Co esponding au ho : Manish Kuma Sahu
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Explo ing Phy osome Technology o Imp o ed an i-in lamma o y ac i i y o
Mu ayakoenigii Ex ac s in The apeu ics
Mo Muazzam Ali, Manish Kuma Sahu * and De Sha an Cha u edi
Shan i College o Pha macy Nowgong (M.P.)
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 23(03), 485-494
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 16Augus 2025; e ised on 22 Sep embe 2025; accep ed on 24 Sep embe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.23.3.0843
Abs ac
The phy osome complexes demons a ed enhanced physicochemical p ope ies, including a s able colloidal sys em wi h
a o able pa icle size and ze a po en ial alues. The FTIR analysis con i med he success ul in e ac ion be ween he
phospholipids and bioac i e compounds, suppo ing he o ma ion o phy osome complexes. Wi h a high encapsula ion
e iciency o 85%, he phy osome o mula ion exhibi ed po en ial o sus ained elease o bioac i e compounds,
enhancing hei bioa ailabili y. The an i-in lamma o y ac i i y o he phy osome complexes was con i med h ough
signi ican inhibi ion o p o ein dena u a ion and hemolysis, wi h he complexes showing 75% and 80% inhibi ion,
espec i ely, a a concen a ion o 50 μg/mL. These esul s highligh he p omising he apeu ic po en ial o phy osome
complexes in he ea men o in lamma ion- ela ed condi ions.
Keywo ds: Phy osome;Mu aya Koenigii; Cu cuma Longa; Phospholipids; Sus ained Release
1. In oduc ion
Phy osomes ep esen a unique lipid-based echnology, whe e na u al bioac i e compounds om plan s, known as
phy ocons i uen s, a e complexed wi h phospholipids o enhance hei abso p ion and bioa ailabili y in he body.
Phy osomes di e om liposomes; while liposomes encapsula e ac i e compounds wi hin a lipid bilaye , phy osomes
o m a molecula complex whe e he phospholipid molecules physically bond wi h he phy ocons i uen s, esul ing in
be e s abili y and abso p ion (Awas hi e al., 2018).
Phy osome echnology is expanding in o new a eas o esea ch, pa icula ly in de ma ology and cance he apy. Fo
ins ance, g een ea polyphenols in phy osome o m ha e demons a ed imp o ed skin pene a ion, enhancing hei
an ioxidan and an i-aging e ec s in skinca e o mula ions (Ali and Singh, 2010). Wi h he ise o na u al p oduc s and
plan -based he apies, phy osomes o e a p omising app oach o o e coming he challenges associa ed wi h
phy ocons i uen deli e y. Howe e , he e a e limi a ions, including he cos o p oduc ion, s abili y issues, and
scalabili y. Fu u e esea ch is ocusing on op imizing o mula ion p ocesses, explo ing no el phospholipid ma e ials,
and expanding clinical ials o con i m he e icacy o phy osome-based ea men s in a ious heal h condi ions (Mai i
e al., 2006; Bomba delli e al., 1991).
Phy osome o mula ions o cu cumin om u me ic (Cu cuma longa) ha e demons a ed enhanced an i-in lamma o y
e ec s. Cu cumin phy osomes a e bene icial in managing a h i is, muscle pain, and in lamma o y bowel condi ions.
Imp o ed bioa ailabili y allows cu cumin o achie e he apeu ic le els in he blood, p o iding sus ained an i-
in lamma o y e ec s (Cuomo e al., 2011; Belca o e al., 2010).
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486
Phy osomes ha e also shown p omising applica ions in managing in lamma ion and p o iding pain elie . Cu cumin,
he ac i e compound in u me ic (Cu cuma longa), has well-documen ed an i-in lamma o y p ope ies bu su e s om
low bioa ailabili y when aken o allyClinical ials ha e con i med ha cu cumin phy osomes p o ide sus ained an i-
in lamma o y e ec s, making hem a p e e ed choice in he apeu ic se ings whe e in lamma ion managemen is
c ucial (Cuomo e al., 2011; Belca o e al., 2010).
Figu e 1 D ug elease mechanism om Phy ososme (Gaikwad e al., 2023)
Phy osomenano o mula ions ep esen an inno a i e ad ancemen in d ug deli e y sys ems, combining he p inciples
o phy osome echnology wi h nano echnology o enhance he he apeu ic e icacy, s abili y, and a ge ed deli e y o
plan -based compounds.
