J. Biodi . & En i on. Sci.
He é
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Ex eme ain all a iabili y and ends in he dis ic o Ouedeme,
municipali y o Glazoue (Benin)
Koumassi Dègla He é*
Pie e Pagney Labo a o y: Clima e, Wa e , Ecosys ems, and De elopmen (LACEEDE),
Ru al Geog aphy and Ag icul u al Expe ise Labo a o y (LaGREA),
Ins i u e o Li ing En i onmen s (ICaV), Uni e si y o Abomey Cala i, Co onou Republic o Benin
Key wo ds: Va ia ion, Ex eme ain all, Dis ic o Ouedeme, Municipali y o Glazoue
DOI: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/jbes/27.3.1-9
[ Published: Sep embe 03, 2025 ]
ABSTRACT
This s udy aims o assess he ex eme ain all a iabili y and ends in Ouedeme dis ic , Glazoue municipali y,
Benin. Rain all luc ua ions, d ough s, and loods pose majo isks o ood c ops, mainly yams and ice,
h ea ening ood secu i y and local ag icul u al sys ems’ esilience. The esea ch is based on daily ain all da a
om Sa è synop ic s a ion, co e ing 1961 o 2020. Se en ETCCDI clima e indices (including PTOT, JP, SDII,
P10, P20, PX1J, and CDD) ha e been used o quan i y he in ensi y, equency, and a iabili y o ex eme e en s.
S a is ical me hods (mean, s anda d de ia ion, Lamb index) and so wa e ools such as Excel ha e been used o
p ocess da a and iden i y ends. The indings e eal ha a e age annual p ecipi a ion amoun s o 1,180 mm
(±235 mm), wi h an o e all downwa d end. Also, while he mean numbe o ainy days is 82 (±11 days), he
daily in ensi y (SDII) is 11 mm/day (±1 mm), bo h dec easing. Howe e , a sligh inc ease in hea y ain all days
(P10: 36 days ±7) and a mode a e inc ease in e y hea y ain all days (P20: 18 days ±4) ha e been obse ed.
Fu he mo e, consecu i e d y days (CDD) a e up o 34 days (±4), highligh ing a end owa ds mo e equen d y
spells. O e all, 32 o he 60 yea s analyzed had a de ici , compa ed o 28 wi h a su plus, e lec ing signi ican
in e annual a iabili y. Resul s highligh inc eased clima e a iabili y, wi h mo e equen d y spells and in ense
ain all, a ec ing c op cycles di ec ly. Fa me s’ adap a ion s a egies (ea ly sowing, c op o a ion, e c.) emain
limi ed by insu icien esou ces and in as uc u e. Imp o ed wa e managemen and echnical suppo a e
c ucial o s eng hening ag icul u al esilience o clima e ex emes.
*Co esponding Au ho : Koumassi Dègla He é kha idad[email p o ec ed]
Jou nal o Biodi e si y and En i onmen al Sciences | JBES
ISSN: 2220-6663 (P in ); 2222-3045 (Online)
Websi e: h ps://www.innspub.ne
E-mail con ac : [email p o ec ed]
Vol. 27, Issue: 3, p. 1-9, 2025
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INTRODUCTION
Clima e isks a e key challenges o u al and a ming
communi ies, especially egions p one o clima e
change. Loca ed in Cen al Benin, he municipali y o
Glazoue is highly subjec o hese isks, including
d ough s, loods, and unp edic able ain all pa e ns.
These phenomena ha e a di ec impac on
ag icul u al p ac ices, ood secu i y, and na u al
esou ce managemen (Rings e al., 2015, p. 10).
Gi en his, s udying clima e ends, especially
ain all, is key o unde s anding how isks a e
changing and how hey a ec ag icul u e.
Clima e change adap a ion equi es an in-dep h
analysis o hyd oclima ic ends o e se e al decades.
P e ious s udies ha e shown ha he in ensi ica ion
o clima e ex emes nega i ely a ec s ag icul u al
sys ems (Wezel e al., 2009, p. 28). P ecipi a ion
a iabili y, coupled wi h high empe a u es and
sho e d ough pe iods, has di ec consequences on
p oduc ion cycles and wa e esou ce managemen
(Ba o, 2023, p. 18). In addi ion, changes in ain all
pa e ns ha e been associa ed wi h dis up ions o
adi ional ag icul u al sys ems and na u al
ecosys ems (Al ie i and Nicholls, 2012, p. 5). These
ex emes ha e had a pa icula ly s ong impac in
a eas whe e a ming p ac ices a e based on sys ems
wi h low esilience, o en cha ac e ized by a weak
capaci y o adap (Cô e, 2002, p. 8).
