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© 2025 D . Muhammed Anas. B, Udaya Shanka a H, D . V. Basil Hans, D . Sini. V. This is an open-access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he
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Indian Jou nal o
Mode n Resea ch and Re iews
This Jou nal is a membe o he ‘Commi ee on Publica ion E hics’
Online ISSN:2584-184X
Re iew Pape
The Role o Women in Tou ism- Thei Expe iences and Po en ial
Empowe men Wi hin T a el Cul u es
D . Muhammed Anas. B 1*, Udaya Shanka a H 2, D . V. Basil Hans 3, D . Sini. V 4
1 Sec e a y, Ke ala S a e Co-ope a i e Tou ism De elopmen Cen e L d., T i and um, Ke ala, India,
1 D.Li . Fellow, Fo me Pos -Doc o a e Fellow in S ini as Uni e si y, Mangalo e, Ka na aka, India
2 Associa e P o esso , Depa men o Economics, Go e nmen Fi s G ade College, Be ambpady, Mangalo e, Ka na aka, India
3 Resea ch P o esso , S ini as Uni e si y, Mangalo e, Ka na aka, India
4 Assis an P o esso , S.N. College, Va akala, A ilia ed o he Uni e si y o Ke ala, T i and um, Ke ala, India
Co esponding Au ho : * D . Muhammed Anas. B DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17539005
2
ABSTRACT
Manusc ip In o.
This a icle looks a he many ways ha women and ou ism a e connec ed, including he
bene i s and p oblems ha women con on in he global ou ism sec o . I discusses women's
oles as impo an pa s o ou ism economies, whe he as wo ke s, business owne s, o
a elle s. I also alks abou p oblems like gende inequi y, sa e y conce ns, and ep esen a ion.
The pape looks a how ou ism migh help women gain powe and he economy g ow,
especially in eme ging na ions, by using case s udies and ecen da a. A he same ime, i looks
a he ins i u ional and cul u al hu dles ha s ill keep women om ully pa icipa ing in and
bene i ing om he business. The pape ends wi h sugges ions o policies and ini ia i es ha
would make he ou ism su oundings a ound he wo ld mo e welcoming and ai e o women.
✓ ISSN No: 2584- 184X
✓ Recei ed: 06-09-2025
✓ Accep ed: 29-10-2025
✓ Published: 06-11-2025
✓ MRR:3(11):2025;09-17
✓ ©2025, All Righ s Rese ed.
✓ Pee Re iew P ocess: Yes
✓ Plagia ism Checked: Yes
How To Ci e his A icle
Anas BM, Shanka a UH, Hans VB,
Sini V. The ole o women in ou ism:
hei expe iences and po en ial
empowe men wi hin a el cul u es.
Indian Jou nal o Mode n Resea ch
and Re iew. 2025;3(11):09-17.
KEYWORDS: Gende Equali y, Women's Empowe men , he Tou ism Indus y, Sus ainable De elopmen , Female En ep eneu ship,
T a el Sa e y, and Economic Pa icipa ion
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© 2025 D . Muhammed Anas. B, Udaya Shanka a H, D . V. Basil Hans, D . Sini. V. This is an open-access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he
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INTRODUCTION
1. Scope and In oduc ion
People o en hink o meaning ul a el as a way o change, g ow,
o s a o e . Some g oups, on he o he hand, may eel like hey
can' a el as much because o socie al con en ions, sa e y
conce ns, cul u al expec a ions, o o he hu dles. Women om
di e en cul u es and socie ies a e mo e likely o be hu ,
isola ed, o shamed jus o wan ing o a el. Gende ed a el
issues a e p esen in bo h indus ialised and unde de eloped
na ions; howe e , mani es ed di e en ly [1]. These limi a ions
hinde women's con inued engagemen in a el, ou ism, and
associa ed sec o s. I is also impo an o comp ehend hese
posi ions in e ms o c oss-cu ing opics like empowe men ,
sa e y, and labou igh s. Women a e in ol ed in a el and
ou ism in many ways, and some imes hey a e he i s o do so.
Mapping he long his o y o women in a el cul u es helps us
unde s and how ou ism a ec s hei igh s, expe iences, and
oppo uni ies now. Impo an e en s and ideas om ea ly women
a elle s and ea ly ou ism and a el li e a u e le us alk abou
women's oles in a el cul u es.
1.1. Pu ing ou ism and gende in con ex
Mode n ou ism is a majo a ea whe e women can gain powe
because i gi es hem many ways o mo e abou sa ely, be
independen , make money, and mee new people [1].
None heless, gende ed en y obs acles endu e, in luenced
a iably by colou , class, age, and o he in e sec ing iden i y
dimensions. Sa e y conce ns u he limi in ol emen , and
when hey a e c ossed, hey o en lead o in e ac ions ull o
sexism and sexual ha assmen . The s uc u al mechanisms
in luencing women's empowe men in ou ism con inue o be a
c i ical subjec o inqui y. Exis ing esea ch has ho oughly
eco ded he pa icipa ion o women as consume s,
en ep eneu s, and employees in he sec o , each o which is
examined in de ail in he subsequen sec ions. His o ically,
women held ela i ely es ic ed oles wi hin a el cul u es,
la gely as cus ome s o spec a o s, a he han as independen
agen s exp essing pe sonal choices. The longi udinal esea ch
indica es ha he cu en inc ease o hese a el oles is oo ed
in a speci ic his o ical con ex o ea lie in ol emen ha
con inues o in luence mode n igh s, expec a ions, and
emo ions. Examining women's pa icipa ion in local a el
enhances he speci ic a el oles ou lined in he in oduc ion,
cla i ying he cul u al, s ylis ic, and economic aspec s o
women's oles as bo h a elle s and a el- ela ed se ice
p o ide s, such as guides and selle s.
1.2. Ques ions and Me hods o Resea ch
A ho ough analysis o he connec ions be ween ou ism and
women unco e s signi ican o e a ching pa e ns. The analysis
e eals h ee salien hemes—empowe men , sa e y, and labou
igh s— ha wa an sus ained ocus. These di icul ies can be
acked ac oss his o ical and con empo a y si ua ions, showing
ha hey ha e changed a lo o e ime and s ayed he same
h oughou geopoli ical loca ions.
