E hics Wi hou Mani es a ion: S uc u al Obliga ion Beyond Visibili y and Recogni ion
Au ho : Ch is Sawye
ORCID iD: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0006-2651-9398
Email: [email protected]
Ve sion: 1.0 (P ep in )
Da e: July 2025
License: © 2025 Ch is Sawye . Licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional
License (CC BY 4.0): h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17535758
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E hics Wi hou Mani es a ion: S uc u al Obliga ion Beyond Visibili y and Recogni ion
Abs ac
This pape de elops an accoun o e hical obliga ion ha endu es beyond he ield o appea ance. I
a gues ha isibili y, ecogni ion, and add essabili y—long ea ed as he p econdi ions o e hical ela ion
in phenomenological and pos -phenomenological adi ions—a e con ingen a he han necessa y
s uc u es. Th ough a p ocess o sub ac ion, he pape emo es mani es a ion i sel as a condi ion o
ela ion, o mula ing a model o minimal e hical ela ionali y de ined by i e ea u es: non- isibili y, non-
ecogni ion, non-add essabili y, non-ho izonali y, and non-media ed endu ance. D awing on and
di e ging om Husse l, Heidegge , Le inas, Bu le , and A end , i cons uc s a non-phenomenological
e hics esponsi e o hose who emain excluded, e ased, o in isible. The a gumen concludes ha e hical
li e does no depend on appea ing, being ecognized, o being add essed, bu on he s uc u al endu ance
o ela ion i sel . This econ igu a ion eplaces he adi ional e hics o encoun e wi h an e hics o
endu ance, g ounding esponsibili y in pe sis ence a he han mani es a ion.
Keywo ds
minimal ela ionali y; s uc u al e hics; phenomenology; isibili y; ecogni ion; mani es a ion; Le inas;
e hical obliga ion
1. In oduc ion: E hics Beyond Appea ance
Conside he mig an who d owns unseen a a closed bo de . The disappea ed pe son whose name is
e ased om public eco d. The inca ce a ed indi idual ende ed oiceless and in isible by s a e
con inemen . The algo i hmically p o iled subjec , whose e y pe sonhood is il e ed h ough a non-
appea ing s a is ical iden i y. In each o hese cases, e hical obliga ion emains in ac —ye he condi ions
o isibili y, ecogni ion, and add essabili y a e absen . Wha kind o e hics can accoun o his
pe sis ence? Wha kind o ela ion su i es when mani es a ion is denied?
E hical ela ion has, in bo h philosophical adi ion and con empo a y heo y, been closely ied o
s uc u es o mani es a ion. F om he classical o mula ion o he ace- o- ace encoun e in Le inas (1969)
o he poli ics o ecogni ion in con empo a y mo al heo y (Bu le 2005; A end 1958), he condi ion o
e hical obliga ion has been oo ed in some o m o isibili y, ecogni ion, o add essabili y. The O he
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appea s; he O he is ecognized; he O he demands a esponse. E hical obliga ion has been hough o
a ise wi hin and h ough a ho izon o mani es a ion.
Ye his assump ion dese es c i ical econside a ion. Wha i he condi ion o appea ing is no only
unnecessa y o e hical obliga ion bu , in ac , a con ingen and dispensable s uc u e? Wha i ela ion,
and speci ically e hical ela ion, can endu e beyond isibili y, ecogni ion, and add essabili y? Such a
possibili y equi es a concep ual mo e ha I will call sub ac ion: he emo al o mani es a ion no as
nega ion o e e sal, bu as e asu e o he condi ion i sel .
The aim o his pape is o cons uc an accoun o e hical ela ionali y ha pe sis s a e he sub ac ion o
phenomenali y. I p oposes ha obliga ion does no equi e he appea ance o he O he , ha e hical
ela ion can endu e wi hou isibili y, ecogni ion, o add essabili y. In doing so, i se e s he adi ional
link be ween e hics and phenomenali y, o e ing a minimal on ology o e hical ela ion. I ela ional
on ology can be cons uc ed wi hou ecou se o appea ing, hen so oo can e hical obliga ion be
concei ed wi hou dependence on he s uc u es o mani es a ion.
In wha ollows, I will i s econs uc he phenomenological and pos -phenomenological g ounding o
e hical ela ion, acing how isibili y, ecogni ion, and add essabili y ha e been assumed as necessa y
(Husse l 1982; Heidegge 1962; Le inas 1969; De ida 1999). I will hen a icula e he logic o
sub ac ion, dis inguishing i om nega ion, concealmen , o la ency. Wi h his in place, I will cons uc a
posi i e accoun o minimal e hical ela ionali y: obliga ion wi hou ace, wi hou ecogni ion, wi hou
add ess. This minimal e hics will hen be con as ed wi h key igu es in con empo a y e hical heo y—
Le inas, Bu le , and A end —each o whom, in di e en ways, e ains he ho izon o mani es a ion.
Finally, I will discuss he me hodological and p ac ical consequences o an e hics wi hou mani es a ion,
poin ing owa d a econ igu a ion o e hical li e no longe dependen on he isible, he ecognized, o he
add essable.
The s akes o his inqui y a e bo h heo e ical and p ac ical. In a wo ld inc easingly sa u a ed wi h he
demand o isibili y and ecogni ion— om social mo emen s o digi al li e— e hinking e hics beyond
mani es a ion is no me ely an academic exe cise. I is a necessa y s ep owa d concep ualizing obliga ion
and solida i y ha can endu e e en in condi ions o in isibili y, e asu e, o sys emic non- ecogni ion.
E hical li e, I will a gue, need no be bound o he demand o be seen.