2. Ma e ial and Me hods
Ex ac ion o Bioac i e CompoundsThe bioac i e compounds om Mu ayakoenigiiwe e ex ac ed using he Soxhle
ex ac ion me hod, as desc ibed by Sha ma e al. (2018). D ied and g ound lea es o Mu ayakoenigii(100 g) we e
placed in he Soxhle appa a us, and ex ac ion was ca ied ou using e hanol (300 mL) as he sol en . The ex ac ion
was pe o med o 8 hou s a a empe a u e o 80°C. A e ex ac ion, he sol en was e apo a ed using a o a y
e apo a o o ob ain he concen a ed ex ac .
2.1. Phy osome Fo mula ion De elopmen
2.1.1. Phy osome Complex Fo ma ion
Phy osome complexes o he ex ac ed bioac i e compounds we e p epa ed by eac ing he bioac i e ex ac wi h
phospholipids, as desc ibed by Lee e al. (2017). The bioac i e ex ac (50 mg) was mixed wi h phospholipids (100 mg,
Phospholipon® 90H) in e hanol (10 mL). The mix u e was s i ed o 2 hou s a oom empe a u e o allow o complex
o ma ion. The eac ion was moni o ed using Fou ie T ans o m In a ed Spec oscopy (FTIR) o con i m phy osome
o ma ion.
2.1.2. D ying P ocess
A e he phy osome complex o ma ion, he mix u e was d ied using wo me hods: eeze-d ying o sp ay-d ying.
F eeze-d ying was pe o med by placing he complex in a eeze-d ye a -40°C o 48 hou s.The d ying p ocess esul ed
in a ine, d y powde sui able o u he analysis.
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2.2. Cha ac e iza ion o Phy osomes
2.2.1. Con i ma ion o Phy osome Fo ma ion
The phy osome powde (5 mg) was mixed wi h po assium b omide (KB ) and p essed in o a pelle . The FTIR spec a
we e eco ded in he ange o 4000-400 cm⁻¹. The p esence o cha ac e is ic peaks co esponding o phospholipid and
bioac i e compound in e ac ion con i med he o ma ion o phy osome complexes.
2.2.2. Measu emen o Physicochemical P ope ies
The size, polydispe si y index (PDI), and ze a po en ial o he phy osome complexes we e measu ed using Dynamic
Ligh Sca e ing (DLS) (Ze asize Nano ZS, Mal e n Ins umen s). The phy osome powde (1 mg) was dispe sed in 10
mL o dis illed wa e and sonica ed o 5 minu es be o e measu emen .
2.2.3. Mo phological Analysis
The mo phology o he phy osome complexes was obse ed using Scanning Elec on Mic oscopy (SEM) o T ansmission
Elec on Mic oscopy (TEM). Fo SEM analysis, he phy osome powde was moun ed on aluminum s ubs and spu e -
coa ed wi h gold. The sample was hen analyzed unde an elec on mic oscope (JEOL JSM-6400) a 15 kV. Fo TEM, he
sample was dispe sed in wa e , d opped on a coppe g id, and examined using a TEM mic oscope (FEI Tecnai G2).
2.2.4. Encapsula ion E iciency
Encapsula ion e iciency was de e mined using a cen i uga ion me hod. The phy osome complex (10 mg) was dissol ed
in 10 mL o me hanol and cen i uged a 15,000 pm o 30 minu es. The supe na an was analyzed o ee bioac i e
compound con en using High-Pe o mance Liquid Ch oma og aphy (HPLC).
2.2.5. in i o Release S udies
The elease p o ile o bioac i e compounds om he phy osome complexes was e alua ed using he dialysis bag me hod,
as desc ibed by Pa el e al. (2017). The phy osome powde (5 mg) was placed in a dialysis bag (molecula weigh cu
o : 12,000 Da) and imme sed in 50 mL o phospha e-bu e ed saline (PBS, pH 7.4). The sys em was main ained a 37°C
and s i ed a 100 pm.
2.2.6. in i o An i-In lamma o y Ac i i y
The an i-in lamma o y ac i i y o he phy osome complexes was assessed using wo in i o assays: inhibi ion o p o ein
dena u a ion and inhibi ion o hemolysis.