In addi ion, esea ch on clima e isk adap a ion
shows ha a me s o en lack he equi ed
in as uc u e o cope wi h hese challenges in
egions a ec ed by clima e a iabili y (Dugué, 2013,
p. 30). T aining in ag oecology and access o
esilience echniques (such as ag o o es y o
sus ainable soil managemen ) a e key le e s o
mi iga ing he ad e se e ec s o clima e change
(Tou ain e al., 1988, p. 11). The main objec i e o
his s udy is o analyze ex eme ain all ends in he
dis ic o Ouedeme, Glazoue municipali y. Clima e
end analysis is essen ial o assessing u u e
clima e isks and guiding adap a ion policies
(Benmihoub e al., 2021, p. 3). In sho ,
ecommenda ions a e made o enhance clima e
esilience in he egion and imp o e he
sus ainabili y o ag icul u al sys ems in he ace o
inc easing clima e challenges (Collin and Ayouz,
2006, p. 12). Ouedeme is one o he 10 dis ic s o he
municipali y o Glazoue. I is bo de ed o he no h by
he dis ic o Aklampa, o he sou h by he dis ic o
Kpakpaza, o he eas by he dis ic o Magoumi, and
o he wes by he dis ic o Laho an (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Geog aphical loca ion and adminis a i e
di ision o he dis ic o Ouedeme
Sou ce : IGN opog aphic map, 2018
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A ho ough me hodology is employed in his esea ch.
I combines wea he da a wi h ad anced s a is ical
me hods and so wa e ools o p ocess and p ocess
he da a. Se e al ypes o clima e da a ha e been
collec ed o his analysis. Rain all da a co e s he
1961-2020 pe iod and mainly conce ns daily ain all
measu emen s in Glazoue, including he nea es
synop ic s a ion, Sa è. These include daily ain all
o als, enabling a de ailed analysis o p ecipi a ion
ends o e he decades.
Da a p ocessing me hods
Ex eme ain all da a p ocessing begins wi h
s a is ical analysis o ain all se ies. The da a ha e
been analyzed on he basis o he clima e indices
sugges ed by he Expe Team on Clima e Change
De ec ion and Ex eme Clima e Indices (ETCCDI),
h ough ClimPACT 2 (N’guessan e al., 2018, ci ed by
Ba chi-Ma a e al., 2020). This me hod makes i
possible o quan i y ex eme e en s and moni o
clima e a ia ions o e a gi en pe iod.
ETCCDI expe s ha e de ined a se o clima e indices,
27 o which a e used o cha ac e ize clima e isks.
Thus, se en indices ha e been selec ed o analyzing
ain all ex emes, namely:
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PTOT : O e all annual p ecipi a ion
JP : Numbe o damp days (p ecipi a ion ≥ 1 mm)
SDII : A e age ain all pe day (Simple Day In ensi y
Index)
P10 and P20 : Days wi h p ecipi a ion ≥ 10 mm and ≥
20 mm
PX1J : Daily maximum ain all eco ded
PX5J : Fi e-day maximum ain all eco ded
These indices a e used o de e mine no only he o al
amoun o ain all bu also he sp ead o ex eme
ain all e en s, by analyzing in e annual a ia ions
and he equency o ex eme e en s. In addi ion, he
a e age mon hly and annual ain all amoun s is
calcula ed by means o he ollowing s a is ical
o mula o de e mine he in e annual a e age:
∑
Wi h N as o al popula ion; X as se ies a e age; and
x_i as s udied cha ac e is ic modali y.
Lamb’s index (1882) has been used o assess we and
d y yea s, measu ing he de ia ion be ween obse ed
alues and he no mal mean, no malized by he
s anda d de ia ion. The index is calcula ed using he
ollowing o mula:
Whe e X ep esen s he a e age annual accumula ion
eco ded by s a ion o loca ion o yea i; (x) and σ
ep esen he mean and s anda d de ia ion o he
se ies in ques ion, espec i ely. A yea is conside ed
no mal i i s index is be ween -1 and 1.