While ecen wo k in c i ical phenomenology has expanded he e hical implica ions o isibili y,
ecogni ion, and add ess—o en o include ques ions o ace, inca ce a ion, gende , and ecological
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ulne abili y— his pape p oposes a di e en mo e. Ra he han deepening he condi ions o appea ing, I
a gue o hei sub ac ion as a basis o e hical ela ionali y. In con as o hinke s such as Lisa Guen he ,
Ma iana O ega, and Leona d Lawlo —who p oblema ize he exclusions wi hin s uc u es o
appea ance—I p opose ha e hical obliga ion can endu e e en in he absence o hose s uc u es
al oge he . This app oach e ames esponsibili y no as a unc ion o in elligibili y, legibili y, o call, bu
as a condi ion o co-exis ence i educible o mani es a ion.
2. The Phenomenological G ound o E hical Rela ion
The adi ion o phenomenology, om i s o igins in Husse l’s me hod o in en ional analysis o i s
adicaliza ions in Heidegge , Le inas, and beyond, has consis en ly e he ed ela ion o he s uc u es o
appea ing. The encoun e wi h he O he , he call o esponsibili y, he cons i u ion o e hical obliga ion—
all ha e been unde s ood as dependen upon mani es a ion in some o m. E hical ela ion, in his adi ion,
p esupposes no only he being o he O he bu he appea ance o he O he .
Husse l’s phenomenology, hough p ima ily conce ned wi h epis emological s uc u es, lays he
g oundwo k o his p esupposi ion. In Ideas I, Husse l a icula es he noe ic-noema ic co ela ion: e e y
ac o consciousness is di ec ed owa d an objec , and objec i i y i sel is cons i u ed h ough ac s o
in en ional meaning-bes owal (Husse l 1982). Al hough Husse l’s p ojec is no explici ly e hical, his
me hod ensh ines appea ing as he condi ion o ela ional in elligibili y. Wha is no gi en in appea ing is
b acke ed om he ield o inqui y. To ela e, in he phenomenological sense, is o app ehend, o in end,
o cons i u e—p ocesses ha p esume a ho izon o mani es a ion.
Heidegge , while mo ing beyond Husse l’s in en ional s uc u es owa d an on ological analysis o
Dasein, e ains and deepens he phenomenological commi men o appea ing. In Being and Time,
Heidegge desc ibes Dasein’s being-in- he-wo ld as s uc u ed by he clea ing (Lich ung), he open space
in which beings a e disclosed (Heidegge 1962). The on ological di e ence be ween beings and Being
becomes accessible only h ough he e en o disclosu e. Rela ion, o Heidegge , is no me ely cogni i e
bu on ological: i is a being- owa d, a compo men s uc u ed by he possibili y o encoun e ing o he
beings wi hin he clea ing.
This clea ing is no me ely a passi e backg ound; i is he condi ion unde which beings become mani es .
E hical ela ion, hough no explici ly hema ized in Being and Time, is la e de eloped in Heidegge ’s
medi a ions on dwelling and solici ude, whe e being-wi h-o he s (Mi sein) is cons i u ed wi hin he
openness o he wo ld. To be-wi h is o exis wi hin a ho izon o sha ed disclosu e.
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Le inas adicalizes phenomenology by shi ing he ocus om on ology o e hics. In To ali y and In ini y,
Le inas c i iques he o alizing g asp o he Same o e he O he , p oposing ha e hical ela ion a ises
om he i educibili y o he O he (Le inas 1969). The ace- o- ace encoun e is he si e o his e hical
in e up ion: he ace exposes ulne abili y, commands esponsibili y, esis s comp ehension. Ye he
ace, despi e i s esis ance o o aliza ion, is s ill a phenomenon. I appea s; i is encoun e ed. Le inas
insis s ha he ace is no educible o empi ical ea u es, bu i is no di o ced om phenomenali y. The
ace is an e hical phenomenon—i is he appea ing o he O he in a way ha exceeds comp ehension bu
none heless add esses and commands.
The s uc u e o add essabili y is c ucial he e. The ace speaks; i commands. E hical obliga ion a ises no
in spi e o mani es a ion bu h ough i . The O he is no hidden o inaccessible; he O he is mani es in
he ace, e en i ha mani es a ion esis s o aliza ion. The scene o e hical ela ion is a scene o
appea ing, albei an asymme ical and in ini e one.
De ida, in his engagemen s wi h Le inas and his b oade c i ique o phenomenology, complica es bu
does no abandon he ho izon o mani es a ion. In Adieu o Emmanuel Le inas, De ida emphasizes he
impossibili y o ully esponding o he e hical demand, he in ini e de e al o he p omise o hospi ali y
(De ida 1999). Ye his de e al is meaning ul only agains he backd op o a ho izon in which appea ing
emains a condi ion. The ace, he supplemen , he di é ance—all a e s uc u es ha des abilize p esence
bu p esuppose i s ield. Responsibili y, o De ida, is haun ed by he impossibili y o closu e, bu i is
haun ed wi hin a s uc u e ha emains phenomenological.
Con empo a y e hical and poli ical heo ies inhe i and adap hese phenomenological commi men s.
Judi h Bu le ’s heo y o ecogni ion and pe o ma i i y, o ins ance, builds on Le inasian and Hegelian
legacies. In Gi ing an Accoun o Onesel , Bu le a gues ha e hical obliga ion a ises wi hin a scene o
add ess and ecogni ion (Bu le 2005). The sel is cons i u ed in ela ion o he O he , and his ela ion
p esupposes being-called, being-add essed, being- ecognized. The e hical demand is no an abs ac ion; i
is a demand ha eme ges wi hin a social ield o in elligibili y and isibili y.