Women hold a uniquely g oundb eaking ole in he his o y o
ou ism, which is oday one o he majo sec o s in he wo ld.
The ela ionship be ween women and ou ism goes back o he
beginning o ime, a he mac o le el, and con inues ia
p o essional geog aphies and occupa ional exposu es, a he
mic o le el, and in o deepe his o y and b oade cul u al
amewo k. Women's in ol emen has changed om mos ly
being spec a o s o being he main ac o s. Women ha e gone
om being mos ly sidelined as wo ke s o being in he spo ligh ;
howe e , job segmen a ion is s ill a big p oblem. As ea ly as he
p e-mode n pe iod, women's a el o pilg image, ade,
pleasu e, and sa e y conce ns con e ged a ound s uc u ed
cul u al exchange and communal educa ion. The ise o ou ism
has bo h highligh ed and e-colonised women's " eedom o
mo emen ."
Resea ch examines he in e connec ed cul u es o a el and
ou ism, analysing hei in luence on ambi ions, embeddedness,
and iden i y a many le els, as well as he o e a ching
con es a ion o mobili y. The s udy ame includes ou ism on
ou con inen s ac oss ou cen u ies, wi h di e en me hods
used depending on how isible women a e and how easy i is o
ind ele an in o ma ion. The ini ial emphasis on a el
es ablishes ou ism, de ined as he commodi ica ion o
mo emen , amid a b oade con ex o ex ensi e mobili y. The
examina ion o pionee ing economies delinea es he g ow h and
in ol emen o women wi hin he wo k o ce and en ep eneu ial
en u es. Geog aphical scale c ea es a con as , since he olde
documen a y eco d enables a ho ough analysis o
anscon inen al opog aphy, while low dynamics align wi h
global in es men and de elopmen cycles. Women’s speci ic
alignmen wi h non-u ban, space-o ien ed opologies highligh s
land-and-wa e en i onmen s, women’s e ol ing ela ionships
wi h space, he mo e s a ic, ma e ial cons i u ion o cul u e
enabled by hese o ms, and he ansmission o ins i u ional
amewo ks h ough he agency o sis e s.
2. His o ical Views on Women in Tou ism
Many people hink ha ou ism could be a way o women o
gain in luence and imp o e hei social, cul u al, economic, and
poli ical s anding [2]. Women began going on educa ional ips
in he 1860s, hanks o g oups like he Lady F anklin Fund (D.
Wood, 2006). Women began making hei own a elogues by
he yea 1900. Thei w i ings a his ime we e no only
g oundb eaking, bu hey also had an impac on mode n
women's a el w i ing abou he Middle Eas , A ica, and
China. The places whe e he a elogues ook place we e o en
he same as he places whe e he Lady F anklin Fund helped
s uden s go on educa ional ips. The i s woman o a el
a ound he wo ld wi h he help o an ins i u ion was he F ench
explo e and scien is C. R. W. de Vi ié.
C's ips, R. W. De Vi ié, Elizabe h on A nim, Ma y J. C. C. H.
Wo ley Mon agu, and Emily J. G. J. E. Mayhew migh all be
pu in he same g oup o women au ho s who w o e abou hei
ips o excu sions o places whe e hey we e sen by in ellec ual
o ganisa ions. C. w o e a epo in 1898. R. W. As a esul , de
Ind. J . o Mod. Res. and Re . PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 11 [No ] 2025
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Vi ié became he i s woman o w i e an ins i u ional
a elogue. C. R. W. In 1886, de Vi ié, a scien is and membe
o he Academy o Sciences who wan ed o sp ead knowledge
om F ancophone No h Ame ica o F ance, w o e "Campagne
de Dé oi " in he Pa isian Jou nal o Sciences Physiques e
Na u elles. The majo goal o he p ojec was o look in o he
pollu ion c ea ed by shipping commodi ies by boa om Moline
o Chicago on he Minimac, he Lake o Michigan, and he
Sain -Clai and Sain -Lau en i e s.
2.1. Leading he Way in Ea ly T a el
Since ancien imes, women om di e se e hnic g oups,
including he Han Chinese, Polynesian, Tswana, Abo iginal,
Mongol, and K io, ha e mig a ed o a ious egions. In p e-
colonial and p e-wes e n ou ism e as, no able aspec s included
lone emale a elle s, g oups o women a elling in ca a ans,
and he ole o women in enabling o obs uc ing a el du ing
eme gencies o pe iods o dis up ion [1]. Women's oles in
ou ism ha e c ea ed new oppo uni ies and gi en us a be e
unde s anding o hei mo i a ions, expe iences, and ways o ge
in ol ed. The e isn' much in o ma ion abou a elle s and
isi o s om he mid-1700s. A nine een h-cen u y emale
a elle 's es imony highligh ed women's ac i e pa icipa ion.
Be o e he 1850s, ine pain e s and w i e s om China a elled
o a , science, and ade. Pos ca ds we e used o keep ack o
a elle s' i ine a ies and as jou ney memo ies, along wi h
guesses on whe e a is s we e in o he coun ies. In c ea i e
w i ing be o e he 1900s, a aloquen con en s we e ex ensi e
bu we e con ibu ed o book collec ions and we e do man
a he han ac i e a elle s [3].
Tanke sley was bo n in 1771, w o e h ee books, and a elled
h oughou he B i ish Isles. T a el books ell he s o y o he
ip in ou - olio sc ip . A woman named Dunba a elled om
Wales o he no he n and wes e n po ions o Sco land be ween
1803 and 1805. The eposi o y ecei ed a icles desc ibing he
ips o Wells, Falmou h, Ba h, a jou ney om he Isle o Wigh
o o he ocean po s, and o Vienna and Down in 1829–1830.
People hink ha women we e s ill being collec ed as a elle s
h oughou hese yea s o he 1800s. F om 1826 o 1830, Su-lan
a elled all a ound China and w o e abou how people's li es
and habi s changed. F om he nine een h cen u y o wa d,
accessing aluable keepsakes go qui e simple; none heless, he
a el ci cums ances o women did no undamen ally al e ;
con e sely, women's mo emen s in a ious subjec s and
condi ions ad anced swi ly.