1. A s anda d yea is when he index is be ween -1 and 1.
2. I is damp i he index is g ea e han 1.
3. I is d y i he index is below -1. (Adjo i e al., 2019).
Da a p ocessing equipmen and ools
Mic oso Excel so wa e is mainly used o
p ocessing and analyzing clima e da a. This so wa e
is used o pe o m s a is ical calcula ions, analyze
clima e indices, and gene a e he g aphs needed o
isualize clima e and hyd oclima ic ends. Da a
p ocessing also includes he use o specialized ools
o calcula ing clima e indices and gene a ing clima e
maps o speci ic pe iods using s a is ical p ocessing
and clima e mapping so wa e.
RESULTS
Changes in annual p ecipi a ion
P ecipi a ions a e a key pa ame e o analyzing
annual ain all ends in in e opical egions such as
Benin. Fig. 2 shows he a ia ion in annual
p ecipi a ion o e 1961-2020 pe iod.
Fig. 2. In e annual changes in o al p ecipi a ion
(1961-2020)
Sou ce : Me eo-Benin, 2025
Fig. 2 shows ha annual p ecipi a ion luc ua es o e
he pe iod 1961-2020. O e all, he o al annual
p ecipi a ion cu e shows a downwa d end o e his
pe iod. The in e annual a e age p ecipi a ion is 1,180
mm, wi h a s anda d de ia ion o ± 235 mm,
e lec ing he ex en o a ia ion in he da a. 1963 and
2020 eco ded he highes o al p ecipi a ion alues,
wi h 1,497 mm. In con as , 2018 egis e s he lowes
o al p ecipi a ion alue wi h 235 mm.
T end in ainy days
known as he o e all numbe o days when ain all is
g ea e han o equal o 1 mm, ainy days a e a key
indica o o assessing ends in we days o e he
cou se o a yea . This is pa icula ly use ul o
e alua ing he dis ibu ion and equency o ain all
o e a gi en pe iod, allowing changes in ain all
pa e ns o e ime o be iden i ied. Figu e 3 depic s
he we day end o e he pe iod 1961-2020,
highligh ing in e annual a ia ions in ainy day
equency.
Fig. 3 shows a saw oo h pa e n in we days
(p ecipi a ion ≥ 1 mm) o e he pe iod 1961–2020.
O e all, he cu e shows a downwa d end in he
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equency o ainy days, indica ing a dec ease in we
days o e he decades. We days a e age 82 days pe
yea , wi h a s anda d de ia ion o ± 11 days, e lec ing
he le el o a ia ion in he da a se ies. A high
s anda d de ia ion e lec s conside able luc ua ions
in he da a, leading o yea s wi h ma ked a ia ions in
ainy days. Indeed, 1963 eco ds he highes numbe
o we days, wi h a o al o 115 ainy days, while 2020
has he lowes numbe o we days, wi h only 64 days.
These esul s show signi ican in e annual
luc ua ions, e lec ing signi ican a iabili y in
p ecipi a ion pa e ns o e ecen decades.
Fig. 3. We day end o e he pe iod (1961-2020)
Sou ce : Me eo-Benin, 2025
Days o in ensi y wi h single index (SDII)
The SDII (Simple Daily In ensi y Index) ep esen s
he a e age amoun o ain all pe ainy day o e he
cou se o a yea . This index is pa icula ly use ul o
analyzing he in ensi y o daily p ecipi a ion,
p o iding a measu e o he a e age amoun o wa e
ha alls on days when p ecipi a ion is eco ded. The
SDII can be used o assess no only he o al amoun
o ain all, bu also he dis ibu ion and in ensi y o
ain all e en s h oughou he yea . Figu e 4 shows
a ia ions in a e age ain all pe ainy day o e he
pe iod 1961-2020, illus a ing changes in daily
ain all in ensi y o e he decades.