Simila ly, poli ical heo is s like Hannah A end ie e hical and poli ical exis ence o he condi ion o
isibili y. In The Human Condi ion, A end asse s ha poli ical li e is cons i u ed by he space o
appea ance, whe e indi iduals e eal hemsel es h ough speech and ac ion (A end 1958). Wi hou
isibili y, wi hou he public space whe e appea ing occu s, poli ical exis ence collapses in o me e
biological li e. E hical and poli ical li e a e modes o being-in- he-wo ld ha p esuppose mani es a ion.
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Ac oss hese di e se accoun s—phenomenological, decons uc i e, pe o ma i e, poli ical—a common
h ead pe sis s: e hical ela ion is g ounded in appea ing. Whe he h ough he in en ional s uc u es o
consciousness, he clea ing o Being, he ace o he O he , he ace o esponsibili y, o he pe o ma i e
cons i u ion o he subjec , he e hical demand a ises wi hin a ield o mani es a ion. To ela e e hically is
o encoun e , o be add essed, o ecognize o be ecognized, o appea and o espond.
This his o ical a achmen o phenomenali y has p o ound consequences. I ies e hical obliga ion o
condi ions ha a e con ingen and agile: isibili y, ecogni ion, add essabili y. When hese condi ions
a e absen —when he O he is in isible, un ecognized, unadd essable— adi ional accoun s o e hical
ela ion al e . E hical obliga ion becomes p eca ious, dependen on he pe sis ence o s uc u es ha can
be dis up ed o denied.
Mo eo e , he emphasis on mani es a ion ca ies wi h i a poli ical and epis emological bu den. Visibili y
and ecogni ion a e no neu al s uc u es; hey a e his o ically and socially media ed. Who appea s, who
is ecognized, who can add ess and be add essed— hese a e unc ions o powe , ideology, and
ins i u ional s uc u es. An e hics g ounded in mani es a ion isks ein o cing hese s uc u es,
ep oducing exclusions and ma ginaliza ions ha a e p ecisely he condi ions unde which e hical
obliga ion is mos u gen ly needed.
The phenomenological adi ion, despi e i s adical c i iques and des abiliza ions, has no escaped he
g a i a ional pull o mani es a ion. I has modi ied, complica ed, de e ed, o sa u a ed he s uc u es o
appea ing, bu i has no sub ac ed hem. E hical ela ion emains, in hese accoun s, a unc ion o he
encoun e , he add ess, he disclosu e.
I e hical obliga ion is o endu e beyond he con ingencies o isibili y and ecogni ion, a mo e adical
mo e is necessa y. I is no enough o complica e o des abilize appea ing; i mus be sub ac ed. E hical
ela ion mus be concei ed wi hou eliance on mani es a ion.
Such a sub ac ion equi es a concep ual eo ien a ion. I demands ha we e hink obliga ion no as a
esponse o he appea ance o he O he bu as an endu ance o ela ion ha pe sis s i espec i e o
isibili y, ecogni ion, o add essabili y. I equi es ha we cons uc an accoun o e hical ela ionali y
ha does no p esuppose a scene o encoun e , a ield o mani es a ion, o a ho izon o in elligibili y.
In wha ollows, I will a icula e he logic o sub ac ion as i pe ains o e hical ela ion. I will show how
appea ing can be emo ed as a necessa y condi ion wi hou collapsing ela ion in o abs ac ion o
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nihilism. Sub ac ion is no nega ion; i is he e asu e o he condi ion i sel . Wi h his cla i ied, I will
cons uc a posi i e accoun o minimal e hical ela ionali y—an obliga ion wi hou mani es a ion.
3. Sub ac ion and he Remo al o Mani es a ion
Sub ac ion, as I p opose i he e, is no o be con used wi h nega ion, concealmen , o de e al. Each o
hese e ains he s uc u e o phenomenali y, e en i in a ac u ed o des abilized o m. Nega ion opposes
appea ance wi h non-appea ance, concealmen hides wha is o he wise mani es , and de e al pos pones
appea ing while main aining i s ho izon. Sub ac ion, by con as , emo es he condi ion o mani es a ion
i sel . I does no nega e appea ing; i e ases i as a necessa y condi ion o e hical ela ion.
In adi ional phenomenology, non-appea ance has o en been ea ed as a de i a i e o seconda y
condi ion. Husse l acknowledges he absence o in ui i e ul illmen as a momen wi hin he ho izon o
in en ion: wha is absen is ha which can, in p inciple, be made p esen (Husse l 1982). Heidegge
hema izes concealmen as he wi hd awal ha co-cons i u es disclosu e: being wi hd aws bu does so in
ela ion o he clea ing (Heidegge 1962). De ida adicalizes his wi hd awal in o a s uc u al de e al—
di é ance—bu de e al is meaning ul only wi hin a ho izon in which p esence is inde ini ely delayed
(De ida 1982).
E en Le inas’s e hical in e up ion, while anscending on ological o ali y, p esupposes a scene o
encoun e . The ace appea s, e en i i esis s comp ehension. E hical obliga ion, o Le inas, is he
esponse o he mani es ulne abili y o he O he —a ulne abili y ha , hough i educible, is
phenomenologically encoun e ed (Le inas 1969).
Sub ac ion b eaks wi h his en i e adi ion. I p oposes ha e hical ela ion does no a ise wi hin a
ho izon o appea ing, no does i depend on s uc u es o isibili y, ecogni ion, o add essabili y.