2.2. Changes in Wo k and Rep esen a ion
In he 19 h cen u y, i was clea ha women's a elling was
becoming mo e impo an o he economy. Eme ging a el as a
leisu e p omo ion led o a manual by Thomas Cook & Son o
ins uc ion. In he second hal o he 19 h cen u y, ad e ising
cul u e began o g ow. T a el guidebooks we e a new way o
ead. Mass a el con inued because o he low p ices o e ed by
comme cialised companies. A e Wo ld Wa II, a el became
e y popula , and women also s a ed o a el in a di e en
way. They o en me people h ough ad e ising, especially in
he summe .
Women enjoyed a elling, bu he e we e some sa e y conce ns.
A e he indus ial e olu ion, a elling e u ned o he middle
o capi alis space qui e a bi , and s ingen ules on who could
a el we e only o ce ain people wi h ce ain mobili y. Some
women's mobili y was inc easing, bu i was no he same as he
way i used o be. T a el was only o weal hy indi iduals,
co po a ions, o speci ic g oups, as i was seen as aes he ically
pleasing. Howe e , wi h he inc ease in sa e y conce ns, a el
anxie y has become mo e common, especially since 9/11.
Women's mobili y is back, bu he e a e s ill many op ions o
look in o. A he end o he 19 h cen u y, beau i ul women who
a elled we e s ill sa e, bu hings we e ge ing be e e e y day.
The pe iodic w i e hough abou when comme cialisa ion will
become a big change. Women s a ed a elling again. In
addi ion o he book, a magazine o women was also published,
e en hough i was agains he law. I was e y ha d o ge
h ough public spaces in he wen ie h cen u y.
Ad e ising was e e ywhe e, and i played a big ole in making
some people amous. Fo example, he i s emale a elle
comme cial was a mass ske ch ha ac ed like ashion. The
pa adox o ex emely public ye sec e a el o con empo a y
women was ep esen ed in case li e a u e. Unbinding willingness
owing o social mobili y a ied anspo ya an ala ming
numbe s o c owds ga he ing, so deno ed o icial and
in e mi en jou ney o ad e ising message.
The e we e a lo o ips wi h a lo o di e en ypes o people,
om business o singles. This was he i s ime i happened, bu
i missed a lo o adi ions in ce ain loca ions. A ha poin ,
he e wasn' enough ime le o ou is s, and he eason o he
lack o emale a el ad e ising was no clea . A mo e de ailed
e sion o he company's inge e sion would ha e been be e
han a sho in i a ion.
In he 1860s, an English-speaking lady and jou nalis wo ked in
a public medium ha was slowly mo ing owa ds wa ing. Since
hen, ou ing has made he audience bigge , and i is no longe
seen as a conse a i e inspec ion ch onicled esco ing ei he s ill
sc u inising media, howe e . A ha ime, he c ea ion o
eminini y quickly led o se e al exhibi ions o ladies. This basic
al e a ion aised a ious a gumen s abou whe he men o
women should a el, which emained an expanded deba e.
Lady a els om a bold pe iod sailing ye collapsed en i ely,
deeply sa e woman, cen al popula i y, hence he oman ic an e-
mo emen , a elling acclima ed as a p ac ical ou g adually.
Picking up a lady a elle looking o a ide ha was s ill sa e,
e en hough i was in a di e en egion, and he show was s ill
open.
Blows in ended o make i easie o women o a el and make
acquain ances. I 's no jus a mode n pas ime; i ouches on
compa able endencies. Expand he ac ion dimension a ound a ,
nei he gen leman no lady, and also a ound new pa hs ha a e
quickly joining in he mean ime. O e di ec ion ha changes
among pa allel easonably equen ly, ei he igh o midday.
Ending enhancemen owa ds o malisa ion numbe s enclosu e
di ec ing a el exp ess accep ance publishing common
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en eloped supe ision been go e ning less ca ying domain
signi ican unlike adi ional al hough co esponding pa ially
ounding comple es commen a y app ecia ion emancipa o y
esea ch p o ince obse a ion ma e ne e heless. [1]
3. Women as T a elle s: Reasons and Obs acles
T a elling becomes a signi ican mo i a ion and necessi y o
women, e idenced by he ex ensi e and ampli ied a els o
indi iduals o many des ina ions as ou is s o explo e s. In he
con ex o a el, mo i a ion is he desi e o seek, achie e, o
pu sue some hing, and a el can be e y complica ed. Wang e
al. [4] o e a comp ehensi e assessmen o emale mo i a ion
ela ed o hospi ali y and ou ism. The e a e se e al easons why
women who a el alone o in g oups go h ough di e en imes,
yea s, o days. Family and pe sonal conce ns a e key easons o
mo emen —see Appendix Table 3 o a b oad o e iew o he
many easons ha a ec di e en a eas o he indus y and
business a hese imes. Women ake on a el esponsibili ies
ha hey don' wan o, such as aking ime o , going on
aca ion, and making decisions o a a ie y o easons, mos o
he ime as a elle s and iewe s.
As a esul , big e ec s and ba ie s make a el ha de .
Loneliness, money p oblems, ime, dis ance, educa ion, so o
wo kplace condi ions, amily du ies, mobili y, sa e y,
con enience, expe ience, appea ance, pa icipa ion signals,
physique, pos ing ma e ials signal es ic ions, calcula ing
excessi e mo ions. The numbe o women who a el is only
going up. The g owing wa e ha hi s highe women's a es hen
e eals posi ions ha we e be o e s uc u ally sys ema ic and
ci cula e lowe a achmen s ha we e p e iously pe cei ed. E-
se ice sys ems show con ibu ions. Ba ie es ic ions s ill exis
on o ing ha is mo e well-known and isible. Cou age
e lec ion su aces a e becoming mo e common, mapping sa e y,
budge ing inance engines a e all wo king oge he o c ea e
sa e y dimensions ha allow o con inen al ci cula ion. Women
de elop he abili y o compose an au onomous s a e, which
means ha hey can see a class ha is di e se and change i s
des ina ion, ci cula ion, and a mosphe e. Wang e al. ha e
enough ex a amily, ae onau ics, and igu e coun ing in hei
accoun . Mig a ions ca ego ised as " ou is ic" phases elucida e
his o ical and con empo a y unclassi ied cha ac e is ics.
