
p ac ices, and ou pu le els, enabling he s udy o cap u e gende di e ences in esou ce
Alabuja, F., Nwakodo, F., Oyediji, B., Bamidele, J., & Sennuga, S. O. (2025). Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and
E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja, Nige ia. GPH-In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e and Resea ch, 8(10),
01-19. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17532355
6
Volume 8 Issue No 10 (2025) Access: h ps://gphjou nal.o g/index.php/a
u iliza ion and e iciency. To ensu e alidi y and eliabili y, he ins umen was p e- es ed
h ough a pilo s udy in ol ing a small g oup o oma o a me s ou side he main sample. The
pilo helped iden i y ambigui ies and weaknesses in he design, a e which he ques ions
we e e ined o imp o e cla i y, accu acy, and ele ance o he esea ch objec i es. The inal
e sion o he ques ionnai e was he e o e well- ailo ed o he s udy’s ocus. To enhance da a
quali y, ained enume a o s we e engaged o adminis e he ques ionnai es, ensu ing ha
a me s ully unde s ood he ques ions and p o ided accu a e esponses wi hin a easonable
ime ame.
Da a Analysis
The da a collec ed we e analyzed using a combina ion o desc ip i e and in e en ial s a is ical
ools aligned o he s udy’s objec i es. Desc ip i e s a is ics such as means, pe cen ages,
equency coun s, and s anda d de ia ions we e used o add ess objec i es (i) and ( ), which
ocused on he socio-economic cha ac e is ics o a me s and he challenges aced. A Like -
ype scale was employed o achie e objec i e (ii), measu ing le els o gende accessibili y
and esou ce u iliza ion in oma o p oduc ion. To add ess objec i e (iii), he cos s and bene i
a io (BCR) model was applied o es ima e he p o i abili y o oma o p oduc ion o male and
emale a me s. Finally, o objec i e (i ), he s ochas ic on ie p oduc ion unc ion (SFPF)
was used o es ima e echnical, alloca i e, and economic e iciency among oma o a me s.
All analyses we e conduc ed using SPSS ( e sion 24) and F on ie 4.1, which p o ided a
obus amewo k o gene a ing eliable esul s.
Model Speci ica ion
Like -Type Scale
A i e-poin Like scale (S ongly Ag ee = 5 o S ongly Disag ee = 1) was used o assess
gende accessibili y and esou ce u iliza ion. Weigh ed means we e compu ed o ca ego ize
esponses, whe e mean alues be ween 1.00–1.49 indica ed s ong disag eemen , while 4.50–
5.00 e lec ed s ong ag eemen .
Cos s and Bene i Ra io (P o i abili y Analysis)
P o i abili y o oma o a ming was analyzed using he bene i –cos a io (BCR):
Whe e:
VNR = Va ie y Ne Re enue (₦)
TC = To al Cos (₦), comp ising To al Va iable Cos (TVC) and To al Fixed Cos
(TFC)
NFI = Ne Fa m Income (₦)
TR = To al Re enue (₦).
Fixed cos s (land en , ool dep ecia ion) we e es ima ed using he s aigh -line dep ecia ion
me hod. The Re u ns pe Nai a In es ed (RNI) was also compu ed:
Decision ule: RNI > 1 = p o i ; RNI = 1 = b eake en; RNI < 1 = loss.
Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja,
Nige ia
© 2025 Published by GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE | In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e & Resea ch
S ochas ic F on ie P oduc ion Analysis
The Cobb–Douglas s ochas ic on ie p oduc ion unc ion was speci ied as:
InY = β₀ + β₁ InX₁ + β₂ InX₂ + β₃ InX₃ + ... + β4 InX4 + ( )
Whe e:
Y = Toma o ou pu (kg)
β₀ = Cons an e m
X₁ = Seed (kg)
X₂ = Fe ilize (kg)
X₃ = Labou used (man-days)
X₄ = Quan i y o ag ochemicals (li es)
Vi = Random e o ou side he a me ’s con ol
Ui = Ine iciency e m in luenced by socio-economic ac o s.
Ine iciency e ec s we e modelled as:
Ui=δ0 + δ1Z1 + δ2Z2 + δ3Z3 + δ4Z4 + δ5Z5 + δ6Z6 + δ7Z7
Whe e explana o y a iables (Z) included age, household size, educa ion, c edi access,
ex ension con ac , coope a i e membe ship, and a ming expe ience.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Economic Cha ac e is ics o Toma o Fa me s
The mean age o male oma o a me s was 42.1 yea s, while ha o emales was 39.3 yea s,
indica ing ha bo h g oups a e wi hin hei p oduc i e yea s. This sugges s oma o a ming is
ac i ely p ac iced by he economically ac i e popula ion, consis en wi h Adeoye e al. (2020),
who no ed ha middle-aged a me s domina e ho icul u al p oduc ion due o s eng h,
ene gy, and highe adap abili y o a m inno a ions.