Sub ac ion emo es appea ing no by opposing i bu by e using i s necessi y. I posi s ha ela ion, and
speci ically e hical ela ion, endu es wi hou mani es a ion—wi hou disclosu e, ecogni ion, o he
possibili y o in ui i e ul illmen .
This mo e is no nihilis ic. I does no deny he possibili y o ela ion; i denies ha ela ion equi es
appea ing. I is no an annihila ion o ela ionali y bu a pu i ica ion. Sub ac ion cla i ies wha emains
when he con ingen s uc u es o phenomenali y a e emo ed: a minimal ela ionali y ha pe sis s
i espec i e o mani es a ion.
To unde s and sub ac ion, we mus dis inguish i ca e ully om o he modes o non-appea ance:
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• Nega ion es ablishes a dialec ical opposi ion: p esence e sus absence. In nega ion, he absence o
appea ing is de ined by i s opposi ion o appea ing; i emains wi hin he same concep ual ield.
• Concealmen posi s a hiddenness ha is meaning ul only in ela ion o po en ial disclosu e.
Heidegge ’s ale heia— u h as unconcealmen —p esupposes ha wha is hidden can, in
p inciple, be e ealed (Heidegge 1962).
• De e al displaces appea ing inde ini ely bu e ains he ho izon wi hin which p esence is
an icipa ed, howe e de e ed (De ida 1982).
• Sub ac ion, by con as , emo es he en i e ho izon o appea ing. I does no oppose o de e
mani es a ion; i e uses i as a condi ion.
Sub ac ion is no a momen wi hin phenomenali y; i is he e asu e o phenomenali y as such. I does no
posi hidden beings awai ing disclosu e, no does i de e mani es a ion in o an endless u u e. I asse s
ha ela ion, including e hical ela ion, pe sis s wi hou he necessi y o appea ing.
Such a mo e equi es e hinking he s uc u es ha ha e been assumed necessa y o e hical ela ion:
• Visibili y: Sub ac ed. E hical obliga ion does no equi e ha he O he be seen.
• Recogni ion: Sub ac ed. E hical obliga ion does no depend on acknowledgmen o
iden i ica ion.
• Add essabili y: Sub ac ed. E hical obliga ion does no a ise om being-called o om he abili y
o espond o a call.
• Ho izonali y: Sub ac ed. E hical obliga ion is no amed wi hin a ield o po en ial
mani es a ion.
In place o hese s uc u es, wha emains is endu ance. Rela ion endu es wi hou isibili y, ecogni ion,
add essabili y, o ho izonali y. E hical obliga ion is he endu ance o ela ion wi hou he medium o
mani es a ion.
This endu ance is no a hiddenness; i is a non-mani es pe sis ence. I is no de ined by i s absence o
isibili y bu by i s i ele ance o isibili y. The O he need no appea o command obliga ion. Obliga ion
is no a esponse o a call o a ace; i is a s uc u al ea u e o being-wi h ha pe sis s i espec i e o
mani es condi ions.
Sub ac ion hus ees e hical ela ion om he con ingencies o phenomenali y. I libe a es obliga ion
om he s uc u es ha ha e his o ically media ed and, by ex ension, cons ained i . In a wo ld whe e
isibili y and ecogni ion a e une enly dis ibu ed—whe e powe s uc u es de e mine who appea s, who
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is ecognized, who can add ess and be add essed—an e hics g ounded in mani es a ion is p eca ious and
exclusiona y. Sub ac ion o e s an al e na i e: an e hics ha emains ope a i e e en when isibili y is
denied, ecogni ion wi hheld, add essabili y o eclosed.
This mo e has signi ican consequences o e hical heo y. I challenges he cen ali y o encoun e , o
ace- o- ace ela ion, o dialogical ecip oci y. I demands ha we hink obliga ion no as a esponse o an
appea ing O he bu as a s uc u al endu ance ha pe sis s wi hou mani es a ion.
One migh objec ha such an accoun isks abs ac ion, ha i de aches e hics om he conc e e eali ies
o li ed expe ience. Bu sub ac ion is no an abs ac ion; i is a cla i ica ion. I e eals ha he s uc u es
o appea ing a e con ingen media ions, no necessa y g ounds. E hical ela ion is no a cons uc o
isibili y and ecogni ion; i is a minimal endu ance ha pe sis s i espec i e o hem.
Mo eo e , sub ac ion does no p eclude he impo ance o mani es a ion in speci ic con ex s. I
acknowledges ha isibili y, ecogni ion, and add essabili y play c ucial oles in social and poli ical li e.
Bu i e uses o g ound e hical obliga ion in hese s uc u es. I asse s ha e hical ela ion is no
dependen on hei p esence. I endu es e en—and especially—when hey a e absen .
The logic o sub ac ion hus clea s he g ound o a minimal e hical ela ionali y, one ha is nei he
p edica ed on no dis up ed by he s uc u es o mani es a ion. I opens he possibili y o obliga ion
wi hou ace, wi hou ecogni ion, wi hou call—an obliga ion ha pe sis s in he silence and in isibili y
ha cha ac e ize much o e hical li e.
In he nex sec ion, I will cons uc his minimal e hical ela ionali y in posi i e e ms, a icula ing i s
ea u es and dis inguishing i om adi ional accoun s. By doing so, I aim o show ha sub ac ion does
no lead o a oid bu o a pu i ied e hical ield—one in which obliga ion is no longe dependen on he
sca olding o appea ing.