3.1. Reasons Why Women T a el
Women a e now much mo e in ol ed in ou ism, bo h as
wo ke s and as en ep eneu s [4]. Women a el o many
easons, including aca ions, business a els, ad en u e ips,
pilg images, and jou neys o imp o e hei heal h. Women a el
o un and shopping, bo h in g oups and alone o wi h o he
women. Women a el o many easons, including pe sonal
g ow h, cul u al cu iosi y, heal h, isi ing iends and amily,
sigh seeing a home and ab oad, and ge ing away om e e yday
p oblems. The social posi ion, age, goals, li e cycle, and sa e y
pe cep ions o emale isi o s ha e an e ec on he places hey
choose o isi . Women a e pa icula ly mo i a ed o a el by
indi idualism, sel -disco e y, eedom, sa e y, and leisu e.
These hings ha e become e en mo e impo an du ing he
pandemic.
Women make up a ound 54% o all ou is s in he wo ld, bu
hey a e s ill no well ep esen ed in he ou ism sec o o in
esea ch on ou ism. They a e becoming a bigge elemen o
incen i e ips, bu hey don' hold many manage ial, leade ship,
o decision-making jobs. Women ying o ge jobs in he
ou ism business ace p oblems because hey don' ha e access
o he same oppo uni ies as men. While women ou is s lo e
s aying in i e-s a ho els, he sa e y o women who wo k in
ou ism is s ill a p oblem all a ound he wo ld. Women o en
choose di e en places o go o wo k, play, and o he a el
han men do. Women ypically a el di e en ly because o
geog aphical and socie al limi s, na u al disas e s, and poli ical
ins abili y, whe he i 's o sa e y o cul u al easons. Women
also a el o medical ea men , pilg image, amily business,
and missiona y wo k, al hough hey do ace some cons ain s
and cul u e shocks along he way.
3.2. Obs acles o Sa e y, Access, and Money
T a el is s ill one o he bigges indus ies in he wo ld, and
women make up he bigges g oup o a elle s, making up 72%
o he ma ke . Howe e , hese ba ie s don' s op hem om
a elling. The e is s ill a big dispa i y be ween women who
a el and women who s a businesses since esou ces,
oppo uni ies, ad an ages, and gende -speci ic ulne abili ies a e
no e enly dis ibu ed in bo h o icial and in o mal se ings.
Women s ill ace a lo o p oblems in he ou ism business, such
as sa e y, access, and money. In he pas , men we e in cha ge o
he ou ism business. O e ime, hough, women began o ge
chances, like a p o essional p o ile. Howe e , hese chances
ha e always led o p oblems, like low pay, which ha e kep
women om mo ing o wa d.
4. Women Who Wo k in Tou ism
Wo k in ou ism is e y gende ed. In many places, mos o he
people who wo k in ou ism a e women. Howe e , esea ch
shows ha women s ill ha e lowe le els o educa ion and ewe
oppo uni ies o ge decen employmen in ou ism han men.
Women who wo k in ou ism o en ace gende seg ega ion, a
lack o con ol o e esou ces, and low pay [1]. Rega dless o
hei deg ee o educa ion, women hold mos o he in o mal jobs
and do unpaid wo k. In many na ions, women ha e less
educa ion han men. When educa ional chances expand, men
look o wo k in o he ields mo e and mo e [4]. The oles o
women as p o ide s and hei economic, sa e y, and
empowe men issues a e a ec ed by hei pa icipa ion as
ou is s.
Women commonly wo k in ou ism- ela ed jobs because hey
wo k in ood- ela ed and in o mal businesses. Women can spend
ime wi h hei kids while wo king in hese ields; howe e ,
challenges can up a busy imes. When hei husbands ge sick,
mo e away, o ge jobs ou side o he coun y, women a e
ec ui ed o wo k in ou ism as supplie s. Women in hese
coun ies mix ou ism ac i i ies and ge aid om amily and
iends. The oles o women as p o ide s and hei di icul ies
Ind. J . o Mod. Res. and Re . PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 11 [No ] 2025
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wi h money, sa e y, and empowe men a e a ec ed by hei oles
as ou is s.
4.1. Gende ed Roles and Labou Segmen a ion
Tou ism o e s women di e se pa icipa ing esponsibili ies.
Howe e , due o his o ical and con empo a y se ings o labou
supply and demand, women p edominan ly occupy non-gende -
neu al occupa ions cha ac e ised by un a ou able wo king
condi ions. Subsequen e iciency dispa i ies, income inequi ies,
and sa e y ad an ages eme ge in con as o men.
Women s ill ha e ouble a elling, e en hough hey a e now
seen as ac i e pa icipan s ins ead o u u e spec a o s. Sa e y
wo ies, ge ing o and a ound places, and he cos o anspo
a e all big easons no o go. Sus ainable ou ism policies migh
no be comple ely implemen ed in he collabo a ion be ween
na ional au ho i ies, local s akeholde s, and he communi ies
hos ing isi o s [1]. Depending on hei own expe iences,
ou is s ha e di e en le els o in e es in in e ac ing wi h local
women [5]. When hey a i e, emale isi o s o en accep
in i a ions om local women, which cu s down on hei ime o
explo e and hu s businesses in he a ea. On he o he hand,
some ou is s eally become in ol ed in he local cul u e.
4.2. Women-Owned Businesses and En ep eneu ship
Women who own ou ism en e p ises a e becoming mo e and
mo e essen ial, bo h because mo e women a e s a ing
businesses in his indus y and because hei i ms a e ge ing
bigge and mo e impo an . Women-owned en e p ises c ea e a
lo o jobs and income and make a big di e ence o he g oss
na ional p oduc [6]. Gende ed ba ie s make i ha de o
women o ge loans, jobs, aining, and o he hings hey need o
g ow hei businesses. E en so, many u al women s a small
businesses in c a s, ood, and lodging o make ex a money on
op o hei a ming wo k and o make su e hey a e inancially
independen in case hey become widows, ge di o ced, o a e
abandoned. In coun ies wi h be e in as uc u e, women o en
s a mo e businesses because mo e ou is s come. Fo some,
s a ing a ou ism business migh help hem go om jobs like
cleaning houses o being mo e independen . Tou ism doesn'
include ag icul u e and indus y, bu he low and dependence
be ween hese wo segmen s o he economy a e s ill i al.