Inhibi ion o P o ein Dena u a ion: The assay was pe o med by mixing 1 mL o he phy osome complex (concen a ion:
50 μg/mL) wi h 1 mL o bo ine se um albumin (BSA) solu ion (1% w/ in PBS, pH 6.4). The mix u e was hea ed a 70°C
o 10 minu es, and he abso bance a 660 nm was measu ed.
Inhibi ion o Hemolysis: F esh human ed blood cells (RBCs) we e suspended in PBS, and 1 mL o phy osome complex
(50 μg/mL) was added. The mix u e was incuba ed a 37°C o 1 hou , and he supe na an was analyzed o hemoglobin
elease by measu ing abso bance a 540 nm. The pe cen age inhibi ion o hemolysis was calcula ed simila ly o he
p o ein dena u a ion assay.
3. Resul s
The ex ac ion o bioac i e compounds om Mu ayakoenigiiusing Soxhle ex ac ion wi h e hanol esul ed in a
concen a ed ex ac a e 8 hou s o ex ac ion a 80°C. The phy osome complexes we e success ully o med by eac ing
he bioac i e ex ac (50 mg) wi h phospholipids (100 mg) in e hanol. A e 2 hou s o s i ing a oom empe a u e, he
eac ion was con i med by FTIR. The d ying p ocess yielded ine powde s using ei he eeze-d ying a -40°C o 48
hou s o sp ay-d ying a 120°C, bo h sui able o subsequen analysis.
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3.1. Cha ac e iza ion o Phy osomes
3.1.1. FTIR Spec a
Figu e 2 FTIR spec a o A) Phospholipid B) Mu ayakoenigiiC) Phy osomes
3.1.2. Phospholipid
The FTIR spec um o he phospholipid, ypically leci hin, displayed cha ac e is ic peaks, including a b oad N-H s e ch
a ound 3300-3500 cm⁻¹, co esponding o amine g oups. The C-H s e ching ib a ions o he alkyl chains we e
obse ed a ound 2850-2920 cm⁻¹, and he ca bonyl s e ch (C=O) appea ed a app oxima ely 1720-1740 cm⁻¹,
indica i e o es e bonds in he phospholipid s uc u e. Addi ionally, he P-O s e ch, ela ed o he phospho yl
g oup,was obse ed in he egion o 1220-1250 cm⁻¹, con i ming he p esence o phospholipid in he sample.
3.1.3. Mu aya Koenigii Ex ac
The FTIR spec um o he Mu ayakoenigiiex ac exhibi ed ypical peaks ela ed o he bioac i e compounds wi hin he
plan ma e ial. The O-H s e ch, ep esen ing hyd oxyl g oups, was obse ed in he ange o 3200-3500 cm⁻¹. The C=O
s e ch, co esponding o ca bonyl o es e g oups, appea ed a ound 1600-1700 cm⁻¹. The C-H s e ching ib a ions o
he a oma ic ings we e seen nea 1400-1500 cm⁻¹, and he C-O s e ch, associa ed wi h phenolic g oups, was de ec ed
a ound 1200-1300 cm⁻¹.
3.1.4. Phy osome
The FTIR spec um o he phy osome complex, o med by combining phospholipids wi h he Mu ayakoenigiiex ac ,
e ealed signi ican changes in he spec al p o ile, indica ing he in e ac ion be ween he wo componen s. The
ca bonyl s e ch (C=O) o he phospholipid shi ed o a lowe equency, a ound 1700 cm⁻¹, sugges ing a change in i s
chemical en i onmen due o in e ac ion wi h he bioac i e compounds.
3.2. Measu emen o Physicochemical P ope ies
The physicochemical p ope ies o he phy osome complexes we e measu ed using Dynamic Ligh Sca e ing (DLS) o
assess hei size, polydispe si y index (PDI), and ze a po en ial. The a e age size o he phy osome complexes was ound
o be app oxima ely 120 nm, wi h a PDI alue o 0.25, indica ing a ela i ely na ow size dis ibu ion. The ze a po en ial
was eco ded a -40 mV, which indica es a s able su ace cha ge and sugges s good colloidal s abili y o he phy osome
o mula ion
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Figu e 3 Pa icle Size Analysis o Phy osomes
Figu e 4 Ze a Po en ial o Phy osomes
3.3. Mo phological Analysis
3.3.1. Scanning Elec on Mic oscopy (SEM) Analysis
The mo phological cha ac e is ics o he phy osome complexes we e i s examined using Scanning Elec on
Mic oscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis e ealed ha he phy osomes we e sphe ical in shape, wi h a uni o m dis ibu ion
ac oss he sample.