4. Minimal E hical Rela ionali y
Ha ing sub ac ed he s uc u es o mani es a ion— isibili y, ecogni ion, add essabili y, and
ho izonali y—we a e now asked wi h cons uc ing a posi i e accoun o wha emains. E hical ela ion, I
a gue, endu es beyond hese s uc u es in he o m o minimal ela ionali y: a being-wi h ha pe sis s
wi hou appea ing, a s uc u e o obliga ion ha is nei he g ounded in no dis up ed by he condi ions o
mani es a ion.
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s uc u es o public appea ance collapse, e en when indi iduals a e ende ed in isible by sys emic
condi ions.
This sub ac ion opens he possibili y o e hical li e o hose excluded om he public ealm, o hose
who canno appea , who a e silenced o e ased. I ensu es ha obliga ion is no a unc ion o public
disclosu e bu a s uc u al endu ance ha pe sis s wi hou mani es a ion.
A end ’s heo y, o all i s insigh s, emains ied o he s uc u es o appea ing. Minimal ela ionali y
o e s an al e na i e—an e hics ha endu es e en in he absence o he space o appea ance.
5.4 Depa u es and Di e gences
Le inas, Bu le , and A end each o e p o ound c i iques o adi ional e hical and poli ical assump ions.
They complica e and adicalize he s uc u es o mani es a ion, bu hey do no sub ac hem. E hical
ela ion emains, in hei accoun s, ied o appea ing, ecogni ion, add essabili y, o public disclosu e.
Minimal e hical ela ionali y depa s decisi ely om his adi ion. I emo es he s uc u es o
mani es a ion as necessa y condi ions o e hical li e. I p oposes ha obliga ion endu es wi hou
isibili y, wi hou ecogni ion, wi hou add ess, wi hou appea ance. I is a pu i ied endu ance, a minimal
being-wi h ha pe sis s i espec i e o social, poli ical, o phenomenological con ingencies.
This depa u e is no a ejec ion o he insigh s o Le inas, Bu le , and A end . I builds on hei c i iques
bu pushes u he . I e eals he limi s o hei commi men s o phenomenali y and p oposes an e hics
capable o endu ing whe e he s uc u es o mani es a ion ail.
In he nex sec ion, I will discuss he me hodological and p ac ical consequences o minimal e hical
ela ionali y. How mus e hical heo y and p ac ice be econ igu ed once he necessi y o mani es a ion is
sub ac ed? Wha new o ms o e hical li e become possible?
5.5 A No e on Recogni ion-Based E hics
While Le inas, Bu le , and A end each e ain he s uc u es o mani es a ion in dis inc i e ways, a
b oade adi ion in con empo a y mo al and poli ical heo y explici ly cen e s ecogni ion as he
no ma i e ounda ion o e hical li e. Nowhe e is his mo e ully de eloped han in he wo k o Axel
Honne h, whose heo y o ecogni ion has been widely in luen ial in bo h c i ical heo y and no ma i e
e hics. In The S uggle o Recogni ion, Honne h a gues ha “ he expe ience o being ecognized by
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Ch is Sawye — P ep in , July 2025 16
ano he pe son is he condi ion o a pe son's p ac ical ela ion o sel ,” and ha his mu ual ecogni ion
o ms he “mo al g amma o social con lic s” (Honne h 1995, 92). Recogni ion, o Honne h, is no
me ely a psychological o sociological phenomenon; i is he s uc u al basis o e hical li e, he
p econdi ion o sel hood, digni y, and in e subjec i e jus ice.
The o ce o Honne h’s posi ion lies in i s e o o g ound no ma i e claims in he li ed expe iences o
mis ecogni ion and social s uggle. By ea ing ecogni ion as cons i u i e o e hical agency, he p o ides a
compelling accoun o why social exclusions— acism, sexism, ableism, and o he o ms o
ma ginaliza ion—a e no me ely poli ical ailu es bu mo al inju ies. Ye his same dependence on
ecogni ion ende s his amewo k ulne able in con ex s whe e ecogni ion is s uc u ally wi hheld. I
e hical s anding equi es isibili y and in elligibili y wi hin an exis ing no ma i e o de , wha becomes o
hose subjec s who all ou side he scope o ecogni ion en i ely?
Minimal e hical ela ionali y add esses his blind spo by decoupling obliga ion om ecogni ion. In he
sub ac ion o mani es a ion, ecogni ion is no denied bu ende ed unnecessa y: obliga ion endu es e en
when ecogni ion is impossible, e en when he O he is unin elligible wi hin p e ailing discu si e ames.
F om he s andpoin o minimal e hics, he injus ice o mis ecogni ion is no ha i p e en s e hical
ela ion om a ising, bu ha i obscu es o denies a ela ion ha al eady s uc u ally pe sis s.
Recogni ion may acili a e poli ical empowe men o social inclusion, bu i is no he on ological g ound
o e hical li e.
2
This ma ks a c ucial di e gence om Honne h’s amewo k. Whe e ecogni ion-based e hics condi ions
mo al s anding on ecip ocal in elligibili y, minimal e hical ela ionali y asse s ha obliga ion does no
depend on ecip oci y. I o e s an e hics ha emains esponsi e no only o he mis ecognized, bu also
o he un ecognized, he in isible, and he e ased. In doing so, i add esses he e hical demand p ecisely
whe e i is mos p eca ious—whe e mani es a ion has ailed o ne e occu ed.
6. Me hodological and P ac ical Consequences
The sub ac ion o mani es a ion no only econ igu es e hical ela ionali y a he concep ual le el; i also
demands a e hinking o e hical me hodology and p ac ice. I e hical obliga ion emains alid independen
2
See also Paul Ricoeu ’s The Cou se o Recogni ion (2005) and Cha les Taylo ’s Mul icul u alism and he Poli ics
o Recogni ion (1992), bo h o which o e in luen ial accoun s o ecogni ion as ounda ional o e hical and poli ical
li e. While di e ing in scope and emphasis, hei amewo ks simila ly a i m ecogni ion as a condi ion o mo al
s anding.