Women also wo k in ou ism as nomadic pa ies, endo s, and
axi d i e s; as guides, agen s, o hal - o ull-day ou ings on
associa i e ou s; o a ecep ion cen es, es au an -ba s, s ables,
and ancy ho els. The ou is spo s and jobs ha women can ge
wi hin hese es ic ions a e di e en , as a e he ac o s ha
encou age o discou age women om ge ing in ol ed in local
and egional ou ism de elopmen [1].
4.3. Pay, wo king condi ions, and igh s
Women a e a big pa o he global ou is sec o , bu he e a e
s ill wo ies abou no ha ing enough women in leade ship and
decision-making posi ions, pay gaps ha don' go away, unsa e
wo king condi ions, and b eaches o wo ke s' igh s. The lack o
gende -disagg ega ed da a on a el beha iou makes i ha d o
do a ull analysis. Howe e , mo e and mo e in o ma ion is
becoming a ailable ha shows ha women a e a elling alone
and ha he numbe o emale a el p o essionals is s eadily
ising [1].
Pa icipa ion in he labou ma ke has a signi ican impac on
a el beha iou , making he con luence o ou is employmen
and a el mo i a ion essen ial. The ela ionship be ween supply
and demand is especially clea in a eas like ou ope a ion,
hospi ali y, and en e ainmen , whe e a la ge numbe o women
wo k in he a el indus y. Women who a el like o in e ac
wi h o he women who wo k in se ice and hospi ali y, bu hey
a e o en welcomed, guided, and se ed by men. As a esul ,
di e en bu linked labou ma ke si ua ions a ec he balance o
supply and demand.
5. Expe iences Based on Gende in Tou is Des ina ions
Resea che s in he ield o ou ism ha e ocused a lo on gende
when alking abou ou ism wo ke s and women who a el.
Women who a e esponsible o he sa e y o o he a elle s
also ace di e en p oblems as hos s, employees, endo s, and
a ac ions. Tou ism websi es and guidebooks o en show he
di e ence be ween he local and he global, showing cul u al
in e ac ions, spi i ual g ow h, and di e en easons o
a elling. Howe e , hey a ely ocus on women o alk abou
how emale a elle s could ace di e en o ex a challenges.
In e ac ions, ansac ions, and mee ings ha happen because o
ou ism a e e y impo an o going o aca ion homes, isi ing
amily, ying new oods, buying p ope y, and many o he kinds
o business. Fo nume ous women, engaging wi h daily li e
h ough a el cons i u es an essen ial choice a he han a me e
enjoymen [1].
Pe cep ions o ou is des ina ions con inue o be in luenced by
gende , impac ing educa ional ajec o y decisions. In cul u es
ha ha e jus come ou o wa o colonialism, a nea by coun y
like Canada may be mo e likely o ge in ol ed han a powe ul
coun y like he U.S.A. In a eas close o Russia, on he o he
hand, people a e mo e likely o go o Scandina ian coun ies.
Gende -based expec a ions, p ohibi ions, and s a emen s o m
wo ld iews: o an acquain ance who once se ed on a U.N.,
encoun e ing a Hai ian a a To on o con e ence while on a
peacekeeping ope a ion in Hai i el hu ul ins ead o
enligh ening, jus like dis an ales o encoun e ing Hu u in
Rwanda. Cul u al in e media ies ha e a du y o igh agains
hese kinds o amewo ks and s op hem om happening again.
5.1. Local Hos s and In e ac ions wi h O he Cul u es
Many people hink o ou ism as a way o indigenous
communi ies o imp o e hei li es by p o ec ing he
en i onmen and gi ing women and mino i ies mo e powe [1].
Howe e , he p omo ion o local indi iduals as ou is a ac ions
can dis o social his o ies and cul u al landscapes, shaping
iden i ies in ways ha p omo e pa ia chal no ms. The oles o
women and men a e shaped by di e en cul u al ideas, men al
images, and socie al no ms abou gende and sexuali y, such as
how hey d ess, ac , and hink abou wo k and ai ness. T a el
media some imes show women in s e eo ypical ways, showing
hem as nu u ing igu es o "wild gi ls" looking o exo ic
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ela ionships. Because o ules a ound land owne ship, mobili y,
and gende equali y, indigenous women some imes ha e o deal
wi h con lic ing oles as bo h consume s and cul u al b oke s.
The e a e s ill deba es abou gende oles and how ou is cul u e
a ec s local popula ions all o e he wo ld. Women a e o en
seen as cul u al a ac ions.
Women in ol ed in ou ism- ela ed ac i i ies epo ed
signi ican deligh , equen ly indica ing pleasu e in sha ing hei
cul u e [7]. Bu hey also alked abou "hea y wo k," which
mean du ies ha we e bo ing, epe i i e, and equi ed a lo o
social in e ac ion. Gues s' casse ole dinne s ook on addi ional
emo ional meaning. Helping o he s, e en om a dis ance, made
hei social iden i y s onge and ga e hem mo e eedom o
mo e abou . Women desc ibed hei in e ac ions as hos ing
a he han guiding, indica ing chances o con ey cul u al
he i age h ough pee - o-pee in e ac ions. Ha ing isi o s
a ound o cooking o hem could make people mo e likely o
sha e and lea n om each o he .
5.2. Women as Guides, Salespeople, and Se ice P o ide s
Women en e ing ou ism no only enhance hei in luence in he
a el indus y bu also gain he capaci y o ad oca e o
hemsel es and hei indigenous cul u e. Bu hey a e
ne e heless limi ed by social and cul u al ac o s, such as he
sepa a ion o men and women in space and mo emen , as well
as he dominance o cul u al p econcep ions. In na i e cul u e
and e hnic ep esen a ion, women a e ypically seen as double
ic ims o s e eo ypes. Women me chan s, bo h in e na ionally
and domes ically, ha e expe ienced indi ec epu a ional damage
due o he concep o au hen ici y. Tou is s' iden i ies allow hem
o engage wi h adi ional adi ions, like sou eni s and body
ado nmen s, he eby con ibu ing o he depic ion o indigenous
and local women as 'sex' objec s. Eco ou ism is a as -g owing
eac ion o he di icul ies ha ou ism is con on ing. I is
empowe ing women by gi ing hem jobs as eco- ou ism guides
and hose who help ou is s ind in o ma ion. The limi o eco-
ou ism sepa a es he e hnic cul u e o joy and peace, which le s
hem ge and speak di e en dialec s om all o e he wo ld [1].