Fig. 4 shows a saw oo h pa e n in he a e age daily
ain all o e he pe iod 1961-2020. The o e all end
shows a dec ease in daily p ecipi a ion in ensi y o e
ime. The in e annual a e age ain all is 11 mm, wi h
a s anda d de ia ion o ± 1 mm, showing ela i ely
li le a ia ion a ound he mean. The s anda d
de ia ion p o ides an insigh in o he le el o
a iabili y in daily p ecipi a ion wi hin he s udy
pe iod. Ex eme yea s show ha he highes SDII
index alues occu ed in 1963 and 1979, wi h alues
o 14 mm. In con as , 1964 had he lowes alue, wi h
7 mm, highligh ing he high a ia ion in p ecipi a ion
o e his pe iod.
Fig. 4. T end in a e age daily ain all o e he pe iod
(1961-2020)
Changes in ain all pa e ns ≥ 10 mm (P10)
Rain all equencies ≥ 10 mm (P10) a e he numbe o
days wi h p ecipi a ion eaching o exceeding 10 mm.
I is pa icula ly use ul o analyzing hea y ain all
ends and hei annual dis ibu ion. In ac , i acks
changes in he numbe o days wi h hea y
p ecipi a ion each yea .
Fig. 5. Va ia ions in ain all equencies ≥10 mm
(P10) o e he pe iod (1961-2020)
Sou ce : Me eo-Benin, 2025
Fig. 5 shows a ia ions in he equency o ainy days
wi h p ecipi a ion g ea e han o equal o 10 mm
o e 1961-2020 pe iod, highligh ing a ia ions in
hese ex eme e en s o e ime.
Fig. 5 shows a saw oo h pa e n in ain all equencies
≥ 10 mm (P10) o e he pe iod 1961-2020. The cu e
gene ally shows an upwa d end in he equency o
ainy days wi h p ecipi a ion g ea e han o equal o
10 mm, poin ing o a g adual inc ease in hese e en s
o e he decades. The in e annual a e age equency
o ain all ≥ 10 mm is 36 days, wi h a s anda d
de ia ion o ± 7 days, e lec ing mode a e a iabili y
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in he da a se ies. The s anda d de ia ion quan i ies
he dispa i y be ween yea s, highligh ing he
luc ua ion in hea y ain all days ac oss yea s.
Highes ain all equencies ha e been eco ded in
ex eme yea s, wi h 1962 and 2003 ha ing 52 days,
while 1983 had he lowes equency wi h only 22
days o ain all ≥ 10 mm.
Changes in ain all pa e ns ≥ 20 mm (P20)
Rain all equencies ≥ 20 mm (P20) e lec he
numbe o days on which p ecipi a ion eaches o
exceeds 20 mm. I is pa icula ly use ul o analyzing
ends in hea y ain all days o e he cou se o a yea ,
highligh ing he equency o in ense ain all e en s.
Analyzing ends in ain all ≥ 20 mm p o ides a
be e unde s anding o changes in ex eme ain all
and i s po en ial impac on ag icul u e and na u al
esou ces. Fig. 6 shows he end in he numbe o
days wi h 20 mm o mo e o p ecipi a ion o e he
1961-2020 pe iod, p o iding a clea pic u e o
a ia ions in he occu ence o hea y ain all o e he
decades.
Fig. 6. Rain all equency changes ≥20mm (P20)
o e he pe iod (1961-2020)
Sou ce : Me eo-Benin, 2025
Fig. 6 shows a saw oo h pa e n in he equency o
ain all e en s ≥ 20 mm (P20) o e he pe iod
1961–2020. O e all, he cu e shows a gene al
upwa d end, poin ing o an inc ease in hea y
ain all days o e he yea s. The in e annual
a e age equency o ain all ≥ 20 mm is 18 days,
wi h a s anda d de ia ion o ± 4 days, e lec ing
mode a e a iabili y in in ense ain all e en s. The
s anda d de ia ion helps o assess he yea - o-yea
dispa i y in hea y ain all days. Ex eme yea s
show ha he highes alues ha e been eco ded in
1963 and 2003 (33 days), while 1983 has he lowes
equency o days wi h ain all ≥ 20 mm (8 days).
D y day s eak a ia ion
Consecu i e d y days (CDD) a e he numbe o days
in a ow when he e's less han 1 mm o ain. This is
an impo an way o see how d y i is du ing he yea ,
showing how long d ough s o d y spells las .