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Ch is Sawye — P ep in , July 2025 17
o isibili y, ecogni ion, o add essabili y, hen he adi ional p ac ices and amewo ks ha p esuppose
hese s uc u es mus be eexamined. Wha modes o e hical li e become possible once phenomenali y is
no longe he condi ion o ela ion? Wha a e he consequences o heo y, ad ocacy, and li ed
expe ience?
6.1 Me hodological Reo ien a ion: Beyond Desc ip i e Phenomenology
T adi ional phenomenological e hics, ollowing he lineage o Husse l and Heidegge , p oceeds by
desc ibing he s uc u es o appea ing (Husse l 1983; Heidegge 1962). E en adical c i iques, such as
Le inas’s e hics o al e i y o De ida’s e hics o hospi ali y, ely on he des abiliza ion o appea ance
a he han i s emo al (Le inas 1969; De ida 2000). They complica e he scene o mani es a ion bu do
no e ase i .
Sub ac ion demands a di e en me hodology. Ra he han desc ibing phenomena o he s uc u es o
hei gi enness, e hical hough mus u n o he minimal condi ions unde which ela ion pe sis s absen
appea ing. I mus in e s uc u al endu ance wi hou he aid o isibili y, ecogni ion, o add ess.
This equi es a me hodological aus e i y. E hical inqui y mus esis he impulse o e u n o scenes o
encoun e , o momen s o add ess, o ields o in elligibili y. I mus map he pe sis ence o obliga ion
wi hou ecou se o mani es a ion. This is no an abs ac ion; i is a discipline o hough , a e usal o
ancho e hics in con ingen s uc u es.
Such a me hodology aligns mo e closely wi h s uc u al in e ence han wi h desc ip i e phenomenology.
I seeks o a icula e wha minimally endu es a he han wha ichly appea s. I shi s he ocus om he
empi ical o he s uc u al, om he seen o he endu ing.
In p ac ical e ms, his me hodological shi al e s how e hical inqui y is conduc ed. I mo es om hick
desc ip ions o li ed expe ience o hin mappings o ela ional endu ance. I mo es om
phenomenological accoun s o he ace- o- ace encoun e (Le inas 1969) o s uc u al accoun s o being-
wi h ha pe sis e en in he absence o encoun e .
6.2 E hical P ac ice: Obliga ion Wi hou Visibili y
In adi ional amewo ks, e hical ac ion is o en p edica ed on seeing he O he , ecognizing hei
ulne abili y, esponding o hei call. Humani a ian p ac ices, o ins ance, ely hea ily on he isual:
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Ch is Sawye — P ep in , July 2025 18
images o su e ing, es imonials, public appeals. Poli ical ad ocacy simila ly depends on making
ma ginalized g oups isible, on demanding ecogni ion (Bu le 2004; A end 1958).
Sub ac ion challenges hese p ac ices a hei co e. I e hical obliga ion does no depend on isibili y,
hen e hical ac ion mus be e hough . I mus no be con ingen on seeing he O he ’s su e ing, on
ecognizing hei humani y, on hea ing hei oice. I mus pe sis e en when hese a e absen .
This does no mean ha p ac ices aimed a isibili y and ecogni ion a e wi hou alue. They emain
poli ically and socially impo an . Bu sub ac ion insis s ha e hical obliga ion is no limi ed o hose who
can be seen, ecognized, o add essed. I ex ends obliga ion o hose who emain in isible, un ecognized,
unhea d.
Conside , o ins ance, he s a eless pe son who exis s ou side any legal o poli ical o de . Denied
ecogni ion, isibili y, and public add ess, hey a e excluded om he e y amewo ks ha adi ionally
g ound e hical obliga ion. The Rohingya in Myanma , o long- e m undocumen ed mig an s in he Uni ed
S a es, may lack no only legal s a us bu also he discu si e and ins i u ional means o appea ing as
claiman s o igh s. Ye hei e hical claim pe sis s. Minimal e hical ela ionali y p o ides a way o sus ain
obliga ion in p ecisely hese condi ions: no h ough isibili y o ecogni ion, bu h ough he s uc u al
endu ance o being-wi h.
This same logic applies in mo e echnologically media ed con ex s, whe e he ailu e o ecogni ion is no
longe only poli ical bu algo i hmic. Facial ecogni ion sys ems ha e epea edly been shown o
misiden i y o en i ely ail o egis e da k-skinned aces, disabled bodies, and gende -noncon o ming
indi iduals. P edic i e policing algo i hms ende ce ain li es s a is ically legible only as isks o
anomalies, a he han as subjec s o obliga ion. In such sys ems, appea ance i sel becomes
compu a ionally il e ed and selec i ely pe mi ed. He e again, a phenomenology-dependen e hics is
silen : when he O he does no appea wi hin he pa ame e s o machine legibili y, he e hical demand is
eclipsed.
Minimal e hical ela ionali y coun e s his collapse. I sus ains obliga ion e en when he O he is digi ally
e ased, p ocedu ally mis ecognized, o compu a ionally excluded. I g ounds esponsibili y no in wha
sys ems o appea ance can pe cei e, bu in wha s uc u ally pe sis s. In a wo ld whe e legibili y is
inc easingly policed by code, whe e in elligibili y is de e mined by da a egimes, sub ac ion opens he
space o an e hics ha is esis an o he iolen neu ali y o echnological media ion.