6. Righ s, Sa e y, and Ha assmen
Tou ism is he main opic o con e sa ions abou gi ing
au ho i y o people in hei own a eas and egions. Communi y-
based ou ism is becoming mo e and mo e popula as a way o
p omo e sus ainable li elihoods while p o ec ing he na u al
en i onmen and unique cul u al iden i ies. I is also a way o
make su e ha e e yone ge s a ai sha e o he bene i s wi h
li le physical in as uc u e and in es men esou ces. Women
a e e y impo an o he g ow h o communi y-based ou ism.
Gi ing hem economic oppo uni ies helps he ou ism indus y
g ow in he a ea [8]. Including gende issues in ou ism planning
and impac assessmen s makes communi y-based p ojec s be e
and opens up new ma ke s in he a ea. Women a e in cha ge o
ou ism by s a ing hei own en e p ises, helping mo he s, and
wo king wi h social g oups on many p ojec s ha help e e yone
in ol ed [1].
6.1. Legal P o ec ions and Policy F amewo ks
A med con lic s ill has a big e ec on women's li es in mode n
ou ism, making i e en ha de o hem o be independen [1]. In
nume ous socie ies, women do no possess he equisi e
con idence and suppo o en u e beyond hei domes ic
su oundings. Because o his, ou is s gene ally ely on male
companions o go ou side o hei local accommoda ions, which
limi s women's access o he u al a eas whe e ou ism o en
akes place. Women also eel a lo mo e p essu e han men o
s ay close o home and a el wi h men who a e ela i es.
Women wi hou men a e mo e likely o be ha assed on he way
o public places, and when hey go wi h olde male ela i es,
hey a e mo e likely o be ha assed in a wo se way. Ha assmen
o women o bo h ages shows ha , no ma e he a el
condi ion, chances o ake pa in public li e a e s ill e y
limi ed. Women lose hei oices when hey a e alone, a e hei
pa en s isi , o when hey a e wi h olde males. This shows how
impo an i is o he public o ha e a say in he nego ia ion o
a ailable a el op ions, e en when olde amily males a e
p esen , which seems o make a el op ions wide . When
pa en s come o isi , hings a e much mo e complica ed when
he men in he amily don' us women o alk and nego ia e.
Repea ed moni o ing o women's mo emen and a el
p e e ences limi s b oade engagemen in public li e, in e es in
u al a eas, and he pu sui o pleasu e h ough na u e o
app ecia ion o cul u al he i age. A he same ime, he
nego ia ion o a el op ions shows ha he s a o mo e
independence is aking longe han expec ed, e en hough he
economy is now able o a el much be e .
6.2. Dealing wi h Ha assmen and Exploi a ion
Women a e ha assed a ou is spo s by a elle s, local hos s,
and wo ke s. A la ge pa o he ma ke is made up o women
who a el alone, ye hey a e a a highe isk o ha assmen and
assaul [8]. Women ace heigh ened suscep ibili y o unwelcome
a en ion, e en ou side o sex ou ism scena ios. Gende
in luences a el goals and pe cep ions, a ec ing bo h he desi e
o explo e and he app ehension o isk. Ha assmen is a
iola ion o no ms and a sa e y issue ha immedia ely
unde mines empowe men and mobili y [1].
Policy and p epa a o y amewo ks a e s a ing o ecognise
ha assmen as a se ious p oblem. Many s eps a e being aken o
ge id o unwan ed a en ion, gi e women mo e au ho i y in he
ield, and make su e ha e e yone has a sa e place o be.
Usually, ini ia i es a e pa o la ge e o s o imp o e capaci y,
such as educa ion and aining p og ams, sus ainable ou ism
plans, o o he p og ams. Ha assmen exempli ies he complex
gende ed dynamics o a el cul u es—an ex ensi e hi d-pa y
issue ha simul aneously s imula es a en ion while h ea ening
empowe men .
7. Women and Sus ainable Tou ism
Leade ship by women in communi y-based ou ism is becoming
mo e and mo e impo an o c ea ing and keeping ou ism ha
is good o he en i onmen . Bu he le el o his kind o
leade ship is eally di e en in di e en a eas. To make ou ism
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mo e sus ainable, i is impo an o ha e planning and e alua ion
amewo ks ha ake gende in o accoun . These me hods help
wi h he social equali y pa o sus ainabili y and can be used in
o he si ua ions as well. Sus ainable ou ism can p o ide people
in he a ea mo e powe , bu i needs o be suppo ed by laws and
p ac ices ha ocus on gende , class, equi y, and oppo uni y;
p omo ing women as ou guides; and wo king oge he wi h
s akeholde s o make i happen on a la ge scale [1].
7.1. Women's Leade ship in Tou ism Based in he
Communi y
People ha e said ha women a e e y impo an o he u u e o
sus ainable ou is de elopmen . Women pa icipa ing in
communi y-based ou ism (CBT) can yield signi ican social,
cul u al, economic, and en i onmen al ad an ages. A he
communi y le el, gende - esponsi e planning and gende -
esponsi e e alua ion o communi y-based ou ism a e c ucial
ac o s o sus ainabili y. Addi ionally, communi y-based
ou ism os e s women's leade ship oles, empowe s hem, and
acili a es hei in ol emen in poli ical decision-making [2].
Howe e , women who wan o wo k in ou ism need mo e
aining and capaci y building so hey can ge legi ima e
posi ions and no ha e o ely on in o mal ma ke chances [1].