Ma i al s a us esul s showed ha 65% o males and 56.3% o emales we e ma ied,
e lec ing he signi icance o amily suppo in oma o a ming. Oladejo and Ade unji (2022)
simila ly emphasized ha ma iage o en s eng hens esou ce pooling and a m labou
a ailabili y, which bene i s household-based p oduc ion sys ems such as oma o a ming.
Male a me s had a mean o 11.6 yea s o a ming expe ience, while emale a me s a e aged
9.4 yea s, sugges ing men ha e mo e p olonged engagemen in oma o p oduc ion. Yahaya e
al. (2019) obse ed ha a ming expe ience enhances a me s’ abili y o make be e
p oduc ion decisions and adop imp o ed p ac ices, posi ioning male a me s wi h a
compa a i e ad an age.
Educa ional a ainmen e ealed gende di e ences, wi h 20% o males a aining e ia y
educa ion compa ed o only 12.5% o emales. In con as , 22.5% o women had no o mal
educa ion, while only 11.7% o men ell in his ca ego y. Educa ion plays a c i ical ole in
inno a ion adop ion and a m managemen (FAO, 2019). Thus, he lowe educa ion le els
among women may educe hei capaci y o apply mode n a ming echniques, limi ing
p oduc i i y compa ed o men.
Alabuja, F., Nwakodo, F., Oyediji, B., Bamidele, J., & Sennuga, S. O. (2025). Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and
E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja, Nige ia. GPH-In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e and Resea ch, 8(10),
01-19. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17532355
8
Volume 8 Issue No 10 (2025) Access: h ps://gphjou nal.o g/index.php/a
Household size was la ge among men, a e aging 6.2 membe s compa ed o 5.4 o women.
La ge households p o ide amily labou c ucial o labou -in ensi e oma o a ming. Okoye
e al. (2019) no ed ha household size signi ican ly con ibu es o labou a ailabili y, he eby
in luencing p oduc ion e iciency and educing he dependence on hi ed labou . Male a me s
accessed mo e c edi , a e aging ₦158,000, compa ed o ₦112,000 o emales. Adebayo and
Adeola (2021) obse ed ha s uc u al cons ain s such as colla e al equi emen s and gende
bias limi women’s abili y o secu e loans, es ic ing hei capaci y o in es in c i ical inpu s
o oma o a ming.
Ex ension con ac was highe among men, wi h an a e age o 3.2 isi s annually compa ed o
2.1 o women. Akpoko e al. (2019) highligh ed ha emale a me s o en ha e limi ed
ex ension access due o social ba ie s, weakening hei chances o adop ing new knowledge
ha could enhance oma o p oduc ion e iciency. Coope a i e membe ship was s onge
among men, wi h an a e age o 6.8 yea s, compa ed o 4.6 yea s o women. Since
coope a i es o en p o ide pla o ms o accessing inpu s, c edi , and ma ke s, men a e mo e
ad an aged. Adeola e al. (2020) obse ed ha male dominance in coope a i es enhances
hei pa icipa ion in decision-making and esou ce-sha ing, boos ing hei p oduc ion
capaci y.
Table 1: Socio-Economic Cha ac e is ics o Toma o Fa me s by Gende (n = 200)
Va iable
Male (n=120)
%
Female (n=80)
%
Mean
(Male)
Mean
(Female)
Educa ional le el
No o mal educa ion
14
11.7
18
22.5
P ima y school
32
26.7
24
30.0
Seconda y school
50
41.7
28
35.0
Te ia y educa ion
24
20.0
10
12.5
Age
20–30
18
15.0
20
25.0
42.1
39.3
31–40
36
30.0
28
35.0
41–50
42
35.0
20
25.0
>50
24
20.0
12
15.0
Ma i al S a us
Single
22
18.3
19
23.8
Ma ied
78
65.0
45
56.3
Widowed
10
8.3
11
13.8
Di o ced/Sepa a ed
10
8.3
5
6.3
Yea s o a ming Expe ience
1–5
20
16.7
22
27.5
11.6
9.4
6–10
34
28.3
26
32.5
11–15
40
33.3
20
25.0
>15
26
21.7
12
15.0
Household Size
1–4
30
25.0
28
35.0
6.2
5.4
5–7
54
45.0
34
42.5
8–10
26
21.7
12
15.0
>10
10
8.3
6
7.5
Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja,
Nige ia
© 2025 Published by GLOBAL PUBLICATION HOUSE | In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e & Resea ch
Coope a i e
Membe ship (yea s)
None
22
18.3
20
25.0
6.8
4.6
1–3
36
30.0
26
32.5
4–6
34
28.3
18
22.5
>6
28
23.3
16
20.0
Amoun o C edi
Recei ed (₦)
None
28
23.3
26
32.5
158,000
112,000
1–100,000
38
31.7
30
37.5
100,001–200,000
34
28.3
16
20.0
>200,000
20
16.7
8
10.0
Ex ension Visi s pe
Season
None
30
25.0
28
35.0
3.2
2.1
1–2
40
33.3
26
32.5
3–4
32
26.7
18
22.5
>4
18
15.0
8
10.0
Sou ce: Field Su ey, 2025
Le el o Gende Accessibili y o P oduc i e Resou ces by Toma o Fa me s
The indings in Table 2 showed ha male a me s had g ea e con ol o e a mland
owne ship and decision-making (MS = 4.00), while emale a me s eco ded mode a e access
(MS = 3.50). This e lec s he en enched cul u al no ms in Nige ia, whe e land enu e
sys ems a e male-domina ed, es ic ing women o seconda y igh s h ough husbands o
ela i es (Aga wal, 2018). In e es ingly, bo h gende s aced challenges in accessing c edi .