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Ch is Sawye — P ep in , July 2025 19
P ac ically, his demands a econ igu a ion o e hical ac ion. I calls o o ms o solida i y ha do no
depend on iden i ica ion o empa hy, o ms o ad ocacy ha do no ely on isibili y campaigns, o ms o
ca e ha do no equi e pe sonal ecogni ion.
I also demands a econside a ion o e hical silence. In a cul u e sa u a ed wi h demands o speech, o
es imony, o disclosu e, sub ac ion alo izes he endu ance o obliga ion in silence. E hical ela ion
does no equi e a icula ion; i pe sis s wi hou i .
Such a econ igu a ion has implica ions o mo emen s engaged wi h popula ions ende ed in isible by
sys emic s uc u es: undocumen ed mig an s, s a eless pe sons, inca ce a ed indi iduals, he disappea ed
(Bu le 2009; A end 1968). Sub ac ion p o ides a amewo k o e hical ela ion wi h hose who canno
appea , who canno be ecognized wi hin he dominan o de s o isibili y.
6.3 Re hinking Solida i y and Responsibili y
Solida i y is o en concei ed as a ising om sha ed ecogni ion, om mu ual acknowledgmen , om
collec i e appea ing. Poli ical solida i ies a e o ged in public spaces, h ough isible alliances, h ough
ac s o ecogni ion (Bu le 2009).
Minimal e hical ela ionali y p oposes a di e en ounda ion. Solida i y can be e hough as a s uc u al
endu ance—a being-wi h ha does no equi e sha ed isibili y o mu ual ecogni ion. I is no con ingen
on appea ing oge he bu on endu ing oge he .
Responsibili y, oo, is econ igu ed. T adi ional accoun s ie esponsibili y o he encoun e wi h he
O he , o being add essed, o being ecognized as a esponsible agen (Le inas 1969; Bu le 2005).
3
Sub ac ion de aches esponsibili y om hese s uc u es. One is esponsible no because one is called, bu
because one endu es in ela ion. Responsibili y is no igge ed by he O he ’s call bu pe sis s i espec i e
o add essabili y.
4
Unlike pe sonhood-based o eac i e-a i ude-based models, which ely on he
3
Fo con empo a y ex ensions o his add ess-based e hical model, see Lisa Guen he , Soli a y Con inemen : Social
Dea h and I s A e li es (Minneapolis: Uni e si y o Minneso a P ess, 2013); Ma iana O ega, “Being Lo ingly,
Knowingly Igno an : Whi e Feminism and Women o Colo ,” Hypa ia 21, no. 3 (2006): 56–74. While hese
app oaches deepen he e hical implica ions o ecogni ion and dispossession, he p esen accoun sub ac s he
condi ions o mani es a ion al oge he .
4
The e a e poin s o angency be ween his accoun and ce ain conce ns in analy ic mo al heo y— o ins ance,
deba es o e mo al s anding in cases in ol ing non- ecip ocal subjec s such as in an s, animals, o cogni i ely
impai ed pe sons (McMahan 2002), o discussions o mo al easons ha do no ely on mu ual in elligibili y
(Scanlon 1998), o emo ional esponsi eness (S awson 1974). While such amewo ks a emp o accommoda e
asymme ical obliga ion, hey ypically e ain a ho izon o pe sonhood, communica i e capaci y, o sha ed
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Ch is Sawye — P ep in , July 2025 20
in elligibili y o emo ional esponsi eness o he mo al subjec , his s uc u al accoun g ounds obliga ion
in he ba e pe sis ence o co-exis ence i sel —independen o ecogni ion, ecip oci y, o no ma i e
add ess. I does no equi e ha he O he be capable o add essing a claim, no e en ha he O he appea
a all. Wha emains is no he appeal o he ace o he in elligibili y o he claim, bu he condi ion o
being-wi h as such.
This has p o ound implica ions o how esponsibili y is concep ualized in social and poli ical li e. I
challenges he idea ha one mus be awa e o he O he ’s su e ing, mus see i o hea i , in o de o be
esponsible. I asse s ha one’s esponsibili y endu es e en in igno ance, e en in absence.
Such a concep ion aligns wi h ce ain adi ions o adical esponsibili y (Le inas 1969; De ida 2000),
bu i pushes u he by emo ing he necessi y o phenomenali y al oge he . I p oposes ha e hical li e is
cons i u ed no by appea ing bu by endu ing.
6.4 Towa d a Non-Phenomenological E hics
Sub ac ion hus opens he possibili y o a non-phenomenological e hics—an e hics ha does no g ound
obliga ion in appea ance, ecogni ion, add ess, o disclosu e. I is an e hics o endu ance a he han o
encoun e , o s uc u al ela ion a he han phenomenological p esence.
This e hics is mo e esilien because i is no con ingen on he agile s uc u es o isibili y and
ecogni ion. I is mo e inclusi e because i ex ends obliga ion o hose excluded om public appea ance.
I is mo e aus e e because i e uses he com o s o mu ual ecogni ion and acknowledgmen .
Ye i is no cold o indi e en . I is p ecisely because i does no ely on appea ing ha i can sus ain
obliga ion whe e adi ional e hics ail. I can pe sis in he ace o sys emic in isibili y, in he ace o
exclusion and e asu e.
Such an e hics is u gen ly needed in a wo ld whe e s uc u es o isibili y and ecogni ion a e inc easingly
weaponized, whe e appea ances can be manu ac u ed, whe e ecogni ion can be s a egically wi hheld.