7.2. Planning and E alua ion Tha Takes Gende in o
Accoun
In ecen yea s, he e has been mo e in e es in how gende
a ec s communi y-based ou ism. To make su e ha local men
and women a e empowe ed ins ead o pushed o he side, good
planning and e alua ion a e needed [1]. Planning and assessmen
ha ake gende in o accoun a e e y impo an o bo h he
long- e m success o he p og am and gende equali y. When
planning, you should hink abou how o make su e ha he
bene i s o ou ism go o local women, how o make i easie o
women o ge in ol ed in ou ism h ough esou cing and
capaci y-building ini ia i es, how o keep women in ou ism-
ela ed jobs, and how o make su e ha p og am ac i i ies, such
as con en , ma ke ing, and aining, ake in o accoun he needs
o women pa icipan s and clien s. Bo h o ma i e and
summa i e e alua ions should in es iga e he an icipa ed and
ac ual impac s o communi y-based ou ism on women, he
deg ee o which esou ce and capaci y-building in e en ions
ha e enhanced women's access o ou ism- ela ed oppo uni ies,
and he na u e o women's pa icipa ion, o guide u u e
p og amming.
8. Capaci y Building, T aining, and Educa ion
E en hough women make up mos o he ou ism wo k o ce,
hei jobs a e some imes no gi en enough c edi [1]. Building
skills and ge ing an educa ion om he e y beginning a e e y
impo an o ou is g ow h and o empowe ing women in
many a eas [9]. People hink he ou is indus y is a good place
o in es , ind wo k, and imp o e hei skills. Ce ain indices
ha e been used o look a in as uc u e and acili ies ha help
women g ow and de elop in he ou ism indus y [10].
8.1. T aining o jobs and skill de elopmen
Women ha e equen ly been dep i ed o educa ional and
aining oppo uni ies ha would empowe hem o de elop
ou ism spaces ailo ed o hei p e e ences and special needs.
This lack o educa ional oppo uni y con inues, and mos ou ism
g adua es a e s ill men. The way women wo k in ou ism is
simila o he way hey lea n and ain o i . Gende ed labou
seg ega ion o en esul s in less empowe ing employmen o
women, ypically s uc u ed wi hin p op ie a y male-domina ed
en i onmen s. In he ou ism subsec o , whe e women a e well
ep esen ed, including ca e ing and handic a s, he e a e s ill no
many op ions o women o own and un businesses. In imes o
global empowe men and a ou , as well as in coun ies whe e
women help ease he huge mig a ion o wo ke s om u al o
u ban a eas, ou ism is a way o women o gain economic
powe , especially in he ca ego y o "small and medium
en e p ises" [1]. Women encoun e li es yle limi a ions
associa ed wi h ma iage, ma e ni y, domicile, amily income,
and asse s, in addi ion o p o essional challenges such as sexual
disc imina ion, iolence, and educa ional and employmen
disc epancies [9].
8.2. Gaps in Highe Educa ion and Resea ch
In he las hi y yea s, he e has been mo e in e es in s udying
women in ou ism, bu no as much in e es in lea ning abou he
people who do he esea ch. An examina ion o he edi o ial
boa d o he Tou ism Managemen magazine indica ed a lack o
women in leade ship posi ions om 1992 o 2002 [1]. Ten yea s
la e , s udies showed ha men we e s ill he mos common
people in academic jobs [11]. Gende ed pe spec i es on ou ism
schola ship wa an examina ion. An analysis o esea ch on
gende in a el, leisu e, and ou ism om 1980 o 2016 e ealed
a c i ical necessi y o gende analysis wi hin he sub- ield.
T a el is s ill one o he bes hings in li e, bu in o de o help
women who a e a elling alone, wi h iends, o wi h amily, we
need o be e unde s and he his o ical easons o women's
in ol emen and deal wi h bo h demand and supply conce ns.
9. Policy Implica ions and Fu u e Di ec ions
T a el is pa o a bigge con e sa ion abou empowe men ,
agency, igh s, and sa e y, wi h gende s ill being a majo ac o
in how people expe ience hings di e en ly. Knowing how hese
p oblems a ec people migh help us ind solu ions o make
policy and p ac ice mo e ai . Women ha e been pionee s in he
ou is indus y since he beginning, as he i s a elle s,
p oduce s, and p omo e s. Today, hey a e local and wo ldwide
en ep eneu s, guides, and cul u al ambassado s. Women now
make up a bigge pa o a el cul u es, bu he a el
expe iences o women, men, and gende mino i ies who a e in
di e se posi ions along in e sec ing axes o p i ilege and
ulne abili y a e s ill a ec ed by powe di e ences. The e a e
exis ing p og ams in place o ge mo e women and o he
ma ginalised gende s in ol ed and make a el, des ina ions,
and wo kplaces sa e o hem. These p og ams can be expanded
and made mo e e ec i e by adding mo e speci ic, suppo i e
ules. The e has been a lo o g ow h in women-cen ed
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p og ams and se ices in a el cul u es ha ocus on women's
sa e y and empowe men . Howe e , he e is s ill no enough
ocus on women's pa icipa ion in decision-making, leade ship,
and go e nance ha shape such se ices [1]. In communi y-
based ou ism, women's leade ship is clea . This is o en pai ed
wi h a gende - esponsi e app oach o planning, p og amming,
and e alua ion ha aims o empowe communi ies and p omo e
sus ainable ou ism de elopmen . This shows ha he e is s ill a
need o p og amming ha ocuses on women. When a el is
planned o ca ied ou openly and hones ly, sa e y conce ns may
some imes shi om indi idual sa e y o la ge , s uc u al
issues—such as wo king condi ions, labou igh s, he impac o
unaway ou ism, and o he s— ha make i ha de o people o
pa icipa e [4].
Suppo i e indica o s can imp o e he e ec i eness o cu en
measu es o ack p og ess owa ds g ea e women's leade ship
and pa icipa ion, necessi a ing a ocus on addi ional dimensions,
such as age and e hnici y, a a ious le els ha e eal u he
oppo uni ies, pa hways, ulne abili ies, and empowe men .
Women’s a el expe iences as hos s, pa icipan s, o c ea o s
in luence speci ic jou neys; ye , he gende ed powe dynamics
unde lying hese expe iences esul in de iciencies in isibili y
and comp ehension abou go e nance, policy-making,
leade ship, and a el cul u e a la ge. Some ha e p oposed
s a egies o os e and sus ain emale en ep eneu ship in
ou ism and se ices, among o he sec o s [2]. Inspi ed by
cu en e o s o make a el cul u es sa e and mo e welcoming
o women, con aine s o collec ing and sha ing in o ma ion
abou pa hways, indica o s, and modes o anspo a ion used in
mo emen , des ina ions, se ices, and a eas could help hese
e o s g ow e en mo e.