Figu e 5 SEM image o phy osome complexes
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3.3.2. T ansmission Elec on Mic oscopy (TEM) Analysis
T ansmission Elec on Mic oscopy (TEM) was employed o u he in es iga e he mo phology o he phy osome
complexes. TEM images con i med he sphe ical shape obse ed in he SEM analysis and e ealed a uni o m in e nal
s uc u e wi hin he phy osomes. The phy osomes displayed a dis inc co e-shell a angemen , indica ing he
encapsula ion o he bioac i e compound wi hin he phospholipid shell. The sizes o indi idual phy osomes obse ed
unde TEM we e ound o be app oxima ely 180-220 nm, which is consis en wi h he Dynamic Ligh Sca e ing (DLS)
measu emen s, suppo ing he uni o mi y and s abili y o he p epa ed phy osome complexes.
Figu e 6 TEM image o phy osome complexes
3.3.3. Encapsula ion E iciency
The encapsula ion e iciency o he phy osome complexes was de e mined using a cen i uga ion me hod. A e
cen i uga ion, he supe na an was analyzed using High-Pe o mance Liquid Ch oma og aphy (HPLC) o quan i y he
ee bioac i e compound. The encapsula ion e iciency was ound o be 85%, indica ing ha a subs an ial po ion o he
bioac i e compound was success ully encapsula ed wi hin he phy osome complexes.
3.4. in i o Release S udies
The elease p o ile o bioac i e compounds om he phy osome complexes was e alua ed o e a 48-hou pe iod. In he
i s 4 hou s, app oxima ely 20% o he bioac i e compound was eleased, indica ing a apid elease phase. A e his
ini ial bu s , he elease slowed, wi h an addi ional 50% o he bioac i e compound being eleased o e he nex 24
hou s. By he end o he 48-hou pe iod, he cumula i e elease o he bioac i e compound eached app oxima ely 85%.
Figu e 7 in i o Release P o ile Phy osomes
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3.5. in i o An i-In lamma o y Ac i i y
3.5.1. Inhibi ion o P o ein Dena u a ion
The an i-in lamma o y ac i i y o he phy osome complexes was assessed using he inhibi ion o p o ein dena u a ion
assay. The phy osome complex a a concen a ion o 50 μg/mL was mixed wi h a 1% w/ bo ine se um albumin (BSA)
solu ion in phospha e-bu e ed saline (PBS, pH 6.4) and hea ed a 70°C o 10 minu es. The abso bance a 660 nm was
measu ed, and he pe cen age inhibi ion o p o ein dena u a ion was calcula ed.
The esul s showed ha he phy osome complex exhibi ed signi ican inhibi ion o p o ein dena u a ion. The pe cen age
inhibi ion o p o ein dena u a ion a he es ed concen a ion o 50 μg/mL was ound o be 75%, indica ing s ong an i-
in lamma o y po en ial
Table 1 Inhibi ion o P o ein Dena u a ion by Phy osome Complexes
Concen a ion (μg/mL)
Pe cen age Inhibi ion o P o ein Dena u a ion (%)
50
75
100
85
150
90
200
92
Figu e 8 in i o An i-In lamma o y Ac i i y
3.5.2. Inhibi ion o Hemolysis
The inhibi ion o hemolysis assay e ealed ha he phy osome complex a a concen a ion o 50 μg/mL signi ican ly
inhibi ed hemoglobin elease om human ed blood cells (RBCs). The pe cen age inhibi ion o hemolysis was ound o
be 80%, indica ing ha he phy osome complex was e ec i e in p e en ing RBC memb ane damage. This esul
demons a es he an i-in lamma o y po en ial o he phy osome complexes by educing hemolysis, which is a ma ke
o memb ane des abiliza ion and in lamma ion.
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Table 2 Inhibi ion o Hemolysis by Phy osome Complexes
Concen a ion (μg/mL)
Pe cen age Inhibi ion o Hemolysis (%)
50
80
100
85
150
88
200
90
4. Discussion
The success ully o mula ed phy osome complexes by in eg a ing Mu ayakoenigii ex ac wi h phospholipids, aiming
o enhance he bioa ailabili y and he apeu ic e icacy o he plan 's bioac i e compounds. Cha ac e iza ion o hese
complexes included Fou ie T ans o m In a ed Spec oscopy (FTIR), Dynamic Ligh Sca e ing (DLS), Scanning
Elec on Mic oscopy (SEM), T ansmission Elec on Mic oscopy (TEM), and encapsula ion e iciency assessmen s.