Male a me s eco ded a mean sco e o 2.20, while emale a me s sco ed sligh ly highe a
3.20. Simila pa e ns we e no ed by Ndi i u e al. (2019), who obse ed ha u al a me s in
sub-Saha an A ica ace inancial exclusion, limi ing in es men capaci y in ag icul u al
inpu s and mechaniza ion.
Male a me s epo ed low access o ex ension se ices (MS = 2.00), and emale a me s also
sco ed low (MS = 2.10). This e lec s widesp ead inadequacies in ex ension deli e y,
consis en wi h Akinola and Alene (2020), who ound ha ex ension agen s in Nige ia a e
o e s e ched and o en neglec gende -sensi i e app oaches. Male a me s we e mo e
in ol ed in coope a i es (MS = 3.80) compa ed o emale a me s (MS = 2.20). Acco ding o
Nwaobiala (2025), women o en lack ime and au onomy o engage in g oup ac i i ies, which
diminishes hei access o aining, c edi , and ma ke s p o ided h ough coope a i e
s uc u es.
Male a me s epo ed high accessibili y o a m inpu s (MS = 4.00), while emale a me s
a ed low (MS = 2.40). This demons a es a gende gap in accessing imp o ed seeds,
e ilize s, and ag ochemicals. Women’s lowe access o en esul s om limi ed income,
educed ba gaining powe , and disc imina o y inpu dis ibu ion mechanisms (Ogunda i &
Ojo, 2018; Olai an e al., 2025) Male a me s sco ed highly in access o bo h amily and hi ed
labou (MS = 4.05), while emale a me s sco ed lowe (MS = 3.18). This aligns wi h
Alabuja, F., Nwakodo, F., Oyediji, B., Bamidele, J., & Sennuga, S. O. (2025). Analysis o Gende Di e en ial in Resou ce U iliza ion and
E iciency o Toma o P oduc ion in Kuje A ea Council o Abuja, Nige ia. GPH-In e na ional Jou nal o Ag icul u e and Resea ch, 8(10),
01-19. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17532355
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Volume 8 Issue No 10 (2025) Access: h ps://gphjou nal.o g/index.php/a
Based on he indings o he s udy, he e a e ecommenda ions, de i ed om he da a and
analysis:
1. Policies and p og ams should ocus on imp o ing emale a me s’ access o land,
c edi , and coope a i e socie ies, as hese we e ound o be disp opo iona ely limi ed
compa ed o male a me s.
2. Bo h male and emale a me s epo ed poo access o ex ension se ices, bu he
p oblem was mo e se e e among women. Rec ui ing mo e ex ension o ice s and
adop ing gende -sensi i e aining app oaches can close his gap.
3. The high cos o inpu s such as seeds, e ilize s, and ag ochemicals emains a majo
cons ain o bo h gende s. Inpu subsidy schemes o coope a i e inpu pu chase
p og ams should be expanded o educe cos s.
4. Bo h gende s ace challenges wi h uns able oma o p ices and poo ma ke access.
Es ablishing a me coope a i es and linking hem wi h u ban ma ke s can s abilize
e u ns and educe exploi a ion by middlemen.
5. The s udy e ealed limi ed access o c edi , pa icula ly among emale a me s (mean
= 2.31). Gende - esponsi e c edi schemes wi h lexible colla e al equi emen s
should be p omo ed o boos p oduc ion.
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