9.1. Funding, pa ne ships, and go e nance
Fo communi ies o wo k well, hey need o ha e gende equali y
and sus ainable de elopmen . In unde de eloped coun ies,
women ha e a lo o say in impo an home decisions abou
ood, heal hca e, and school cos s. S ill, he unequal dis ibu ion
o household cho es makes i ha de o women o be
economically ee and ha e access o job possibili ies.
Go e nmen plans o educe po e y don' o en ake in o
accoun he ac ha men and women wo k in di e en jobs. On
he o he hand, mic o- inancing p og ams ha p o ide women
wi h money and aining lead o mo e money being spen on
heal h and educa ion in he home. Women a e mo e likely han
men o buy hings ha will help hei amilies ge ou o po e y.
In na ions like E hiopia, Kazakhs an, and Ky gyzs an, whe e
economic de elopmen is al eady low, women can' ully
pa icipa e in socie y because hey don' ha e equal access o
economic possibili ies based on hei gende . This is due o
se e al social, economic, and poli ical p oblems.
A Wo ld Bank analysis o 274 p ojec s in 145 coun ies ound
ha gi ing women mo e in luence makes ini ia i es mo e
e ec i e and long-las ing. Empowe men ac o s encompass he
in a-household exe cise o con ol o e expendi u es, he
lending o gi ing o c ea ed income, and pa icipa ion in
decision-making ela ed o in es men s, including land and
animals. Planning ha akes gende in o accoun and le s women
ake pa is de ini ely necessa y o women o be able o budge
well as a c oss-cu ing issue. Gende dispa i ies in access o paid
employmen endu e in indus ialised, ansi ional, and
de eloping economies. Policies o c ea ing jobs ha a e no
based on gende do no do enough o emo e he socie al ba ie s
ha keep women om wo king. Planning ha akes gende in o
accoun , such as an i-disc imina ion laws, legal changes ha aim
o end disc imina ion agains women in a eas like eedom o
mo emen , asse owne ship, and job choice, and campaigns o
equal pay o equal wo k, is now necessa y o e ec i e job
c ea ion policies and budge ini ia i es ha aim o gende
equali y [1].
9.2. How o Measu e and Show P og ess
The ela ionship among go e nance amewo ks, ou is
de elopmen s uc u es, and gende equali y has no been
ex ensi ely explo ed in he li e a u e. Some people hink ha
ou is policies don' di ec ly help women gain powe , bu ha
ou ism planning and go e nance do al e women's oles and he
di ec ion o gende ela ions in he indus y [2]. I is s ill i al o
ind he link be ween ou is go e nance s uc u es and gende
ela ions in a ce ain place o egion in o de o unde s and how
hey a ec women's empowe men .
Al hough ou is go e nance o ms seldom in e sec , he
con igu a ion o go e nance—whe he inclusi e, eli e, o
co po a ised— emains c ucial in in luencing he ami ica ions
o gende and women's empowe men [1]. In a amewo k o
s udying ou ism go e nance ha ocuses on s uc u e as a key
concep , he ocus has been on whe e decision-making powe is
loca ed and who ge s o make decisions abou ou ism.
O ganisa ions and o he en i ies ad oca ing o o suppo ing
women's in e es s can se e as ins umen s o eclaiming and
dispe sing decision-making au ho i y. The mechanisms by which
he go e nmen ackles empowe men conce ns, oge he wi h
he ac i i ies and ansac ions ha acili a e he exe cise o ha
powe , a e mos ly neglec ed in ou ism li e a u e.
Key s uc u al componen s o ou ism go e nance ypically
in luence he oppo uni y o , and he na u e o , ac i e
engagemen , e en i such pa icipa ion is limi ed o a con olled
o m o ep esen a ion. Consequen ly, a comp ehensi e
examina ion o he co ela ion be ween ou ism go e nance
amewo ks and gende dynamics— hei spa ial o ganisa ion,
he ins i u ional ac o s engaged, and he issues add essed—
emains an u gen necessi y. By examining empowe men
h ough he lenses o ace, class, and gende , wi h women as
ac i e agen s and a ocus on go e nance aspec s, a
comp ehensi e examina ion o he e ec s o go e nance
s uc u es on women's empowe men in ou ism is e ealed.
CONCLUSION
Tou ism is a dynamic and complex sec o whe e women play a
i al ole, con ibu ing o and bene i ing om a el cul u es.
Mo e people a e ge ing in ol ed, ye he e a e s ill big p oblems
o sol e. Pionee s—women who we e equen ly inancially
s able, socially p og essi e men, o people who called
Ind. J . o Mod. Res. and Re . PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 11 [No ] 2025
17
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hemsel es ad en u e s—blazed ails and s a ed asking
ques ions. Women c ea e di e en meanings o a el, bo h as
isi o s and as people who li e he e, and hey ge ideas om
many di e en places. Howe e , acknowledged obs acles—
sa e y, accessibili y, and a o dabili y—pe sis in impeding
b oade pa icipa ion. I is impo an o no e ha women's oles
ha e changed om being spec a o s o becoming agen s, which
has allowed hem o ake on impo an oles in he de elopmen
o a el cul u es [1].
In a subjec ha is always changing, i is possible o ask
ques ions abou he ole o women and how hey a e in ol ed.
Re lexi e a els beyond empi ical epo ing can e eal he
p esen and inspi e deba e on app oaches o u u e
empowe men . Explo a ion migh include hings like sec o
d i e s and sus ainabili y, he e ec s o go e nance, he need o
in es men , he b eaking down o ex ended ne wo ks, and he
disco e y o hidden p ospec s.
Women a e a he hea o a el cul u es, and unde s anding
how o empowe hem, p o ec hem, and help hem g ow may
make he ou is indus y mo e ai , s ong, and esponsi e.
Engagemen is s ill e y impo an a he na ional le el, as
shown in he sec ions abo e. Howe e , paying mo e a en ion o
ansna ional dynamics, changing global exchanges, and he
wide ange o p essu es and desi es can help us be e
unde s and how women build a el cul u es on hei own e ms.
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