Sub ac ion o e s a amewo k o e hical li e ha is esis an o hese manipula ions.
no ma i e space. The accoun o e ed he e seeks o ex end e hical pe sis ence e en u he —g ounding obliga ion
no in ela ional ecogni ion o esponse, bu in he s uc u al endu ance o being-wi h, i espec i e o legibili y o
s a us.
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Ch is Sawye — P ep in , July 2025 21
I calls o a eo ien a ion o e hical hough and p ac ice, a shi om he seen o he endu ing, om he
ecognized o he pe sis en , om he add essed o he s uc u ally ela ed.
In he concluding sec ion, I will summa ize he a gumen and e lec on he b oade implica ions o
minimal e hical ela ionali y o he u u e o e hical and poli ical li e.
7. Conclusion: E hics Wi hou Mani es a ion
This pape has a gued o he sub ac ion o mani es a ion as a necessa y condi ion o e hical ela ion.
Beginning wi h a econs uc ion o he phenomenological adi ion’s a achmen o appea ing— om
Husse l’s in en ional s uc u es (Husse l 1983) o Heidegge ’s clea ing (Heidegge 1962), om Le inas’s
e hical ace (Le inas 1969) o Bu le ’s poli ics o ecogni ion (Bu le 2005) and A end ’s public space
(A end 1958)—I ha e shown how e hical obliga ion has been his o ically e he ed o isibili y,
ecogni ion, and add essabili y.
Sub ac ion, as p oposed he e, is no a nega ion o a concealmen o appea ing bu i s emo al as a
condi ion. I does no oppose isibili y wi h in isibili y, ecogni ion wi h non- ecogni ion, add ess wi h
silence. I e ases he necessi y o hese s uc u es o e hical ela ion.
5
Wha emains a e sub ac ion is a
minimal e hical ela ionali y: an endu ance ha pe sis s wi hou isibili y, ecogni ion, add essabili y, o
ho izonali y.
This endu ance is no abs ac ; i is he aus e e s uc u e o being-wi h ha su i es he collapse o
phenomenali y. E hical obliga ion, in his accoun , is no a esponse o he appea ance o he O he , no is
i dependen on being seen, ecognized, o add essed. I is a s uc u al pe sis ence—a minimal being-
owa d ha endu es i espec i e o he con ingen s uc u es ha ha e his o ically media ed e hical li e.
Minimal e hical ela ionali y depa s decisi ely om he c i iques o Le inas, Bu le , and A end . While
each des abilizes adi ional e hical and poli ical ca ego ies, each e ains, in di e en ways, he
g a i a ional pull o mani es a ion. E hical ela ion, o hem, emains ied o encoun e , o ecogni ion, o
appea ance. Sub ac ion s eps beyond his ho izon, o e ing a pu i ied accoun o e hical endu ance.
5
Fo c i ical phenomenology ha seeks o adicalize a he han emo e he condi ions o mani es a ion, see
Emmanuel Alloa, The Shadow o Things: On he Figu a ion o he In isible, ans. Nils Scho (New Yo k: Fo dham
Uni e si y P ess, 2021). This pape ins ead p oposes hei sub ac ion as a s uc u al in e en ion.
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Ch is Sawye — P ep in , July 2025 22
The me hodological and p ac ical consequences o his mo e a e signi ican . E hical inqui y mus shi
om desc ip i e phenomenology o s uc u al in e ence; e hical p ac ice mus econ igu e i sel a ound
obliga ion wi hou isibili y. Solida i y and esponsibili y can no longe be g ounded in sha ed
ecogni ion o mu ual appea ing; hey mus be oo ed in he s uc u al endu ance o being-wi h.
Such a econ igu a ion opens new possibili ies o e hical and poli ical li e. I o e s a amewo k o
obliga ion owa d hose who a e ende ed in isible, un ecognized, o unhea d. I sus ains e hical ela ion
e en whe e he s uc u es o mani es a ion ail, e en whe e public spaces collapse, e en whe e he social
o de s o ecogni ion a e iolen ly wi hheld.
In a wo ld whe e isibili y is commodi ied, whe e ecogni ion is s a i ied, whe e appea ance is
manipula ed, an e hics ha depends on mani es a ion is p eca ious and ulne able. Minimal e hical
ela ionali y o e s a mo e esilien ounda ion. I g ounds obliga ion in wha pe sis s a he han wha
appea s.
This is no o deny he poli ical and social impo ance o isibili y, ecogni ion, and add essabili y. These
emain c ucial si es o s uggle and con es a ion. Bu e hical li e, i i is o be jus and inclusi e, mus no
be bound by hei con ingencies. I mus endu e beyond hem.
Fu u e wo k will be needed o elabo a e he applica ions o minimal e hical ela ionali y o speci ic
domains: e ugee e hics, ca ce al jus ice, digi al in isibili y, and mo e. Bu he concep ual amewo k
o e ed he e p o ides a s a ing poin : a mo e om he e hics o appea ing o he e hics o endu ance,
om phenomenological media ion o minimal pe sis ence.
E hics wi hou mani es a ion is no an e hics wi hou O he s, wi hou obliga ion, o wi hou ela ion. I is
an e hics pu i ied o he sca olding ha has his o ically cons ained i . I is an e hics app op ia e o a
wo ld whe e appea ance can no longe be us ed o gua an ee e hical li e.
In place o he agile p omise o being-seen, i o e s he endu ing s uc u e o being-wi h. In place o he
demand o be ecognized, i o e s he quie pe sis ence o obliga ion. In place o he ho izon o
mani es a ion, i o e s he aus e e endu ance o e hical ela ion.
E hical li e does no end wi h he collapse o appea ing. I begins anew in he endu ance ha emains.
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Ch is Sawye — P ep in , July 2025 23
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