Analyzing his end in consecu i e d y days makes i
possible o assess he equency and du a ion o d y
e en s, which is c ucial o unde s anding he impac s
o d ough s on ag icul u e and wa e esou ces. Fig. 7
shows he e olu ion o consecu i e d y days (CDD)
o e he pe iod 1961-2020, illus a ing d y pe iod
luc ua ions o e he decades.
Fig. 7. E olu ion o consecu i e d y days (1961-2020)
Sou ce : Me eo-Benin, 2025
Fig. 7 shows a seesaw pa e n in consecu i e d y days
o e he pe iod 1961–2020. O e all, he cu e shows
a gene al upwa d end, e lec ing longe d y pe iods
o e ime. Consecu i e d y days a e age 34 days, wi h
a s anda d de ia ion o ±4 days, e lec ing he
a iabili y o d y pe iods om yea o yea . The
s anda d de ia ion p o ides a measu e o he
luc ua ion o hese e en s o e he yea s. Ex eme
yea s show ha 1982 and 1990 had he highes alues
o consecu i e d y days, wi h 42 days. Con e sely,
1985 egis e ed he lowes alue, wi h only 25
consecu i e d y days.
T end in consecu i e we days (CWD)
Consecu i e we days (CWD) e e o he numbe o
consecu i e days wi h p ecipi a ion g ea e o equal
o 1 mm. This is a eally use ul indica o o analyzing
ends in con inuous ainy pe iods h oughou he
yea . S udying consecu i e we days makes i possible
o ack changes in pe iods o sus ained ain all and
assess an ex ended ainy e en ’s impac on wa e
esou ces and ecosys ems. Fig. 8 shows he e olu ion
o consecu i e we days (CWD) o e he pe iod 1961-
2020, showing a ia ions in he du a ion o ainy
episodes o e he decades.
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Fig. 8. Consecu i e we days (CWD) ends o e he
pe iod (1961-2020)
Sou ce : Me eo-Benin, 2025
Fig. 8 shows a saw oo h pa e n in consecu i e we
days (CWD) o e he pe iod 1961–2020. O e all, he
cu e shows a gene al upwa d end, showing
inc eased pe iods o con inuous ain o e ime. The
in e annual a e age o consecu i e we days is 24
days, wi h a s anda d de ia ion o ±4 days, e lec ing
his se ies’ a iabili y in ex ended ainy e en s. The
s anda d de ia ion measu es he da a's sp ead a ound
he mean, showing yea s wi h signi ican luc ua ions
in consecu i e we days. 2013 has he highes numbe
o consecu i e we days wi h 37 days, while 2020 has
he lowes alue wi h 0 consecu i e ainy days.
Daily maximum p ecipi a ion ends (PX1J)
The maximum daily ain all (PX1J) ep esen s he
maximum p ecipi a ion eco ded on a gi en day. This
is essen ial o analyzing a ia ions in he in ensi y o
ex eme ain all e en s h oughou he yea , enabling
pe iods o hea y ain all and hei e olu ion o be
assessed. Analyzing maximum daily ain all also helps
iden i y majo ends in he in ensi y o ex eme
wea he e en s, such as loods o o he se e e
wea he phenomena. Fig. 9 shows maximum daily
ain all o e he pe iod 1961-2020, highligh ing
ex eme e en ends o e he decades.
Fig. 9. Maximum daily ain all (PX1J) ends o e he
pe iod (1961-2020)
Sou ce: Me eo-Benin, 2025
Fig. 9 shows a saw oo h pa e n in he daily
maximum p ecipi a ion se ies o e he pe iod 1961–
2020. O e all, he cu e shows a downwa d end in
daily maximum p ecipi a ion, indica ing a educ ion
in he in ensi y o ex eme ain all e en s o e ime.
The in e annual a e age maximum p ecipi a ion is
79 mm, wi h a ± 24 mm s anda d de ia ion,
indica ing signi ican a iabili y in maximum
p ecipi a ion om yea o yea . This s anda d
de ia ion measu es he dispe sion o alues a ound
he mean and highligh s yea s when maximum
p ecipi a ion de ia ed signi ican ly. Ex eme yea s
show ha 1979 has he highes maximum
p ecipi a ion (184 mm), while 1964 eco ded he
lowes alue (45 mm), highligh ing a ma ked
luc ua ion in hea y ain all e en s o e his pe iod.