4.1. FTIR Analysis
FTIR spec a o he phy osome complexes exhibi ed signi ican al e a ions compa ed o he indi idual componen s. The
ca bonyl s e ch (C=O) o phospholipids shi ed o app oxima ely 1700 cm⁻¹, and new peaks appea ed in he 1000-1200
cm⁻¹ egion, indica ing success ul in e ac ion and complexa ion wi h he Mu ayakoenigii ex ac .(Deleanu e al., 2022).
4.2. Physicochemical P ope ies
The phy osome complexes exhibi ed an a e age size o 120 nm, a polydispe si y index (PDI) o 0.25, and a ze a po en ial
o -40 mV. These cha ac e is ics sugges a s able colloidal sys em wi h a na ow size dis ibu ion, which is a o able o
cellula up ake and bioa ailabili y (Nuchuchua e al., 2022).
4.3. Mo phological Obse a ions
SEM and TEM analyses e ealed ha he phy osome complexes we e sphe ical in shape, wi h sizes anging om 180 o
220 nm. The TEM images u he depic ed a co e-shell s uc u e, con i ming he encapsula ion o bioac i e compounds
wi hin he phospholipid shell (Shohei e al., 2022).
4.4. Encapsula ion E iciency
The phy osome complexes demons a ed an encapsula ion e iciency o 85%, indica ing a high capaci y o bioac i e
compound inco po a ion. Compa able encapsula ion e iciencies ha e been epo ed in simila s udies, highligh ing he
e ec i eness o phy osome sys ems in encapsula ing bioac i e compounds (Shohei e al., 2022).
4.5. In Vi o Release P o ile
The elease s udy exhibi ed a biphasic pa e n: an ini ial bu s elease o app oxima ely 20% wi hin he i s 4 hou s,
ollowed by a sus ained elease, wi h a cumula i e elease o abou 85% o e 48 hou s. This p o ile sugges s ha he
phy osome complexes can p o ide bo h immedia e and p olonged elease o bioac i e compounds, which is bene icial
o main aining he apeu ic le els o e ex ended pe iods. (Deleanu e al., 2022).
4.6. An i-In lamma o y Ac i i y
The phy osome complexes demons a ed signi ican an i-in lamma o y ac i i y, wi h 75% inhibi ion o p o ein
dena u a ion and 80% inhibi ion o hemolysis a a concen a ion o 50 μg/mL. P e ious esea ch has documen ed he
an i-in lamma o y p ope ies o Mu ayakoenigii, a ibu ing hem o i s ich composi ion o alkaloids, la onoids, and
e penoids (Shohei e al., 2022).
5. Conclusion
In his s udy, phy osome complexes con aining Mu ayakoenigii ex ac and phospholipids we e success ully
o mula ed and cha ac e ized. The phy osome complexes demons a ed enhanced physicochemical p ope ies,
including a s able colloidal sys em wi h a o able pa icle size and ze a po en ial alues. The FTIR analysis con i med
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493
he success ul in e ac ion be ween he phospholipids and bioac i e compounds, suppo ing he o ma ion o phy osome
complexes. Wi h a high encapsula ion e iciency o 85%, he phy osome o mula ion exhibi ed po en ial o sus ained
elease o bioac i e compounds, enhancing hei bioa ailabili y.
The an i-in lamma o y ac i i y o he phy osome complexes was con i med h ough signi ican inhibi ion o p o ein
dena u a ion and hemolysis, wi h he complexes showing 75% and 80% inhibi ion, espec i ely, a a concen a ion o
50 μg/mL. These esul s highligh he p omising he apeu ic po en ial o phy osome complexes in he ea men o
in lamma ion- ela ed condi ions. The obse ed sus ained elease p o ile and high an i-in lamma o y e icacy u he
alida e he sui abili y o he phy osome sys em o con olled deli e y o bioac i e compounds, ensu ing p olonged
he apeu ic e ec s.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
Acco ding o he his o y o all g ea wo k was done by he ac i e o passi e suppo o a pe son. I am highly hank ul o
my g a i ude o Associa e P o esso M . Manish Kuma Sahu o his ac i e guidance h oughou comple ing o esea ch
pape .
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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