Maximum daily ain all ends (PX1Jp)
Maximum daily ain all sha e (PX1Jp) ep esen s he
p opo ion o maximum daily p ecipi a ion wi hin
o e all annual ain all. This is c ucial o analyzing
a ia ions in he ela i e in ensi y o ex eme ain all
e en s wi hin o e all annual p ecipi a ion, enabling
assessmen o hei con ibu ion o clima e sys ems
and po en ial impac on ecosys ems and ag icul u e.
S udying ends in he daily maximum ain all sha e
p o ides insigh in o he e olu ion o ex eme wea he
e en s o e ime. Fig. 10 shows he e olu ion o his
p opo ion o e he 1961-2020 pe iod, highligh ing
a ia ions in he in ensi y o ex eme ain all based on
annual luc ua ions in o al p ecipi a ion.
Fig. 10. Maximum daily ain all (PX1Jp) ends o e
he pe iod (1961–2020)
Sou ce : Me eo-Benin, 2025
Fig. 10 shows a discon inuous inc ease in he daily
maximum ain all sha e (PX1Jp) se ies o e he 1961-
2020 pe iods. In ac , he cu e shows an upwa d
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end, indica ing ha maximum daily ain all as a
p opo ion o o al annual ain all has inc eased o e
ime. The in e annual a e age o his p opo ion is
24%, wi h a ±4% s anda d de ia ion, implying
mode a e a iabili y in he da a. The s anda d
de ia ion, measu ing he magni ude o luc ua ions
a ound he mean, shows a yea - o-yea dispe sion o
alues. Ex eme yea s e eal ha he highes alue o
37% has been eco ded in 2013, while 1964 egis e ed
he lowes alue, wi h only 16% o maximum daily
ain all in he annual o al.
In e annual a ia ion in he ain all index
The esea ch en i onmen expe iences signi ican
clima ic luc ua ions h oughou he esea ch pe iod,
as illus a ed by he s udied s a is ical se ies. These
luc ua ions a e e lec ed in clima ic anomalies, as
shown in Fig. 11. This igu e depic s ma ked
a ia ions in clima ic pa ame e s o e he yea s,
highligh ing subs an ial de ia ions om no mal
a e ages and unde sco ing ex eme wea he e en s.
Fig. 11. 1961-2020 ain all indices
Sou ce : Me eo-Benin, 2025
Fig. 11 shows a ma ked al e na ion be ween d y and
we yea s o e he 1961-2020 pe iod. The sho all
yea s a e 1963, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1976, 1979,
1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997,
1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007,
2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2014. O e he 60 yea s
co e ed by he ime se ies, 32 yea s a e cha ac e ized
by ain all de ici s, while 28 yea s ha e we condi ions.
This ain all a iabili y, wi h d y pe iods al e na ing
wi h pe iods o excess ain all, has a signi ican impac
on ag icul u al ac i i ies, especially ood c ops.
Managing hese a ia ions is essen ial, and p o iding
in o ma ion on de ici and su plus yea s could p o e
c ucial o imp o ing ag icul u al s a egies and
ensu ing g ea e ood secu i y in he egion.
DISCUSSION
I esul s om his s udy ha he e a e signi ican
ends in hyd oclima ic isks and hei e olu ion in
he municipali y o Glazoue. An analysis o
p ecipi a ion da a, ainy days, daily p ecipi a ion
in ensi y, and ex eme e en s highligh s signi ican
a iabili y in clima e pa e ns o e he 1961-2020
pe iods. These esul s a e consis en wi h o he
s udies in he egion which highligh he inc easing
a iabili y o clima e isks and hei impac on
ag icul u al sys ems.
The ain all a iabili y analysis highligh s a downwa d
end in annual p ecipi a ion o e he pas six decades,
wi h ma ked peaks and oughs, showing signi ican
luc ua ions in annual ain all amoun s. These
in e annual a ia ions in o al p ecipi a ion a e
consis en wi h he wo k o Vodonou e al. (2016) and
Tabou Talaha ou (2020), who highligh changes in
ain all le els and inc easingly se e e pe iods o d ough
in se e al egions o Benin. Acco ding o hese au ho s,
hese ain all a ia ions e lec global clima e change,
which has di ec consequences on ag icul u al
p oduc ion, especially maize, yam and ice c ops.
Rainy days, de ined as days wi h p ecipi a ion g ea e
han o equal o 1 mm, also show a gene al downwa d
end du ing he s udy pe iod. This implies a
educ ion in he equency o we days, which may
ha e signi ican implica ions o na u al soil i iga ion
and wa e managemen on a ms. This end is
consis en wi h he indings o Kpadonou e al.
(2012), who conclude ha he educ ion in ainy days
in ce ain a eas o Benin nega i ely a ec s
ag icul u al yields, pa icula ly ice and yam c ops,
which a e highly dependen on ain all pa e ns.
The Single Day In ensi y Index (SDII) analysis shows
a downwa d end in daily ain all in ensi y. This
educ ion in ain all in ensi y poin s o a possible
shi owa ds ligh e bu mo e equen ain all, which
may impac na u al i iga ion and inc ease he isk o
wa e s ess o c ops ha a e sensi i e o p olonged
pe iods o d ough . This phenomenon is also epo ed
by Houn ondji e al. (2011), who obse e changes in
ain all pa e ns a ec ing yam c op g ow h due o
dec eased soil mois u e.
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This s udy also shows an inc ease in he equency o
hea y ain all (≥10 mm) and e y hea y ain all (≥20
mm) o e he 1961-2020 pe iod, al hough his end is
ela i ely modes . Ex eme ain all is pa icula ly
wo ying because i can cause looding, especially in ice
and yam g owing a eas, which a e highly sensi i e o
excess wa e . Boko Michel (2002) has al eady iden i ied
an inc ease in lood isk in some pa s o Benin due o
he in ensi ica ion o ex eme wea he e en s, a
phenomenon also con i med by he da a om his s udy.
Imp o ed managemen o d ainage and wa e e en ion
sys ems is he e o e essen ial o limi losses associa ed
wi h hese ex eme e en s. Consecu i e d y days (CDD),
which indica e he du a ion o d y pe iods, ha e shown
an upwa d end, sugges ing an inc ease in d ough s and
pe iods o wa e s ess o ag icul u al c ops. This
inding is ein o ced by he wo k o To ignan Se ge and
Boko Michel (2010), who ind ha c op cycles a e being
dis up ed by inc eased d ough s and unp edic able ainy
seasons. This phenomenon may a ec he p oduc i i y
o ice and yam c ops ha a e essen ial o a me s in
Ouedeme.
Fa me s’ adap a ion s a egies a e c ucial o main aining
ood secu i y and esilience in u al communi ies in iew
o hese inc easing clima e isks. These s a egies include
ea ly sowing, c op o a ion, adjus ing ag icul u al
calenda s, and using seeds ha a e esis an o clima e
haza ds. These app oaches a e in line wi h he
ecommenda ions o Gnanglè Pascal (2013), who inds
ha adap ing ag icul u al p ac ices and di e si ying
c ops can imp o e he esilience o a ms o clima e
change. Howe e , as Akponikpè Gédéon and Johns on
Pie e (2011) poin ou , he e ec i eness o hese
s a egies is hampe ed by a lack o in as uc u e,
echnical suppo , and access o inancial esou ces.
In a nu shell, his s udy shows ha hyd oclima ic isks in
he municipali y o Glazoue ha e a majo impac on
ag icul u e, bu also on he esilience o local ag icul u al
sys ems. Al hough adap a ion s a egies a e se up, hey
a e s ill limi ed by a lack o in as uc u e, limi ed access
o esou ces, and economic cons ain s. So, i is
impe a i e o s eng hen clima e go e nance, p omo e
app op ia e ag icul u al policies, and suppo a me s o
imp o e hei abili y o cope wi h clima e shocks.
CONCLUSION
This s udy shows ha ex eme ain all a ia ions in
he municipali y o Glazoue ha e a di ec and g owing
impac on ag icul u al ac i i ies. Fluc ua ions in
ex eme ain all in ensi y and equency, bo h hea y
and abundan , al e p oduc ion cycles, dis up
ag icul u al calenda s and inc ease he isk o
ex ended d ough s and loods. These ex eme wea he
e en s lead o educed yields, c op losses and
dis up ions in wa e managemen , hi ing sensi i e
c ops such as yams and ice. I is he e o e c ucial o
s eng hen adap a ion s a egies and in es in wa e
in as uc u e o suppo a me s in he ace o hese
g owing challenges.
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